Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Jude — English–Romanian
Terms marked [TM] are already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be reused exactly, with no deviation. New terms introduced by Jude are marked [NEW] and require entry into translation_memory.json before Phase 2 processing per the Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Romanian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Verses | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | servant/slave (of Christ) | δοῦλος / doulos | rob [NEW] | Medium | Contending for the Faith | 1:1 | Total ownership by Christ, not hired service (“slujitor angajat” rejected). |
| 2 | beloved | ἠγαπημένος / ēgapēmenos | preaiubit / iubit [NEW] | Low | — | 1:1, 3, 17, 20 | Settled divine love, not fluctuating emotion. |
| 3 | kept / keep | τηρέω / tēreō | a păzi / păziți [NEW] | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 6, 13, 21 | Structural keyword of the whole letter; MUST render identically at every occurrence to preserve the deliberate verbal echo (believers kept vs. angels kept for judgment). |
| 4 | called | κλητός / klētos | chemat [TM] | High | — | 1:1 | Reuse baseline caution: not “chemare monahală.” |
| 5 | mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | milă [NEW] | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 21, 22, 23 | Core term of a named curriculum doctrine; must be rendered consistently across all four occurrences. |
| 6 | peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | pace [TM] | Medium | — | 1:2 | Relational/covenantal, not mere calm. |
| 7 | love | ἀγάπη / agapē | dragoste [NEW] | Low | — | 1:2, 21 | Distinguish from v.12’s ironic “love feasts” (see #16). |
| 8 | common salvation | σωτηρία / sōtēria | mântuire [TM] | Critical | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:3 | ”Common” (κοινή) emphasizes shared, not individually merited, salvation. |
| 9 | contend for | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι / epagōnizesthai | a lupta pentru [NEW] | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Athletic/agonistic struggle; must not be weakened to “a susține” (to support) or “a fi de acord” (to agree). |
| 10 | once for all | ἅπαξ / hapax | o dată pentru totdeauna [NEW] | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3, 5 | Closed, complete deposit; finality claim must not be softened. |
| 11 | delivered / handed down | παραδίδωμι / paradidōmi | a fi dat / predat [NEW] | CRITICAL | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Shares root with Romanian/Orthodox “Tradiție” (Sfânta Tradiție). Requires mandatory translator note in every occurrence distinguishing Jude’s closed, one-time apostolic deposit from the broader living-Tradition category, without either flatly denying or silently equating the two. |
| 12 | the faith | πίστις / pistis | credință [TM] | High | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3, 20 | Here objective body of doctrine (“the faith”), not merely subjective trust; context must disambiguate. |
| 13 | saints | ἅγιοι / hagioi | sfinți [TM] | Critical | — | 1:3 | Corporate, all-believers sense; mandatory clarifying note against canonized-saint-only reading (per baseline). |
| 14 | ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια / asebēs / asebeia | nelegiuit / nelegiuire [NEW] | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 15, 18 | Rejected: “necredincios” (shifts to “unbelieving,” losing “irreverence” nuance); “păcătos” (too generic, loses specific charge against God’s authority). |
| 15 | grace | χάρις / charis | har [TM] | Critical | — | 1:4 | Perverted into license for licentiousness by false teachers; baseline participatory caution applies. |
| 16 | love feasts | ἀγάπαι / agapai | agape / mese de dragoste frățească [NEW] | Medium-High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:12 | Existing Orthodox liturgical term “agapă” is an asset but risks confusion with the Eucharist; clarifying note required. |
| 17 | licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια / aselgeia | desfrânare [NEW] | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Standard. |
| 18 | Master / Sovereign | δεσπότης / despotēs | Stăpân [NEW] | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Distinct from κύριος/Domnul; collapsing the two titles into one loses the double affirmation of Christ’s absolute deity. |
| 19 | Lord | κύριος / kyrios | Domnul [TM] | Critical | — | 1:4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 21, 25 | Exclusive, supreme lordship (per baseline). |
| 20 | deny | ἀρνέομαι / arneomai | a tăgădui / a se lepăda de [NEW] | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Denial lived out through conduct, not only speech. |
| 21 | destroy / perish | ἀπόλλυμι / apollymi | a nimici / a pieri [NEW] | Medium-High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:5, 11 | Israel-type warning; pairs with σῴζω (#33). |
| 22 | domain / position | ἀρχή / archē | rang(ul) / stăpânire (proprie) [NEW] | Medium-High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:6 | Angels’ own rank/sphere, not “beginning.” |
| 23 | eternal bonds | δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι / desmoi aidioi | lanțuri veșnice [NEW] | Low-Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:6 | Standard. |
| 24 | judgment | κρίσις / κρίμα / krisis / krima | judecată / osândă [NEW] | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 6, 9, 15 | Standard forensic term. |
| 25 | eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον / pyr aiōnion | foc veșnic / de veci [NEW] | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:7 | Render αἰώνιος consistently as “veșnic” family across all occurrences (vv.7, 13, 21, 25). |
| 26 | strange/other flesh | σαρκὸς ἑτέρας / sarkos heteras | trup/fire străină [NEW] | Medium-High | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:7 | Genuine exegetical ambiguity (angelic vs. general unnatural desire); retain literally with note, do not resolve silently. |
| 27 | glorious ones | δόξαι / doxai | ființe slăvite [NEW] | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8 | Personal-beings sense of δόξα; distinguish from abstract “slavă” applied to God. |
| 28 | blaspheme | βλασφημέω / blasphēmeō | a huli [NEW] | Low-Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:8, 10 | Standard. |
| 29 | archangel Michael | ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ / archangelos Michaēl | arhanghelul Mihail [NEW] | Medium | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:9 | Strong Orthodox veneration association; Jude’s restrained Michael is a valuable humility contrast — surface, don’t obscure. |
| 30 | dispute / waver | διακρίνομαι / diakrinomai | a se contrazice (v.9) / a se îndoi (v.22) [NEW] | Medium-High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:9, 22 | Same Greek verb, two distinct senses — must not force one uniform Romanian rendering. |
| 31 | irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα / aloga zōa | dobitoace necuvântătoare [NEW] | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:10 | Standard biblical idiom. |
| 32 | Enoch (prophetic citation) | Ἑνώχ / Enōch | Enoh [NEW] | CRITICAL | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:14-15 | Citation of non-canonical 1 Enoch; mandatory note distinguishing “citing a true saying” from “canonizing the book,” for both Orthodox and Evangelical readers. |
| 33 | save | σώζω / sōzō | a mântui / a scăpa [NEW, root TM] | Critical | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:5, 23 | Root shared with mântuire; must retain real soteriological weight, not reduce to “a ajuta.” |
| 34 | grumblers | γογγυστής / gongystēs | cârtitori [NEW] | Low | Old Testament Warnings as Types | 1:16 | Strong existing biblical-Romanian association with Israel’s wilderness grumbling — genuine asset. |
| 35 | apostles | ἀπόστολοι / apostoloi | apostoli [TM] | Low | — | 1:17 | Standard, per baseline. |
| 36 | scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται / empaiktai | batjocoritori [NEW] | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:18 | Standard. |
| 37 | cause divisions / separate themselves | ἀποδιορίζοντες / apodiorizontes | cei care produc dezbinări [NEW] | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | Rare word, genuine transitive/reflexive ambiguity; rejected alternative “cei care se despart (de credință)” recorded, not discarded — flag for theologian review. |
| 38 | worldly / soulish | ψυχικοί / psychikoi | firești (oameni) [NEW] | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:19 | Risk of collision with positive Orthodox tripartite anthropology (trup-suflet-duh); deficiency is pneumatological (lacking Spirit), not a devaluing of “suflet” as such — mandatory teaching note. |
| 39 | holy Spirit / Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) / pneuma (hagion) | Duhul Sfânt [TM] | Critical | — | 1:19, 20 | Standard, per baseline. |
| 40 | build up | ἐποικοδομέω / epoikodomeō | a se zidi [NEW] | Low | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:20 | Consonant with Romans-package “zidirea reciprocă” (mutual edification) concept. |
| 41 | most holy faith | ἁγιωτάτη πίστις / hagiōtatē pistis | credința cea preasfântă [NEW] | Medium | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:20 | Superlative of ἅγιος + πίστις; both roots already in TM. |
| 42 | keep yourselves | τηρήσατε / tērēsate | păziți-vă [NEW] | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:21 | Same verb as #3; imperative form — believer’s active response to being kept by God, not a contradiction of grace. |
| 43 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | viața de veci [NEW] | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:21 | Orthodox Synodal convention “viața de veci”; Evangelical/Cornilescu convention “viața eternă” recorded as audience-dependent alternative. |
| 44 | have mercy on | ἐλεᾶτε / eleate | aveți milă de [NEW, root TM-adjacent] | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22, 23 | Same root as #5 (milă); consistency required. |
| 45 | snatch (from fire) | ἁρπάζω / harpazō | a scoate/a răpi cu forța [NEW] | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Vivid urgency image; must not be softened. |
| 46 | fear | φόβος / phobos | frică (cu grijă) [NEW] | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Wary caution regarding contamination, not contempt toward the wavering — clarifying gloss needed. |
| 47 | stained garment | ἐσπιλωμένος χιτών / espilōmenos chitōn | cămașă mânjită [NEW] | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Lexical echo with v.12’s disputed σπιλάδες (#16-adjacent); note for teaching. |
| 48 | keep from stumbling | φυλάσσω / phylassō | a păzi (de cădere) [NEW] | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Distinct Greek verb from τηρέω (#3); decide and apply consistently whether to merge or differentiate in Romanian. |
| 49 | present blameless | ἵστημι ἀμώμους / histēmi amōmous | a înfățișa fără prihană [NEW] | High | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Sacrificial-cultic term (cf. spotless lamb); retain sacrificial resonance, do not flatten to generic “curat.” |
| 50 | glory | δόξα / doxa | slavă [TM] | Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:24, 25 | Strong Orthodox liturgical asset, per baseline. |
| 51 | exultation / great joy | ἀγαλλίασις / agalliasis | bucurie nespusă [NEW] | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:24 | Standard. |
| 52 | Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Mântuitor [NEW, root TM] | Critical | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Must retain visible lexical continuity with “mântuire.” |
| 53 | majesty | μεγαλωσύνη / megalōsynē | mărire [NEW] | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Established Orthodox doxological term — asset. |
| 54 | dominion / authority | κράτος, ἐξουσία / kratos, exousia | putere, stăpânire / autoritate [NEW] | Low-Medium | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Standard doxological pair. |
| 55 | forever / ages | αἰών / aiōn | veac(uri) [NEW] | Low | Doxology and God’s Preserving Power | 1:25 | Parallels standard Orthodox liturgical doxology formula (“acum și în veci”) — strong asset. |
| 56 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | Iisus [TM] | Critical | — | throughout | Orthodox Synodal spelling per baseline; never mix with “Isus” in one document. |
| 57 | Christ | Χριστός / Christos | Hristos [NEW, per baseline transliteration standard] | Critical | — | throughout | Per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md proper-name conventions. |
| 58 | God | θεός / theos | Dumnezeu [TM] | Critical | — | throughout | Standard, per baseline. |
| 59 | Father | πατήρ / patēr | Tată [TM] | Critical | — | 1:1 | Standard, per baseline. |
Risk Tier Summary for Jude
- Critical: 10 (mântuire, delivered/παραδίδωμι, sfinți, har, Domnul, Enoch citation, a mântui/σώζω, Duhul Sfânt, Mântuitor/σωτήρ, Iisus, Hristos, Dumnezeu, Tată — note several Critical proper-name/TM terms recur across the book; count reflects distinct doctrinal entries rows 8, 11, 13, 15, 19, 32, 33, 39, 52, 56-59)
- High: 15 (rob-adjacent “kept” theme, chemat, ascultare-adjacent contend-for-the-faith terms, o dată pentru totdeauna, credință-the-faith-sense, nelegiuit, Stăpân, ajuns diakrinomai polysemy, ἀποδιορίζοντες, ψυχικοί, păziți-vă, aveți milă de, φυλάσσω, a înfățișa fără prihană — rows 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 18, 30, 37, 38, 42, 44, 48, 49)
- Medium / Medium-High: remainder of rows (21-29, 41, 43, 45-47, 50, 54)
- Low: remainder (standard vocabulary, proper names with established forms, common idiomatic expressions)
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 1 Step 2, incrementing the version number and flagging every Critical/High entry for mandatory human theologian review per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: har
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favoare doar în sens legal, fără nicio participare reală a credinciosului
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:4: false teachers ‘pervert the grace of our God into licentiousness.’ The condemnation must land on the ABUSE of grace, not on the participatory (Palamite, uncreated-energies) reality of har itself, which the Orthodox-majority reader otherwise rightly holds.
Salvation
Approved rendering: mântuire
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:3 specifically qualifies this as ‘our COMMON (κοινή) salvation’ — see new entry ‘common_salvation’ below for this qualifier’s specific doctrinal weight.
Saints
Approved rendering: sfinți
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: sfinți canonizați, venerați prin icoane și moaște, invocați ca mijlocitori
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:3: the faith was delivered ‘to the saints’ — ordinary, threatened congregations, not an ascetic elite. Mandatory clarifying note required at this occurrence with unusually high argumentative weight, since it establishes who Jude addresses for the entire letter.
Lord
Approved rendering: Domnul
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs Jude 1:4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 21, 25. In 1:4 stacked with the distinct title δεσπότης (‘Stăpân’) — see new entry ‘master_sovereign’; the two titles must remain visibly distinct in Romanian, never collapsed into one ‘Domnul’.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Iisus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isus (Protestant/Cornilescu spelling)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Orthodox Synodal spelling standardized throughout Jude; never mix with ‘Isus’ within one document. Note the textual crux at Jude 1:5, where some manuscripts read Ἰησοῦς rather than ὁ κύριος as the subject who saved Israel from Egypt — a translator note is required regardless of base-text choice.
God
Approved rendering: Dumnezeu
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:1 (‘loved in God the Father’), 1:4, 1:25 (closing doxology, ‘the only God our Savior’).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duhul Sfânt
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:20 (‘praying in the Holy Spirit’); Jude 1:19 describes false teachers as ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες (‘not having the Spirit’) — see new entry ‘worldly_soulish’ for the anthropological risk this creates.
Father
Approved rendering: Tată
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:1: believers are ‘loved in God the Father.‘
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesia
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptual anchor behind the proper-name title ‘Hristos’ used throughout Jude (see new entry ‘christ’) — the unique, Old Testament-promised Anointed One.
Common Salvation
Approved rendering: mântuirea noastră comună
Transliteration: koinē sōtēria
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: mântuire câștigată individual prin efort ascetic personal
Jude 1:3’s qualifier ‘κοινή’ (common/shared) stresses that salvation belongs corporately to all believers, not individually merited by ascetic achievement — reinforces the root ‘mântuire’ [TM] without altering its baseline rendering.
Delivered
Approved rendering: dat / predat
Transliteration: paradidōmi (paradotheisē)
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Delivered Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a se traduce exclusiv prin categoria ‘Tradiție’ fără nicio distincție (would collapse Jude’s closed deposit into open-ended living Tradition), a nega complet legătura cu ‘Tradiție’ (would create unnecessary confrontation with Orthodox readers)
Original: παραδίδωμι (παραδοθείσῃ)
Category: Covenant
CRITICAL. Jude 1:3: ‘the faith once for all delivered to the saints.’ This verbal root underlies the Romanian Orthodox category ‘Sfânta Tradiție.’ Mandatory translator note required at EVERY occurrence, distinguishing Jude’s closed, ἅπαξ-qualified apostolic deposit from the broader living-Tradition category, without implying total discontinuity or an open-ended deposit.
Enoch
Approved rendering: Enoh
Transliteration: Henōch
Doctrine: Enoch Citation and the Boundaries of Canon
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL. Jude 1:14-15 directly quotes 1 Enoch 1:9, a text outside both the Romanian Orthodox canon’s Anaghinoscomena and the Protestant/Evangelical canon. Mandatory explicit teaching note distinguishing ‘citing a true prophetic saying’ from ‘canonizing the book’ required at every occurrence, addressing opposite risks for Orthodox and Evangelical readers alike.
Save Rescue
Approved rendering: a mântui / a scăpa
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: a ajuta (to help — reduces genuine soteriological weight)
Jude 1:5 (Israel saved from Egypt) and 1:23 (the wavering rescued from the fire). Root shared with ‘mântuire’; must retain real soteriological weight in both occurrences, forming a deliberate frame across the letter with ‘a nimici/a pieri’ (destroy_perish).
Savior
Approved rendering: Mântuitor
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:25, closing doxology: ‘the only God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord.’ Must maintain visible lexical continuity with ‘mântuire’ so the doxology is heard as the resolution of the letter’s entire soteriological argument.
Christ
Approved rendering: Hristos
Transliteration: Christos
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Used throughout Jude, paired with Iisus as ‘Iisus Hristos.’ Per the established transliteration standard in the baseline package’s proper-name conventions (Christ = Hristos).
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: credință
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: evlavie religioasă generală
Inherited from Romans package. In Jude 1:3, 1:20 this same word must also carry the objective, doctrinal-content sense (‘the faith’ as a fixed apostolic deposit) — see new entry ‘the_faith_deposit’ below for that distinct usage; context alone disambiguates since Romanian ‘credință’ covers both senses.
Kept
Approved rendering: a păzi / păziți
Transliteration: tēreō
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: a ține (too weak to carry the guard/preserve-for-judgment sense)
Original: τηρέω
Category: Perseverance
STRUCTURAL KEYWORD of the whole letter. Occurs Jude 1:1 (believers kept for Christ), 1:6 (angels who did NOT keep their position, now kept in chains), 1:13 (darkness reserved/kept for the wandering stars), 1:21 (imperative ‘keep yourselves’ — see ‘keep_yourselves’). MUST be rendered identically at every occurrence to preserve Jude’s deliberate verbal echo. Distinct from, but related to, φυλάσσω at 1:24 — see ‘keep_from_stumbling’.
Mercy
Approved rendering: milă
Transliteration: eleos / eleeō
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: îndurare, compasiune (near-synonyms that would break the deliberate verbal thread across all four occurrences)
Original: ἔλεος / ἐλεέω
Category: Salvation
Core term of the named curriculum doctrine. Occurs in the greeting (1:2), the closing exhortation (1:21), and twice in the command to rescue the wavering (1:22-23). Must be rendered with the identical root across all four occurrences, with the same rigor as ‘kept’ — no stylistic substitution permitted.
Contend For The Faith
Approved rendering: a lupta din răsputeri pentru
Transliteration: epagōnizomai
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: a susține (to support — too passive), a fi de acord cu (to agree with — mere assent, no exertion)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζομαι
Category: Faith
Jude 1:3. Intensified athletic/combat-arena verb; ordinary ‘a lupta’ alone lacks the compound’s intensification, hence the added modifier ‘din răsputeri.’ The doctrine ‘Contending for the Faith Once Delivered’ depends on this verb carrying real, strenuous exertion, not passive retention of private belief.
Once For All
Approved rendering: o dată pentru totdeauna
Transliteration: hapax
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:3, 1:5. Marks the apostolic deposit of faith as complete and closed, not an ongoing or evolving revelation. This finality claim must be preserved plainly, in real tension with any framework implying continuing doctrinal development.
The Faith Deposit
Approved rendering: credință (sensul obiectiv: învățătura apostolică)
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Jude 1:3, 1:20. Distinct sense of πίστις from personal, subjective trust: here the fixed, objective body of apostolic doctrine (‘the faith’). Romanian ‘credință’ covers both senses; a bracketed teaching gloss is required at first occurrence to disambiguate (‘credința — învățătura apostolică primită, nu doar încrederea personală’).
Ungodly
Approved rendering: nelegiuit / nelegiuire
Transliteration: asebēs / asebeia
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: necredincios (shifts to ‘unbelieving’ rather than ‘impious’), păcătos (too generic; loses the specific charge of irreverence toward God’s authority)
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Judgment
Jude’s core descriptor of the false teachers, occurring five times across 1:4, 1:15 (x4), and 1:18. Must not be flattened into generic sinfulness; the charge is fundamental irreverence toward God’s rightful lordship (developed in vv.8, 15).
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: agape / mese de dragoste frățească
Transliteration: agapai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: comuniune (risks Eucharistic/Sfânta Împărtășanie confusion)
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
Jude 1:12: the false teachers exploit these communal fellowship meals self-indulgently. ‘Agapă’ is an existing Orthodox liturgical/cultural term (asset for comprehension) but risks blurring with the Eucharist; render transliteration plus paraphrase together with a clarifying footnote at first occurrence.
Master Sovereign
Approved rendering: Stăpân
Transliteration: despotēs
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship and Mastery
Rejected alternatives: despot (carries strongly negative modern connotation of ‘tyrant’ — rejected transliteration), collapsing into a single ‘Domnul’ (erases Jude’s double-title affirmation)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
Jude 1:4: δεσπότης stacked with κύριος, intensifying the affirmation of Christ’s absolute deity and ownership. This is a CONSTRUCTED pairing with no natural Romanian devotional precedent (‘Stăpân’ and ‘Domnul’ side by side); translators must render both titles distinctly, never merged. Flag every occurrence for theologian review.
Destroy Perish
Approved rendering: a nimici / a pieri
Transliteration: apollymi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Israel’s Unbelief in the Exodus
Rejected alternatives: a se pierde (too mild — ‘loss’ rather than destruction)
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Judgment
Jude 1:5 (Israel’s destruction after unbelief, despite having been saved) and 1:11 (fate of Korah’s followers). Deliberately pairs with σῴζω (‘save’) as a frame across the letter (v.5 destroyed vs. v.23 rescued); must retain real, weighty destruction.
Angelic Domain
Approved rendering: rangul propriu / stăpânirea proprie
Transliteration: archē
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Fallen Angels Kept for Judgment
Rejected alternatives: începutul lor (a literalistic but incorrect sense of ἀρχή as ‘beginning’ rather than ‘domain/rank’)
Original: ἀρχή
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:6: the position/rank the fallen angels abandoned. Prefer a concrete-leaning gloss (‘locul/rangul care le fusese dat’) over a purely abstract ‘rang’ to preserve the sense of an assigned post that was abandoned.
Strange Flesh
Approved rendering: trup/fire străină
Transliteration: sarkos heteras
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah’s Eternal Fire
Rejected alternatives: orice interpretare modernă unică ce ar rezolva tacit ambiguitatea exegetică
Original: σαρκὸς ἑτέρας
Category: Sin
Jude 1:7. Genuine exegetical crux (angelic-kind flesh echoing v.6, vs. general unnatural desire). Retain literally with a mandatory translator note preserving the interpretive range rather than silently resolving it.
Dispute Or Waver
Approved rendering: a se contrazice (v.9) / a se îndoi (v.22)
Transliteration: diakrinomai
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: o traducere unică forțată pentru ambele sensuri (would blur a distinction the text’s argument depends on)
Original: διακρίνομαι
Category: Faith
Same Greek verb, two distinct senses: Jude 1:9 ‘to dispute/contend in argument’ (Michael and the devil); Jude 1:22 ‘to waver, doubt, be uncertain’ (wavering believers needing mercy). Must NOT be rendered with one uniform Romanian gloss; require a translator note at v.22 explicitly naming the same Greek root as v.9.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: cei care produc dezbinări
Transliteration: apodiorizontes
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: cei care se despart (de credință) — reflexive alternative recorded, not discarded
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
Jude 1:19. Rare near-hapax compound with genuine transitive/reflexive ambiguity (causing divisions among the congregation vs. self-excluding apostates). Flag for mandatory theologian review; do not silently resolve.
Worldly Soulish
Approved rendering: firești (oameni)
Transliteration: psychikoi
Doctrine: Anthropology: ‘Soulish’ Persons Devoid of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: o traducere care ar sugera că ‘sufletul’ în sine este problema (would collide with the positive Orthodox tripartite anthropology trup-suflet-duh)
Original: ψυχικοί
Category: Anthropology
Jude 1:19. Genuine anthropological collision risk: the text’s actual deficiency is pneumatological (lacking the Holy Spirit’s indwelling, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες), not a devaluing of ‘suflet’ as such. Mandatory teaching note required at every occurrence.
Keep Yourselves
Approved rendering: păziți-vă
Transliteration: tērēsate
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τηρήσατε
Category: Perseverance
Jude 1:21. Aorist imperative of τηρέω — same verb family as ‘kept’ (see above); must echo that same verbal choice exactly. The climactic fourth occurrence, now a command to believers already kept by God (1:1) and who will be kept from falling by him alone (1:24).
Have Mercy On
Approved rendering: aveți milă de
Transliteration: eleate / eleeō
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐλεᾶτε / ἐλεέω
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:22-23. Same root as ‘milă’ (v.2, v.21); consistency required across all four occurrences of the mercy theme.
Keep From Stumbling
Approved rendering: a păzi (de cădere)
Transliteration: phylassō
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: a ocroti / a feri (viable alternatives if translators choose to differentiate rather than merge with τηρέω — record decision, apply uniformly)
Original: φυλάσσω
Category: Perseverance
Jude 1:24. A DIFFERENT Greek verb from τηρέω, chosen specifically for active protection from stumbling in the doxological climax. Translators must decide once, and apply consistently across all Phase 2 material, whether to merge this with ‘a păzi’ (τηρέω) or differentiate it; either choice must be documented and locked before segment translation begins.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: a înfățișa fără prihană
Transliteration: histēmi … amōmous
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: curat (generic ‘clean’ — flattens the sacrificial-cultic resonance)
Original: ἵστημι … ἀμώμους
Category: Perseverance
Jude 1:24. Constructed compound phrase (comparable to ‘dreptate imputată’ in the Romans package) drawn from sacrificial-cultic vocabulary (unblemished sacrificial animals; cf. 1 Peter 1:19, Ephesians 1:4). The theological payoff of the whole letter; never abbreviate to a generic ‘clean.‘
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: chemat
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline notes it High risk; retained at Medium/High per context — treat as High for Jude 1:1 given it is stacked with ‘preaiubiți’ and ‘păziți’ in one triple address to ordinary believers). Must not default to ‘chemare monahală’ (monastic vocation).
Holy
Approved rendering: sfânt
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Used as a component in Jude 1:20’s superlative ‘credința cea preasfântă’ (most holy faith) — see new entry ‘most_holy_faith’.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Part of the greeting triad in Jude 1:2 (mercy, peace, love).
Sin
Approved rendering: păcat
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Inherited from Romans package. Root of ἁμαρτωλός (‘sinner’), Jude 1:15.
Glory
Approved rendering: slavă
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:24 (‘before his glory’) and 1:25 (closing doxology). Strong Orthodox liturgical asset, per baseline. Distinguish from the personal-beings sense of δόξαι (‘glorious ones’) in Jude 1:8 — see new entry ‘glorious_ones’, which is NOT the same theological category.
Servant Of Christ
Approved rendering: rob
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Apostolic Identity: Servant of Christ, Not Blood Kinship
Rejected alternatives: slujitor angajat (hired helper — loses total ownership sense)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Ministry
Jude 1:1: Jude identifies himself as ‘rob al lui Iisus Hristos,’ grounding his authority in total submission to Christ as Master rather than in his physical kinship as Jesus’ half-brother (cf. ‘brother of James/Iacov’).
Licentiousness
Approved rendering: desfrânare
Transliteration: aselgeia
Doctrine: Perversion of Grace into License for Sin
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
Jude 1:4: the outcome to which false teachers pervert grace.
Deny
Approved rendering: a tăgădui / a se lepăda de
Transliteration: arneomai
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship and Mastery
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Christology
Jude 1:4: the false teachers’ practical (conduct-based), not necessarily verbal, denial of Christ’s mastery and lordship.
Eternal Bonds
Approved rendering: lanțuri veșnice
Transliteration: desmoi aidioi
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Fallen Angels Kept for Judgment
Original: δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι
Category: Judgment
Jude 1:6: confinement of the fallen angels awaiting judgment.
Judgment
Approved rendering: judecată / osândă
Transliteration: krisis / krima
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: κρίσις / κρίμα
Category: Judgment
Occurs Jude 1:4, 1:6, 1:9 (Michael’s restraint from pronouncing it), 1:15 (Enoch’s prophecy). Standard forensic term; ensure register consistency across occurrences.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: foc veșnic
Transliteration: pyr aiōnion
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah’s Eternal Fire
Original: πῦρ αἰώνιον
Category: Judgment
Jude 1:7. Render αἰώνιος consistently as the ‘veșnic’ family across all occurrences (vv.7, 21, 25) — see also ‘eternal_life’ and ‘forever_ages’.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: ființe slăvite
Transliteration: doxai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: δόξαι
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:8. NOT abstract ‘glory’ — ‘glorious ones,’ celestial/angelic beings of rank, reviled by the false teachers (echoing Michael’s restraint in 1:9). Must not be confused with ‘slavă’ as applied to God/Christ elsewhere (see inherited ‘glory’).
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: a huli
Transliteration: blasphēmeō
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: Sin
Jude 1:8 (glorious ones), 1:10 (what they do not understand).
Archangel Michael
Approved rendering: arhanghelul Mihail
Transliteration: Michaēl ho archangelos
Doctrine: Archangel Michael’s Restraint as a Model of Humility
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:9. Michael holds a strong, liturgically prominent place in Romanian Orthodox veneration; Jude’s restrained Michael, who defers judgment to God, is a valuable humility contrast to the false teachers and should be surfaced in teaching, not obscured by veneration associations.
Hidden Reefs Or Blemishes
Approved rendering: stânci ascunse / pete
Transliteration: spilades
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Church
Jude 1:12. Genuine lexical crux (nautical hazard vs. moral blemish); retain both readings via translator note rather than silently choosing one; possible lexical echo with 1:23’s ‘cămașă mânjită.‘
Self Shepherding
Approved rendering: a se păstori pe ei înșiși
Transliteration: poimainō (heautous poimainontes)
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ποιμαίνω (ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες)
Category: Church
Jude 1:12. Ironic use: false leaders ‘shepherding themselves’ instead of the flock — a direct inversion of pastoral duty that must not be lost.
Most Holy Faith
Approved rendering: credința cea preasfântă
Transliteration: hagiōtatē pistis
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἁγιωτάτη πίστις
Category: Faith
Jude 1:20. Superlative of ἅγιος + πίστις; both roots already established (sfânt, credință).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: viața de veci
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: viața eternă (Evangelical/Cornilescu-tradition alternative — record, standardize per target audience)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:21. Orthodox Synodal convention standardized as primary rendering, per baseline audience assumption; ‘viața eternă’ recorded as the Cornilescu-tradition equivalent for Evangelical/Protestant-facing material.
Snatch From Fire
Approved rendering: a scoate / a răpi cu forța
Transliteration: harpazō
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: a lua (too gentle — loses the urgent, forcible seizing image)
Original: ἁρπάζω
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:23. Vivid urgency image; must not be softened.
Cautious Fear
Approved rendering: frică (cu grijă)
Transliteration: phobos
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: φόβος
Category: Salvation
Jude 1:23. Wary caution regarding contamination by sin, not fear of, or contempt toward, the wavering persons themselves. Mandatory clarifying gloss required.
Stained Garment
Approved rendering: cămașă mânjită
Transliteration: espilōmenos chitōn
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἐσπιλωμένος χιτών
Category: Sin
Jude 1:23. Verbal cognate of v.12’s disputed σπιλάδες; note the lexical echo for teaching purposes even though the two words function differently grammatically.
Lordship Kyriotes
Approved rendering: stăpânirea (domnească)
Transliteration: kyriotēs
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship and Mastery
Original: κυριότης
Category: Christology
Jude 1:8. Abstract noun from κύριος, rejected by the false teachers; must remain visibly linked in Romanian to the κύριος/Domnul word-family so the reader senses the connection to v.4’s denial of Christ’s lordship.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:17: ‘the words spoken before by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ.‘
Exhort
Approved rendering: a îndemna
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Jude 1:3: ‘…ἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι ὑμῖν παρακαλῶν…’ (‘I found it necessary to write, urging/exhorting you’).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israel
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Implied (not named directly) in Jude 1:5’s Exodus reference — ‘the Lord…saved a people out of the land of Egypt’ — the first Old Testament type in the doctrine ‘Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom).’
Beloved
Approved rendering: preaiubit / iubit
Transliteration: agapētos / ēgapēmenos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: ἀγαπητός / ἠγαπημένος
Category: Faith
Jude 1:1 (‘loved in God the Father’), 1:3, 1:17, 1:20 (Jude’s own address to readers). Settled, completed divine love, not fluctuating emotion.
Love
Approved rendering: dragoste
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
Jude 1:2 (greeting triad), 1:21 (‘keep yourselves in the love of God’). Distinguish from the ironic plural ‘love feasts’ (ἀγάπαι) in v.12 — see ‘love_feasts’.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Sodoma și Gomora
Transliteration: Sodoma kai Gomorra
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Sodom and Gomorrah’s Eternal Fire
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:7. Established Romanian Bible proper-name form; third and climactic Old Testament type of judgment.
Devil
Approved rendering: diavolul
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Archangel Michael’s Restraint as a Model of Humility
Original: διάβολος
Category: Angelology
Jude 1:9. The slanderer/adversary who disputed with Michael over Moses’ body.
Moses
Approved rendering: Moise
Transliteration: Mōysēs
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Fallen Angels Kept for Judgment
Jude 1:9. Standard proper name, per the established transliteration conventions in the baseline AI translation requirements document.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: dobitoace necuvântătoare
Transliteration: aloga zōa
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Sin
Jude 1:10. Standard, vivid biblical idiom describing the false teachers’ instinctual corruption.
Cain
Approved rendering: Cain
Transliteration: Kain
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: Κάϊν
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:11. Requires brief OT background note (Genesis 4: murderous jealousy/false worship) for readers unfamiliar with the narrative.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Balaam
Transliteration: Balaam
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:11. Requires brief OT background note (Numbers 22-24: mercenary corruption of prophetic ministry).
Korah
Approved rendering: Core
Transliteration: Kore
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: Κόρε
Category: Covenant
Jude 1:11. Requires brief OT background note (Numbers 16: rebellion against God-appointed authority).
Error Wandering
Approved rendering: rătăcire
Transliteration: planē
Doctrine: Old Testament Warning: Cain, Balaam, and Korah
Original: πλάνη
Category: Sin
Jude 1:11 (Balaam’s error). Deliberate wordplay with ‘wandering stars’ (πλανῆται) in 1:13; flag for teaching even if not fully reproducible in Romanian.
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: stele rătăcitoare
Transliteration: asteres planētai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Judgment
Jude 1:13. Echoes πλάνη in 1:11; flag the wordplay for teaching.
Grumblers
Approved rendering: cârtitori
Transliteration: gongystēs
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: γογγυστής
Category: Sin
Jude 1:16. Strong existing biblical-Romanian association with Israel’s wilderness grumbling (Exodus/Numbers) — a genuine comprehension asset reinforcing the Old Testament types doctrine.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: batjocoritori
Transliteration: empaiktai
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Judgment
Jude 1:18. Mockers who follow their own ungodly desires, as the apostles foretold.
Build Up
Approved rendering: a se zidi
Transliteration: epoikodomeō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification and Praying in the Spirit
Original: ἐποικοδομέω
Category: Church
Jude 1:20. Consonant with the Romans-package concept of mutual edification (‘zidirea reciprocă’).
Exultation
Approved rendering: bucurie nespusă
Transliteration: agalliasis
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀγαλλίασις
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:24. Exultant joy in which believers will be presented before God’s glory.
Majesty
Approved rendering: mărire
Transliteration: megalōsynē
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
Jude 1:25. Established Orthodox doxological term used liturgically — a genuine cultural asset.
Dominion Authority
Approved rendering: putere/stăpânire, autoritate
Transliteration: kratos / exousia
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: κράτος / ἐξουσία
Category: God
Jude 1:25. Standard doxological pairing ascribed to God.
Forever Ages
Approved rendering: veac(uri)
Transliteration: aiōn
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: αἰών
Category: Eschatology
Jude 1:25: ‘before all time, and now, and forever.’ Strongly parallels standard Orthodox liturgical doxology formulas (‘acum și în veci, și în vecii vecilor’) but translators must constrain to Jude’s actual three-part temporal formula rather than the longer liturgical form, to avoid unintentional embellishment.
Jude Author
Approved rendering: Iuda
Transliteration: Ioudas
Doctrine: Apostolic Identity: Servant of Christ, Not Blood Kinship
The letter’s author and the book’s title in Romanian Bible convention (Epistola lui Iuda / Iuda), Jude 1:1. Standard proper name; also the established Romanian citation short-form for the book — see cross-reference conventions.
James Brother
Approved rendering: Iacov
Transliteration: Iakōbos
Doctrine: Apostolic Identity: Servant of Christ, Not Blood Kinship
Jude 1:1: ‘brother of James.’ Note for translators: Romanian uses one name form (‘Iacov’) for both the NT James and the OT patriarch Jacob; this is expected, not an error.
Referenced passages