Passage

Romans 3

• Doctrine

  Faith

  'Having faith' can default to general confessional religious identity (assumed Islamic by default in many Fulfulde-speaking communities) rather than Romans' sense of personal, saving trust in Christ specifically.

  ROM.3.22-28

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  gomɗinal (from gomɗin-, 'to believe') is the general term for belief/faith.

  ROM.3.22-28

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Linear historical fulfillment (OT to NT) must be distinguished from a Quranic-style prophetology in which each new prophet supersedes the last with a new revealed book, rather than a unified, progressively unfolding single covenant history.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  leƴƴi goo ('other nations/peoples') is a descriptive rendering correctly conveying 'non-Jewish peoples' without a pejorative charge, appropriate given the sensitivity of ethnic-group language in a region where inter-ethnic relations (including tensions between Fulani pastoralist and neighboring farming communities) are a live social reality.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Grace

  CRITICAL: arjunde is Arabic-influenced vocabulary shared with Islamic usage, generally understood there as responsive to piety and good deeds; barke (marabout-associated blessing/spiritual power) is a tempting but rejected near-synonym carrying strong reciprocal, person-mediated connotations.

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  CRITICAL: arjunde is attested in regional Fulfulde religious usage for divine favor/reward, but as Arabic-influenced vocabulary shared with Islamic usage, it is generally understood there as responsive to piety and good deeds rather than wholly unmerited.

  ROM.3.24

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  Standard proper name; note the modern nation-state of Israel shares a similar name, so context should clarify when the biblical people/covenant referent, not the contemporary state, is meant.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Glossary Term

  Law

  sariya (an Arabic loanword sharing its root with 'Sharia') is the standard term for the Mosaic Law/Torah and for law generally.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  A derived form for prophetic declaration; confirm exact regional form with native speakers given thinner established vocabulary.

  ROM.3.21

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  bakkaatu (an Arabic-derived term shared with Islamic usage) is well established.

  ROM.3.23

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  Requires careful OT grounding for readers whose independent narrative knowledge of Israel's covenant history may come primarily through the Quranic narrative rather than the biblical one.

  ROM.3.29-30

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  Universal guilt before God should be stated plainly and applied to every reader personally across both Muslim-majority and minority-Christian Fulfulde-speaking communities.

  ROM.3.23