Passage

Romans 10

• Doctrine

  Evangelism

  Direct evangelism can be culturally and, in some areas, practically sensitive given the depth of Islamic religious identity in Fulani communities; use language of proclamation and relational witness rather than confrontational campaign language.

  ROM.10.14-15

• Doctrine

  Faith

  'Having faith' can default to general confessional religious identity (assumed Islamic by default in many Fulfulde-speaking communities) rather than Romans' sense of personal, saving trust in Christ specifically.

  ROM.10.9-10, ROM.10.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  gomɗinal (from gomɗin-, 'to believe') is the general term for belief/faith.

  ROM.10.9-10, ROM.10.17

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (OT to NT) must be distinguished from a Quranic-style prophetology in which each new prophet supersedes the last with a new revealed book, rather than a unified, progressively unfolding single covenant history.

  ROM.10.11

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  leƴƴi goo ('other nations/peoples') is a descriptive rendering correctly conveying 'non-Jewish peoples' without a pejorative charge, appropriate given the sensitivity of ethnic-group language in a region where inter-ethnic relations (including tensions between Fulani pastoralist and neighboring farming communities) are a live social reality.

  ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Linjiila's recognition varies by dialect region and by whether a reader's primary exposure has been Islamic (where al-Injil is understood via the tahrif doctrine as a scripture later corrupted) or Christian; this must be addressed explicitly, and the term's currency reconfirmed against the specific dialect translation in local use.

  ROM.10.15-16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Linjiila (from Arabic al-Injil via existing regional Bible translation work) is the term used in the existing Fulfulde/Pular New Testament translations, but recognition varies by dialect region and by whether a reader's exposure has been Islamic (where al-Injil is understood as a scripture given to Isa and later corrupted, per the tahrif doctrine) or Christian.

  ROM.10.15-16

• Glossary Term

  Intercession

  torgol wonande ('to plead/request on behalf of') is a descriptive compound for prayer on behalf of others (Romans 8:26-27).

  ROM.10.1

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Standard proper name; note the modern nation-state of Israel shares a similar name, so context should clarify when the biblical people/covenant referent, not the contemporary state, is meant.

  ROM.10.12

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  Yeesu is used in existing Fulfulde/Pular Christian Bible translation work.

  ROM.10.9, ROM.10.12

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  A descriptive compound ('being made/declared righteous') is required, since no single crystallized Fulfulde theological term for the forensic declaration exists in the available translation literature.

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Glossary Term

  Law

  sariya (an Arabic loanword sharing its root with 'Sharia') is the standard term for the Mosaic Law/Torah and for law generally.

  ROM.10.11

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  Joom ('owner/master,' attested in Pular Christian usage, e.g.

  ROM.10.9, ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  Joom is preferred over Laamiiɗo (ruler), which carries specific political resonance with the historic Fulani-led Sokoto Caliphate; Christ's Lordship must read as personal, spiritual, and exclusive, not as an echo of historic Islamic-state political authority.

  ROM.10.9, ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Prayer and Intercession

  Must be kept distinct from salaa, the highly ritualized Islamic five-times-daily prayer, and from any suggestion of marabout-mediated petitionary practice.

  ROM.10.1

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  A derived form for prophetic declaration; confirm exact regional form with native speakers given thinner established vocabulary.

  ROM.10.11

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  peewal ('straightness/uprightness') is a plausible general-purpose rendering, but its exact currency for the specific theological sense of right standing before God should be reconfirmed with native speakers in the target dialect; it risks being heard as good moral character rather than a status received by faith.

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Islamic soteriology, held with unusual scholarly depth among Fulani communities, has no atonement framework, understanding paradise-entry as Allah's mercy weighed against deeds; Romans' basis for salvation in Christ's finished work (10:9-10) must be stated explicitly.

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: kisal (from a root meaning 'to be safe/rescued') is the best-attested general term.

  ROM.10.1, ROM.10.10

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires careful OT grounding for readers whose independent narrative knowledge of Israel's covenant history may come primarily through the Quranic narrative rather than the biblical one.

  ROM.10.12

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  'No distinction' language should be taught with sensitivity to the real inter-ethnic tensions across the Sahel, including between Fulani pastoralist and neighboring farming communities, without appearing to erase or dismiss Pulaaku's strong, legitimate ethnic-cultural identity.

  ROM.10.12-13