Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Epistle of James (English → Tamil)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by chapter of first occurrence, for promotion into translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 2. Terms already established in the baseline Romans/Galatians/Ephesians/Philippians/Colossians Language Package are marked [REUSE — baseline] and reproduced with their exact recorded Tamil rendering; they must never be re-translated independently. New terms introduced by James are marked [NEW].
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
- High — significant confusion/syncretism risk; mandatory theologian review.
- Medium — reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision; automated review sufficient.
Core Passage Terms — James 2:14–26 (Faith and Works)
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Tamil Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faith (professed) | πίστις (pistis) | விசுவாசம் (with demonstrative அந்த where the article ἡ is present) | Critical | Faith and Works | [REUSE — baseline]. Never பக்தி. In 2:14 the article marks a specific claimed faith under examination, not faith-in-general; render with அந்த விசுவாசம் where the Greek has the article. |
| Works | ἔργα (erga) | கிரியைகள் | Critical | Faith and Works | [REUSE — baseline]. Never கர்மா/வினை. MUST be kept distinct from the reserved Critical compound நியாயப்பிரமாணத்தின் கிரியைகள் (“works of the law,” Galatians) — James’s referent is general good deeds/obedience, not law-observance. |
| Justified / Justification | δικαιόω / δικαιοῦται / ἐδικαιώθη | நீதிமானாக்கப்படுதல் / நீதிமானாக்கப்பட்டார் / நீதிமானாக்கப்படுகிறான் | Critical | Faith and Works; Justification by Faith | [REUSE — baseline compound]. The single highest-stakes term in the James package. Must be used identically for both James’s evidentiary/vindicating sense (2:21, 24, 25) and Paul’s forensic/initial sense (Romans, Galatians, Philippians) — the harmonization lives entirely in teaching notes, never in a lexical substitution. Mandatory theologian review for every occurrence in 2:14-26. |
| Imputed righteousness (Gen 15:6 quotation) | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | கணக்கிடப்பட்ட நீதி | Critical | Justification by Faith / Abrahamic Covenant | [REUSE — baseline]. Must render verbatim-identical to Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6, the same OT quotation. |
| Save | σώζω / σῶσαι | இரட்சிக்க / இரட்சிக்கும் (soteriological sense only; see σώζω-family disambiguation below for ch. 5) | Critical | Salvation | [REUSE — baseline]. In James 2:14 the sense is unambiguously soteriological (“can that faith save him?”). |
| Dead (of faith) | νεκρά (nekra) | மரித்தது | Critical | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Describes the state of a professed-but-fruitless faith. Must not be confused with established மரித்தவர்கள் (spiritually_dead persons, Ephesians 2:1/2:5) — different referent. |
| By itself / in isolation | καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν (kath’ heautēn) | தன்னிலேதானே / அதுமட்டிலேயே | Critical | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Doctrinally decisive qualifier; must not be read as describing faith’s doctrinal ground apart from works (a sola fide contradiction) but the observable isolation of a spurious, fruitless profession. |
| Show / demonstrate | δείκνυμι (deiknymi) | காண்பி / எடுத்துக்காட்டு | Medium | Faith and Works | [NEW]. A verb of demonstration/evidence, never of production/manufacture. |
| By works (evidentiary) | ἐκ τῶν ἔργων (ek tōn ergōn) | கிரியைகளினால் (evidentiary sense) | Critical | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Same preposition-construction as Paul’s rejected ἐξ ἔργων νόμου (ground of justification) but functioning evidentially here (proof, not basis). Disambiguation carried by teaching notes, not by the Tamil preposition alone. |
| Demons | δαιμόνια (daimonia) | பிசாசுகள் | High | Faith and Works | [NEW, related to baseline பிசாசு]. Distinct plural from established singular பிசாசு (the devil, Ephesians Critical term). Never render with Tamil folk-taxonomy afflicting-spirit vocabulary (பேய், முனி, மோகினி). |
| Shudder | φρίσσω (phrissō) | நடுங்குகிறார்கள் / சிலிர்க்கிறார்கள் | Medium | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Terror produced by correct-but-untrusting belief. |
| Empty / foolish (vocative) | κενέ (kene, vocative of κενός) | வீணான / மதிகெட்ட மனுஷனே | Low | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Rhetorical address. |
| Barren / useless (textual variant of “dead”) | ἀργή (argē) | பயனற்றது (if ἀργή reading followed) | Medium | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Flag textual variant (ἀργή vs. νεκρά) for back-translation reviewer; confirm base text alignment with target Tamil Bible edition. |
| Friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ (philos theou) | கடவுளுடைய சிநேகிதன் | High | Faith and Works; Abrahamic Covenant | [NEW]. Risk of resonance with Tamil Vaishnava sakhya bhāva (friendship-devotion). Teaching note: a unique, historical, once-given covenantal title following Genesis 15:6’s faith-crediting, not one devotional posture among several toward a chosen deity. Structurally paired with, and opposite to, ch. 4’s “friendship with the world” (see below). |
| Angels / messengers (disambiguation) | ἄγγελοι (angeloi), James 2:25 | தூதர்கள் / வேவுகாரர் (human spies — NEVER தேவதூதர்) | High | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Refers to the human Israelite spies of Joshua 2, not heavenly beings. தேவதூதர் is reserved for the established Ephesians principalities_and_powers doctrine. |
| Prostitute | πόρνη (pornē) | வேசி | Medium | Faith and Works; Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW, established Tamil Bible convention]. Universalizing function: the doctrine of vindicating faith applies without social/moral-pedigree distinction. |
| Body / spirit (breath) | σῶμα / πνεῦμα, James 2:26 | சரீரம் / ஆவி (generic, lower-case; NOT பரிசுத்த ஆவியானவர்) | Medium | Faith and Works | [NEW]. πνεῦμα here = the anthropological life-breath/human spirit, not a Trinitarian reference. Must not be rendered with the established definite Holy Spirit compound. |
Chapter 1 Terms
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Tamil Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Servant of Christ | δοῦλος θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | ஊழியக்காரர் | Medium | Apostleship / Ministry | [REUSE — baseline, Philippians]. Never அடியார். |
| Trial / testing | πειρασμός (peirasmos), 1:2-3, 1:12 | பரீட்சை | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | [NEW]. Context-sensitive companion to சோதனை below; same Greek root, different Tamil word-family by established Tamil Bible convention. |
| Temptation (to sin) | πειρασμός / πειράζω, 1:13-14 | சோதனை / சோதிக்கப்படுதல் | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | [NEW]. Same Greek lexeme as “trial” above; deliberate Tamil word-family split must be documented, not treated as inconsistency. God is never the source of this sense (1:13). |
| Testing / genuineness | δοκίμιον (dokimion), 1:3 | பரீட்சை (பரீட்சிக்கப்பட்ட தன்மை) | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | [NEW]. |
| Endurance / steadfastness | ὑπομονή (hypomonē), 1:3-4, 1:12; 5:11 | பொறுமை | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith; Patience | [NEW]. Distinguish contextually from நீடிய பொறுமை (μακροθυμία, ch. 5). |
| Perfect / mature / complete | τέλειος (teleios), 1:4, 1:17, 1:25; 3:2 | பூரணமான | High | Faith and Works; Wisdom | [NEW, established Tamil Bible adjective]. Shares root with பரிபூரணம் (baseline “fullness,” Ephesians/Colossians — Vedantic pūrṇam collision flag); here strictly ethical/relational maturity, never ontological completion. |
| Wisdom | σοφία (sophia), 1:5; 3:13-17 | ஞானம் | High | Wisdom from Above | [REUSE — baseline, Colossians]. Christ/God-anchored; never a jñāna-mārga (esoteric knowledge-path) reading. |
| Ask (in faith) | αἰτέω (aiteō), 1:5-6; 4:2-3 | கேளுங்கள் | Medium | Wisdom from Above; Prayer and Healing | [NEW]. |
| Doubt / waver | διακρίνω (diakrinō), 1:6 | சந்தேகப்படுதல் | Medium | Prayer and Healing | [NEW]. Root shared with ἀδιάκριτος (“without partiality,” 3:17) — cross-reference. |
| Double-minded | δίψυχος (dipsychos), 1:8; 4:8 | இருமனமுள்ளவன் / இருமனம் | Medium | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [NEW]. Recurs at 4:8. |
| Unstable | ἀκατάστατος (akatastatos), 1:8; 3:8 | அஸ்திரமான / அமைதியில்லாத | Medium | Trials; Taming the Tongue | [NEW]. Structural echo linking the double-minded person (1:8) to the untamable tongue (3:8). |
| Rich / poor | πλούσιος / πτωχός, 1:9-11; 2:2-6 | ஐசுவரியவான் / ஏழை | High | Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW]. Cross-ref. established anti-caste/anti-hierarchy sensitivity across the whole pipeline. |
| Crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς (stephanos tēs zōēs), 1:12 | ஜீவகிரீடம் | Low-Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | [NEW]. |
| Promised | ἐπαγγέλλομαι (epangellomai), 1:12; 2:5 | வாக்குத்தத்தம் பண்ணினார் | High | Trials; Favoritism | [REUSE — baseline, Galatians]. Never வரம் (boon). |
| Desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia), 1:14-15; 4:1-2 | இச்சை | Medium | Trials; Worldliness | [NEW]. Distinguish from ஆசை (rejected for “hope,” Ephesians). |
| Father of lights | πατὴρ τῶν φώτων (patēr tōn phōtōn), 1:17 | ஒளிகளின் பிதா | High | Wisdom from Above | [REUSE — baseline பிதா]. |
| Good gift / perfect gift | δόσις / δώρημα (dosis / dōrēma), 1:17 | ஈவு (recommended; NOT வரம் except in verbatim OV quotation) | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above | [NEW, cross-ref. baseline ஈவு]. Distinct Greek nouns from δῶρον (Eph 2:8), but the same forbidden-substitution caution against வரம் applies. |
| Brought forth / gave birth to (regeneration) | ἀπεκύησεν (apekyēsen), 1:18 | மறுபிறப்பு-family verb (e.g. புதிதாய்ப் பிறப்பித்தார்) | High | Trials; Regeneration | [NEW]. NEVER மறுபிறவி (Critical-forbidden, rebirth/reincarnation). |
| Firstfruits | ἀπαρχή (aparchē), 1:18 | முதற்பலன் | Low | — | [NEW]. |
| Wrath (human) | ὀργή ἀνθρώπου (orgē anthrōpou), 1:19-20 | கோபம் (plain, human) | High | Taming the Tongue | [NEW — critical disambiguation]. NEVER கோபாக்கினை (reserved for God’s judicial wrath, Ephesians Critical compound). |
| Religion / religious practice | θρησκεία (thrēskeia), 1:26-27 | தேவ ஆராதனை / இறை பணிவிடை (recommended); AVOID பக்தி in doctrinal exposition | High | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [NEW — major flag]. Established Tamil O.V. tradition uses பக்தி here; this Language Package recommends avoiding it given the baseline’s blanket rejection of பக்தி for πίστις elsewhere in the curriculum, to prevent readers conflating external religious observance with saving faith. |
| The world (moral-spiritual order) | κόσμος (kosmos), 1:27; 4:4 | உலகம் | High | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [NEW, cross-ref. baseline இந்த உலக போக்கு]. |
| Doer of the word / hearer only | ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς μόνον, 1:22-25 | வசனத்தைச் செய்கிறவன் / வசனத்தைக் கேட்பவன் மாத்திரம் | High | Faith and Works | [NEW]. Thesis-statement pairing anticipating 2:14-26. |
| Perfect law of liberty | νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας, 1:25 | விடுதலையின் பூரணமான நியாயப்பிரமாணம் | Critical | Faith and Works; Freedom in Christ | [NEW, combines two baseline Critical terms]. Reuses established நியாயப்பிரமாணம் and விடுதலை; apply Galatians rule (never headline bare விடுதலை; preserve from/into force). |
Chapter 2 Terms (2:1–13; core passage 2:14–26 tabulated above)
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Tamil Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Favoritism / partiality | προσωπολημψία (prosōpolēmpsia), 2:1, 2:9 | முகதாட்சிணியம் | Critical | Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW, established Tamil Bible convention, cf. Acts 10:34]. Directly parallels the pipeline’s extensive anti-caste sensitivity threads (universal_scope_of_gospel, body_of_christ, new_humanity_without_distinctions). Mandatory theologian review. |
| Assembly (congregational gathering) | συναγωγή (synagōgē), 2:2 | கூட்டம் | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW]. Historical Jewish-Christian audience marker, distinct from established doctrinal சபை. |
| Heirs of the kingdom | κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας | சுதந்தரவாளிகள் … தேவனுடைய ராஜ்யத்தின் | High | Favoritism and the Poor | [REUSE — baseline சுதந்தரவாளி + தேவனுடைய ராஜ்யம்]. |
| Royal law | νόμος βασιλικός (nomos basilikos), 2:8 | அரசாட்சிக்கேற்ற நியாயப்பிரமாணம் | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW, reuses baseline நியாயப்பிரமாணம்]. |
| Liberty / law of liberty | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria), 2:12 | விடுதலை | Critical | Favoritism; Freedom in Christ | [REUSE — baseline Critical, Galatians]. Standard of judgment nuance here, distinct from Galatians’ freedom-from-curse emphasis but same term. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos), 2:13 | இரக்கம் | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | [REUSE — baseline, Ephesians]. Distinct from கிருபை (grace). |
Chapter 3 Terms
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Tamil Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongue | γλῶσσα (glōssa), 3:1-12 | நாவு | Medium | Taming the Tongue | [NEW]. |
| Bridle / restrain | χαλιναγωγέω (chalinagōgeō), 1:26; 3:2 | கடிவாளம்போட்டு அடக்குதல் | Low | Taming the Tongue | [NEW]. |
| Rudder | πηδάλιον (pēdalion), 3:4 | சுக்கான் | Low | Taming the Tongue | [NEW]. |
| Tame | δαμάζω (damazō), 3:7-8 | அடக்கு / வசப்படுத்து | Medium | Taming the Tongue | [NEW]. Human inability implicitly points to need for grace/wisdom from above. |
| Blessing / cursing (interpersonal) | εὐλογία / κατάρα (eulogia / katara), 3:9-10 | ஆசீர்வாதம் / சாபம் | High | Taming the Tongue | [REUSE lexeme, NEW referent]. Same Tamil word சாபம் as the established Galatians Critical curse-of-the-law doctrine, but here the referent is ordinary interpersonal cursing — teaching note must distinguish the two referents sharply. |
| Likeness of God | καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ (kath’ homoiōsin theou), 3:9 | சாயல் | High | Taming the Tongue | [REUSE — baseline, Colossians]. Reserved for Genesis 1:26’s created likeness, distinct from Christ’s தற்சுரூபம். |
| Wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν (sophia anōthen), 3:13-17 | மேலிருந்து வருகிற ஞானம் | High | Wisdom from Above | [REUSE ஞானம் — baseline, + NEW qualifier]. |
| Meekness | πραΰτης (prautēs), 1:21; 3:13 | சாந்தகுணம் | Medium | Wisdom from Above | [REUSE — baseline, Philippians ἐπιείκεια term, near-synonym]. |
| Jealousy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος / ἐριθεία (zēlos / eritheia), 3:14, 3:16 | பொறாமை / சுயநலம் | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above | [REUSE — baseline, Philippians envy_and_rivalry / selfish_ambition terms]. |
| Earthly, unspiritual, demonic (wisdom) | ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης, 3:15 | பூமிக்கேற்றது / ஜென்ம சுபாவத்திற்கேற்றது / பேய்த்தன்மையுள்ளது | High | Wisdom from Above | [NEW]. Avoid மாம்சம் (reserved for Galatians flesh/Spirit antithesis) for ψυχική. |
| Without partiality, without hypocrisy | ἀδιάκριτος, ἀνυπόκριτος, 3:17 | பட்சபாதமில்லாத / மாயமில்லாத | Medium | Wisdom from Above; Favoritism | [NEW]. Structural answer to ch. 2’s முகதாட்சிணியம் problem. |
| Fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης (karpos dikaiosynēs), 3:18 | நீதியின் கனி | High | Wisdom from Above | [REUSE — baseline, Philippians]. |
Chapter 4 Terms
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Tamil Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ask wrongly | κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε (kakōs aiteisthe), 4:2-3 | தகாதவிதமாய் கேட்கிறீர்கள் | Medium-High | Prayer and Healing | [NEW]. |
| Adulteresses (spiritual) | μοιχαλίδες (moichalides), 4:4 | விபசாரிகளே | High | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [NEW]. OT covenant-unfaithfulness background required in teaching notes. |
| Friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου (philia tou kosmou), 4:4 | உலகத்தோடு சிநேகம் | Critical | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [NEW]. Structurally paired opposite of φίλος θεοῦ (2:23) — same φιλ- root; must be surfaced as a deliberate literary/theological link in teaching material. |
| Enmity | ἔχθρα (echthra), 4:4 | பகை | High | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [REUSE — baseline, Philippians enemies_of_the_cross term]. |
| Grace | χάρις (charis), 4:6 | கிருபை | Critical | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [REUSE — baseline]. Quoting Proverbs 3:34 LXX. |
| Submit to God / resist the devil | ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ / ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ, 4:7 | கடவுளுக்குக் கீழ்ப்படியுங்கள் / பிசாசுக்கு எதிர்த்து நில்லுங்கள் | High | Worldliness vs. Friendship with God | [REUSE — baseline கீழ்ப்படிதல் + பிசாசு]. Direct link to established spiritual_warfare doctrine. |
| If the Lord wills | ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ (ean ho kyrios thelēsē), 4:15 | கர்த்தர் சித்தமானால் | High | Providence | [REUSE — baseline கர்த்தர் + providence doctrine framing]. Never தலைவிதி/ஊழ். |
| Arrogance / boasting | ἀλαζονεία (alazoneia), 4:16 | வீண்பெருமை | Medium | Providence; Worldliness | [REUSE — baseline, Philippians/Ephesians boast family]. |
Chapter 5 Terms
| English Term | Greek (Translit.) | Tamil Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Riches have rotted | ὁ πλοῦτος σέσηπεν, 5:1-2 | உங்கள் ஐசுவரியம் அழுகிப்போயிற்று | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW]. |
| Wages of the workers | ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν, 5:4 | கூலிக்காரரின் சம்பளம் | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | [NEW]. |
| Be patient / longsuffering | μακροθυμήσατε, μακροθυμία (makrothymeō/-ia), 5:7-8, 5:10 | நீடிய பொறுமை | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | [NEW]. Distinguished by qualifier நீடிய from bare பொறுமை (ὑπομονή). |
| Coming of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου (parousia tou kyriou), 5:7-8 | கர்த்தருடைய வருகை | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | [NEW, cross-ref. baseline day_of_christ]. Linear, historical, one-time future event; never a yuga-cycle framing. |
| Establish/strengthen hearts | στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας, 5:8 | இருதயங்களை உறுதிப்படுத்துங்கள் | Low | Patience and the Lord’s Return | [NEW]. |
| Do not grumble against one another | μὴ στενάζετε κατ᾿ ἀλλήλων, 5:9 | ஒருவருக்கொருவர் முறுமுறுக்காதிருங்கள் | Low | Patience; Taming the Tongue | [NEW, related to but distinct from baseline முறுமுறுப்பும் தர்க்கமும், γογγυσμός]. |
| Endurance of Job | τὴν ὑπομονὴν Ἰώβ, 5:11 | யோபுவின் பொறுமை | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | [REUSE பொறுமை + established proper name யோபு]. |
| Do not swear oaths | μὴ ὀμνύετε (mē omnyete), 5:12 | ஆணையிடாதிருங்கள் | Medium | Taming the Tongue | [NEW]. |
| Elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας, 5:14 | சபையின் மூப்பர் | Medium | Prayer and Healing | [NEW, reuses baseline சபை]. |
| Anoint with oil | ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ (aleipsantes elaiō), 5:14 | எண்ணெய் பூசி | Critical | Prayer and Healing | [NEW]. NEVER அபிஷேகம் (Hindu temple deity-consecration ritual). Plain, non-ritualized practical description required. |
| Prayer of faith will heal | ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα, 5:15 | விசுவாசத்தின் ஜெபம் வியாதியுள்ளவனைச் சுகமாக்கும் | Critical | Prayer and Healing | [NEW — critical σώζω disambiguation]. Physical-healing sense; NOT the soteriological இரட்சிப்பு compound. Reuses established விசுவாசம். |
| The Lord will raise him up | ὁ κύριος ἐγερεῖ αὐτόν, 5:15 | கர்த்தர் அவனை எழுப்புவார் | Critical | Prayer and Healing | [NEW — critical disambiguation]. NEVER உயிர்த்தெழுதல் (reserved for resurrection from death). |
| Sins will be forgiven | ἁμαρτίαν… ἀφεθήσεται, 5:15 | பாவங்கள் மன்னிக்கப்படும் | High | Prayer and Healing | [REUSE — baseline பாவம் + மன்னிப்பு]. |
| Confess sins to one another | ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας, 5:16 | உங்கள் பாவங்களை ஒருவருக்கொருவர் அறிக்கை செய்யுங்கள் | High | Confession and Restoration | [REUSE verb — baseline அறிக்கை செய்தல், Philippians, NEW referent]. Horizontal, mutual, non-hierarchical confession among believers — distinct from the vertical salvific confession of Christ’s Lordship (Rom 10:9/Phil 2:11) and distinct from sacramental priest-penitent confession. |
| Pray for one another, be healed | εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων ὅπως ἰαθῆτε, 5:16 | ஒருவருக்காக ஒருவர் ஜெபம்செய்யுங்கள், சுகமாகும்படி | Medium | Prayer and Healing | [NEW, ἰάομαι distinct medical-healing verb]. |
| Prayer of a righteous person, made effective | δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη πολὺ ἰσχύει, 5:16 | நீதிமானுடைய வேண்டுதல், அது செயல்படும்போது, மிகுந்த வல்லமையுள்ளது | High | Prayer and Healing | [NEW, reuses baseline நீதி root + ἐνεργουμένη interpretive frame from Galatians faith_working_through_love]. Prayer’s God-given efficacy, not self-generated verbal power. |
| Turn back one who wanders | ἐπιστρέψῃ… πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας, 5:19-20 | சத்தியத்தினின்று வழிதப்பினவனைத் திருப்பிக்கொண்டுவருதல் | Medium-High | Confession and Restoration | [NEW]. |
| Save his soul from death | σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, 5:20 | அவன் ஆத்துமாவை மரணத்திலிருந்து இரட்சிப்பார் | Critical | Confession and Restoration; Salvation | [REUSE — baseline இரட்சிப்பு]. Soteriological σώζω, contrasted deliberately with 5:15’s healing-sense σώζω eleven verses earlier — key teaching point on context-sensitive rendering. |
| Cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν, 5:20 | பாவங்களின் திரள் ஒன்றை மூடும் | Medium | Confession and Restoration | [REUSE பாவம் + NEW verb]. |
Summary Risk Table
| Risk Tier | Count (approx.) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | Human theologian — every occurrence, especially James 2:14-26 in full and the 5:14-20 healing/raising/saving cluster |
| High | 26 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 30 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 12 | Automated review |
Top-priority mandatory-theologian-review clusters for Phase 2:
- James 2:14–26 in its entirety (the δικαιόω/ἐξ ἔργων harmonization with Romans/Galatians/Philippians justification doctrine) — the single highest-stakes passage in this Language Package extension.
- James 2:1–13, προσωπολημψία (favoritism) — direct intersection with the pipeline’s established anti-caste sensitivity threads.
- James 4:4, the φίλος θεοῦ / φιλία τοῦ κόσμου structural pairing.
- James 5:14–20, the σώζω/ἐγείρω/ἐξομολογέομαι cluster (healing vs. salvation; raising from sickness vs. resurrection; mutual restorative confession vs. salvific/sacramental confession) and the ἀλείφω/அபிஷேகம் anointing flag.
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation of James begins. New terms marked [NEW] above are candidates for formal promotion into both files, following the version-increment procedure specified in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: நீதி
Transliteration: neethi
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: தர்மம், புண்ணியம்
CRITICAL: NEVER தர்மம் or புண்ணியம். Inherited from Romans package. James 1:20 (human wrath does not produce it), 2:23 (Abraham’s imputed righteousness), 3:18 (fruit of righteousness sown by peacemakers).
Justification
Approved rendering: நீதிமானாக்கப்படுதல்
Transliteration: neethimanaakkappaduthal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: மன்னிப்பு பெறுதல்
Compound required for the forensic, declared-righteous sense; never abbreviate to மன்னிப்பு. Inherited from Romans package. THE single highest-stakes reuse in this book: James 2:21, 24, 25 apply this identical compound to an evidentiary/vindicating sense. The Tamil rendering must never diverge lexically from Paul’s forensic sense — harmonization is carried entirely by teaching notes. Mandatory theologian review at every James 2:14-26 occurrence.
Salvation
Approved rendering: இரட்சிப்பு
Transliteration: iratchippu
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: மோட்சம், முக்தி
CRITICAL: NEVER மோட்சம் or முக்தி. Inherited from Romans package. James 1:21 (‘able to save your souls’), 2:14, 5:20 use this soteriological sense. Must be WITHHELD at James 5:15, where σώζω carries a physical-healing sense instead (see prayer_of_faith_will_heal).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: பரிசுத்த ஆவியானவர்
Transliteration: Parisutha Aaviyanavar
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: பிரம்மம், பரமாத்மா
CRITICAL: never பிரம்மம் or பரமாத்மா. Inherited from Romans package. CAUTION FOR JAMES: 2:26 and 4:5 use a bare, generic ஆவி/πνεῦμα for the human life-breath/anthropological spirit, NOT this Trinitarian compound — never apply this term where James’s πνεῦμα is anthropological (see body_and_breath).
Father
Approved rendering: பிதா
Transliteration: pitha
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
God as personal Father in formal address. Inherited from Romans package. James 1:17 (‘Father of lights’), 1:27 (‘God the Father’), 3:9.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: உயிர்த்தெழுதல்
Transliteration: uyirthezhuthal
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: மறுபிறவி
CRITICAL: NEVER மறுபிறவி. Reserved exclusively for bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection from death. Inherited from Romans package. James 5:15’s ἐγείρω (‘the Lord will raise him up’) is ordinary recovery from sickness and must NEVER use this term (see lord_will_raise_him_up).
Lord
Approved rendering: கர்த்தர்
Transliteration: karthar
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: எஜமான்
Established Tamil Bible term conveying exclusive, supreme Lordship. Inherited from Romans package. James’s κύριος shifts referent between God the Father (4:10, 15) and Christ (5:7-8, 14-15); render கர்த்தர் in every occurrence but flag the active referent per-occurrence for theologian review (see lord_referent_ambiguity).
Jesus
Approved rendering: இயேசு
Transliteration: yesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Established Tamil Christian standard form. Inherited from Romans package. James 1:1, 2:1.
God
Approved rendering: கடவுள்
Transliteration: kadavul
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: தேவன், பரமேஸ்வரன், பகவான்
CRITICAL: unambiguously monotheistic term; never தேவன், பரமேஸ்வரன், or பகவான். Inherited from Romans package. James’s most frequent theological word throughout; used in the Proverbs 3:34 LXX quotation (4:6) and the Genesis 15:6 quotation (2:23).
Christ
Approved rendering: கிறிஸ்து
Transliteration: kiristhu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Established Tamil Bible transliteration of Χριστός. Inherited from Romans package. James 1:1, 2:1 (‘faith in our Lord Jesus Christ’).
Freedom
Approved rendering: விடுதலை
Transliteration: viduthalai
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: முக்தி, மோட்சம், வீடுபேறு
CRITICAL: never முக்தி/மோட்சம்/வீடுபேறு; always render freedom’s from/into structure, never headline the bare word. Inherited from Romans package. James 1:25 (‘perfect law of liberty’), 2:12 (‘law of liberty’ as the standard of judgment) — a new nuance (liberty as judgment-standard rather than freedom-from-curse) that still requires the from/into discipline.
Flesh
Approved rendering: மாம்சம்
Transliteration: maamsam
Doctrine: Life by the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: உடல், சரீரம்
One lexeme for σάρξ’s several senses. Inherited from Romans package. James 5:3 (‘eat your flesh like fire’) uses the literal-bodily sense. CAUTION: must NOT be used for James 3:15’s ψυχική (‘unspiritual/soulish’ wisdom) — a distinct Greek word requiring its own descriptive phrase (see earthly_unspiritual_demonic_wisdom).
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: நியாயப்பிரமாணத்தின் கிரியைகள்
Transliteration: niyayapramanathin kiriyaigal
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: கர்மா, வினை, தர்மச் செயல்கள்
CRITICAL reserved compound for Mosaic law-observance as a rejected justifying ground. Inherited from Romans package. James NEVER uses this compound and it must NEVER be used for James’s referent — James’s ἔργα (2:14-26) is general obedience/good deeds, categorically distinct. Retained here purely as a fenced-off contrast term for teaching notes.
Works
Approved rendering: கிரியைகள்
Transliteration: kiriyaigal
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: கர்மா, வினை
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
Observable deeds of obedience and love flowing from genuine faith (James 2:14-26). Must be kept lexically and doctrinally distinct from the reserved Critical compound நியாயப்பிரமாணத்தின் கிரியைகள் — James’s referent is general good deeds, never Mosaic ritual-law observance.
Curse
Approved rendering: சாபம்
Transliteration: saabam
Doctrine: Substitutionary Curse-Bearing
Rejected alternatives: தோஷம்
CRITICAL: the law’s judicial curse borne once for all by Christ; NEVER தோஷம். Inherited from Romans package. CAUTION FOR JAMES: 3:9-10 reuses this identical lexeme for ordinary INTERPERSONAL cursing of a neighbor — an entirely different referent. Mandatory teaching note distinguishing the two referents at every occurrence (see blessing_and_cursing_interpersonal).
Faith Professed
Approved rendering: விசுவாசம் / அந்த விசுவாசம்
Transliteration: vishvasam / antha vishvasam
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: பக்தி
Original: πίστις (with λέγῃ τις ἔχειν, “says he has”)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:14 — a professed, claimed faith placed under examination, not faith-in-general. Reuse baseline விசுவாசம் exactly; never பக்தி. The Greek article (ἡ πίστις, v.17) marking THAT specific claimed faith must be carried into Tamil with a demonstrative (அந்த விசுவாசம்), or the verse reads as a blanket denial that faith saves — contradicting ரோமர் 1:16, 3:28, 10:9.
Justified Evidentiary
Approved rendering: நீதிமானாக்கப்படுதல்
Transliteration: neethimanaakkappaduthal
Doctrine: Justification by Faith and Works, Harmonized with Paul
Original: δικαιόω / ἐδικαιώθη / δικαιοῦται
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:21, 24, 25 — the evidentiary, before-observers vindication of an already-imputed righteousness, demonstrated afterward by obedient action (cf. Matthew 11:19). MUST use the identical established Critical compound used for Paul’s forensic sense — never a separate Tamil coinage. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Imputed Righteousness James
Approved rendering: கணக்கிடப்பட்ட நீதி
Transliteration: kanakkidapatta neethi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith and Works, Harmonized with Paul
Rejected alternatives: சம்பாதித்த நீதி
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην (James 2:23, quoting Genesis 15:6)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:23, quoting Genesis 15:6, identical to Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6. Must render verbatim-identical across all three books; any divergence would suggest three competing doctrines of justification from one OT verse.
Save Soteriological
Approved rendering: இரட்சிக்க / இரட்சிப்பு
Transliteration: iratchikka / iratchippu
Doctrine: Faith and Works; Confession and Restoration
Original: σῶσαι / σώσει (James 2:14; 5:20)
Category: Salvation
James 2:14; 5:20 — eternal, soteriological deliverance, distinct from the physical-healing sense of σώζω at James 5:15. Apply context-sensitive disambiguation rather than mechanically using இரட்சிப்பு-family vocabulary for the healing sense.
Faith Dead
Approved rendering: மரித்தது
Transliteration: marithathu
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: νεκρά (James 2:17, 26)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:17, 26 — the lifeless, inert state of a professed-but-fruitless faith. Must not be confused with the baseline compound மரித்தவர்கள் (spiritually dead persons before regeneration, Ephesians 2:1/2:5) — a different referent entirely.
Faith By Itself
Approved rendering: தன்னிலேதானே
Transliteration: thannilethaane
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν (James 2:17)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:17 (καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν) — faith left isolated, unaccompanied by any expression in action. Must describe OBSERVABLE ISOLATION of a spurious profession, never the doctrinal GROUND of justification apart from works (which Paul insists on, Romans 3:28; 4:5).
Works Evidentiary
Approved rendering: கிரியைகளினால்
Transliteration: kiriyaigalinaal
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἐκ τῶν ἔργων (James 2:18, 22, 24-25)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:18, 22, 24-25 (ἐκ τῶν ἔργων) — ‘by/through works’ functioning evidentially, i.e. works as visible proof, not as justifying ground. Tamil -ஆல்/-இனால் suffixes cannot distinguish grounding from evidencing; disambiguation must be carried entirely by teaching notes cross-referencing the forbidden Galatians compound நியாயப்பிரமாணத்தின் கிரியைகள்.
Perfect Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: விடுதலையின் பூரணமான நியாயப்பிரமாணம்
Transliteration: viduthalaiyin pooranamaana niyayapramanam
Doctrine: The Perfect Law of Liberty
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας (James 1:25; cf. 2:12)
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:25; cf. 2:12 (νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας) — the gospel ethic that liberates rather than merely constrains. Combines two already-Critical baseline terms (நியாயப்பிரமாணம் + விடுதலை); must never headline bare விடுதலை and must preserve the from/into structure, or the phrase risks resolving into legalism or antinomian license.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: முகதாட்சிணியம்
Transliteration: mugathaatchiniyam
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία / προσωπολήπτης (James 2:1, 2:9)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:1, 2:9 (προσωπολημψία) — ‘face-receiving,’ favoring by social/economic status. Established Tamil Bible compound (cf. Acts 10:34). Directly parallels the pipeline’s anti-caste sensitivity threads. Must retain full social-rank specificity; never spiritualized into a generic ethics abstraction.
Liberty James
Approved rendering: விடுதலை
Transliteration: viduthalai
Doctrine: The Perfect Law of Liberty; Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἐλευθερία (James 2:12)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:12 (ἐλευθερία) — the standard/norm of liberating obedience by which believers will be judged. Reuse established Critical விடுதலை; the from/into structure must still govern the phrase so it is never headlined as a bare political-register or autonomy-adjacent slogan.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: உலகத்தோடு சிநேகம்
Transliteration: ulagathodu sinegam
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου (James 4:4)
Category: Worldliness
James 4:4 (φιλία τοῦ κόσμου) — friendship with the world’s God-opposed value system, constituting enmity with God. Deliberately shares the φιλ- root with 2:23’s φίλος θεοῦ (‘friend of God’) — the same word-family names the doctrine’s two poles; this literary link must be surfaced explicitly in teaching material.
Grace James
Approved rendering: கிருபை
Transliteration: kirupai
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: χάρις (James 4:6, quoting Proverbs 3:34 LXX)
Category: Worldliness
James 4:6, quoting Proverbs 3:34 LXX — God’s unmerited favor given to the humble, withheld from the proud. Reuse established Critical கிருபை exactly; must never drift toward a புண்ணியம்/merit reading in which humility becomes a meritorious act purchasing grace.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: எண்ணெய் பூசி
Transliteration: ennai poosi
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: அபிஷேகம்
Original: ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ (James 5:14)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ) — practical/medicinal oil-application, using the ordinary Greco-Roman verb ἀλείφω, NOT the sacral χρίω-anointing family. MUST NOT be rendered அபிஷேகம் — the vivid, near-universally recognized Hindu temple deity-anointing ritual. Plain, non-ritualized description required.
Prayer Of Faith Will Heal
Approved rendering: விசுவாசத்தின் ஜெபம் வியாதியுள்ளவனைச் சுகமாக்கும்
Transliteration: vishvasathin jebam viyaathiyullavanai sugamaakkum
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: இரட்சிப்பு (soteriological compound)
Original: ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα (James 5:15)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα) — physical healing/restoration to health, NOT soteriological salvation. Must NOT use the established Critical இரட்சிப்பு compound. Teaching notes must flag James’s deliberate reuse of σώζω elsewhere for eternal salvation (2:14; 5:20).
Lord Will Raise Him Up
Approved rendering: கர்த்தர் அவனை எழுப்புவார்
Transliteration: karthar avanai ezhuppuvaar
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: உயிர்த்தெழுதல்
Original: ὁ κύριος ἐγερεῖ αὐτόν (James 5:15)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (ὁ κύριος ἐγερεῖ αὐτόν) — restoration from sickness/weakness to strength, NOT resurrection from death. MUST NOT use உயிர்த்தெழுதல் (reserved exclusively for bodily resurrection from death). Use a plain verb: எழுப்புவார்/பெலப்படுத்துவார்.
Save Soul From Death
Approved rendering: அவன் ஆத்துமாவை மரணத்திலிருந்து இரட்சிப்பார்
Transliteration: avan aathumaavai maranathilirunthu iratchippaar
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου (James 5:20)
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20 (σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου) — eternal salvation of the soul from spiritual/eternal death, contrasting deliberately with 5:15’s physical-healing σώζω. Reuse established Critical இரட்சிப்பு family exactly; must NOT use the 5:15 healing-sense rendering here.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: சுவிசேஷம்
Transliteration: suvisesham
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: நல்ல செய்தி
Established Tamil Christian term, dating to the earliest Tamil Bible translation work (Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, 1714) and Tamil Catholic tradition before it. Distinguish from a generic positive announcement. Inherited from Romans package. James does not use this word directly, but the letter’s ‘word of truth’ (1:18) and its whole ethical program presuppose it; retained for cross-book consistency.
Grace
Approved rendering: கிருபை
Transliteration: kirupai
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: புண்ணியம், ஊழ்வினை பலன்
Unmerited favor apart from human merit. NEVER புண்ணியம் or ஊழ்வினை பலன். Inherited from Romans package. James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34 LXX (‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble’); humility is the receptive posture that receives grace, never a meritorious payment that purchases it.
Faith
Approved rendering: விசுவாசம்
Transliteration: vishvasam
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: பக்தி
Personal trust in Christ specifically, never பக்தி. Inherited from Romans package. James 2:14-26 repeatedly tests whether a PROFESSED faith is genuine; see new entry faith_professed for the demonstrative-article nuance at 2:14, 2:17.
Called
Approved rendering: அழைக்கப்பட்ட
Transliteration: azhaikkappatta
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: அழைப்பு பெற்ற
Context-sensitive across senses. Inherited from Romans package. James 2:7: ‘the honorable name by which you were called’ — a bestowed-honorific sense, distinct from effectual-calling-to-salvation contexts elsewhere in the curriculum.
Calling
Approved rendering: அழைப்பு
Transliteration: azhaippu
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Noun form for the act or state of being called by God. Inherited from Romans package. Supports the James 2:7 calling-vocabulary family.
Law
Approved rendering: நியாயப்பிரமாணம்
Transliteration: niyayapramanam
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: தர்மம்
The Mosaic law; never தர்மம். Inherited from Romans package. James’s most reused baseline term: ‘royal law’ (2:8), ‘perfect law of liberty’ (1:25; 2:12), ‘one lawgiver’ (4:11-12); James 2:10-11’s unified-whole reading reinforces the baseline’s anti-piecemeal-merit guard.
Sin
Approved rendering: பாவம்
Transliteration: paavam
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: தீவினை
Moral transgression before a personal God, never தீவினை. Inherited from Romans package. James’s most frequent theological noun (1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16, 20).
Promise
Approved rendering: வாக்குத்தத்தம்
Transliteration: vaakkuthatham
Doctrine: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: வரம்
Never வரம் (a merited devotional boon). Inherited from Romans package. James 1:12 (crown of life promised to those who endure), 2:5 (kingdom promised to those who love God).
Heir
Approved rendering: சுதந்தரவாளி
Transliteration: suthantharavali
Doctrine: Adoption as Sons
Established OV form. Inherited from Romans package. James 2:5: ‘heirs of the kingdom’ (சுதந்தரவாளிகள்… தேவனுடைய ராஜ்யத்தின்).
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: அன்பினால் செயல்படும் விசுவாசம்
Transliteration: anbinaal seyalpadum vishvasam
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: அன்பினால் சம்பாதிக்கும் விசுவாசம்
Faith IS BEING activated through love, not manufactured to earn standing. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James 2:22’s συνήργει (‘faith was working together with his works’) and James 5:16’s ἐνεργουμένη (‘prayer… made effective’) — both reuse this same medio-passive interpretive posture.
Spiritually Dead
Approved rendering: மரித்தவர்கள்
Transliteration: marithavarkal
Doctrine: Regeneration from Spiritual Death
Rejected alternatives: பலவீனமான, உறங்குகிற
Real, present separation from God’s life before regeneration. Inherited from Romans package. CAUTION: James 2:17, 26’s ‘dead faith’ (νεκρά, மரித்தது) describes a DIFFERENT referent — the state of a spurious profession, not a person’s unregenerate condition before Christ (see faith_dead). The two ‘dead’ terms must not be conflated.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: கோபாக்கினை
Transliteration: kopaakkinai
Doctrine: Wrath of God
Rejected alternatives: கோபம்
Judicial verdict of a holy God; never bare கோபம். Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL CAUTION FOR JAMES: 1:19-20’s ‘wrath of man’ (ὀργὴ ἀνθρώπου) is plain HUMAN anger and must render as bare கோபம் — NEVER this reserved compound (see wrath_human).
Gift
Approved rendering: ஈவு
Transliteration: eevu
Doctrine: Salvation by Grace through Faith
Rejected alternatives: வரம், பரிசு
Never வரம். Inherited from Romans package. James 1:17’s general ‘good and perfect gift’ (δόσις/δώρημα, distinct Greek nouns from Ephesians 2:8’s δῶρον) is recommended to reuse this same rendering for cross-curriculum consistency and safety (see good_gift_general).
Fullness
Approved rendering: பரிபூரணம்
Transliteration: paripooranam
Doctrine: Fullness of Christ
Relational indwelling, never ontological merger. Inherited from Romans package. CAUTION: James’s τέλειος (‘perfect/mature,’ 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2, rendered பூரணமான) shares this root and the same Vedantic-pūrṇam collision risk; James’s sense is strictly ethical/relational maturity — keep பூரணமான and பரிபூரணம் visually distinct in exposition (see perfect_mature).
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: கிறிஸ்துவின் சரீரம்
Transliteration: Kiristhuvin sareeram
Doctrine: Church as the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: உடல்
Formal சரீரம், never உடல். Inherited from Romans package. Register cross-reference only: James 2:16, 2:26 use formal சரீரம் for the ordinary physical body, NOT the ecclesial body-of-Christ doctrine — same register convention, different doctrine (see body_and_breath). Flag to prevent readers over-reading a body-of-Christ connection into James.
Devil
Approved rendering: பிசாசு
Transliteration: pisaasu
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare
Rejected alternatives: பேய்
One defeated personal adversary, never a folk-taxonomy affliction spirit. Inherited from Romans package. James 4:7: ‘resist the devil, and he will flee from you.’ Distinguish this singular from James 2:19’s plural பிசாசுகள் (demons, a different referent — see demons).
Confess
Approved rendering: அறிக்கை செய்தல்
Transliteration: arikkai seythal
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Public verbal acknowledgment, established via Romans 10:9/Philippians 2:11. Inherited from Romans package. CAUTION: James 5:16 reuses this identical verb/rendering for HORIZONTAL, mutual, reciprocal confession of sins among ordinary believers — a categorically different referent from the vertical, salvific confession of Christ’s Lordship. Mandatory teaching note at every occurrence (see confess_sins_to_one_another).
Wisdom
Approved rendering: ஞானம்
Transliteration: gnanam
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Christ against Hollow Philosophy
Rejected alternatives: மெய்ஞ்ஞானம்
Must stay Christ/God-anchored, never a salvific knowledge-path. Inherited from Romans package. James 1:5 (asked of God, given generously), 3:13-17 (wisdom from above vs. earthly/demonic counterfeit) — must always carry an explicit source-qualifier since James’s God-anchored-through-prayer framing removes the Christ-anchoring the Colossians package relied on (see wisdom_james, wisdom_from_above).
Selfish Ambition Empty Conceit
Approved rendering: சுயநலமும் வீண்பெருமையும்
Transliteration: suyanalamum veenperumaiyum
Doctrine: Humility and Unity of Believers
Factional self-promotion and hollow self-glory. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James 3:14, 16’s ζῆλος/ἐριθεία (‘jealousy/selfish ambition,’ rendered பொறாமை/சுயநலம் in James) — the fruit of earthly/demonic ‘wisdom.‘
Humility
Approved rendering: மனத்தாழ்மை
Transliteration: manathaazhmai
Doctrine: Humility and Unity of Believers
Rejected alternatives: பணிவு, அடக்கம்
Voluntary other-regard flowing from security in Christ. Inherited from Romans package. James 4:6, 10 (‘humble yourselves before the Lord… he will exalt you,’ echoing Proverbs 3:34).
Suffering
Approved rendering: பாடுகள்
Transliteration: paadugal
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering
Rejected alternatives: வினைப்பயன், தலையெழுத்து
Never karmic-fruit or fate framing. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James 5:10-11’s endurance-under-suffering theme (the prophets, Job).
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: நீதியின் கனி
Transliteration: neethiyin kani
Doctrine: Righteousness from God by Faith
Must stay grammatically dependent on Christ, never self-produced. Inherited from Romans package. James 3:18 reuses this identical Philippians term (καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης) for the harvest sown by peacemakers (see fruit_of_righteousness_james).
Demons
Approved rendering: பிசாசுகள்
Transliteration: pisaasugal
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δαιμόνια (James 2:19)
Category: Spiritual Warfare
James 2:19 (δαιμόνια) — a class of malevolent personal spiritual beings who hold correct theology yet shudder in fear rather than trust. Distinct plural from established singular பிசாசு (the devil). NEVER Tamil folk-taxonomy afflicting-spirit vocabulary (பேய், முனி, மோகினி) — the verse’s point is intellectual, not about possession.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: கடவுளுடைய சிநேகிதன்
Transliteration: kadavuludaiya sinegithan
Doctrine: Friend of God — A Unique Covenant Title
Original: φίλος θεοῦ (James 2:23)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:23 (φίλος θεοῦ) — a unique, historical, once-given covenantal title bestowed on Abraham flowing from Genesis 15:6. Risks resonance with Tamil Vaishnava sakhya bhāva (friendship-mode bhakti toward a chosen deity). Teaching notes must state this is a unique covenantal designation, not one devotional posture among several. Structurally paired with, and the deliberate opposite of, friendship_with_the_world (James 4:4).
Angels Messengers Human
Approved rendering: தூதர்கள்
Transliteration: thoothargal
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: தேவதூதர்
Original: τοὺς ἀγγέλους (James 2:25)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:25 (τοὺς ἀγγέλους) — the two human Israelite spies of Joshua 2, NOT heavenly beings. NEVER தேவதூதர் (reserved for the Ephesians principalities_and_powers doctrine) — mistranslating this would imply Rahab hosted angels.
Trial Testing
Approved rendering: பரீட்சை
Transliteration: pareetchai
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός (James 1:2-3, 1:12)
Category: Trials
James 1:2-3, 1:12 (πειρασμός, providential-trial sense). Deliberately different Tamil word-family from the same root’s rendering at 1:13-14 (சோதனை, temptation-to-sin sense). Teaching notes must explain this split as intentional exegesis, not translator inconsistency.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: பூரணமான
Transliteration: pooranamaana
Doctrine: Faith and Works; Wisdom from Above
Original: τέλειος (James 1:4, 1:17, 1:25; 3:2)
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:4, 1:17, 1:25; 3:2 (τέλειος) — ethical/spiritual maturity, NOT sinless ontological perfection. Shares its root with பரிபூரணம் (‘fullness,’ flagged for Vedantic pūrṇam collision) — here strictly relational/ethical maturity produced by endurance under trial, never ontological completion.
Wisdom James
Approved rendering: ஞானம்
Transliteration: gnanam
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία (James 1:5; 3:13-17)
Category: Wisdom
James 1:5; 3:13-17 (σοφία) — God-given, practical, ethical wisdom received through prayer, not attained by esoteric technique. Reuse established ஞானம்; James’s God-anchored-through-prayer framing (rather than Christ-anchored) removes the strongest existing fence, requiring a source-qualifier every time (see wisdom_from_above, wisdom_god_gives_generously).
Rich And Poor
Approved rendering: ஐசுவரியவான் / ஏழை
Transliteration: aiswaryavaan / ezhai
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος / πτωχός (James 1:9-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:9-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 (πλούσιος/πτωχός) — economic status, subject to eschatological reversal. Cross-references the pipeline’s anti-caste sensitivity threads; poverty and caste-marginalization documentably overlap among Tamil Dalit Christian communities — never treat this as a purely abstract or spiritualized category.
Temptation To Sin
Approved rendering: சோதனை
Transliteration: sothanai
Doctrine: Temptation and the Source of Sin
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω (James 1:13-14)
Category: Trials
James 1:13-14 (πειρασμός/πειράζω) — internal enticement toward evil that God never causes. Same Greek root as the trial-sense (see trial_testing), but the established Tamil Bible convention deliberately splits it into this separate word-family to keep God’s role (never the source of enticement) doctrinally distinct from His providential use of hardship.
Sin James
Approved rendering: பாவம்
Transliteration: paavam
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: தீவினை
Original: ἁμαρτία (James 1:15; 4:17; 5:15-16, 20)
Category: Sin
James 1:15; 4:17; 5:15-16, 20 (ἁμαρτία) — moral transgression before a personal God, the fruit of unchecked desire, and the object of mutual confession and covering. Reuse established பாவம் exactly throughout; never தீவினை.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: ஒளிகளின் பிதா
Transliteration: oligalin pitha
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: πατὴρ τῶν φώτων (James 1:17)
Category: God
James 1:17 (πατὴρ τῶν φώτων) — God as the unchanging source of every good gift, contrasted with the changing heavenly lights. Reuse established பிதா exactly; the unchanging-versus-changing contrast grounds the doctrine that God is never the source of temptation (1:13).
New Birth
Approved rendering: புதிதாய்ப் பிறப்பித்தல்
Transliteration: puthithaaip pirappithal
Doctrine: Regeneration and New Birth
Rejected alternatives: மறுபிறவி
Original: ἀπεκύησεν (James 1:18)
Category: Regeneration
James 1:18 (ἀπεκύησεν) — God’s act of regenerating believers through the word of truth. Must use a மறுபிறப்பு-family verb; NEVER மறுபிறவி (Critical-forbidden rebirth/reincarnation vocabulary).
Wrath Human
Approved rendering: கோபம்
Transliteration: kopam
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ὀργὴ ἀνθρώπου (James 1:19-20)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 1:19-20 (ὀργὴ ἀνθρώπου) — human anger, explicitly incapable of producing God’s righteousness. Must use plain, bare கோபம் and NEVER the reserved compound கோபாக்கினை (God’s judicial wrath).
Doer Of The Word
Approved rendering: வசனத்தைச் செய்கிறவன்
Transliteration: vasanathai seykiravan
Doctrine: Hearing and Doing the Word
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς μόνον (James 1:22-25)
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:22-25 (ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατὴς μόνον) — the letter’s thesis statement, directly anticipating 2:14-26. Must be taught as one integrated unit with the core passage’s harmonization notes.
Religion True
Approved rendering: தேவ ஆராதனை
Transliteration: deva aaraadhanai
Doctrine: True Religion versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: பக்தி
Original: θρησκεία (James 1:26-27)
Category: Worldliness
James 1:26-27 (θρησκεία) — external, practiced piety. Established Tamil O.V. tradition renders this பக்தி, but the pipeline forbids பக்தி for πίστις elsewhere; using it here would reinforce exactly the devotional-bhakti reading the baseline works to prevent. Reserve பக்தி only for verbatim O.V. quotation.
The World James
Approved rendering: உலகம்
Transliteration: ulagam
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος (James 1:27; 4:4)
Category: Worldliness
James 1:27; 4:4 (κόσμος) — the God-opposed moral-spiritual order, not creation itself. Cross-references the Ephesians term இந்த உலக போக்கு; doctrinally loaded across chapters 1 and 4, culminating in the friendship-with-the-world doctrine.
Heirs Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: சுதந்தரவாளிகள் … தேவனுடைய ராஜ்யத்தின்
Transliteration: suthantharavaaligal … Devanudaiya Rajyathin
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας (James 2:5)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:5 (κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας) — the promised inheritance of God’s reign for the poor who love him. Reuse established சுதந்தரவாளி and தேவனுடைய ராஜ்யம் exactly.
Blessing And Cursing Interpersonal
Approved rendering: ஆசீர்வாதம் / சாபம்
Transliteration: aaseervaatham / saabam
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εὐλογία / κατάρα (James 3:9-10)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9-10 (εὐλογία/κατάρα) — blessing God with the mouth while cursing fellow humans made in God’s likeness. κατάρα here reuses the identical lexeme சாபம் as the Critical Galatians law-curse doctrine, but the referent is entirely different — ordinary interpersonal imprecation. Mandatory teaching note distinguishing the two referents.
Likeness Of God James
Approved rendering: சாயல்
Transliteration: saayal
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ (James 3:9)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9 (καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ) — humanity’s creation in God’s likeness (Genesis 1:26), grounding the wrongness of cursing fellow humans. Reuse established சாயல் exactly (Colossians package reserves it for this Genesis 1:26 sense, distinct from Christ’s தற்சுரூபம்).
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: மேலிருந்து வருகிற ஞானம்
Transliteration: melirunthu varugira gnanam
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν (James 3:13-17)
Category: Wisdom
James 3:13-17 (σοφία ἄνωθεν) — God-given wisdom marked by purity, peaceableness, gentleness, mercy, impartiality, sincerity. Reuse established ஞானம், explicitly qualified with மேலிருந்து வருகிற to keep it God-anchored against a jñāna-mārga misreading.
Earthly Unspiritual Demonic Wisdom
Approved rendering: பூமிக்கேற்றது / ஜென்ம சுபாவத்திற்கேற்றது / பேய்த்தன்மையுள்ளது
Transliteration: boomikketrathu / janma subaavathirketrathu / peythanmaiyullathu
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: மாம்சம் (for ψυχική)
Original: ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης (James 3:15)
Category: Wisdom
James 3:15 (ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης) — a threefold description of counterfeit ‘wisdom.’ AVOID மாம்சம் for ψυχική — reserved throughout the pipeline for the Galatians flesh/Spirit antithesis, a distinct doctrinal category.
Fruit Of Righteousness James
Approved rendering: நீதியின் கனி
Transliteration: neethiyin kani
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης (James 3:18)
Category: Wisdom
James 3:18 (καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης) — righteousness as the harvest sown by peacemakers. Reuse established நீதியின் கனி exactly (Philippians term); tied here to peace/wisdom rather than explicitly ‘through Jesus Christ,’ but the same lexeme and grace-produced-fruit doctrine applies.
Adulteresses Spiritual
Approved rendering: விபசாரிகளே
Transliteration: vipasaarigale
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: μοιχαλίδες (James 4:4)
Category: Worldliness
James 4:4 (μοιχαλίδες) — metaphorical address drawing on OT prophetic covenant-unfaithfulness imagery (Hosea, Jeremiah, Ezekiel). Mandatory teaching note on this OT background required to prevent a literalistic misreading.
Enmity With God
Approved rendering: பகை
Transliteration: pagai
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἔχθρα (James 4:4)
Category: Worldliness
James 4:4 (ἔχθρα) — active hostility toward God resulting from worldly friendship. Reuse established பகை; must not be softened to mere ‘distance’ from God.
Submit Resist Devil
Approved rendering: கடவுளுக்குக் கீழ்ப்படியுங்கள் / பிசாசுக்கு எதிர்த்து நில்லுங்கள்
Transliteration: kadavulukku keezhppadiyungal / pisaasukku ethirthu nillungal
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Submission to God
Original: ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ, ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ (James 4:7)
Category: Spiritual Warfare
James 4:7 (ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ, ἀντίστητε τῷ διαβόλῳ) — active submission to God upward, paired with active resistance to the devil outward. Reuse established கீழ்ப்படிதல் and Critical பிசாசு; the devil must not be treated as a folk-taxonomy affliction-spirit requiring ritual management, but as the one defeated adversary who flees when resisted.
Lord Referent Ambiguity
Approved rendering: கர்த்தர்
Transliteration: karthar
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος (James 4:10, 15; 5:7-11, 14-15)
Category: God
James 4:10, 15; 5:7-11, 14-15 (κύριος) — ‘Lord,’ shifting referent between God the Father and Christ. Reuse established கர்த்தர் in every occurrence; determine per-occurrence which referent (Father or Christ) is active and flag ambiguous cases for theologian review rather than resolving silently.
If The Lord Wills
Approved rendering: கர்த்தர் சித்தமானால்
Transliteration: karthar sithamaanaal
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Sovereign Will
Rejected alternatives: தலைவிதி, ஊழ், ஊழ்வினை
Original: ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ (James 4:15)
Category: Providence
James 4:15 (ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ) — submission to God’s personal, purposive will, contrasted with arrogant self-sufficient planning. Direct parallel to the baseline Providence doctrine; must be rendered as submission to a PERSONAL God’s WILL, categorically distinct from forbidden fatalism vocabulary.
Patient Longsuffering
Approved rendering: நீடிய பொறுமை
Transliteration: neediya porumai
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμήσατε / μακροθυμία (James 5:7-8, 10)
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8, 10 (μακροθυμήσατε/μακροθυμία) — patient waiting under provocation, specifically for the Lord’s coming, distinguished from ὑπομονή (endurance under trial). Established Tamil Bible qualifier pattern; must not be flattened to bare பொறுமை.
Coming Of The Lord
Approved rendering: கர்த்தருடைய வருகை
Transliteration: karthirudaiya varugai
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου (James 5:7-8)
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8 (παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου) — the technical NT term for Christ’s Second Coming. Cross-reference established day_of_christ doctrine. Must render with linear, historical, one-time-future eschatology, NEVER a cyclical yuga-turn framing.
Confess Sins To One Another
Approved rendering: உங்கள் பாவங்களை ஒருவருக்கொருவர் அறிக்கை செய்யுங்கள்
Transliteration: ungal paavangalai oruvarukkoruvar arikkai seyyungal
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας (James 5:16)
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16 (ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας) — mutual, horizontal, reciprocal confession of sins among believers. Same Greek verb/Tamil rendering as the established vertical, salvific confession (Romans 10:9/Philippians 2:11) but here horizontal and non-hierarchical. Teaching notes must clarify this neither warrants nor opposes any particular denomination’s sacramental confession practice.
Prayer Of Righteous Effective
Approved rendering: நீதிமானுடைய வேண்டுதல், அது செயல்படும்போது, மிகுந்த வல்லமையுள்ளது
Transliteration: neethimaanudaiya vendudhal, athu seyalpadumpothu, migundha vallamaiyullathu
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη πολὺ ἰσχύει (James 5:16)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:16 (δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη πολὺ ἰσχύει) — prayer’s genuine, God-given efficacy when offered by one in right relationship with God, not self-generated verbal power. ἐνεργουμένη reuses the same medio-passive interpretive posture as faith_working_through_love; avoid a magical-efficacy misreading.
Turn Back One Who Wanders
Approved rendering: சத்தியத்தினின்று வழிதப்பினவனைத் திருப்பிக்கொண்டுவருதல்
Transliteration: sathiyathininru vazhithappinavanai thiruppikkondu varuthal
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέψῃ … πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας (James 5:19-20)
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19-20 (ἐπιστρέψῃ… πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας) — the restoration of a straying believer, the letter’s closing pastoral doctrine. Must read as a community responsibility, not an individualistic posture.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: சமாதானம்
Transliteration: samadhanam
Doctrine: Peace with God
Relational, covenantal peace, not merely psychological calm. Inherited from Romans package. James 2:16 uses this term IRONICALLY (‘go in peace’ as hollow piety substituting for material help — see peace_ironic_use); James 3:18 uses it positively (fruit sown by peacemakers).
Church
Approved rendering: சபை
Transliteration: sabai
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: கோவில்
The doctrinal Church, never கோவில். Inherited from Romans package. James 5:14 (‘elders of the church’). Distinguish from James 2:2’s historically distinct συναγωγή (see assembly_synagogue).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: தேவனுடைய ராஜ்யம்
Transliteration: Devanudaiya Rajyam
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
God’s sovereign reign, not a political kingdom. Inherited from Romans package. James 2:5: ‘heirs of the kingdom’ promised to the poor who love God.
Love
Approved rendering: அன்பு
Transliteration: anbu
Doctrine: Liberty, Not License
Rejected alternatives: பக்தி, காதல்
Self-giving love, never பக்தி or காதல். Inherited from Romans package. James 1:12, 2:5, 2:8 (‘love your neighbor as yourself,’ the royal law).
Mercy
Approved rendering: இரக்கம்
Transliteration: irakkam
Doctrine: Love of God and Christ
Keep distinct from கிருபை (grace). Inherited from Romans package. James 2:13 (‘mercy triumphs over judgment’), 3:17, 5:11 (God ‘compassionate and merciful’).
Course Of This World
Approved rendering: இந்த உலக போக்கு
Transliteration: intha ulaga pokku
Doctrine: Regeneration from Spiritual Death
Rejected alternatives: யுகம்
Never யுகம். Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James’s own κόσμος doctrine (1:27; 4:4, rendered உலகம், see the_world_james) — related concept, distinct term.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: மன்னிப்பு
Transliteration: mannippu
Doctrine: Forgiveness
Clear and established. Inherited from Romans package. James 5:15 (‘if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven’).
Teacher
Approved rendering: போதகர்
Transliteration: bothakar
Doctrine: Christ’s Gift-Offices
Rejected alternatives: குரு, ஆசான்
Never குரு. Inherited from Romans package. James 3:1: ‘not many of you should become teachers, for you know that we who teach will be judged with greater strictness.‘
Submission
Approved rendering: கீழ்ப்படிதல்
Transliteration: keezhppadithal
Doctrine: Household Code
Rejected alternatives: அடிமைத்தனம்
Voluntary ordering under another. Inherited from Romans package. James 4:7 (‘submit to God’) applies this term to God rather than a human household authority — a positive extension of the established sense (see submit_resist_devil).
Gentleness
Approved rendering: சாந்தகுணம்
Transliteration: saanthaguNam
Doctrine: Contentment in Christ
A gracious, non-retaliatory forbearance. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James 3:13’s πραΰτης (‘meekness,’ a near-synonym of ἐπιείκεια), a mark of wisdom from above.
Servants Of Christ
Approved rendering: கிறிஸ்து இயேசுவின் ஊழியக்காரர்
Transliteration: Kiristhu Yesuvin oozhiyakkaarar
Doctrine: Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: அடியார்
NEVER அடியார். Inherited from Romans package. James 1:1’s self-designation δοῦλος θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ reuses the ஊழியக்காரர் root (see servant_of_god_james for the James-specific compound).
Prayer Supplication Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ஸ்தோத்திரத்தோடு ஜெபமும் வேண்டுதலும்
Transliteration: sthothirathodu jebamum vendudalum
Doctrine: Prayer with Thanksgiving
Distinct from temple ritual petition or transactional vow-offering. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James’s extensive prayer vocabulary (1:5-6; 4:2-3; 5:13-18).
Joy
Approved rendering: சந்தோஷம்
Transliteration: santhosham
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering
Settled gladness anchored in the Lord, not mood-dependent. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James 1:2’s χαρά (‘count it all joy’ when facing trials).
Demonstrate Faith
Approved rendering: காண்பி / எடுத்துக்காட்டு
Transliteration: kaanpi / eduthukkaattu
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δείκνυμι (James 2:18)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:18 (δείκνυμι) — to show, make evident; a verb of demonstration, never production. Governs the reader’s understanding of ἐκ τῶν ἔργων as evidentiary display, not generative cause.
Prostitute
Approved rendering: வேசி
Transliteration: vesi
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πόρνη (James 2:25)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
Rahab’s occupation (James 2:25, πόρνη), named without euphemism. Established Tamil Bible term. Pairing Abraham with a Gentile prostitute reinforces the pipeline’s anti-hierarchy threads — vindicating faith applies without social, ethnic, or moral-pedigree distinction.
Body And Breath
Approved rendering: சரீரம் / ஆவி
Transliteration: sareeram / aavi
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: σῶμα / πνεῦμα (James 2:26)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:26’s closing analogy: a body without its animating breath is dead, as faith without works is dead. σῶμα reuses established formal சரீரம். πνεῦμα here is the generic anthropological life-breath (cf. Genesis 2:7), NOT the Holy Spirit — never the definite compound பரிசுத்த ஆவியானவர்.
Servant Of God James
Approved rendering: ஊழியக்காரர்
Transliteration: oozhiyakkaarar
Doctrine: Ministry
Rejected alternatives: அடியார்
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (James 1:1)
Category: Ministry
James 1:1’s self-designation δοῦλος θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Reuse established ஊழியக்காரர் (Philippians term). NEVER அடியார் (the Shaiva devotee-servant title).
Testing Genuineness
Approved rendering: பரீட்சை
Transliteration: pareetchai
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον (James 1:3)
Category: Trials
James 1:3 (δοκίμιον) — the testing process, or the resulting proven/genuine quality of faith; testing as refinement toward endurance, not punishment.
Endurance
Approved rendering: பொறுமை
Transliteration: porumai
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith; Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὑπομονή (James 1:3-4, 1:12; 5:11)
Category: Trials
James 1:3-4, 1:12; 5:11 (ὑπομονή) — patient steadfastness under pressure. Must be contextually distinguished from நீடிய பொறுமை (μακροθυμία, James 5:7-8, 10), a related but distinct Greek word for patience while waiting on the Lord’s timing.
Ask In Faith
Approved rendering: கேளுங்கள் / சந்தேகப்படாமல்
Transliteration: kelungal / sandegappadaamal
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: αἰτέω … μὴ διακρινόμενος (James 1:5-6)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 1:5-6 (αἰτέω… μὴ διακρινόμενος) — petitioning God without an internally divided, wavering trust. Foundation for the Prayer and Healing doctrine developed at 4:2-3; 5:13-18.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: இருமனமுள்ளவன்
Transliteration: irumanamullavan
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: δίψυχος (James 1:8; 4:8)
Category: Worldliness
James 1:8; 4:8 (δίψυχος) — two-souled, inwardly divided between trusting God and worldly self-reliance. Key inward-condition term recurring at 4:8’s call to purify hearts (see purify_hearts_double_minded).
Unstable
Approved rendering: அஸ்திரமான
Transliteration: asthiramaana
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith; Taming the Tongue
Original: ἀκατάστατος (James 1:8; 3:8)
Category: Trials
James 1:8; 3:8 (ἀκατάστατος) — unsettled, lacking fixed direction, describing both the double-minded person (1:8) and the untamable tongue (3:8). Preserve the same Tamil root across both occurrences to keep this structural echo visible.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: ஜீவகிரீடம்
Transliteration: jeevakireedam
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς (James 1:12)
Category: Trials
James 1:12 (στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς) — the victor’s-wreath eschatological reward promised to those who endure trial and love God. Low doctrinal ambiguity.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: இச்சை
Transliteration: ichchai
Doctrine: Temptation and the Source of Sin; Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἐπιθυμία (James 1:14-15; 4:1-2)
Category: Worldliness
James 1:14-15; 4:1-2 (ἐπιθυμία) — illicit, sinful desire that entices toward sin. Distinguished from ஆசை (rejected elsewhere in the pipeline for hope, but acceptable here for negative craving).
Good Gift General
Approved rendering: ஈவு
Transliteration: eevu
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: வரம்
Original: δόσις / δώρημα (James 1:17)
Category: Wisdom
James 1:17 (δόσις/δώρημα) — God’s general good provision, distinct from the specific salvation-gift of Ephesians 2:8. Recommend ஈவு for consistency/safety; reserve வரம் only for verbatim O.V. quotation.
Assembly Synagogue
Approved rendering: கூட்டம்
Transliteration: koottam
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: συναγωγή (James 2:2)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:2 (συναγωγή) — James’s Jewish-Christian congregational gathering. Distinct historical/liturgical nuance from established doctrinal சபை (church).
Royal Law
Approved rendering: அரசாட்சிக்கேற்ற நியாயப்பிரமாணம்
Transliteration: arasaatchikketra niyayapramanam
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor; The Perfect Law of Liberty
Original: νόμος βασιλικός (James 2:8)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:8 (νόμος βασιλικός) — the love-of-neighbor command as the law befitting God’s kingdom. Reuses established நியாயப்பிரமாணம்; distinct from, and not to be confused with, the forbidden Galatians compound நியாயப்பிரமாணத்தின் கிரியைகள்.
Mercy James
Approved rendering: இரக்கம்
Transliteration: irakkam
Doctrine: Mercy Triumphs over Judgment
Original: ἔλεος (James 2:13)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13 (ἔλεος) — mercy triumphing over judgment, the standard of divine and human dealing. Reuse established இரக்கம் exactly, distinct from கிருபை (grace); mercy characterizes those already shown grace, not a payment securing it.
Tongue
Approved rendering: நாவு
Transliteration: naavu
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα (James 3:1-12)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:1-12 (γλῶσσα) — the organ of speech, a metonym for speech itself. Central image for the doctrine; rhetorical force (fire, forest, poison, rudder analogies) must be preserved concretely.
Tame The Tongue
Approved rendering: அடக்கு
Transliteration: adakku
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: δαμάζω (James 3:7-8)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:7-8 (δαμάζω) — to bring under control; James states no human being can tame the tongue by unaided effort. This admission of human inability implicitly points toward the letter’s wisdom-from-above and grace themes.
Without Partiality Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: பட்சபாதமில்லாத
Transliteration: patchapaathamillaatha
Doctrine: Divine Impartiality and Wisdom’s Impartiality
Original: ἀδιάκριτος, ἀνυπόκριτος (James 3:17)
Category: Wisdom
James 3:17 (ἀδιάκριτος, ἀνυπόκριτος) — undivided/impartial and unhypocritical, marks of true wisdom. Shares a root with διακρίνω (‘doubt,’ 1:6) and directly answers the προσωπολημψία problem of chapter 2.
Ask Wrongly
Approved rendering: தகாதவிதமாய் கேட்கிறீர்கள்
Transliteration: thagaathavithamaai ketkireergal
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: αἰτεῖτε καὶ οὐ λαμβάνετε … κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε (James 4:2-3)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 4:2-3 (κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε) — prayer offered for selfish, pleasure-serving ends that consequently fails. Direct development of the negative case within the Prayer and Healing doctrine: motive determines efficacy.
Purify Hearts Double Minded
Approved rendering: இருதயங்களைப் பரிசுத்தமாக்குங்கள்
Transliteration: iruthayangalai parisuthamaakkungal
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἁγνίσατε καρδίας, δίψυχοι (James 4:8)
Category: Worldliness
James 4:8 (ἁγνίσατε καρδίας, δίψυχοι) — moral cleansing addressed to the double-minded, reusing James 1:8’s term. Reuse established பரிசுத்த- root family and இருமனமுள்ளவன் to preserve the structural link.
One Lawgiver And Judge
Approved rendering: சட்டமியற்றுபவரும் நியாயாதிபதியும்
Transliteration: sattamiyatrupavarum niyayaathipathiyum
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εἷς νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής (James 4:11-12)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 4:11-12 (εἷς νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής) — God alone possesses the authority to give law and to judge, grounding the prohibition on judging a brother. Reuses established நியாயப்பிரமாணம் root.
Arrogance Boasting
Approved rendering: வீண்பெருமை
Transliteration: veenperumai
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Sovereign Will; Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἀλαζονεία (James 4:16)
Category: Worldliness
James 4:16 (ἀλαζονεία) — self-sufficient boasting about the future that ignores God’s sovereignty. Cross-reference established மேன்மைபாராட்டுதல் and வீண்பெருமை (boast/empty-conceit families).
Riches Have Rotted
Approved rendering: உங்கள் ஐசுவரியம் அழுகிப்போயிற்று
Transliteration: ungal aiswaryam azhugippoyitru
Doctrine: Judgment on Oppressive Wealth
Original: ὁ πλοῦτος σέσηπεν (James 5:1-3)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 5:1-3 (ὁ πλοῦτος σέσηπεν) — impending judgment oracle against hoarded, unjustly-gained wealth. Must not be softened into a merely cautionary tone — the text pronounces active judgment.
Wages Of The Workers
Approved rendering: கூலிக்காரரின் சம்பளம்
Transliteration: koolikkararin sambalam
Doctrine: Judgment on Oppressive Wealth
Original: ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν (James 5:4)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 5:4 (ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν) — withheld wages ‘crying out’ against oppressive employers. Concrete social-justice application; must be rendered with plain economic vocabulary, never spiritualized away.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: சேனைகளின் கர்த்தர்
Transliteration: senaigalin karthar
Doctrine: Judgment on Oppressive Wealth
Original: κύριος Σαβαώθ (James 5:4)
Category: God
James 5:4 (κύριος Σαβαώθ) — the OT divine-warrior title, invoked as hearer of the oppressed workers’ cry. Reuse established கர்த்தர், qualified with சேனைகளின்.
Judge At The Door
Approved rendering: நியாயாதிபதி வாசலருகே நிற்கிறார்
Transliteration: niyayaathipathi vaasalaruge nirkiraar
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν (James 5:9)
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:9 (ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν) — the imminence of final judgment, vividly pictured. Reinforces the patience doctrine’s urgency without softening.
Endurance Of Job
Approved rendering: யோபுவின் பொறுமை
Transliteration: yobuvin porumai
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: τὴν ὑπομονὴν Ἰώβ (James 5:11)
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:11 (τὴν ὑπομονὴν Ἰώβ) — Job’s endurance as a historical model of patient suffering under God’s larger purpose. Reuse பொறுமை from chapter 1 plus established proper name யோபு.
Compassionate And Merciful
Approved rendering: மிகுந்த இரக்கமும் மனதுருக்கமும் உள்ளவர்
Transliteration: migundha irakkamum manathurukkamum ullavar
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: πολύσπλαγχνος καὶ οἰκτίρμων (James 5:11)
Category: God
James 5:11 (πολύσπλαγχνος καὶ οἰκτίρμων) — God’s character revealed through Job’s vindication. Reuse established இரக்கம் root family.
Do Not Swear Oaths
Approved rendering: ஆணையிடாதிருங்கள்
Transliteration: aanaiyidaathirungal
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: μὴ ὀμνύετε (James 5:12)
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 5:12 (μὴ ὀμνύετε) — integrity of speech: a simple yes/no should suffice, echoing Matthew 5:34-37. Continuation of Taming the Tongue into truthful-speech ethics.
Elders Of The Church
Approved rendering: சபையின் மூப்பர்
Transliteration: sabaiyin mooppar
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: குரு
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας (James 5:14)
Category: Church
James 5:14 (πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας) — recognized congregational leadership called for prayer over the sick. Reuse established சபை; never குரு.
Pray For One Another Be Healed
Approved rendering: ஒருவருக்காக ஒருவர் ஜெபம்செய்யுங்கள், சுகமாகும்படி
Transliteration: oruvarukkaaga oruvar jebam seyyungal, sugamaagumpadi
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων ὅπως ἰαθῆτε (James 5:16)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:16 (εὔχεσθε ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων ὅπως ἰαθῆτε) — mutual intercessory prayer for physical healing, using the distinct medical-healing verb ἰάομαι. Kept distinct from the σώζω-family healing/salvation ambiguity addressed elsewhere in this cluster.
Cover A Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: பாவங்களின் திரள் ஒன்றை மூடும்
Transliteration: paavangalin thiral ondrai moodum
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν (James 5:20)
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20 (καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν) — restoration’s abundant scope, echoing Proverbs 10:12. Must read as the generous scope of restoration, not a transactional covering earned by the restorer’s effort.
Wisdom God Gives Generously
Approved rendering: எல்லோருக்கும் தாராளமாய்க் கொடுக்கிற கடவுள்
Transliteration: ellorukkum thaaralamaaik kodukkira kadavul
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: διδόντος θεοῦ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς (James 1:5)
Category: Wisdom
James 1:5 (διδόντος θεοῦ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς) — God gives wisdom generously and without reproach to all who ask. Must read as unconditional divine generosity, not a boon released only after successful petition or ritual merit.
Law General James
Approved rendering: நியாயப்பிரமாணம்
Transliteration: niyayapramanam
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος (James 2:9-11; 4:11)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:9-11; 4:11 (νόμος) — the Mosaic law invoked as a unified whole that condemns partiality and self-appointed judgment of others. Reuse established நியாயப்பிரமாணம் exactly.
Peace Ironic Use
Approved rendering: சமாதானத்தோடே போங்கள்
Transliteration: samadhanathode pongal
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: εἰρήνη, in “go in peace” (James 2:16)
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:16 (εἰρήνη, in ‘go in peace’) — a pious verbal blessing used ironically as a substitute for real material help to the poor. Reuse established சமாதானம், but this is the one place in the curriculum where established peace-vocabulary functions CRITICALLY, to expose empty piety.
Low Risk Terms
Abraham
Approved rendering: ஆபிரகாம்
Transliteration: abiragam
Doctrine: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Established Tamil Bible proper-name form. Inherited from Romans package. James 2:21-23’s central worked example, alongside Rahab (2:25).
Prophet
Approved rendering: தீர்க்கதரிசி
Transliteration: theerkkadharisi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ஜோசியன்
God’s spokesperson, never ஜோசியன் (astrologer). Inherited from Romans package. James 5:10: ‘take the prophets… as an example of suffering and patience.‘
Elijah
Approved rendering: ஏலியா
Transliteration: eliya
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: Ἠλίας (James 5:17-18)
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:17-18 (Ἠλίας) — historical Old Testament example of a righteous person’s effective prayer. Reuse established Tamil Bible proper name ஏலியா.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Enemies Of The Cross
Approved rendering: கிறிஸ்துவின் சிலுவைக்குப் பகைவர்
Transliteration: Kiristhuvin siluvaikku pagaivar
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Self-indulgent false teaching. Inherited from Romans package. Cross-reference for James 4:4’s ἔχθρα (‘enmity with God,’ rendered பகை, see enmity_with_god) — related ‘enmity’ vocabulary family, distinct specific referent.
Referenced passages