Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Timothy (English → Fulfulde)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across all four chapters of 2 Timothy. Terms marked (baseline reuse) are fixed exactly as recorded in the Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked (new — provisional) are proposed for this curriculum and require the escalated review noted in the Risk column before being finalized in Phase 2’s translation memory.
Legend
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per the conventions of the baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.json - Status: baseline reuse (fixed) / new-provisional (requires theologian and/or native-speaker confirmation before Phase 2 lock)
1. Scripture, Inspiration, and Sufficiency
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scripture / writing | γραφή | graphē | Deftere Senaande | Critical | new — provisional | Formalizes the phrase implicit in baseline’s “wahayu Deftere Senaande.” Direct collision with tahrif doctrine. |
| God-breathed | θεόπνευστος | theopneustos | wuttaango Alla | Critical | new — provisional | Locus classicus for inspiration (3:16); elevated above baseline’s High rating for “inspiration_of_scripture” because this text makes the claim explicit and unavoidable. Mandatory theologian review. |
| sacred writings | ἱερὰ γράμματα | hiera grammata | binndi ceniiɗi | High | new — provisional | Distinct from graphē; used of Timothy’s childhood Scripture formation (3:15). |
| profitable/useful | ὠφέλιμος | ōphelimos | nafoore | Low | new | Standard word. |
| teaching/doctrine | διδασκαλία | didaskalia | jaŋde | High | new — provisional | Shares root with Qur’anic schooling vocabulary (jaŋde); always qualify (e.g. jaŋde Linjiila). |
| reproof | ἔλεγχος | elenchos | fenñingol bakkaatu | Medium | new — provisional | |
| correction | ἐπανόρθωσις | epanorthōsis | feccitgol peewal | Medium | new — provisional | Shares peew- root with righteousness. |
| training/discipline | παιδεία | paideia | jannginoore | Medium | new — provisional | |
| complete/proficient | ἄρτιος | artios | timmuɗo | Medium | new | Carries the “sufficiency” sense of the doctrine. |
| fully equipped | ἐξαρτίζω | exartizō | fewnaa timmuɗum | Medium | new — provisional | |
| man of God | ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ | anthrōpos tou theou | neɗɗo Alla | Medium | new | Inclusive title, not a gendered restriction. |
| good work | ἔργον ἀγαθόν | ergon agathon | golle moƴƴe | Low | new |
2. The Charge to Preach the Word
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I solemnly charge | διαμαρτύρομαι | diamartyromai | mi hollirii … ley Alla e Kiristu | High | new — provisional | Legal-covenantal weight must be preserved. |
| to judge | κρίνω | krinō | sarti | Medium | new — provisional | Parallels baseline sariya (law) root. |
| judge (title) | κριτής | kritēs | sartuɗo | High | new — provisional | Cf. δίκαιος κριτής below. |
| the living and the dead | ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | zōntas kai nekrous | wuurɓe e maayɓe | Medium | new | |
| appearing/manifestation | ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | feeñagol | Critical | new — provisional | Covers both advents (1:10 past; 4:1, 4:8 future). Direct collision with Islamic eschatological expectation of Isa’s return; must be explicitly differentiated. |
| preach/proclaim | κηρύσσω | kēryssō | waaju | High | new — provisional | Also used generically for moral exhortation in regional Islamic usage; always specify object (waaju Konngol Alla). |
| preacher/herald | κήρυξ | kēryx | waajuɗo | High | new — provisional | |
| proclamation/message | κήρυγμα | kērygma | waajuya | High | new — provisional | |
| the word (as message) | λόγος | logos | Konngol (capitalized: Konngol Alla) | High | new — provisional | Fixed phrase; must recur identically wherever “the word of God/truth” occurs. |
| be ready, in season/out | ἐφίστημι / εὔκαιρος / ἄκαιρος | ephistēmi / eukairos / akairos | jogo ɗaɓɓaari; e saahu welɗo e saahu welaano | Medium | new — provisional | |
| reprove | ἐλέγχω | elenchō | fenñin | Medium | new — provisional | |
| rebuke | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | felu | Medium | new — provisional | |
| exhort/encourage | παρακαλέω | parakaleō | wallitde | Low | (baseline reuse) | Context-sensitive per baseline note. |
| evangelist | εὐαγγελιστής | euangelistēs | waajotooɗo Linjiila | Medium | new — provisional | Built on baseline Linjiila. |
| ministry/service | διακονία | diakonia | golle nulal | Medium | new — provisional | Ties ministry to the nul- (sending) root shared with nulaaɗo. |
| fulfill completely | πληροφορέω | plērophoreō | timmina | Low-Medium | new |
3. Guarding Sound Doctrine & Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deposit entrusted | παραθήκη | parathēkē | dencal | Critical | new — provisional | Central to two of the seven core doctrines; mandatory theologian review. |
| sound teaching/doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία | hygiainousa didaskalia | jaŋde peewɗe | High | new — provisional | Alternative gloss considered: jaŋde cellungel (“healthy teaching”); retained as secondary explanatory gloss only. |
| sound words | ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι | hygiainontes logoi | haala peewɗi | High | new — provisional | |
| pattern/model | ὑποτύπωσις | hypotypōsis | sifaa | Medium | new — provisional | |
| rightly handling (cutting straight) | ὀρθοτομέω | orthotomeō | feccude e peewal | High | new — provisional | Central image for guarding doctrine with precision. |
| word of truth | λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας | logos tēs alētheias | Konngol goonga | High | new — provisional | |
| faithful (of persons/message) | πιστός | pistos | gomɗinaaɗo | High | new — provisional | Central to the transmission chain of 2:2. |
| gangrene (spreading false teaching) | γάγγραινα | gangraina | ñawu saakotoongu | Medium | new — provisional | Vivid metaphor for actively spreading doctrinal corruption. |
| foundation | θεμέλιος | themelios | fondu | Medium | new — provisional | |
| seal | σφραγίς | sphragis | taggeere | Medium | new — provisional | |
| kept (the faith) | τηρέω | tēreō | jogii (+ gomɗinal) | High | new — provisional | Completes the “guarded deposit” theme at 4:7. |
4. Perseverance under Suffering
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| endure/persevere | ὑπομένω / ὑπομονή | hypomenō / hypomonē | munyal | High | new — provisional | One of the four pillars of Pulaaku (semteende, munyal, hakkille, teddungal); rich but sensitive bridge term — must be taught as Christ-centered, Spirit-enabled, and reward-oriented (4:8), not merely the traditional stoic virtue. |
| suffer hardship | κακοπαθέω | kakopatheō | muñde e tampere | High | new — provisional | Recurs 1:8; 2:3, 9; 4:5. |
| suffering (noun) | πάθημα | pathēma | tampere | Medium | new — provisional | |
| persecution | διωγμός | diōgmos | ɗaɓɓitaare | Medium | new — provisional | |
| endure/bear up under | ὑποφέρω | hypopherō | muñde | Medium | new | Shares munyal root. |
| rescue/deliver | ῥύομαι | rhyomai | daɗndude | Medium | new | Recurs 3:11; 4:17-18. |
| soldier / serve as soldier | στρατιώτης / στρατεύομαι | stratiōtēs / strateuomai | sooldaajo | Medium | new — provisional | Frame as spiritual warfare only; avoid conflation with regional political-military history. |
| fight the good fight | ἀγών / ἀγωνίζομαι | agōn / agōnizomai | haɓɓo | Medium | new — provisional | |
| finish the race | δρόμος | dromos | dogde | Medium | new | |
| poured out (death as offering) | σπένδομαι | spendomai | mi hokkaa wonande sadaka | High | new — provisional | sadaka flagged for mandatory theologian review — Islamic almsgiving collision risk; alternative purely descriptive rendering to be considered. |
| departure (euphemism for death) | ἀνάλυσις | analysis | saahu yaltugol am | Medium | new — provisional | |
| forsake/abandon | ἐγκαταλείπω | egkataleipō | woɗɗitaade | Medium | new |
5. Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| last days | ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις | en eschatais hēmerais | ñalaaɗe sakkitiiɗe | High | new — provisional | Parallels but must be distinguished from Islamic akhir zaman end-times vocabulary. |
| godliness | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | kulol Alla | High | new — provisional | Resonates with taqwa; must stress Spirit-given power, not self-disciplined piety alone. |
| form/appearance (of godliness) | μόρφωσις | morphōsis | mbaadi | Medium | new — provisional | |
| deceive / deception | πλανάω / πλάνη | planaō / planē | majjinde / majjere | High | new — provisional | Built on standard majjude, “to go astray.” |
| myth/fable | μῦθος | mythos | tinndi | Medium | new — provisional | Must not be heard as dismissing valued Fulani oral storytelling generally; the referent is specifically invented substitutes for revealed truth. |
| truth | ἀλήθεια | alētheia | goonga | High | new | ”The truth” must be specified as the apostolic gospel content, not left as a generic claim to religious correctness. |
| knowledge of the truth | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | epignōsis alētheias | anndal goonga | High | new — provisional | Recurs 2:25; 3:7. |
| disqualified/counterfeit (re: faith) | ἀδόκιμος περὶ τὴν πίστιν | adokimos peri tēn pistin | ceertuɗo e gomɗinal | High | new — provisional | |
| impostor | γόης | goēs | majjinoowo bonɗo | Medium-High | new — provisional | ”Sorcerer” undertone noted; keep focus on doctrinal, not occult, deception. |
| itching ears (idiom) | κνήθομαι τὴν ἀκοήν | knēthomai tēn akoēn | noone e nowru | Low-Medium | new — provisional | |
| resurrection already happened (false teaching) | ἀνάστασις (misapplied) | anastasis | immorde e maayde (flag as corrupted use) | High | (baseline reuse, flagged) | Must be taught as a distortion of the true doctrine, not an alternative reading. |
| the devil / snare | διάβολος / παγίς | diabolos / pagis | Ibiliisa / paɗe | Medium-High | new — provisional | Relatively higher cross-religious agreement than Christology terms; confirm regional currency. |
| this present age | αἰών | aiōn | jamaanu | Medium-High | new — provisional | Shared vocabulary with regional Islamic eschatology; contrast with loving Christ’s appearing (4:8, 10). |
6. Assurance of Reward
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| crown | στέφανος | stephanos | taaje | Medium | new — provisional | Loanword; confirm regional currency and any royal/political overtones. |
| crown of righteousness | στέφανος δικαιοσύνης | stephanos dikaiosynēs | taaje peewal | High | new — provisional | Built on baseline peewal. |
| righteous judge | δίκαιος κριτής | dikaios kritēs | sartuɗo peewɗo | High | new — provisional | |
| that day (eschatological) | ἐκείνη ἡ ἡμέρα | ekeinē hē hēmera | ñalaande nden | Medium-High | new — provisional | Must recur identically at 1:12, 1:18, 4:8. |
| co-reign | συμβασιλεύω | symbasileuō | laamaade wondude e Makko | Medium-High | new — provisional | |
| repay according to works | ἀποδίδωμι κατὰ τὰ ἔργα | apodidōmi kata ta erga | yoɓde golle | Medium-High | new — provisional | Frame as reckoning after grace-given justification, not parallel deeds-soteriology (baseline grace-works rule). |
| eternal / everlasting | αἰώνιος | aiōnios | duumaaɗo | Medium-High | new — provisional | Recurs 1:9; 2:10; 4:18. |
| loved his appearing | ἀγαπάω τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν | agapaō tēn epiphaneian | yiɗi feeñagol Makko | Critical | new — provisional | Shares feeñagol’s Critical risk (see §2). |
7. General Theological Vocabulary (reused baseline terms occurring in 2 Timothy)
| Term (EN) | Greek | Fulfulde | Risk | Status | 2 Timothy occurrence(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | Alla | Critical | (baseline reuse) | throughout |
| Lord | κύριος | Joom | High | (baseline reuse) | 1:2, 8, 16, 18; 2:7, 19, 22, 24; 4:8, 14, 17-18, 22 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | Yeesu | Critical | (baseline reuse) | throughout |
| Christ | Χριστός | Kiristu | Critical | (baseline reuse) | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον | Ruuhu Ceniiɗo | Critical | (baseline reuse) | 1:14 |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | nulaaɗo | High | (baseline reuse) | 1:1, 11 |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Linjiila | High | (baseline reuse) | 1:8, 10; 2:8 |
| grace | χάρις | Arjunde | Critical | (baseline reuse) | 1:2, 9; 2:1; 4:22 |
| faith | πίστις | gomɗinal | High | (baseline reuse) | throughout |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | peewal | Critical | (baseline reuse) | 2:22; 3:16; 4:8 |
| salvation | σωτηρία | kisal | Critical | (baseline reuse) | 2:10; 3:15 |
| holy | ἅγιος | ceniiɗo | High | (baseline reuse) | 1:9, 14 |
| sanctification | ἁγιάζω/ἁγιασμός | ceniinde | High | (baseline reuse) | 2:21 |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | immorde e maayde | Critical | (baseline reuse) | 2:8, 18 |
| glory | δόξα | manaango | Medium-High | (baseline reuse) | 2:10; 4:18 |
| election | ἐκλογή/ἐκλεκτός | suɓagol/suɓaaɗo | High | (baseline reuse) | 2:10 |
| Gentiles/nations | ἔθνη | leƴƴi goo | Medium | (baseline reuse) | 4:17 |
| seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ | geɗal Daawuda | Medium | (baseline reuse) | 2:8 |
| covenant/promise | ἐπαγγελία | alkawal | Medium | (baseline reuse) | 1:1 |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | wallitde | Low | (baseline reuse) | 4:2 |
| power of God | δύναμις (θεοῦ) | doole (Alla) | High | (baseline reuse) | 1:7-8; 3:5 |
| spiritual gift | χάρισμα | dokkal Ruuhu | Medium | (baseline reuse) | 1:6 |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | bakkaatu | High | (baseline reuse) | 3:6 |
| David | Δαυίδ | Daawuda | Low | (baseline reuse) | 2:8 |
| child (of Timothy) | τέκνον | ɓiɗɗo | Medium | (baseline reuse pattern) | 1:2; 2:1 |
| peace | εἰρήνη | jam | Medium | (baseline reuse) | 1:2; 2:22 |
8. New General-Vocabulary Terms (not doctrine-flagship but recurring)
| Term (EN) | Greek | Fulfulde | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mercy | ἔλεος | yurmeende | Medium | Distinct from Arjunde (grace) per baseline note. |
| conscience | συνείδησις | hakkille ɓernde | Medium | Provisional. |
| self-control / sound mind | σωφρονισμός | hakkille | High | Pulaaku bridge term; also serves for νοῦς (mind) at 3:8. |
| love | ἀγάπη | yiɗde | Medium | Same word covers ordinary love; disambiguate by context. |
| truth (adjective forms) | ἀληθής, etc. | goonga-based | High | See §5. |
| heart | καρδία | ɓernde | Medium | Standard, emotionally resonant Fula term. |
| Savior | σωτήρ | Kisimoowo | Critical | Agentive of kis- (root of kisal); requires same “finished work” framing as kisal itself. |
| judge (verb/noun) | κρίνω/κριτής | sarti/sartuɗo | High | See §2, §6. |
| servant/slave (of the Lord) | δοῦλος | maccuɗo (as in maccuɗo Joom) | High | Socially sensitive given regional caste/lineage history; must be framed as glad, honored belonging to Christ. |
| honor / dishonor | τιμή / ἀτιμία | teddungal / koyeera | High | Reuse of baseline’s human-honor register teddungal, judged appropriate here (positional honor, not divine glory); confirm with native speakers. |
| lion | λέων | mbaroodi | Low-Medium | Strong natural resonance with pastoralist experience of predation. |
| repentance | μετάνοια | tuubuubuyee | High | Shared root with Islamic tawba; must stress repentance as God’s gift (2:25), not a self-generated merit. |
Risk Summary for This Curriculum’s New/Extended Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new/provisional terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 (Deftere Senaande, wuttaango Alla, dencal, feeñagol, Kisimoowo, yiɗi feeñagol Makko) | Human theologian — mandatory |
| High | 24 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 9 | Human theologian or senior native speaker |
| Medium | 21 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 6 | Automated / light native-speaker check |
Note for Phase 2: Every term in this glossary marked “new — provisional” must be written into an updated translation_memory.json (version incremented) before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the enforcement rules of 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. Given Fulfulde’s thinner translation tradition (documented in the baseline package), this curriculum is expected to generate a higher proportion of newly-coined provisional terms than the Romans baseline did, and reviewers should budget accordingly.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Alla
Transliteration: Alla
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Alla is the universal term for God across Muslim and Christian Fulfulde speakers; this curriculum must continue presenting Alla in explicitly Trinitarian, Christ-centered terms per the baseline. Occurs throughout 2 Timothy 1-4.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yeesu
Transliteration: Yeesu
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: Iisa (Quranic Arabic form; reserve only for explicit interfaith-dialogue contexts)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (translation unchanged); risk tier elevated from the baseline’s Medium to Critical for this curriculum given 2 Timothy’s concentration of Christologically load-bearing verses (1:10 appearing; 2:8 resurrection; 4:1 judge) attached to this name. Never the Quranic form Iisa in doctrinal exposition.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kiristu
Transliteration: Kiristu
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: Almasiihu (reserve for contexts specifically invoking the shared ‘Messiah’ title and its Islamic-theological contrast, per baseline’s messiah entry; do not substitute for Kiristu as Christ’s proper-name-adjacent title)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Formalizes as a standing term entry the transliteration already specified in the baseline’s Transliteration Standards (‘Christ = Kiristu’). Occurs throughout 2 Timothy paired constantly with Yeesu and Joom. Kept in a distinct register from Almasiihu to preserve the baseline’s Christological precision.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruuhu Ceniiɗo
Transliteration: Ruuhu Ceniiɗo
Doctrine: Sanctification / God
Rejected alternatives: ruuhu (never use alone), jinna (never use; a jinn/spirit being in Islamic and West African folk belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:14 (guarding the deposit). Must never be confused with the dispositional ‘spirit’ sense at 1:7 (spirit of timidity vs. spirit of power/love/self-control), which is not a title for the Holy Spirit and must be lexically distinguished.
Grace
Approved rendering: Arjunde
Transliteration: arjunde
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: yurmeende (reserve for ‘mercy/compassion’ generally, not unmerited favor specifically), barke (blessing, never as a substitute)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Opens and closes this letter (1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22); 1:9’s ‘not according to our works but according to his own purpose and grace’ must be stated explicitly, exactly as the baseline requires for Romans 4:4-5, 11:5-6.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: peewal
Transliteration: peewal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: nunɗal (fairness/justice, too civic)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies both ‘training in righteousness’ (3:16) and ‘the crown of righteousness’ (4:8) — must be kept as flowing conduct from a received status, never a separate legal code.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kisal
Transliteration: kisal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: dancal (protection, never as a stand-alone substitute), aljanna (paradise, never as a stand-alone gloss for salvation itself)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:10, 3:15. The chain Scripture -> wisdom -> salvation through faith in Christ Jesus specifically (3:15) must be preserved so kisal is not read as generic deeds-weighted deliverance.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: immorde e maayde
Transliteration: immorde e maayde
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: immorde ka maayde (dialectal variant, confirm regionally)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:8 (true doctrine, ‘remember Jesus Christ raised from the dead’ — direct collision with Quran 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion) and at 2:18, where false teachers corrupt this exact phrase claiming ‘the resurrection has already happened.’ The 2:18 occurrence MUST be taught as a flagged, corrupted distortion of the true doctrine defined at 2:8, never presented as an alternative valid reading.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Deftere Senaande
Transliteration: Deftere Senaande
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture
New — provisional. Formalizes the phrase already implicit in the baseline doctrine registry’s naming ‘wahayu Deftere Senaande.’ The single most direct textual collision point with the tahrif doctrine (earlier scriptures, including the Injil, held to be corrupted and superseded by the Qur’an) in this curriculum. 3:16’s blanket claim (‘all Scripture’) must be taught with explicit engagement of that objection, never asserted as uncontested. Mandatory theologian confirmation.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: wuttaango Alla
Transliteration: wuttaango Alla
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: wahayu (Arabic-derived ‘revelation’; rejected as primary because it carries strong Qur’anic ongoing-dictated-revelation connotations, suggesting an active revelation model rather than a completed, written, historically-authored deposit)
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
New — provisional. Locus classicus for inspiration (2 Timothy 3:16); newly coined descriptive compound (‘that which God has breathed/exhaled out’) with no attested precedent in existing Fulfulde Christian literature. Deliberately echoes Ruuhu Ceniiɗo (‘Holy Spirit,’ lit. Holy Breath) — this resonance should be made explicit pedagogically. Elevated above the baseline’s general High rating for ‘inspiration_of_scripture’ because this verse is the single most unavoidable collision point with the tahrif doctrine in the whole curriculum. Mandatory theologian confirmation before deployment.
Appearing
Approved rendering: feeñagol
Transliteration: feeñagol
Doctrine: The Appearing and Return of Christ
Rejected alternatives: an Arabic-derived ‘manifestation’ loanword (deliberately rejected to avoid echoing Islamic eschatological vocabulary for Isa’s return too closely)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New — provisional. Covers both Christ’s incarnate first coming (1:10) and his future, visible, glorious return as judge and king (4:1, 4:8). CRITICAL: Islamic eschatology independently anticipates a ‘return of Isa,’ but as a returning Muslim prophet/companion of the Mahdi affirming Islam, not the divine Son returning as universal Judge and King in his own right. This shared vocabulary of expectation must never be assumed to reflect shared content; state plainly whose kingdom and whose judgment this is. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Deposit Entrusted
Approved rendering: dencal
Transliteration: dencal
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine / Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kaɓɓirgel (a generic container/binding term, considered but rejected as lacking theological freight)
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional, from denc- (‘to store/save,’ an attested Fula root, e.g. dencal ‘savings’). Central to two of this curriculum’s seven core doctrines simultaneously (2 Timothy 1:12, 1:14; verbal sense at 4:7’s ‘I have kept the faith’). This image is 2 Timothy’s own direct answer to the tahrif doctrine’s claim that the Christian scriptural deposit was not faithfully kept. Mandatory theologian confirmation.
Loved His Appearing
Approved rendering: yiɗi feeñagol Makko
Transliteration: yiɗi feeñagol Makko
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward / The Appearing and Return of Christ
Original: ἀγαπάω τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν
Category: Christology
New — provisional; shares feeñagol’s Critical risk. The condition on which the crown of righteousness is given (2 Timothy 4:8) is explicitly love for Christ’s own personal return, not generic end-times anticipation shared with Islamic eschatology. Mandatory theologian review.
Savior
Approved rendering: Kisimoowo
Transliteration: Kisimoowo
Doctrine: The Appearing and Return of Christ / Salvation
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New — provisional, agentive of the kis- root underlying kisal (baseline Critical). Used of Christ at his first appearing (2 Timothy 1:10); must be taught with the same explicit ‘finished work of Christ’ framing the baseline requires for kisal itself, so this title is not heard through a regional deeds-weighing soteriological lens.
High Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: Joom
Transliteration: Joom
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Laamiiɗo (reserve for ruler/king in political contexts; avoid as the primary term for divine Lordship to prevent conflation with historic Sokoto Caliphate rulership)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at 2 Timothy 1:2, 8, 16, 18; 2:7, 19, 22, 24; 4:8, 14, 17-18, 22 — one of the letter’s most frequent titles; consistency across all occurrences is required.
Apostle
Approved rendering: nulaaɗo
Transliteration: nulaaɗo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: rasuulu (never use; the Arabic-derived title reserved in Islamic usage for Muhammad as ‘the Messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:1, 1:11, framed explicitly as ‘by the will of God’ (yiɗde Alla) — stress divinely-willed office, not self-appointment, given regional prophetic-succession categories.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Linjiila
Transliteration: Linjiila
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabaaru moƴƴo (acceptable only as an explanatory gloss, ‘good news’)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:8, 1:10, 2:8. The baseline’s tahrif-doctrine caution applies unchanged; 1:8’s call not to be ashamed of the gospel gives it added pastoral weight in this letter.
Faith
Approved rendering: gomɗinal
Transliteration: gomɗinal
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: hoolaare (trust, acceptable as a supporting synonym)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout 2 Timothy (1:5, 13; 2:18, 22; 3:8, 10, 15; 4:7); object of faith must always be recoverable from context, per baseline caution about default confessional identity.
Holy
Approved rendering: ceniiɗo
Transliteration: ceniiɗo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: laaɓɗo (physically clean; reserve for ritual/physical cleanliness only)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘holy calling’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ceniinde
Transliteration: ceniinde
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: laaɓal (ritual/ceremonial purification, avoid as a substitute)
Original: ἁγιάζω / ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:21, applied to the household-vessel metaphor of usefulness to God; must be kept distinct from laaɓal (Islamic ablution/wuduu).
Election
Approved rendering: suɓagol / suɓaaɗo
Transliteration: suɓagol / suɓaaɗo
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: natal (fate/lot, tied to al-qadar; use with caution and never unqualified)
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:10, ‘for the sake of the elect’ (suɓaaɗo); personal and relational, distinct from natal’s impersonal predetermination.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: doole Alla
Transliteration: doole Alla
Doctrine: Power of God
Rejected alternatives: barke (marabout-associated spiritual power/blessing, never use)
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:7-8 (Spirit’s gift) and 3:5 (denied by last-days false godliness); must stay categorically distinct from barke.
Sin
Approved rendering: bakkaatu
Transliteration: bakkaatu
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: fenaande (mistake/lie, too weak)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 3:6, of those ‘burdened with sins’ and led astray by false teachers.
Sacred Writings
Approved rendering: binndi ceniiɗi
Transliteration: binndi ceniiɗi
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
New — provisional. Distinct from Deftere Senaande (graphē of 3:16); names the OT writings Timothy knew from infancy (2 Timothy 3:15) through Eunice and Lois. Must be kept distinguishable from Qur’anic sacred-text categories while affirming genuine sacredness.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: jaŋde
Transliteration: jaŋde
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία
Category: Scripture
New — provisional. The root jaŋg- also names Qur’anic schooling (jaŋde alkur’aana) across the region; every occurrence in this curriculum must be qualified (e.g. jaŋde Linjiila, ‘Gospel teaching’; jaŋde peewɗe, ‘sound teaching’) to prevent conflation with Islamic religious instruction. Occurs at 3:16 and 4:3.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: mi hollirii on ley Alla e Kiristu Yeesu
Transliteration: mi hollirii on ley Alla e Kiristu Yeesu
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: a flattened ‘I tell you’ rendering (rejected; loses the legal-covenantal, before-witnesses weight of diamartyromai)
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
New — provisional. No single fixed Fulfulde verb carries diamartyromai’s courtroom/covenant-witness solemnity (2 Timothy 4:1); this is the formal commissioning at the heart of the doctrine and must not read as casual advice. Mandatory theologian review.
Judge Title
Approved rendering: sartuɗo
Transliteration: sartuɗo
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Reckoning / Assurance of Reward
Original: κριτής
Category: Eschatology
New — provisional agentive of sarti. Used at 4:8 in the fixed compound sartuɗo peewɗo (‘righteous judge’); must be taught as Christ’s own exclusive judicial office, never a title shared with human religious authority.
Preach
Approved rendering: waaju
Transliteration: waaju
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
New — provisional. The central verb of the doctrine (2 Timothy 4:2). Also used generically for moral exhortation in regional Islamic contexts; the object must always be made explicit (waaju Konngol Alla) to prevent collapse into generic moralizing.
Preacher
Approved rendering: waajuɗo
Transliteration: waajuɗo
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κήρυξ
Category: Ministry
New — provisional agentive of waaju (2 Timothy 1:11, Paul’s own office). Same qualification requirement as the verb form.
Proclamation
Approved rendering: waajuya
Transliteration: waajuya
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κήρυγμα
Category: Ministry
New — provisional noun form of waaju (2 Timothy 4:17, ‘the message might be fully proclaimed’).
The Word
Approved rendering: Konngol (Konngol Alla)
Transliteration: Konngol Alla
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word / Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: λόγος
Category: Ministry
New — provisional fixed phrase. Must recur identically wherever ‘the word of God’ or ‘the word’ (as authoritative apostolic/scriptural message) occurs across this curriculum (2 Timothy 2:9, 2:15’s Konngol goonga, 4:2); must never be diluted to mean any spoken word.
Sound Teaching
Approved rendering: jaŋde peewɗe
Transliteration: jaŋde peewɗe
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: jaŋde cellungel (‘healthy teaching,’ from cellal, health; retained only as a secondary explanatory gloss to surface the health/sickness metaphor, not as the primary fixed term)
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional. Fixed as the primary term for cross-document consistency (2 Timothy 4:3). Central term for Guarding Sound Doctrine; the health/sickness metaphor (cf. 2:17’s ‘gangrene’) is the controlling image for true/false teaching throughout this letter.
Sound Words
Approved rendering: haala peewɗi
Transliteration: haala peewɗi
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional; parallel construction to jaŋde peewɗe (2 Timothy 1:13, ‘the pattern of sound words’).
Rightly Handling
Approved rendering: feccude e peewal
Transliteration: feccude e peewal
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional descriptive compound built on the peew- root (‘cutting/dividing with straightness’). Central image for Guarding Sound Doctrine (2 Timothy 2:15) — the Word must be handled with precision, neither adding, subtracting, nor twisting it. Requires theologian confirmation; if it does not test naturally, a plainer descriptive gloss is preferable to an opaque neologism.
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: Konngol goonga
Transliteration: Konngol goonga
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional; combines two already-fixed high-risk terms (Konngol, goonga). Consistency required across occurrences (2 Timothy 2:15).
Faithful Person
Approved rendering: gomɗinaaɗo
Transliteration: gomɗinaaɗo
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: πιστός
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional adjectival form of gomɗin-. Central to the transmission chain of 2 Timothy 2:2 (Paul -> Timothy -> faithful men -> others) and the ‘trustworthy saying’ formula (2:11); must always be taught paired with dencal, reinforcing that faithfulness means guarding and passing on a fixed message, not independent teaching authority.
Kept The Faith
Approved rendering: jogii (+ gomɗinal)
Transliteration: jogii gomɗinal
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: τηρέω
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional. Directly parallel to dencal (the guarded deposit, 1:12, 14) — completes the Faithful Transmission theme at the letter’s climax (2 Timothy 4:7, ‘I have kept the faith’); must be rendered consistently with that earlier image.
Endure Persevere
Approved rendering: munyal
Transliteration: munyal
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὑπομένω / ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
New — provisional, though the root itself is a long-attested Fula word. One of the four named pillars of Pulaaku (semteende, munyal, hakkille, teddungal). Central to ‘if we endure, we will also reign with him’ (2 Timothy 2:12). Rich but sensitive bridge term requiring explicit teaching that biblical munyal here is Spirit-enabled, Christ-centered, and grounded in the specific hope of Christ’s return and reward (4:8), never a mere re-labeling of traditional stoic pastoralist endurance.
Suffer Hardship
Approved rendering: muñde e tampere
Transliteration: muñde e tampere
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Perseverance
New — provisional; combines the munyal root with tampere (hardship/suffering). Key recurring term across the letter (1:8; 2:3, 9; 4:5).
Poured Out
Approved rendering: [PENDING PHASE 2 RESOLUTION — sadaka rejected as primary; use a purely descriptive non-loanword phrase, e.g. ‘mi woni yaltude wa’ii sadaka’ variants to be tested]
Transliteration: n/a — unresolved
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering / Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: mi hokkaa wonande sadaka (REJECTED as final; sadaka is the standard regional Islamic term for religious almsgiving/sadaqah and risks framing Paul’s death in an Islamic charitable-giving register rather than the intended Greco-Roman libation-sacrifice metaphor)
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Perseverance
New — UNRESOLVED, mandatory theologian decision required before Phase 2 lock. 2 Timothy 4:6, Paul’s death described as a libation offering ‘poured out.’ No sacrificial-libation register survives in ordinary Fulfulde vocabulary; sadaka is the only readily available near-neighbor and is explicitly flagged for rejection as the primary rendering per 05_translation_landscape.md and 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md. Do not finalize this entry without theologian sign-off on a non-sadaka descriptive alternative.
Last Days
Approved rendering: ñalaaɗe sakkitiiɗe
Transliteration: ñalaaɗe sakkitiiɗe
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις
Category: Eschatology
New — provisional, from sakkit- (‘to be last/final’). The frame for the entire doctrine (2 Timothy 3:1). Runs directly parallel to, and risks silent absorption into, the well-developed Islamic akhir zaman end-times vocabulary; must be anchored explicitly to Christ’s own personal return and judgment as Lord (4:1, 8), not a generic end-times moral catalogue.
Godliness
Approved rendering: kulol Alla
Transliteration: kulol Alla
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Sanctification
New — provisional. Parallels the Islamic concept of taqwa (God-consciousness expressed through careful religious observance and deeds). 2 Timothy 3:5’s crucial distinction (‘having a form of godliness but denying its power’) must locate ‘power’ explicitly in the Spirit’s transforming work through Christ’s finished work, not intensified religious self-discipline.
Deceive Deception
Approved rendering: majjinde / majjere
Transliteration: majjinde / majjere
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: πλανάω / πλάνη
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional, built on standard majjude (‘to go astray’). Characterizes last-days false teachers (2 Timothy 3:13); must be taught as doctrinal deception specifically, not a vague general moral category.
Truth
Approved rendering: goonga
Transliteration: goonga
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Apostasy
New. Given the region’s own deep, well-articulated exclusive-truth-claim tradition, goonga will not be heard as neutral; the referent (the apostolic gospel concerning Christ) must be specified every time, never left as a generic claim to ‘correct religion’ (2 Timothy 4:4; cf. 2:15, 25; 3:7).
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: anndal goonga
Transliteration: anndal goonga
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional, combining standard words anndal (‘knowledge’) and goonga (‘truth’). Recurs at 2 Timothy 2:25 and 3:7; must not be read as generic religious learning but the specific saving knowledge of Christ.
Disqualified
Approved rendering: ceertuɗo e gomɗinal
Transliteration: ceertuɗo e gomɗinal
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀδόκιμος περὶ τὴν πίστιν
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional descriptive compound (‘cut off/separated from the faith’), of false teachers (2 Timothy 3:8).
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: taaje peewal
Transliteration: taaje peewal
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: στέφανος δικαιοσύνης
Category: Reward
New — provisional; built on baseline peewal (Critical). The central text for Assurance of Reward (2 Timothy 4:8); must be taught as flowing from grace-given righteousness already possessed, never newly earned merit, per the baseline’s grace-works rule.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: sartuɗo peewɗo
Transliteration: sartuɗo peewɗo
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward / Final Judgment and Reckoning
Original: δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Reward
New — provisional; built on the sarti/sariya root. Combines with taaje peewal as the climactic reward-and-judgment pairing (2 Timothy 4:8).
Self Control
Approved rendering: hakkille
Transliteration: hakkille
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering / Sanctification
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Sanctification
New. One of the four named pillars of Pulaaku; a strong positive cultural bridge, but must be taught as a fruit of the Spirit’s work (2 Timothy 1:7), not merely an innate pastoralist virtue.
Servant Slave
Approved rendering: maccuɗo (Joom)
Transliteration: maccuɗo Joom
Doctrine: Servant Identity and Social Status in Christ
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
New. Fulani pastoralist society carries a historical caste and lineage-based social hierarchy (rimɓe/free-born vs. maccuɓe/servile-descent distinctions); Paul’s voluntary self-designation as Christ’s servant (2 Timothy 2:24) must be taught as glad, honored belonging to Christ, never conflated with, or trivializing, this region’s real social history around servitude and caste.
Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: teddungal / koyeera
Transliteration: teddungal / koyeera
Doctrine: Vessels of Honor and Dishonor
Original: τιμή / ἀτιμία
Category: Church
New. Reuses the baseline’s human-honor register teddungal (reserved there from God’s own transcendent glory, manaango); judged doctrinally appropriate here since the referent is positional honor before God through obedient usefulness (2 Timothy 2:20-21), not identical to socially-conferred Pulaaku honor — confirm with native speakers.
Repentance
Approved rendering: tuubuubuyee
Transliteration: tuubuubuyee
Doctrine: Repentance as God’s Gift
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
New, from the tuub- root shared with the Islamic concept of tawba (turning back to Allah through sincere, human-initiated regret and amended deeds). 2 Timothy 2:25’s emphasis that repentance is something God himself grants must be taught explicitly against the default human-initiated reading, paralleling the baseline’s caution about grace.
Teacher
Approved rendering: jaŋginoowo
Transliteration: jaŋginoowo
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine / Apostasy and False Teachers
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Ministry
New, agentive of jaŋg-, the same root naming Qur’anic teachers regionally. Used both of Paul’s true office (2 Timothy 1:11) and the false teachers accumulated in the last days (4:3); context must always distinguish faithful gospel teachers from false ones.
Medium Risk Terms
Gentiles
Approved rendering: leƴƴi goo
Transliteration: leƴƴi goo
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 4:17, ‘all the Gentiles might hear.‘
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: geɗal Daawuda
Transliteration: geɗal Daawuda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:8, remembered as part of Paul’s summary of the gospel.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alkawal
Transliteration: alkawal
Doctrine: Covenant/Promise
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used for epangelia (‘promise’) at 2 Timothy 1:1, ‘the promise of life in Christ Jesus,’ the ground of Paul’s apostleship.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dokkal Ruuhu
Transliteration: dokkal Ruuhu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: barke (Sufi-associated blessing/spiritual power, avoid as a substitute)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:6, the gift received through the laying on of hands, to be fanned into flame.
Peace
Approved rendering: jam
Transliteration: jam
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: deeƴre (calm/stillness, too passive/psychological)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 1:2 (greeting) and 2:22 (pursued virtue); distinguish the relational, gospel-rooted sense from everyday greeting-register jam.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: laamu Alla
Transliteration: laamu Alla
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Base form for 2 Timothy 4:1’s ‘his kingdom’ (Christ’s own) and, combined with a new modifier, 4:18’s ‘heavenly kingdom’ (see kingdom_heavenly, Section B). Must be distinguished from any historic or contemporary political Islamic state structure, given the memory of the Fulani-led Sokoto Caliphate.
Reproof
Approved rendering: fenñingol bakkaatu
Transliteration: fenñingol bakkaatu
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Scripture
New — provisional descriptive compound (‘exposing/bringing sin to light’), one of Scripture’s four purposes at 2 Timothy 3:16.
Correction
Approved rendering: feccitgol peewal
Transliteration: feccitgol peewal
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Scripture
New — provisional; shares the peew- root with peewal (righteousness). 2 Timothy 3:16.
Training Discipline
Approved rendering: jannginoore
Transliteration: jannginoore
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: παιδεία
Category: Scripture
New — provisional. Formative training/discipline, as of a child’s upbringing (2 Timothy 3:16).
Complete Proficient
Approved rendering: timmuɗo
Transliteration: timmuɗo
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄρτιος
Category: Scripture
New. Directly carries the sufficiency-of-Scripture doctrine (2 Timothy 3:17) — Scripture alone makes the man of God complete, without need of supplementary revelation; theologically sensitive given regional claims that the Qur’an completes/corrects earlier scripture.
Fully Equipped
Approved rendering: fewnaa timmuɗum
Transliteration: fewnaa timmuɗum
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐξαρτίζω
Category: Scripture
New — provisional descriptive compound (2 Timothy 3:17).
Man Of God
Approved rendering: neɗɗo Alla
Transliteration: neɗɗo Alla
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄνθρωπος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
New. An OT title for a prophet/authorized servant of God, applied to any Scripture-shaped believer (2 Timothy 3:17); a title, not a gendered restriction — teach as inclusive, as ɓiɗɗo Alla and other kinship terms are used inclusively elsewhere in this tradition.
Judge Verb
Approved rendering: sarti
Transliteration: sarti
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Reckoning
Original: κρίνω
Category: Eschatology
New — provisional; parallels baseline sariya (law) root (2 Timothy 4:1). Must be stated as literal, personal, final judgment, never softened into metaphor.
Living And Dead
Approved rendering: wuurɓe e maayɓe
Transliteration: wuurɓe e maayɓe
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Reckoning
Original: ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
New. 2 Timothy 4:1; must be presented as universal and literal in scope.
Be Ready In Season
Approved rendering: jogo ɗaɓɓaari; e saahu welɗo e saahu welaano
Transliteration: jogo ɗaɓɓaari; e saahu welɗo e saahu welaano
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐφίστημι / εὔκαιρος / ἄκαιρος
Category: Ministry
New — provisional descriptive rendering (2 Timothy 4:2). Theological force: the charge to preach is not conditioned on convenience.
Reprove Verb
Approved rendering: fenñin
Transliteration: fenñin
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐλέγχω
Category: Ministry
New — provisional. Distinct verb form from the noun elenchos (fenñingol bakkaatu) at 3:16 (2 Timothy 4:2).
Rebuke
Approved rendering: felu
Transliteration: felu
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Ministry
New — provisional; confirm regional register with native speakers (2 Timothy 4:2).
Evangelist
Approved rendering: waajotooɗo Linjiila
Transliteration: waajotooɗo Linjiila
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
New — provisional; built on baseline Linjiila and the waaju root (2 Timothy 4:5).
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: golle nulal
Transliteration: golle nulal
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word / Apostleship
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
New — provisional; deliberately ties ministry to the nul- (sending) root shared with nulaaɗo (apostle), reinforcing apostolic continuity (2 Timothy 4:5).
Pattern Model
Approved rendering: sifaa
Transliteration: sifaa
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑποτύπωσις
Category: Doctrine
New. Attested general word for model/example (2 Timothy 1:13).
Gangrene
Approved rendering: ñawu saakotoongu
Transliteration: ñawu saakotoongu
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine / Apostasy and False Teachers
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
New — provisional descriptive (‘a spreading sore/disease’). Vivid metaphor worth preserving (2 Timothy 2:17): false teaching is an actively spreading corruption, not neutral error.
Foundation
Approved rendering: fondu
Transliteration: fondu
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: θεμέλιος
Category: Church
New — provisional; attested construction term (2 Timothy 2:19, ‘the firm foundation of God stands’).
Seal
Approved rendering: taggeere
Transliteration: taggeere
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Church
New — provisional; confirm regional currency (2 Timothy 2:19).
Suffering Noun
Approved rendering: tampere
Transliteration: tampere
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: πάθημα
Category: Perseverance
New. Standard word; reinforces the perseverance theme (2 Timothy 3:11).
Persecution
Approved rendering: ɗaɓɓitaare
Transliteration: ɗaɓɓitaare
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: διωγμός
Category: Perseverance
New — provisional. The universal, non-optional promise (‘all who…will be persecuted,’ 2 Timothy 3:11-12) must not be softened.
Endure Bear Up
Approved rendering: muñde
Transliteration: muñde
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ὑποφέρω
Category: Perseverance
New. Shares the munyal root (2 Timothy 3:11).
Rescue Deliver
Approved rendering: daɗndude
Transliteration: daɗndude
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ῥύομαι
Category: Perseverance
New. Standard verb; recurs at 2 Timothy 3:11 and 4:17-18; consistency required across occurrences.
Soldier
Approved rendering: sooldaajo
Transliteration: sooldaajo
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: στρατιώτης / στρατεύομαι
Category: Perseverance
New — provisional; widely attested loanword. Military imagery (2 Timothy 2:3-4) resonant with historical memory of both Fulani pastoralist self-defense and the Sokoto Caliphate’s military-religious tradition; must be framed explicitly as spiritual warfare under Christ’s exclusive command, never conflated with historic or contemporary religious-political militancy.
Fight Good Fight
Approved rendering: haɓɓo
Transliteration: haɓɓo
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering / Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀγών / ἀγωνίζομαι
Category: Perseverance
New — provisional, from haɓɓaade (‘to fight’). Ties to the crown imagery of 2:5 and 4:8, culminating at 2 Timothy 4:7, ‘I have fought the good fight.‘
Finish Race
Approved rendering: dogde
Transliteration: dogde
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering / Assurance of Reward
Original: δρόμος
Category: Perseverance
New, from dog- (‘to run’). Part of the climactic triad with haɓɓo and jogii at 2 Timothy 4:7.
Departure
Approved rendering: saahu yaltugol am
Transliteration: saahu yaltugol am
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἀνάλυσις
Category: Perseverance
New — provisional descriptive compound; standard euphemistic register for death (2 Timothy 4:6).
Forsake Abandon
Approved rendering: woɗɗitaade
Transliteration: woɗɗitaade
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἐγκαταλείπω
Category: Perseverance
New. Standard verb; used of Demas’s desertion (2 Timothy 4:10) and, by contrast, the Lord’s non-abandonment (4:17); consistency across both uses recommended.
Form Appearance
Approved rendering: mbaadi
Transliteration: mbaadi
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μόρφωσις
Category: Sanctification
New — provisional; attested word for shape/form/manner. Combined phrase ‘mbaadi kulol Alla’ = ‘the outward form of godliness’ (2 Timothy 3:5), warning against empty external religiosity.
Myth Fable
Approved rendering: tinndi
Transliteration: tinndi
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional; a standard word often used for Fulani oral folktales. Must be explicitly scoped every time as ‘invented substitutes for revealed truth’ (2 Timothy 4:4), never a blanket dismissal of valued Fulani oral storytelling and genealogical-recitation tradition.
Crown
Approved rendering: taaje
Transliteration: taaje
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: στέφανος
Category: Reward
New — provisional loanword; confirm regional currency and absence of unwanted royal/political overtones (memory of Fulani ruling houses) before deployment. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:5 and 4:8.
Mercy
Approved rendering: yurmeende
Transliteration: yurmeende
Doctrine: God’s Character
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New. Must be kept distinct from Arjunde (grace) per baseline notes — yurmeende denotes compassionate feeling, Arjunde denotes specific unmerited legal favor (2 Timothy 1:2, 1:16).
Conscience
Approved rendering: hakkille ɓernde
Transliteration: hakkille ɓernde
Doctrine: Conscience and Sincere Faith
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Faith
New — provisional descriptive compound (‘the heart’s inner-knowing/awareness’); requires native-speaker confirmation. Must be distinguished from ceniiɗo (a state) as an inward moral faculty (2 Timothy 1:3).
Love
Approved rendering: yiɗde
Transliteration: yiɗde
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
New. Same word covers ordinary romantic/family love in Fulfulde as in many languages; must be disambiguated contextually (2 Timothy 1:7, 2:22).
Will Of God
Approved rendering: yiɗde Alla
Transliteration: yiɗde Alla
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: θέλημα (θεοῦ)
Category: God
New. Frames apostleship as divinely willed, not self-appointed (2 Timothy 1:1); worth stressing given the region’s strong prophetic-succession categories.
Life
Approved rendering: nguurndam
Transliteration: nguurndam
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ζωή
Category: Salvation
New. Standard word, combines with baseline alkawal (promise/covenant) at 2 Timothy 1:1, ‘the promise of life in Christ Jesus.‘
Purpose
Approved rendering: himmiigal
Transliteration: himmiigal
Doctrine: Grace / Divine Calling and Election
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: God
New, from himma (‘ambition/intent’). God’s own settled purpose, the basis of salvation and calling, not human works (2 Timothy 1:9); must be stated together with the surrounding grace-works contrast without softening.
Immortality
Approved rendering: nguurndam ɗi bonata
Transliteration: nguurndam ɗi bonata
Doctrine: The Appearing and Return of Christ
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
New — provisional descriptive compound (‘life that does not decay/spoil’); incorruptible life brought to light through Christ’s appearing (2 Timothy 1:10).
Desire Disordered
Approved rendering: yiɗde bonde
Transliteration: yiɗde bonde
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
New — provisional; qualifies the standard word for desire/love (yiɗde) with a negative modifier to avoid confusing it with legitimate desire (2 Timothy 4:3).
Child Timothy
Approved rendering: ɓiɗɗo
Transliteration: ɓiɗɗo
Doctrine: Household Faith and Generational Transmission
Original: τέκνον
Category: Church
New, following the baseline reuse pattern for kinship/relational address. Paul’s affectionate address to Timothy as spiritual child (2 Timothy 1:2; 2:1); resonates strongly with Fulani family and lineage values and reinforces the Faithful Transmission of the Gospel theme as a spiritual-generational relationship.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: Daawuda
Transliteration: Daawuda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:8.
Exhort
Approved rendering: wallitde
Transliteration: wallitde
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 4:2 (parakaleō); context-sensitive per baseline note (entreaty vs. encouragement).
Profitable
Approved rendering: nafoore
Transliteration: nafoore
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
New. Standard, low-ambiguity Fula word for benefit/usefulness (2 Timothy 3:16).
Good Work
Approved rendering: golle moƴƴe
Transliteration: golle moƴƴe
Doctrine: Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἔργον ἀγαθόν
Category: Ethics
New. Standard, low-risk term (2 Timothy 3:17).
Heart
Approved rendering: ɓernde
Transliteration: ɓernde
Doctrine: Faith
Original: καρδία
Category: Faith
New. Standard, emotionally resonant Fula term (2 Timothy 2:22).
Lion
Approved rendering: mbaroodi
Transliteration: mbaroodi
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: λέων
Category: Perseverance
New. A vivid, culturally resonant symbol of danger to livestock and life in Fulani pastoralist experience; this image (2 Timothy 4:17) lands with unusual natural force — a positive translation opportunity.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: manaango
Transliteration: manaango
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God
Rejected alternatives: teddungal (reserve for human honor/dignity in Pulaaku contexts; avoid as the primary term for God’s glory)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs at 2 Timothy 2:10 (‘eternal glory’) and 4:18 (closing doxology); kept distinct from teddungal per baseline.
Impostor
Approved rendering: majjinoowo bonɗo
Transliteration: majjinoowo bonɗo
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: γόης
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional (‘evil deceiver’). The Greek’s ‘sorcerer/charlatan’ undertone is flagged given ongoing regional concern about occult/marabout-associated practice, but the curriculum’s focus should remain on doctrinal, not occult, deception (2 Timothy 3:13).
Devil Snare
Approved rendering: Ibiliisa / paɗe
Transliteration: Ibiliisa / paɗe
Doctrine: The Devil as Adversary
Original: διάβολος / παγίς
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional. Ibiliisa (a widely shared Arabic-derived term for ‘the Devil/Iblis’) is a comparatively lower-risk shared term than Christology terms, since the existence and adversarial nature of a personal devil enjoys substantial cross-religious agreement; still confirm regional currency and descriptive nuance of his activity with native speakers (2 Timothy 2:26).
This Present Age
Approved rendering: jamaanu
Transliteration: jamaanu
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: αἰών
Category: Eschatology
New — provisional; a widely shared Arabic-derived word also used in regional Islamic eschatological vocabulary for ‘this present age’ versus ‘the age to come.’ Must be contrasted explicitly and specifically with loving Christ’s feeñagol (appearing), not left as a generic end-times frame (2 Timothy 4:10).
That Day
Approved rendering: ñalaande nden
Transliteration: ñalaande nden
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἐκείνη ἡ ἡμέρα
Category: Eschatology
New — provisional. A fixed eschatological reference to the day of Christ’s return/judgment; must be rendered identically at every occurrence (2 Timothy 1:12, 1:18, 4:8), per the theological-consistency rules.
Co Reign
Approved rendering: laamaade wondude e Makko
Transliteration: laamaade wondude e Makko
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: συμβασιλεύω
Category: Reward
New — provisional descriptive phrase; grounded in Christ’s own unshakeable faithfulness (2 Timothy 2:13), not a separate meritorious achievement (2:12).
Repay According To Works
Approved rendering: yoɓde golle
Transliteration: yoɓde golle
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward / Final Judgment and Reckoning
Original: ἀποδίδωμι κατὰ τὰ ἔργα
Category: Reward
New — provisional. Structurally identical in surface form to the regional Islamic deeds-weighing paradise-entry framework (mizan); must be paired every time with an explicit grace-precedes-reward statement (per 1:9 and the baseline’s grace-works rule), never presented as a stand-alone parallel merit soteriology (2 Timothy 4:14).
Eternal
Approved rendering: duumaaɗo
Transliteration: duumaaɗo
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
New, from duumaade (‘to last forever’). Recurs across the letter (1:9’s ‘before the ages’; 2:10’s ‘eternal glory’; 4:18’s closing doxology); consistency across all three occurrences required.
Kingdom Heavenly
Approved rendering: laamu kammuwo
Transliteration: laamu kammuwo
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: βασιλεία ἐπουράνιος
Category: Kingdom
New — provisional; combines baseline laamu with a new modifier for ‘heavenly’ (from kammu, sky/heaven). Christ’s heavenly kingdom into which he will bring the faithful (2 Timothy 4:18); per baseline notes, must be distinguished from any historic or contemporary political Islamic state structure given the memory of the Sokoto Caliphate.
Fear Timidity
Approved rendering: kulol seemtaari
Transliteration: kulol seemtaari
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: δειλία
Category: Sanctification
New — provisional (‘fear born of anxious confusion’). Cowardice/timidity, which God’s Spirit does not give (2 Timothy 1:7); must not be confused with reverent ‘fear of God’ (kulol Alla), its opposite.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Fulfill Completely
Approved rendering: timmina
Transliteration: timmina
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: πληροφορέω
Category: Ministry
New. Standard descriptive term (2 Timothy 4:5).
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: noone e nowru
Transliteration: noone e nowru
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: κνήθομαι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
New — provisional idiom rendering (‘itching in the ear’); render plainly if the direct image does not carry naturally, per idiom-handling rules (2 Timothy 4:3).
Vessel
Approved rendering: kaɓirgel
Transliteration: kaɓirgel
Doctrine: Vessels of Honor and Dishonor
Original: σκεῦος
Category: Church
New. Standard word; low ambiguity beyond the honor/dishonor framing (2 Timothy 2:20-21).
Referenced passages