Passage
Romans 11
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Glossary Term
Apostle
رسول is the established Urdu Christian Bible term for a sent, authorized messenger, and is also the Quranic term for a messenger-prophet who receives and delivers a scripture (Muhammad as rasūl Allah being the paradigm case in Islamic theology).
ROM.11.13
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Doctrine
Apostleship
Risk: reading رسول (apostle) through the specifically Quranic paradigm of a scripture-bearing messenger-prophet culminating in Muhammad as the 'seal of the prophets,' rather than as one commissioned directly by the risen Christ.
ROM.11.13
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Doctrine
Effectual Calling
God's sovereign call that ensures the salvation of the called; must be distinguished from taqdir (the precisely debated classical Islamic doctrine of divine decree, subject of the historical Ash'ari-Mu'tazila dispute over qadar and human free will) without pretending that debate does not exist.
ROM.11.29
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Glossary Term
Election
تقدیر (taqdir, divine decree/predestination) is a major, precisely debated Islamic theological category in its own right (the classical Ash'ari-Mu'tazila dispute over qadar, divine decree versus human free will); it is avoided as the primary rendering of election specifically because it would import that whole separate debate rather than naming God's particular gracious choice of specific people for salvation as Romans describes.
ROM.11.29
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Glossary Term
Gentiles
CRITICAL CAUTION: کافر (kafir, 'unbeliever/infidel') must never be used for 'Gentile' -- in Islamic theology this is a sharply pejorative and theologically loaded term for a rejector of Islam specifically, not a neutral ethnic descriptor for 'non-Jew.' غیر قوموں ('other nations/peoples') is the correct, neutral rendering.
ROM.11.17-24
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Doctrine
Grace
Unmerited favor apart from works, distinguished from the Islamic soteriological framework in which Allah's rahmat (mercy) operates alongside a deeds-weighed-at-judgment (mizan, the scales) system rather than apart from it.
ROM.11.5-6
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Glossary Term
Grace
فضل is the established Urdu Christian Bible term for unmerited divine favor.
ROM.11.5-6
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Glossary Term
Israel
Proper name; established form, also recognized in Quranic usage (Bani Isra'il, 'Children of Israel').
ROM.11.17-24
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Glossary Term
Justification
Compound phrase required; no single Urdu word carries the forensic 'declared righteous' sense.
ROM.11.11
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Doctrine
Providence
God's personal, purposive care.
ROM.11.33-36
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Glossary Term
Providence
تقدیر (taqdir) is avoided as the primary rendering because, per the classical Ash'ari-dominant Sunni consensus, it names a specific, precisely debated doctrine of divine decree that can be popularly received in a stronger predestinarian/fatalistic sense than Romans 8:28's personal, purposive providence intends to convey; تدبیر (purposive arrangement/management) is preferred to keep the personal-care sense forward, though translators should be aware taqdir-adjacent language may still be the most natural way some readers process this passage, and a clarifying note is recommended.
ROM.11.33-36
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Glossary Term
Righteousness
CRITICAL: تقویٰ (taqwa, God-consciousness/piety) is rejected as the primary rendering because it names a whole Quranic ethical-spiritual disposition achieved through obedience and God-consciousness, not a status granted through faith apart from works.
ROM.11.11
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Doctrine
Salvation
CRITICAL AND STRUCTURALLY DIFFERENT FROM EVERY OTHER LANGUAGE IN THIS PIPELINE: نجات (najat) is a shared word across both scripture traditions, not a wrong word standing in for a right one.
ROM.11.11
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Glossary Term
Salvation
CRITICAL: نجات is the established Urdu Christian Bible term, but it is also the ordinary Islamic word for deliverance from hell/judgment.
ROM.11.11
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Doctrine
Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Must retain the specific Jew/Gentile framing Paul uses rather than assimilating it to a generic Muslim/non-Muslim or believer/kafir framework, which would import a different set of distinctions than Romans describes.
ROM.11.17-24