Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Aramaic term of filial intimacy preserved in Romans 8:15; retained as a transliteration rather than reduced to formal باپ alone.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  Note for reviewers: formal adoption in the Western legal sense (a child fully taking the adopting family's lineage and name) is a notably sensitive topic in Islamic law, which restricts changing a child's lineage-name and inheritance status (based on Qur'an 33:4-5); this curriculum's use of adoption imagery for the believer's standing before God should be framed relationally (full sonship, full inheritance in God's family) rather than assumed to map onto any existing Islamic legal category, since none matches.

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  Full son-status with complete inheritance rights; must be framed relationally rather than mapped onto Islamic law's specific restrictions on formal adoption changing a child's lineage-name and inheritance (Qur'an 33:4-5), since no matching legal category exists.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1, called to apostleship; in 1:7, called to be saints; in 8:28-30, effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form for the act/state of being called by God, sharing its verb root with 'called' for consistency; avoids دعوت for the same da'wah-conflation reason noted above.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  عہد is the established Urdu Christian Bible term for a solemn, relational covenant (also used of Allah's covenant with the prophets and humanity in Islamic theology, e.g.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Established Urdu form, also matching the Qur'an's own Dawud, a genuine point of shared proper-name recognition.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Requires explicit Old Testament background explanation; Islamic tradition recognizes Dawud as a prophet-king but does not carry a comparable royal-lineage-covenant doctrine pointing to a promised royal descendant.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: directly and explicitly denied by the Qur'an (e.g.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  God's sovereign, effectual call must be distinguished from da'wah (the Islamic technical term for the call to Islam) and from a general Quranic-style call to submission (islam) addressed to all humanity.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  God's sovereign call that ensures the salvation of the called; must be distinguished from taqdir (the precisely debated classical Islamic doctrine of divine decree, subject of the historical Ash'ari-Mu'tazila dispute over qadar and human free will) without pretending that debate does not exist.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  تقدیر (taqdir, divine decree/predestination) is a major, precisely debated Islamic theological category in its own right (the classical Ash'ari-Mu'tazila dispute over qadar, divine decree versus human free will); it is avoided as the primary rendering of election specifically because it would import that whole separate debate rather than naming God's particular gracious choice of specific people for salvation as Romans describes.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  God as personal Father.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  جلال is the established Urdu Christian Bible term for God's radiant majesty and honor, and is also a recognized divine-attribute-adjacent term in Islamic theology (Allah as Dhu'l-Jalali wa'l-Ikram, 'Possessor of Majesty and Honor'); this shared vocabulary is retained as a point of genuine linguistic overlap, provided it is always anchored to Christ specifically in context to avoid an unqualified, merely generic reading.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: this glossary follows the established Urdu Christian Bible tradition of using خدا (Khuda, a Persian-origin word meaning 'self-existing one,' theologically neutral and pre-Islamic in origin) rather than اللہ (Allah, the Qur'anic Arabic name for God, carrying the full weight of the Islamic theological system -- tawhid, the 99 names, and specific denials such as the rejection of the Trinity and of divine sonship).

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  مسیح ('Messiah/Christ') is shared vocabulary: the Qur'an itself calls Isa 'al-Masih' (e.g.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: the Qur'an itself calls Isa 'al-Masih' (e.g.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment.

  ROM.9.5