Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Timothy — English → Romanian
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning all four chapters of 2 Timothy. It distinguishes:
- Terms reused exactly from the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json(no deviation permitted), and - New terms specific to 2 Timothy’s distinctive vocabulary, each assigned a risk tier per the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low convention and grounded in a specific Romanian-culture collision or clarification need.
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json before Phase 2 processing of any 2 Timothy segment, per the baseline’s “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.”
Section 1 — Reused Terms (Baseline Romans TM — Exact Reuse Required)
| English Term | Romanian Rendering | Risk | 2 Timothy Occurrences | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evanghelie | High | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 2:9, 4:5 | Reuse exactly |
| grace | har | Critical | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22 | Reuse exactly |
| faith | credință | High | 1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 | Reuse exactly |
| righteousness | dreptate | Critical | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 | Reuse exactly |
| salvation (salvation-family: σώζω/σωτηρία) | mântuire | Critical | 1:9, 2:10, 3:15, 4:18 | Reuse exactly |
| apostle | apostol | Low | 1:1, 1:11 | Reuse exactly |
| called / calling | chemat / chemare | Medium / High | 1:9 | Reuse exactly |
| holy | sfânt | Medium | 1:9 | Reuse exactly |
| resurrection | înviere | Critical | 2:8, 2:18 | Reuse exactly; 2:18 is a false-teaching test case — see Section 2 |
| lord | Domnul | Critical | 1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22 | Reuse exactly |
| incarnation (theological name for the event referenced) | întrupare | High | conceptually behind 1:9-10 | Reuse exactly |
| peace | pace | Medium | 1:2 | Reuse exactly |
| law | lege | High | 2:5 (νομίμως, “according to the rules,” is a distinct lexical item — see note) | “νομίμως” (2:5) is an adverb from the same root but not a direct occurrence of νόμος; treat as Low-Medium standalone, no TM entry needed |
| covenant (conceptually, Davidic) | legământ | High | conceptually behind 2:8’s “seed of David” | Reuse exactly if invoked in teaching notes |
| david / seed of David | David / sămânța lui David | Low / Medium | 2:8 | Reuse exactly |
| election | alegere | High | conceptually behind 2:10’s ἐκλεκτούς — see Section 2 for “elect” (noun) | Reuse the root rendering |
| providence | pronia lui Dumnezeu | Medium | conceptually behind 1:12, 2:19 | Reuse exactly if invoked |
| mission | misiune | Medium | conceptually behind 4:5’s εὐαγγελιστοῦ, 4:17 | Reuse exactly if invoked |
| jesus | Iisus | Critical | throughout, in “Hristos Iisus” | Reuse exactly; naming convention “Hristos Iisus” preserves Pauline word order |
| god | Dumnezeu | Critical | throughout | Reuse exactly |
| holy_spirit | Duhul Sfânt | Critical | 1:14 | Reuse exactly |
| father | Tată | Critical | conceptually behind adoption language, not directly named in 2 Timothy | Reuse exactly if invoked |
| exhort | îndemna | Low | 4:2 (παρακάλεσον) | Reuse exactly |
| glory | slavă | Medium | 4:18 | Reuse exactly |
| thanksgiving | mulțumire | Low | conceptually behind 1:3 (χάριν ἔχω, “I have gratitude”) | Reuse exactly if invoked |
| fellowship | părtășie | Low | not directly present but relevant to 1:16-18’s household hospitality passages | Reuse exactly if invoked |
| kingdom_of_god | împărăția lui Dumnezeu | Medium | 4:1, 4:18 (as “împărăția Sa” / “împărăția Sa cerească”) | Reuse exactly, adapted for pronoun/modifier |
Section 2 — New Terms Specific to 2 Timothy
| English Term | Original / Transliteration | Romanian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Primary Passages | Notes / Collision Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God-breathed (inspiration) | θεόπνευστος / theopneustos | insuflată de Dumnezeu | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3:16 | Established rendering shared across Romanian traditions (translation-form asset), but doctrinal risk is Critical: must be taught as Scripture’s direct, verbal divine origin, without staging an unnecessary polemic against the Orthodox Scripture-and-Tradition framework the text does not itself raise. |
| Scripture / sacred writings | γραφή, ἱερὰ γράμματα / graphē, hiera grammata | Scriptura / Sfintele Scripturi | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3:15, 3:16 | Standard term across all Romanian traditions; risk is doctrinal (sufficiency and authority), not lexical. |
| the (good) deposit / what is entrusted | παραθήκη / parathēkē | comoara cea bună (încredințată) | Critical | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1:12, 1:14, 2:2 (verb form παράθου) | Two rival existing Romanian renderings (“comoara…care ţi s-a dat în păstrare” Cornilescu-style vs. “odorul cel bun” Synodal-style); recommend “comoara cea bună” as register-neutral primary term, flagging “odorul cel bun” as the expected Orthodox Synodal variant. Resonance with, but must not collapse into, the institutional category of Sfânta Tradiție. |
| sound doctrine / sound teaching / sound words | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία, ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι / hygiainousa didaskalia | învățătura sănătoasă | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1:13, 4:3 | Established Romanian phrase (asset), but must be taught as “consistent with the apostolic gospel,” not equated with institutional Church teaching in an exclusivist sense nor flattened into generic ethical wholesomeness. Paired throughout the book with the “gangrene” (γάγγραινα) contrast — preserve the medical-metaphor pairing in teaching notes. |
| appearing (of Christ) | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | arătare (arătarea Lui / venirea Sa) | Critical | The Charge to Preach the Word; Assurance of Reward | 1:10, 4:1, 4:8 | Direct collision: “Arătarea Domnului” is the fixed Romanian Orthodox liturgical name for the Feast of Theophany (Bobotează). Recommend “arătare/arătarea Lui” for the incarnation sense (1:10) but pair the eschatological sense (4:1, 4:8) consistently with clarifying language (“arătarea Lui [la sfârșit] / venirea Sa”) to prevent readers from mentally substituting the fixed liturgical feast for Christ’s future return. Flag every occurrence for mandatory human theologian review. |
| preach / proclaim (herald) | κηρύσσω, κήρυξ / kēryssō, kēryx | propovăduiește (v.) / vestitor (n.) | Critical | The Charge to Preach the Word | 1:11, 4:2 | Anchor verb of the book’s central charge. “Propovăduiește” is Orthodox-register primary; “predică” is the expected Evangelical/Cornilescu-tradition variant (parallel to the Iisus/Isus naming split in the baseline). Must never be softened toward casual sharing or private opinion. |
| rightly handling (the word of truth) | ὀρθοτομέω / orthotomeō | care învață drept Cuvântul adevărului | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2:15 | No single Romanian lexical equivalent; existing traditions render as a teaching-verb phrase. Must convey precision and integrity of interpretation, not mere doctrinal correctness in the abstract. |
| crown (of righteousness) | στέφανος (τῆς δικαιοσύνης) / stephanos | cunună (a dreptății) | Critical | Assurance of Reward | 2:5, 4:8 | Direct collision with the devotionally central Orthodox category “cununa muceniciei” (the martyr’s crown), tied to synergistic merit theology. Must preserve a grace-secured, confidently-expected reward for faithful endurance without defaulting to a merit-earned framing, and without narrowing the reward’s scope to literal martyrs only — 4:8b explicitly extends it “to all who have loved his appearing.” |
| Savior | σωτήρ / sōtēr | Mântuitor | Critical | (feeds Salvation doctrine) | 1:10 | Consistency asset: “Mântuitorul” is already the standard, constantly used Orthodox liturgical title for Christ; reinforces rather than complicates the baseline “mântuire” rendering. |
| incorruption / immortality | ἀφθαρσία / aphtharsia | nestricăciune | High | (feeds Assurance of Reward / eschatology) | 1:10 | Direct collision risk: Romanian Orthodox piety attaches devotional significance to the physical incorruption of saints’ relics (“moaște neputrezite”). This verse’s referent is the future, resurrection-bodily incorruption promised to all believers through the gospel — a clarifying translator note is recommended at every occurrence. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | evlavie | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3:5 | Direct collision: “evlavie” is an overwhelmingly positive, treasured term in Romanian Orthodox devotional vocabulary. 3:5 uses the concept in a critical construction (“a form of evlavie… without its power”) — must be rendered so the critique unmistakably targets hollow, powerless religious form, not “evlavie” as a virtue itself. Requires an explicit translator note at every occurrence. |
| form / outward appearance (of godliness) | μόρφωσις / morphōsis | înfățișare / chip | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3:5 | Paired term with εὐσέβεια above; same collision rationale. |
| last days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι / eschatai hēmerai | zilele de pe urmă | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3:1 | Established Romanian phrase (asset), but doctrinal risk is High given strong Romanian folk-eschatological piety around end-times signs and the Antichrist; ground the term in this passage’s specific, pastoral content (a character-trait list), not speculative date-setting. |
| endure suffering / suffer hardship | κακοπαθέω / kakopatheō | rabdă suferința / suferă | High | Perseverance under Suffering | 1:8 (συγκακοπάθησον), 2:9, 2:3, 4:5 | Must convey active, willing endurance of hardship for the gospel’s sake. Resonates strongly with Orthodox ascetic/kenotic spirituality (an asset), but must not be narrowed exclusively to a monastic-ascetic suffering category the text does not specify. |
| poured out as a libation / drink offering | σπένδομαι / spendomai | sunt dat ca jertfă de băutură (ca o libație) | High | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | 4:6 | Unfamiliar cultic image in modern Romanian; needs a brief explanatory gloss. Connects directly to the Orthodox devotional category of martyrdom (mucenicie) as its scriptural root text; avoid overstating that all suffering described elsewhere in the book rises to this same sacrificial-death level. |
| the (ministry) gift … through the laying on of hands | χάρισμα … διὰ ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν / charisma … dia epitheseōs tōn cheirōn | harisma (darul) lui Dumnezeu, primit prin punerea mâinilor | Critical | (feeds Guarding Sound Doctrine / The Charge to Preach the Word) | 1:6 | Direct collision with the Orthodox sacrament of Holy Orders (Taina Hirotoniei), where laying on of hands by a bishop is understood to confer priestly/diaconal grace in sacramental succession. Must neither deny the real empowering Timothy received nor be read as settling, for or against, the developed sacramental theology of Holy Orders. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. |
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | milă | Medium | (feeds Grace/Salvation doctrines) | 1:2 | 2 Timothy’s greeting uniquely adds “mercy” to Paul’s usual grace-and-peace salutation. Strong positive resonance with the Orthodox liturgical refrain “Doamne, miluiește” (an asset); teach as God’s personal mercy toward Timothy, consistent with (not narrowed by) the liturgical formula. |
| testimony / witness | μαρτύριον / martyrion | mărturia | Medium | (feeds Perseverance under Suffering) | 1:8 | Etymological proximity to “mucenici” (martyrs), a devotionally central Orthodox veneration category; here it denotes the message about Christ, not a technical reference to martyrdom, though Paul’s own suffering later in the book gives the association real resonance. |
| elect / chosen (noun) | ἐκλεκτός / eklektos | cei aleși | High | Effectual Calling (cf. baseline “election”) | 2:10 | Direct extension of the baseline’s “election” caution: preserve God’s sovereign initiative without imposing strict monergism or dissolving it into pure human free will. |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | pocăință | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2:25 | Collision risk: closely identified in Orthodox sacramental life with Taina Spovedaniei (Confession). This verse describes the inward, God-granted turning from error that precedes and underlies any sacramental act, not the sacrament itself — requires a clarifying note, parallel to the baseline’s justification/sanctification treatment. |
| truth | ἀλήθεια / alētheia | adevăr | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Apostasy and False Teachers | 2:15, 2:18, 2:25, 3:7-8, 4:4 | Standing contrast term against μῦθος (“myths”) and ψεῦδος-adjacent false teaching throughout the book; no rival Romanian word, but doctrinally load-bearing as the fixed standard against which “sound doctrine” is measured. |
| myths / fables | μῦθος / mythos | basme / născociri | Medium-High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 4:4 | Must carry the connotation of doctrinally false fabrication contrasted with apostolic truth, not neutral “stories”; avoid implying a blanket dismissal of all extra-biblical narrative tradition, which the text does not address. |
| gangrene | γάγγραινα / gangraina | cangrenă | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2:17 | Vivid medical metaphor for false teaching’s corrosive spread; translate literally, sustaining the book’s deliberate medical-metaphor contrast with ὑγιαίνω (“healthy/sound”). |
| the devil | διάβολος / diabolos | diavolul | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2:26, 3:3 (adjectival διάβολοι) | Standard term, no rival word; doctrinally load-bearing for the book’s spiritual-warfare framing of false teaching. |
| approved / tested and found genuine | δόκιμος / dokimos | încercat și găsit vrednic | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2:15 | Paired antonym with ἀδόκιμος (3:8, “disqualified/failing the test”); standard testing vocabulary, no major collision. |
| itching ears (idiom) | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν / knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | cu mâncărime de auz | Medium-High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 4:3 | Vivid idiom for craving novel, flattering teaching; must be preserved, not softened into neutral “curiosity.” |
| in season, out of season (idiom) | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως / eukairōs akairōs | la timp și nelatimp | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4:2 | Established Romanian idiom; must preserve the unconditional, paradoxical sense (“whether convenient or not”). |
| the word of God (the message) | ὁ λόγος (τοῦ θεοῦ) / ho logos (tou theou) | Cuvântul (lui Dumnezeu) | High | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2:9, 4:2 | Risk of confusion with the Christological title “Logos” (John 1:1). Context here is the message/gospel content preached, not a Christological title; recommend a translator note distinguishing the two senses wherever capitalized. |
| work of an evangelist | ἔργον εὐαγγελιστοῦ / ergon euangelistou | lucrarea de evanghelist | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4:5 | In Romanian, “evanghelist” primarily evokes the four Gospel-writers (“cei patru evangheliști”); a clarifying note is recommended distinguishing the ongoing ministry office/function in view here. |
| ministry / service | διακονία / diakonia | slujire | Medium-High | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4:5 | Shares its root with “diacon” (an ordained clerical office); must not be narrowed to the ordained diaconate — this is Timothy’s general ministry charge. |
| the man of God | ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος / ho tou theou anthrōpos | omul lui Dumnezeu | Low-Medium | (feeds Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture) | 3:17 | Established OT-echoing epithet (used of Moses, Elijah, etc.); applies here to Timothy and, by extension, every minister of the Word. |
| complete / fully equipped | ἄρτιος / artios | pe deplin pregătit / capabil | High | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3:17 | Avoid “desăvârșit” (theotic-perfection-loaded term in Orthodox spirituality); this verse claims functional readiness for ministry and good works, not instantaneous moral/spiritual perfection. |
| correction | ἐπανόρθωσις / epanorthōsis | îndreptare | Medium-High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 3:16 | Lexical collision risk: shares its root with “îndreptățire” (justification, Critical baseline term). Keep visually and conceptually distinct; recommend a translator note pairing the two roots at every occurrence. |
| love | ἀγάπη / agapē | dragoste | Medium | (feeds Guarding Sound Doctrine / Perseverance under Suffering) | 1:7, 2:22, 4:8, 4:10 | Well-established core virtue term; low collision risk, but distinguish in translator notes from colloquial romantic/sentimental connotations “dragoste” can carry. |
| the elect (see above) | — | — | — | — | — | (See “elect / chosen” entry above; not duplicated.) |
Section 3 — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (All 7 Curriculum Doctrines)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Key Terms (Section 1 + 2) | Highest Risk Tier Present |
|---|---|---|
| Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | θεόπνευστος, γραφή/ἱερὰ γράμματα, ὠφέλιμος, ἄρτιος, ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος | Critical |
| Perseverance under Suffering | κακοπάθησον, σπένδομαι, ἀγών/δρόμος, στρατιώτης, μαρτύριον | High |
| Guarding Sound Doctrine | παραθήκη, ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία, ὀρθοτομέω, ἐπανόρθωσις, γάγγραινα, ἀλήθεια, ἀδικία | Critical |
| Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | παραθήκη/παράθου, ἐκλεκτός, χάρισμα/ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν, εὐαγγέλιον (reused), λόγος (τοῦ θεοῦ) | Critical |
| The Charge to Preach the Word | κηρύσσω/κήρυξ, τὸν λόγον, εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως, εὐαγγελιστής, διακονία, ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | Critical |
| Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι, μόρφωσις/εὐσέβεια, μῦθος, κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν, ἀνάστασις (misused), μετάνοια, διάβολος, ἀδόκιμος | Critical |
| Assurance of Reward | στέφανος (τῆς δικαιοσύνης), ἐπιφάνεια, σωτήρ, ἀφθαρσία, δικαιοσύνη (reused) | Critical |
Section 4 — Escalation Flags for Phase 2
Per the baseline’s escalation rules, the following 2 Timothy-specific segments require mandatory human theologian review in addition to the baseline’s existing Critical-term list:
- Any segment containing ἐπιφάνεια in the eschatological (Second Coming) sense — risk of substitution with the Theophany feast.
- Any segment containing χάρισμα / ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν (1:6) — Holy Orders collision.
- Any segment containing ἀνάστασις used by false teachers as already past (2:18) — direct test of the baseline’s resurrection rule.
- Any segment containing στέφανος in reward contexts (2:5, 4:8) — martyr’s-crown/merit-theology collision.
- Any segment containing παραθήκη / παράθου (1:12, 1:14, 2:2) — Holy Tradition resonance.
- Any segment containing εὐσέβεια / μόρφωσις in the critical construction of 3:5.
- Any segment containing μετάνοια (2:25) — Confession-sacrament collision.
All other new terms in Section 2 (Medium/Medium-High) are routed to native speaker review per the baseline’s risk-tier conventions; Low-risk terms receive automated review only.
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json (incrementing its version number) before any Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Timothy proceeds, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: har
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: favoare doar în sens legal, fără nicio participare reală a credinciosului
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. In 2 Timothy 1:9 grace is said to precede time itself; in 2:1 Timothy is told to ‘be strengthened in the grace.’ The baseline’s Orthodox uncreated-energies/participatory caution applies unchanged.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: dreptate
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: dreptate câștigată exclusiv prin efort moral propriu
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. In 4:8 it is the ground of the ‘crown of righteousness’; must not be read as a merit-earned prize but as righteousness already granted by grace, now consummated in reward.
Salvation
Approved rendering: mântuire
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία / σώζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 1:9, 2:10, 3:15, 4:18. 4:18’s ‘save me into his heavenly kingdom’ is the consummation of the same mântuire already received, not a separate detached process.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: înviere
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. 2:8 affirms Christ’s bodily resurrection as gospel content to be ‘remembered’; 2:18 is a direct test case where false teachers (Hymenaeus, Philetus) claim the resurrection has ‘already happened,’ collapsing it into a purely spiritual/past event — exactly the dilution into ‘vague spiritual renewal’ the baseline warns against. Mandatory theologian review at 2:18 every occurrence.
Lord
Approved rendering: Domnul
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs pervasively (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22). 4:1’s ‘judge of the living and the dead’ matches the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed’s language verbatim as recited in every Romanian Orthodox Divine Liturgy — leverage this asset rather than reword.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Iisus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isus (Protestant/Cornilescu spelling)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. 2 Timothy’s salutation order ‘Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ’ / ‘Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ’ is rendered consistently as ‘Hristos Iisus,’ matching Greek word order rather than inverting it, per baseline naming convention.
God
Approved rendering: Dumnezeu
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs throughout, including as invoked witness in the solemn charge of 4:1.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duhul Sfânt
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 1:14, ‘through the Holy Spirit who dwells in us,’ as the agent enabling the guarded deposit.
Father
Approved rendering: Tată
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ (conceptually presupposed, though not directly named in 2 Timothy)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Not a direct lexical occurrence in 2 Timothy; invoke only if teaching notes draw on adoption language.
Theopneustos
Approved rendering: insuflată de Dumnezeu
Transliteration: theopneustos
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: text care inspiră emoțional cititorul, fără a implica originea sa divină directă
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
2 Timothy 3:16. The Romanian phrase is a shared, established rendering across Orthodox Synodal and Cornilescu traditions (translation-form asset), but the doctrinal risk remains Critical: must be taught as Scripture’s direct, verbal divine origin, without staging an unraised polemic against the Orthodox Scripture-and-Sfânta-Tradiție framework.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Sfintele Scripturi
Transliteration: graphē / hiera grammata
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: γραφή / ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
2 Timothy 3:15-16. Standard term across all Romanian Christian traditions; risk is doctrinal (sufficiency and authority), not lexical. 3:16’s unqualified ‘πᾶσα γραφή’ (‘all Scripture’) must not be softened, mirroring the baseline’s universality-preservation rule.
Deposit
Approved rendering: comoara cea bună
Transliteration: parathēkē / paratithēmi
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: odorul cel bun (Orthodox Synodal-tradition variant, noted but not primary)
Original: παραθήκη / παρατίθημι
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 1:12, 1:14, 2:2 (verb form παράθου). Register-neutral primary rendering chosen over the two rival existing traditions (Cornilescu-style procedural sense vs. Synodal-style ‘odorul cel bun,’ proximate to ‘odoare,’ sacred relics/vestments). Resonates with, but must not collapse into, the institutional Orthodox category of Sfânta Tradiție. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Appearing
Approved rendering: arătare
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: The Appearing of Christ
Rejected alternatives: epifanie (secular Romanian loanword for a sudden flash of insight; also collides with the liturgical feast)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
2 Timothy 1:10 (incarnation sense), 4:1 and 4:8 (eschatological sense). Direct collision: ‘Arătarea Domnului’ is the fixed Romanian Orthodox liturgical name for the Feast of Theophany (Bobotează, Jan. 6). Retain ‘arătare/arătarea Lui’ for 1:10; pair 4:1 and 4:8 consistently with clarifying language (‘arătarea Lui [la sfârșit] / venirea Sa’). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Preach
Approved rendering: propovăduiește
Transliteration: kēryssō / kēryx
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: predică (expected Evangelical/Cornilescu-tradition variant, noted but not primary), împarte / discută / sugerează
Original: κηρύσσω / κήρυξ
Category: Ministry
2 Timothy 4:2, and κήρυξ at 1:11. Anchor verb of the book’s central charge; must never be softened toward casual sharing, private opinion, or discussion. ‘Propovăduiește’ is Orthodox-register primary, parallel to the Iisus/Isus naming split in the baseline.
Crown
Approved rendering: cunună
Transliteration: stephanos (tēs dikaiosynēs)
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: premiu câștigat exclusiv prin merit propriu, fără temei în har
Original: στέφανος (τῆς δικαιοσύνης)
Category: Eschatology
2 Timothy 2:5, 4:8 (‘cununa dreptății’). Direct collision with the devotionally central Orthodox category ‘cununa muceniciei’ (the martyr’s crown), tied to synergistic merit theology. Must preserve a grace-secured reward for faithful endurance, explicitly extended in 4:8b to ‘all who have loved his appearing,’ not narrowed to literal martyrs. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Savior
Approved rendering: Mântuitor
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Savior and the Gift of Incorruption
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
2 Timothy 1:10. Consistency asset: ‘Mântuitorul’ is already the standard, constantly used Orthodox liturgical title for Christ, reinforcing rather than complicating the baseline’s Critical ‘mântuire’ rendering.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: harisma (darul) lui Dumnezeu, primit prin punerea mâinilor
Transliteration: charisma … dia epitheseōs tōn cheirōn
Doctrine: The Ministry Gift and the Laying on of Hands
Rejected alternatives: harismă (bare loanword alone, insufficiently distinguishing this singular ministry-empowering event from the plural congregational daruri duhovnicești of Romans 12)
Original: χάρισμα … διὰ ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church
2 Timothy 1:6. Direct collision with the Orthodox sacrament of Holy Orders (Taina Hirotoniei/Preoției), in which a bishop’s laying on of hands is understood to confer priestly/diaconal grace through unbroken sacramental succession. Must neither deny Timothy’s real, personal empowering nor be read as settling, for or against, the developed sacramental theology this text does not itself systematize. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evanghelie
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 2 Timothy 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 2:9, 4:5 as the fixed content Timothy is charged to guard and proclaim.
Faith
Approved rendering: credință
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: evlavie religioasă generală
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. In 1:5 and 3:15 faith is transmitted through a specific family chain (Lois, Eunice, Timothy); must not be read as inherited religious identity by birth rather than personal trust each generation must exercise.
Calling
Approved rendering: chemare
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: chemare monahală (specifically a call to monastic life)
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. In 1:9, ‘κλήσει ἁγίᾳ’ (a holy calling) must not default to ‘chemare monahală’; this is the general call every believer receives, here applied to Timothy’s ministry specifically.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: întrupare
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological name for the event referenced in 1:9-10)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Underlies 1:9-10’s ‘manifested through the appearing of our Savior Christ Jesus’; must not be absorbed entirely into the Orthodox theosis-basis framing at the expense of this passage’s own emphasis that Christ has already ‘abolished death.‘
Law
Approved rendering: lege
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος (root; νομίμως, ‘according to the rules,’ is a related but distinct adverbial form)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. The root sense is not lexically frequent in 2 Timothy; 2:5’s νομίμως (‘according to the rules’) is a related but distinct adverbial competition-metaphor form treated separately as a Low-Medium standalone term, not requiring its own TM entry.
Covenant
Approved rendering: legământ
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: contract legal
Original: διαθήκη (conceptually behind the Davidic promise invoked in 2:8)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Not lexically present in 2 Timothy but theologically presupposed by 2:8’s ‘seed of David’; invoke in teaching notes.
Election
Approved rendering: alegere
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: predestinare dublă în sens calvinist strict
Original: ἐκλογή (root; ἐκλεκτός, ‘elect,’ is the related noun used in 2:10)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Root rendering; the noun form ἐκλεκτός (‘elect,’ 2:10) receives its own entry below. The baseline’s synergism-vs-monergism caution applies directly.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: sfințire
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Not lexically present in 2 Timothy but conceptually underlies the ‘Hollow Godliness versus True Godliness’ doctrine (3:5) and the Spirit’s transformative work generally; invoke in teaching notes rather than as a segment-level rendering.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: învățătura sănătoasă
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia / hygiainontes logoi
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 1:13, 4:3. Established cross-tradition phrase (asset), but must be taught as ‘consistent with the apostolic gospel,’ not institutional Church teaching in an exclusivist sense, nor flattened into generic ethical wholesomeness. Preserve the deliberate medical-metaphor contrast with ‘cangrenă’ (2:17).
Rightly Handling
Approved rendering: care învață drept Cuvântul adevărului
Transliteration: orthotomeō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 2:15. No single Romanian lexical equivalent exists; must convey precision and integrity in the practice of interpretation, not merely abstract doctrinal correctness.
Incorruption
Approved rendering: nestricăciune
Transliteration: aphtharsia
Doctrine: Savior and the Gift of Incorruption
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
2 Timothy 1:10. Direct collision risk: Romanian Orthodox piety attaches devotional significance to the physical incorruption of saints’ relics (‘moaște neputrezite’). This verse’s referent is future, resurrection-bodily incorruption promised to all believers, not a present relic-phenomenon; requires a clarifying translator note at every occurrence.
Godliness
Approved rendering: evlavie
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Hollow Godliness versus True Godliness
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
2 Timothy 3:5. ‘Evlavie’ is an overwhelmingly positive, treasured term in Romanian Orthodox devotional vocabulary; 3:5 applies the identical concept in a critical construction (‘a form of evlavie… without its power’). The rendering must make unmistakably clear the critique targets hollow, powerless religious form, not evlavie itself. Requires an explicit translator note at every occurrence.
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: înfățișare
Transliteration: morphōsis
Doctrine: Hollow Godliness versus True Godliness
Original: μόρφωσις
Category: Sanctification
2 Timothy 3:5. Paired term with ‘evlavie’; same collision rationale — the critique targets hollowness of form, not the outward practice of devotion as such.
Last Days
Approved rendering: zilele de pe urmă
Transliteration: eschatai hēmerai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
2 Timothy 3:1. Established Romanian phrase (asset), but doctrinal risk is High given strong Romanian folk-eschatological piety around end-times signs, the Antichrist, and apocalyptic speculation. Ground firmly in 3:1-9’s specific pastoral content (a character-trait list), not a prophetic timetable.
Endure Suffering
Approved rendering: rabdă suferința
Transliteration: kakopatheō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
2 Timothy 1:8 (συγκακοπάθησον), 2:3, 2:9, 4:5. Must convey active, willing endurance of hardship for the gospel’s sake. Resonates with Orthodox ascetic/kenotic spirituality (asset), but must not be narrowed exclusively into a monastic-ascetic category; the text addresses general pastoral and missionary hardship (soldier/athlete/farmer metaphors, 2:3-6).
Poured Out As Libation
Approved rendering: sunt dat ca jertfă de băutură
Transliteration: spendomai
Doctrine: Martyrdom and Testimony
Rejected alternatives: libație (learned loanword, retained only as a supporting parenthetical gloss, not the primary rendering)
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Suffering
2 Timothy 4:6. The cultic sacrificial image is unfamiliar in everyday modern Romanian and needs a brief explanatory gloss. Connects directly to the devotionally central Orthodox category of martyrdom (‘mucenicie’); avoid overstating that all suffering described elsewhere in the book (e.g., 4:5’s general pastoral hardship) rises to this same sacrificial-death level.
Elect
Approved rendering: cei aleși
Transliteration: eklektos
Doctrine: Election and Divine Calling
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
2 Timothy 2:10 (‘for the sake of the elect’). Direct extension of the baseline’s ‘election’ caution: preserve God’s sovereign initiative without imposing strict Calvinist monergism or dissolving it into pure human free will.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pocăință
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Repentance and Recovery from Error
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sanctification
2 Timothy 2:25. Collision risk: closely identified in Orthodox sacramental life with Taina Spovedaniei (Confession). Describes the inward, God-granted turning from doctrinal error that precedes and underlies any sacramental act, not the sacrament itself; requires a clarifying note parallel to the baseline’s justification/sanctification treatment.
Truth
Approved rendering: adevăr
Transliteration: alētheia
Doctrine: Truth versus Myth in Teaching
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 2:15, 2:18, 2:25, 3:7-8, 4:4. No rival Romanian word, but doctrinally load-bearing throughout the book as the fixed standard against which ‘sound doctrine’ is measured and against which ‘myths’ is contrasted.
Myths
Approved rendering: basme
Transliteration: mythos
Doctrine: Truth versus Myth in Teaching
Rejected alternatives: povești neutre, fără conotația de falsificare doctrinară
Original: μῦθος
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 4:4. Must carry the connotation of doctrinally false fabrication contrasted with apostolic truth, not a neutral word for ‘stories’ or ‘legends’; care is needed so it is not read as a blanket dismissal of all extra-biblical narrative tradition, which the text does not address.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: cu mâncărime de auz
Transliteration: knēthomenoi tēn akoēn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: curiozitate neutră
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
2 Timothy 4:3. The vivid idiom must be preserved, not softened into neutral ‘curiosity’; describes a doctrinally driven appetite for novelty over sound teaching.
Word Of God Message
Approved rendering: Cuvântul
Transliteration: ho logos (tou theou)
Doctrine: The Word of God as Authoritative Message
Original: ὁ λόγος (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: Ministry
2 Timothy 2:9, 4:2. Risk of confusion with the Christological title ‘Logos’ (John 1:1, ‘the Word’ as a name for Christ). Context here is the message/gospel content preached, not a Christological title; a translator note distinguishing the two senses is required wherever ‘Cuvântul’ is capitalized.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: slujire
Transliteration: diakonia
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
2 Timothy 4:5. Shares its root with ‘diacon’ (an ordained clerical office in Orthodox polity). Must not be narrowed to the ordained diaconate; this is the general ministry-service charge given to Timothy and, by extension, every minister of the Word.
Complete Equipped
Approved rendering: pe deplin pregătit
Transliteration: artios
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: desăvârșit (theotic-perfection-loaded term in Orthodox spirituality)
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Scripture
2 Timothy 3:17. Avoid ‘desăvârșit,’ which is heavily loaded in Orthodox spirituality with the lifelong ascetic goal of theotic perfection (‘desăvârșire’). This verse claims Scripture produces functional readiness for ministry and good works, not an instantaneous completed state of theotic perfection.
Correction
Approved rendering: îndreptare
Transliteration: epanorthōsis
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 3:16. Lexical collision risk: shares its root with ‘îndreptățire’ (justification, Critical baseline term). Translators must keep the two visually and conceptually distinct; a translator note pairing these two roots is recommended at every occurrence.
Assured Convinced
Approved rendering: ai fost încredințat
Transliteration: epistōthēs (from pistoō)
Doctrine: Faith as Personal Trust, Transmitted through Generations
Rejected alternatives: ai crezut (risks conflation with πίστις-family vocabulary as a mere synonym for belief)
Original: ἐπιστώθης (from πιστόω)
Category: Faith
2 Timothy 3:14. Risk of conflation with πίστις-family vocabulary (‘credință,’ ‘a crede’); must convey settled certainty grounded in reliable witness (Paul, Lois, Eunice), not a synonym for ‘believed.‘
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: Te îndemn cu toată stăruința
Transliteration: diamartyromai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: te rog (too weak; loses the oath-like solemnity)
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
2 Timothy 4:1. Must convey a weighty, oath-like solemnity, not a casual request. Shares its root with μάρτυς (‘witness’), a linguistic proximity to martyrdom vocabulary worth noting for teaching purposes, though the term itself here means ‘solemnly charge,’ not ‘die as a witness.‘
Vessels Of Honor
Approved rendering: vase de cinste / vase de necinste
Transliteration: skeuos
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
2 Timothy 2:20-21. Newly surfaced risk (linguistic gap analysis): collides with ‘Sfintele Vase,’ the consecrated liturgical vessels of the Divine Liturgy, an object of considerable devotional reverence. This is a household-vessel metaphor (gold/silver vs. wood/clay containers) for believers’ moral self-purification, not a reference to consecrated liturgical vessels; recommend a clarifying note and native speaker/theologian review.
Onisifor Household
Approved rendering: casa lui Onisifor
Transliteration: Onēsiphoros
Doctrine: Martyrdom and Testimony
2 Timothy 1:16-18, 4:19. Newly surfaced risk (linguistic gap analysis): Paul’s prayer that ‘the Lord grant mercy to the household of Onesiphorus’ intersects with the liturgically central Orthodox practice of prayers for the departed (‘pomenirea celor adormiți’), since some readers construe the passage as evidence Onesiphorus had died. This is a genuine exegetical ambiguity in the source text itself, not primarily a lexical problem; requires an honest teaching note acknowledging the ambiguity without suppressing it or overclaiming it as settled proof-text support for prayers for the departed. Mandatory theologian review.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: chemat
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις (verbal sense)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Underlies 1:9’s ‘holy calling.‘
Holy
Approved rendering: sfânt
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Modifies ‘calling’ in 1:9.
Peace
Approved rendering: pace
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs in the 1:2 greeting alongside grace and (uniquely in this book) mercy.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: sămânța lui David
Transliteration: sperma Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 2:8, paired with Christ’s resurrection as a compact gospel summary Timothy is to ‘remember.‘
Providence
Approved rendering: pronia lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: soartă, destin
Original: πρόνοια (conceptually behind 1:12’s confident entrusting and 2:19’s ‘God’s foundation stands firm’)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Invoke in teaching notes on 1:12 (‘I know whom I have believed… he is able to guard’) and 2:19 (‘God’s foundation stands firm’).
Mission
Approved rendering: misiune
Transliteration: apostolē / pempō
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω (conceptually behind 4:5’s εὐαγγελιστής and 4:17’s proclamation to the Gentiles)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Invoke in teaching notes on 4:5’s εὐαγγελιστής and 4:17’s proclamation to the Gentiles.
Glory
Approved rendering: slavă
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 4:18 in a doxological close, reinforced by constant Orthodox liturgical use of ‘slavă în veci’ (asset).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: împărăția lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: basileia tou theou / basileia epouranios
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ / βασιλεία ἐπουράνιος
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse, adapted with pronoun/modifier: 4:1 ‘his kingdom’ = ‘împărăția Sa’; 4:18 ‘his heavenly kingdom’ = ‘împărăția Sa cerească.‘
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: daruri duhovnicești
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: harisme rezervate în special stareților și duhovnicilor
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Retained here specifically to be kept DISTINCT from the singular, specific χάρισμα Timothy received through the laying on of Paul’s hands (1:6, see ‘laying_on_of_hands’ entry below), which is not this book’s plural congregational-gifts sense.
Mercy
Approved rendering: milă
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Grace, Mercy, and Peace in Greeting
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
2 Timothy 1:2. 2 Timothy’s greeting uniquely adds ‘mercy’ to Paul’s usual grace-and-peace salutation. Strong positive resonance with the Orthodox liturgical refrain ‘Doamne, miluiește’ (asset); teach as God’s personal mercy toward Timothy, not left as undifferentiated liturgical echo.
Testimony
Approved rendering: mărturia
Transliteration: martyrion
Doctrine: Martyrdom and Testimony
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Suffering
2 Timothy 1:8. Etymological proximity to ‘mucenici’ (martyrs), a devotionally central Orthodox veneration category; denotes the message about Christ here, not a technical reference to martyrdom, though Paul’s own suffering later (4:6-8) gives the association real resonance.
Gangrene
Approved rendering: cangrenă
Transliteration: gangraina
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 2:17. Vivid medical metaphor for the corrosive, spreading effect of false teaching; translate literally, sustaining the book’s deliberate contrast with ὑγιαίνω (‘healthy/sound’) used throughout chapters 1-4.
Devil
Approved rendering: diavolul
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Devil
Original: διάβολος
Category: Sin
2 Timothy 2:26, 3:3 (adjectival διάβολοι, ‘slanderers’). Standard term, no rival word, but doctrinally load-bearing for the book’s spiritual-warfare framing of false teaching.
Approved
Approved rendering: încercat și găsit vrednic
Transliteration: dokimos
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: δόκιμος
Category: Doctrine
2 Timothy 2:15. Standard testing vocabulary; preserve the antonym pairing with ἀδόκιμος (‘disqualified,’ 3:8) in teaching notes.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: la timp și nelatimp
Transliteration: eukairōs akairōs
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: atunci când este potrivit (softened, conditional reading)
Original: εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Ministry
2 Timothy 4:2. Established Romanian idiom; must preserve the paradoxical, unconditional sense (‘whether convenient or not’).
Work Of Evangelist
Approved rendering: lucrarea de evanghelist
Transliteration: ergon euangelistou
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἔργον εὐαγγελιστοῦ
Category: Ministry
2 Timothy 4:5. In Romanian, ‘evanghelist’ primarily evokes the four Gospel-writers (‘cei patru evangheliști’), not an ongoing gospel-proclamation ministry function. A clarifying note distinguishing the office/function in view from the Gospel-writer sense is recommended at every occurrence.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: omul lui Dumnezeu
Transliteration: ho tou theou anthrōpos
Doctrine: The Man of God and Ministerial Identity
Original: ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος
Category: Scripture
2 Timothy 3:17. Established OT-echoing epithet (Moses, Elijah); applies to Timothy and, by extension, every minister of the Word equipped by Scripture.
Love
Approved rendering: dragoste
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Love of God and Others as Spirit-Given Fruit
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
2 Timothy 1:7, 2:22, 4:8, 4:10. Well-established core virtue term; low collision risk, but should be distinguished in translator notes from colloquial romantic/sentimental connotations. The Demas contrast (4:10, ‘loved this present age’) versus 4:8 (‘loved his appearing’) gives the term real pastoral weight as a marker of ultimate allegiance.
Remain Continue
Approved rendering: rămâi
Transliteration: menō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: μένε (from μένω)
Category: Suffering
2 Timothy 3:14. Must be taught as active perseverance in apostolic content specifically, not passive inertia or mere cultural continuity in inherited religious identity.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: nedreptate
Transliteration: adikia
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ἀδικία
Category: Sin
2 Timothy 2:19. Antonym of δικαιοσύνη; must be kept visually and conceptually distinct from ‘dreptate.‘
This Present Age
Approved rendering: veacul acesta
Transliteration: aiōn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: lumea aceasta (acceptable secondary variant)
Original: αἰών (as in 4:10’s τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα)
Category: Apostasy
2 Timothy 4:10. Demas’s love of ‘this present age’ is a deliberate negative contrast with 4:8’s ‘loved his appearing’ — a real-life case study of apostasy through misplaced love.
Good Fight Race
Approved rendering: lupta cea bună / alergarea
Transliteration: agōn / dromos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
2 Timothy 4:7. Continues the athletic metaphor of 2:5; ‘I have fought the good fight, finished the race, kept the faith’ leads directly into the crown of righteousness (4:8) and should be rendered so the athletic image carries through to that reward.
Lovers Of Pleasure Vs Lovers Of God
Approved rendering: iubitori de plăceri, mai mult decât iubitori de Dumnezeu
Transliteration: philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi
Doctrine: Moral Decline in the Last Days
2 Timothy 3:4. The passage’s rhetorical hinge within the vice list (3:1-9); preserve as a deliberate word-play contrast, not flattened into a simple vice-list item among many.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 1:1, 1:11 grounding Paul’s authority to charge Timothy.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 2:8’s ‘ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ.‘
Exhort
Approved rendering: îndemna
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Occurs 4:2 (παρακάλεσον) within the four-verb charge to preach.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: mulțumire
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία (conceptually behind 1:3’s χάριν ἔχω, ‘I have gratitude’)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Standard usage in 1:3 (χάριν ἔχω, ‘I have gratitude’).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: părtășie
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: comuniune (carries stronger Orthodox Eucharistic/liturgical association)
Original: κοινωνία (conceptually relevant to the household hospitality of 1:16-18)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Relevant to the household hospitality passages of 1:16-18; use ‘părtășie’ to avoid unintended Eucharistic overtones.
Proper Names 2 Timothy
Approved rendering: Timotei, Onisifor, Imeneu, Filet, Alexandru, Crescens, Tit, Tihic, Erast, Trofim, Eubul, Pudens, Linus, Claudia, Priscila și Acuila, Marcu, Carp, Dima, Iane și Iambre
Transliteration: n/a — Romanian Orthodox Synodal Bible forms
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: Cornilescu/Evangelical-tradition spelling variants (e.g., some editions’ ‘Onesifor’), noted but not primary
Transliterate all proper names per Romanian Orthodox Synodal Bible convention, consistent with the baseline’s Iisus/Isus and David/Pavel precedent; note Cornilescu-tradition variant spellings where they diverge materially, for Evangelical-facing material, never mixing the two within one document. Iane și Iambre (3:8) additionally require a background footnote since these names derive from extrabiblical Jewish tradition not found in the Exodus text itself.
Referenced passages