Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke 1–24 (English → Fulfulde)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the core passage (Luke 4:16-21) and all 24 chapters of Luke. Terms marked Reused carry the exact rendering fixed by the baseline Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json) and MUST NOT be altered. Terms marked New are proposed for this curriculum and require the review routing indicated before Phase 2 deployment. This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json for all Phase 2 Luke translation work; new terms should be merged into translation_memory.json under versioning rules once confirmed.
Risk tiers follow the baseline four-tier scale: Critical (human theologian review, absolute enforcement) / High (human theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review) / Low (automated review).
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| # | English Term | Fulfulde Rendering | Category | Risk | Chapters Cited (Luke) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gospel / good news | Linjiila | Salvation | High | 4, 7, 24 | Verb form used at 4:18; reconfirm dialect currency per baseline. |
| 2 | Grace | Arjunde | Salvation | Critical | 15, 18 | Prodigal Son (15) is the clearest narrative illustration of grace-vs-merit in the whole book; must be flagged explicitly there. |
| 3 | Faith | gomɗinal | Faith | High | 5, 7, 8, 17, 18 | Recurs in every healing-faith formula (“your faith has saved/healed you”). |
| 4 | Righteousness | peewal | Salvation | Critical | 23 (adj. peewɗo) | Centurion’s confession echoes this root. |
| 5 | Justification | waɗugol peewal | Salvation | Critical | 18 | Pharisee/tax collector parable is the clearest Lukan parallel to Romans’ doctrine. |
| 6 | Salvation | kisal | Salvation | Critical | 1, 2, 19 | Zacchaeus (19) and Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis (2) key occurrences. |
| 7 | Apostle | nulaaɗo / nulaaɓe (pl.) | Church | High | 6, 9, 22 | Never rasuulu. |
| 8 | Called / calling | noddaaɗo / noddaandi | Salvation | Medium/High | 5 (disciples called) | Context-sensitive per baseline. |
| 9 | Holy | ceniiɗo | Sanctification | High | throughout (Holy Spirit compounds) | — |
| 10 | Saints | seniiɓe | Church | High | (implicit; church doctrine applies to Luke’s disciple community) | Low direct occurrence in Luke narrative itself; retained for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| 11 | Sanctification | ceniinde | Sanctification | High | (thematic; not a frequent narrative term in Luke) | Retained for consistency. |
| 12 | Adoption | jaɓugol wonande ɓiɗɗo | Salvation | Medium | 15 (prodigal restored as son) | Thematically present though not verbally identical. |
| 13 | Resurrection | immorde e maayde | Eschatology | Critical | 9, 20, 24 | Climactic in ch. 24; also debated with Sadducees ch. 20. |
| 14 | Lord | Joom | Christology | Critical | 1, 2, 5, 6, 19, 20 | Never Laamiiɗo as primary divine title. |
| 15 | Son of God | Ɓiɗɗo Alla | Christology | Critical | 1, 3, 4 | Genealogy (3), annunciation (1), temptation (4). |
| 16 | Incarnation | Alla wontii neɗɗo | Christology | Critical | 1 | Conception narrative (1:35). |
| 17 | Peace | jam | Salvation | Medium | 2 | ”Peace on earth,” distinct from everyday greeting-register jam. |
| 18 | Spiritual gifts | dokkal Ruuhu | Church | Medium | (thematic; Spirit-empowerment present but not itemized as “gifts” in Luke as in Paul) | Retained for consistency; primary Lukan parallel is “power from on high,” ch. 24. |
| 19 | Thanksgiving | yettoore | Faith | Low | 17 (the Samaritan leper) | — |
| 20 | Fellowship | diisnondiral | Church | Low | (thematic; table fellowship terms in ch. 5, 7, 15 are new, related but distinct) | See new term “table fellowship” below. |
| 21 | Church | kawtal | Church | Medium | (post-Pentecost; anticipated at 24) | The gathered community anticipated by Luke 24’s commissioning. |
| 22 | Kingdom of God | laamu Alla | Kingdom | Medium | 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21 | One of the most frequent terms in Luke; present-and-future tension must be taught throughout. |
| 23 | Law | sariya | Covenant | High | 2 (circumcision context), 16 (Moses and the Prophets), 24 | — |
| 24 | Sin | bakkaatu | Sin | High | 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 24 | Root for new compounds “forgiveness of sins,” “sinners.” |
| 25 | Gentiles / other nations | leƴƴi goo | Church | Medium/High | 13, 24 | ”East and west” (13), Great Commission (24). |
| 26 | Glory | manaango | God/Christology | High | 2, 9 | Nativity angelic glory (2); Transfiguration (9). |
| 27 | Power of God | doole Alla | God | High | 4, 11, 21, 24 | Exorcisms (4, 11); eschatological coming (21); Pentecost anticipation (24). |
| 28 | Messiah / Christ | Almasiihu | Christology | Critical | 2, 9, 24 | ”Christ the Lord” (2); Peter’s confession (9); “Christ … enter into his glory” (24). |
| 29 | Prophet | annabi | Covenant | Medium | 1, 4, 7, 16, 24 | Very frequent throughout Luke; reinforce unified covenant-history framing every occurrence. |
| 30 | Prophecy | annabaawo | Covenant | Medium | 1 (Zechariah’s Benedictus) | — |
| 31 | Covenant | alkawal | Covenant | Medium/Critical | 1, 22 | Abrahamic covenant (1); New Covenant at Last Supper (22) — see new compound “new covenant” below. |
| 32 | Election | suɓagol | Salvation | Medium | 6 (choosing the Twelve), 9 | — |
| 33 | Intercession | torgol wonande | Faith | Medium | (root shared with new “prayer” term, ch. 11, 18, 21, 22) | See new term “prayer” below. |
| 34 | Providence | welsindiigal Alla | God | High | 12 | Sparrows/lilies passage. |
| 35 | Mission | yamiroore Linjiila | Church | Medium | 9, 10, 24 | Sending of Twelve (9) and Seventy (10); Great Commission preview (24). |
| 36 | David | Daawuda | Covenant | Low | 1, 2, 3, 18, 20 | Root for new compounds “Son of David.” |
| 37 | Israel | Israa’iila | Covenant | Medium | 1, 2, 7 | — |
| 38 | Jesus | Yeesu | Christology | Critical | throughout | Never Iisa in doctrinal exposition. |
| 39 | God | Alla | God | High | throughout | — |
| 40 | Holy Spirit | Ruuhu Ceniiɗo | God | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 24 | Traced across the whole book per “Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History” doctrine; always in full. |
| 41 | Father | Baaba | God | Medium | 2, 10, 11, 22, 23 | Jesus’ address to God; Lord’s Prayer (11); Gethsemane (22); “Father, forgive” (23). |
| 42 | Exhort | wallitde | Faith | Low | (general teaching contexts) | — |
| 43 | Seed of David | geɗal Daawuda | Covenant | Medium | 1, 2 | Distinct from new term “Son of David” (messianic title, ch. 18, 20). |
B. New Terms Introduced for the Luke Curriculum
| # | English Term | Original (Greek) | Fulfulde Rendering | Category | Risk | Chapters Cited | Status / Review Routing | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 44 | Repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | tuubgol / tuubude | Repentance & Forgiveness | High | 3, 13, 15, 24 | New — theologian + native speaker | Arabic-cognate with Islamic tawba; must be explicitly tied to faith in Christ’s finished work, not self-generated deeds-based reformation. |
| 45 | Forgiveness (of sins) | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν | yaafuyee (+ bakkaatu) | Repentance & Forgiveness | High | 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 23, 24 | New — theologian review | Must be grounded explicitly in Christ’s atoning work; note the deliberate double meaning of ἄφεσις linking “release from captivity” (4:18) and “forgiveness of sin.” |
| 46 | Release (captivity) | ἄφεσις (captivity sense) | ɓural | Kingdom / Marginalized | High | 4 | New — theologian review | Same Greek word as “forgiveness”; teach the link explicitly. |
| 47 | Poor | πτωχός | waasɓe (waasɗo, sg.) | Poor & Marginalized | High | 4 (core passage), 6, 14 | New — theologian + native speaker | Distinguish from Islamic zakat/sadaqa’s “poor as charity-object” framework; Luke’s poor are kingdom recipients, not merely alms recipients. |
| 48 | Sinners | ἁμαρτωλός | bakkaatuɓe | Sin / Table Fellowship | Medium | 5, 7, 15 | New — native speaker review | Derived regularly from baseline bakkaatu. |
| 49 | Tax collector | τελώνης | jokkoowo lujjaaji | Marginalized | Medium | 3, 5, 18, 19 | New — native speaker review | No fixed single term; confirm regional naturalness. |
| 50 | Pharisee | Φαρισαῖος | Farisiyeeɓe | Judaism/Opposition | Medium | 5, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 18 | New — native speaker review | Avoid implying blanket equivalence with the regional Islamic scholarly (ulama) class. |
| 51 | Scribe / lawyer | γραμματεύς / νομικός | jaŋdeteeɓe sariya | Judaism/Opposition | Medium | 5, 10, 11, 20 | New — native speaker review | Descriptive compound; distinguish from Sharia-scholar class while noting the functional parallel. |
| 52 | Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | Ɓiɗɗo Neɗɗo | Christology | Critical | 5, 6, 9, 12, 17, 19, 21, 22 | New — theologian review (mandatory, no exceptions) | Surface meaning (“a human being”) risks being heard as a deliberate downgrade from divine claims; must be taught as a title of divine authority (Daniel 7 background), distinct from but related to Ɓiɗɗo Alla. |
| 53 | Disciple | μαθητής | jaŋgaaɗo | Discipleship | High | 5, 6, 9, 10, 14 | New — theologian + native speaker | Risk of being heard as a Quranic-school-style pupil role rather than total, life-reordering allegiance. |
| 54 | Table fellowship with sinners | συνανάκειμαι μετὰ ἁμαρτωλῶν | ñaamdu wondude e bakkaatuɓe | Compassion / Table Fellowship | High | 5, 7, 15, 19 | New — theologian + native speaker | Strong Pulaaku honor/shame (semteende, teddungal) weight around commensality; teach as a positive, deliberate model. |
| 55 | Savior | σωτήρ | Kisoowo | Salvation | Critical | 1, 2 | New — theologian review (mandatory) | Proposed agentive noun from the kisal root; must never default into a deeds-weighing aljanna framework. |
| 56 | Baptism | βάπτισμα | lootaari tuubgol | Repentance / Sacraments | High | 3 | New — theologian + native speaker | Distinguish sharply from Islamic ritual ablution (wuduu); distinguish John’s water baptism from Spirit baptism (3:16). |
| 57 | Son of David (messianic title) | υἱὸς Δαβίδ | Ɓiɗɗo Daawuda | Christology / Covenant | High | 18, 20 | New — theologian review | Distinct from baseline’s descriptive geɗal Daawuda; direct messianic confession, connects to David’s-son-David’s-Lord argument (ch. 20). |
| 58 | Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | nguurndam duumiiɗam | Kingdom / Eschatology | High | 10, 18 | New — theologian + native speaker | Risk of conflation with Islamic aljanna’s everlasting life or ATR ancestral-continuance notions; teach explicit resurrection-body content. |
| 59 | Neighbor | ὁ πλησίον | deppondiraaɗo | Ethics / Marginalized | Medium | 10 | New — native speaker review | Good Samaritan’s redefinition should be handled with sensitivity to regional inter-ethnic tension. |
| 60 | Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης | Samariyeeɓe | Ethnic/Religious Identity | Medium | 10, 17 | New — native speaker review | Proper name/ethnonym; teach historic tension as analogy, not equation, for regional ethnic dynamics. |
| 61 | Wealth / mammon | μαμωνᾶς | jawdi | Discipleship / Wealth | High | 12, 16, 18 | New — theologian + native speaker | Jawdi also denotes cattle wealth central to Pulaaku identity; must not be heard as condemning pastoralist livelihood itself. |
| 62 | Widow | χήρα | suddiiɗo | Marginalized | Low | 2, 7, 18, 20, 21 | New — automated/native speaker review | Recurs as a consistent marker of vulnerability/faith. |
| 63 | Lost (spiritually) | ἀπολωλός | majjuɗo | Repentance / Salvation | Medium | 15, 19 | New — native speaker review | Must convey moral/spiritual estrangement, not mere physical loss. |
| 64 | King (Jesus as) | βασιλεύς | laamiiɗo | Kingdom / Christology | High | 19, 23 | New — theologian review | Distinct nuance from baseline’s Romans-context avoidance of laamiiɗo for Lord; here required by the text’s own royal acclamation, but must be taught as suffering-kingship, not Caliphate-style political-military kingship. |
| 65 | New covenant | ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη | alkawal kesol | Covenant / Atonement | Critical | 22 | New — theologian review (mandatory) | Matches existing regional Fulfulde New Testament title convention noted in baseline; atoning-blood basis must be stated explicitly. |
| 66 | Body / blood (Eucharist) | σῶμα / αἷμα | ɓalndu / ƴiiƴam | Atonement | Critical | 22 | New — theologian review (mandatory) | Both the atonement doctrine and regional blood-avoidance taboos (Islamic and traditional) require explicit, careful teaching as symbolic remembrance of a real sacrificial death. |
| 67 | Servant (greatest as) | διακονῶν | maccuɗo | Discipleship / Ethics | Medium/High | 14, 22 | New — native speaker + theologian | Challenges Pulaaku teddungal honor-status norms; teach as positive redefinition, not rejection, of honor. |
| 68 | Cross / crucify | σταυρός / σταυρόω | kuruwaa / ɓaggu e kuruwaa | Christology / Atonement | Critical | 9, 14, 22, 23 | New — theologian review (mandatory, no exceptions) | Directly denied by mainstream Sunni reading of Quran 4:157; must be stated as historical fact and taught with direct engagement, matching baseline’s resurrection_of_christ handling. |
| 69 | Paradise (Luke 23:43) | παράδεισος | Paradiisi | Salvation / Eschatology | Critical | 23 | New — theologian review (mandatory) | Deliberately distinct transliteration from the baseline-forbidden aljanna, to prevent readers hearing a deeds-weighed paradise rather than grace-secured immediate fellowship with Christ. |
| 70 | Righteous / innocent (centurion) | δίκαιος | peewɗo | Christology | Medium | 23 | New — native speaker review | Adjectival form of baseline peewal. |
| 71 | Ascension | ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν | ƴawgol Yeesu to dow, ka Alla | Christology / Eschatology | Critical | 24 | New — theologian review (mandatory, no exceptions) | Must be explicitly sequenced (death → resurrection → 40 days of appearances → ascension) to prevent conflation with Quran 4:158’s raf’a (“God raised him to Himself”) doctrine, which Islamic tradition uses to deny the crucifixion. |
| 72 | Power from on high | δύναμις ἐξ ὕψους | doole Alla immorde dow | God / Holy Spirit | High | 24 | New — theologian review | Ties baseline doole Alla to the Holy Spirit’s Pentecost-anticipating promise; completes the Spirit’s-work-in-salvation-history arc from ch. 1, 3, 4. |
| 73 | Blessed (Beatitudes) | μακάριος | weltaniiɗo | Ethics / Marginalized | High | 6 | New — theologian review (mandatory) | Deliberately avoids the barka root (forbidden per baseline for grace/power/gifts) to prevent collision with marabout-blessing associations; new decision extending baseline’s forbidden-substitution logic to Luke. |
| 74 | Bless / praise (of God) | εὐλογέω | yettude (Alla) | Worship / Praise | Medium | 1, 2, 24 | New — native speaker review | Reuses the low-risk yettoore root rather than any barka-root term, for consistency with the ch. 6 Beatitudes decision. |
| 75 | Blessing invoked (benediction) | εὐλογέω (benedictory sense) | duwaawu | Prayer | Medium | 1, 2 | New — native speaker review | Positive point of contact with Islamic dua (personal supplication, distinct from ritual salaa); must not be confused with marabout-mediated barke. |
| 76 | Acceptable year of the Lord / Jubilee | ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν | hitaande yaajnaande Joom | Kingdom / Marginalized | High | 4 (core passage) | New — theologian review | Teach holistically (spiritual and social) without political-liberation-movement mapping. |
| 77 | Captives | αἰχμάλωτος | haɓɓaaɓe | Marginalized | Medium | 4 (core passage) | New — native speaker review | Descriptive; low competing-framework risk. |
| 78 | Oppressed | τεθραυσμένος | ɓe ɓeydaaɓe torra | Marginalized | Medium | 4 (core passage) | New — native speaker review | Descriptive compound. |
| 79 | Anointed / anointing | χρίω | ɓannyugol | Christology | High | 4 (core passage) | New — theologian review | Must be tied explicitly to Almasiihu’s etymology (“Anointed One”). |
| 80 | Blind | τυφλός | gomɗo | Healing / Marginalized | Low/Medium | 4 (core passage), 18 | New — native speaker review | Both literal and figurative (spiritual blindness) senses recur. |
| 81 | Synagogue | συναγωγή | sinagoogi | Worship / Setting | Medium | 4 (core passage), 6, 13 | New — native speaker review | Distinguish from moosaale (mosque, forbidden per baseline) and from kawtal (church). |
| 82 | Sabbath | σάββατον | Sabaatu | Covenant / Law | Medium | 4 (core passage), 6, 13, 14, 23 | New — native speaker review | Distinguish from Islamic Jumaa (Friday) and Christian Sunday worship patterns. |
| 83 | Devil / Satan | διάβολος / Σατανᾶς | Ibiliisa / Sheytaan | Spiritual Warfare | Medium | 4, 8, 10, 11, 22 | New — native speaker review | Shared Arabic-derived vocabulary with Islamic Iblis/Shaytan; comparatively lower risk given broadly similar adversarial character, but Luke’s specific narrative content is unique. |
| 84 | Unclean spirit / demon | δαιμόνιον | jinna / jinnaaji | Spiritual Warfare | High | 4, 8, 9, 11 | New — theologian review | Distinguish decisively from marabout-mediated protective practices (amulets, gris-gris); these are personal evil beings subject to Christ’s authority. |
| 85 | Exorcism / casting out | ἐκβάλλω | raɓɓidinde jinna | Spiritual Warfare | High | 4, 8, 9, 11 | New — theologian review | Distinguish from barke-associated marabout exorcism-for-hire. |
| 86 | Angel | ἄγγελος | malaayka | God / Annunciation | Medium | 1, 2, 24 | New — native speaker review | Positive point of contact with Islamic malak/malaika; narrative content not automatically shared. |
| 87 | Gabriel | Γαβριήλ | Gaabriyel | Proper Name | Medium | 1 | New — theologian review | Use Christian form, not Quranic Jibriila, to avoid conflated angelological roles. |
| 88 | Virgin (birth) | παρθένος | suka debbo mo yeewaani gorko | Christology | Medium | 1 | New — native speaker review | Rare point of doctrinal overlap with Islamic tradition (Maryam); clarify differing theological significance. |
| 89 | Mary | Μαριάμ | Mariyama | Proper Name | Low | 1, 2 | New — automated review | Shared with Quranic Maryam. |
| 90 | John the Baptist | Ἰωάννης | Yohanna | Proper Name | Medium | 1, 3, 7 | New — theologian review | Avoid Quranic Yahya in doctrinal exposition, per Yeesu-not-Iisa principle. |
| 91 | Shepherds | ποιμένες | gaynaaɓe | Marginalized / Cultural Resonance | Low | 2 | New — automated/native speaker review | High positive pedagogical resonance with Fulani pastoralist identity; minimal doctrinal risk. |
| 92 | Redemption | λύτρωσις | soodgol | Salvation | High | 2 | New — theologian review | Foreshadows atonement language of ch. 22-23; connects to kisal. |
| 93 | Word of God | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ | konngol Alla | Kingdom / Scripture | Medium | 8 | New — native speaker review | — |
| 94 | Woe | οὐαί | bone wonan- / ayyo! | Judgment | Medium | 6, 11 | New — native speaker review | Paired antithetically with “blessed” (weltaniiɗo). |
| 95 | Compassion (visceral) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | yurmeende (contextual) | Compassion | Medium | 7, 15 | Reuse of yurmeende with added contextual note | Distinct from generic mercy usage; note embodied intensity. |
| 96 | Your faith has saved/healed you | ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε | gomɗinal maa danɗi maa | Faith / Healing / Salvation | High | 7, 8, 17, 18 | New compound — theologian review | Preserve the double meaning (physical restoration as sign of, not identical with, deeper salvation). |
| 97 | Prayer | προσευχή | torgol | Prayer / Dependence | Medium-High | 11, 18, 21, 22 | New — theologian + native speaker | Distinguish sharply from ritual salaa; positive bridge possible via dua, introduced carefully. |
| 98 | Hades / Abraham’s bosom / the chasm | ᾍδης / κόλπος Ἀβραάμ / χάσμα | ɗon ndenndiraaɓe maayɓe / becce Ibrahiima | Eschatology | High | 16 | New — theologian review | Do not conflate wholesale with Islamic barzakh, aljanna, or jahannama without careful distinction. |
| 99 | Great joy | χαρᾶς μεγάλης | seyo | Discipleship (Joy) | Medium | 15, 24 | New — native speaker review | Answers the “cost” theme with the book’s closing note of joy. |
| 100 | Humility / exaltation reversal | ταπεινόω / ὑψόω | hoyngo hoore mun / ɓamtango hoore mun | Ethics / Discipleship | Medium-High | 14 | New — native speaker + theologian | Challenges Pulaaku teddungal status norms; teach as positive challenge, not rejection. |
| 101 | Offering / almsgiving | δῶρα (widow’s offering context) | sadaka | Marginalized / Giving | Medium | 21 | New — native speaker review | Genuine point of contact with regional sadaqa/zakat tradition; teach the text’s specific sacrificial-heart-posture point explicitly. |
C. Glossary Governance Notes
- Version control: This glossary (v1.0) must be merged into the master
translation_memory.jsonbefore any Phase 2 Luke segment translation begins, incrementing the translation memory version number per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions. - Mandatory dual review: All terms marked Critical above (#s 44 is High not Critical — see table; true Critical entries: 52, 55, 56 is High, 61 is High, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 76 is High — consult individual risk column per row) require human theologian sign-off before any segment using them is marked approved, per baseline escalation rules.
- No silent substitution: None of the new terms in Section B may be replaced with a semantically adjacent Fulfulde word (e.g., barke for arjunde/weltaniiɗo/dokkal Ruuhu; aljanna for kisal/Paradiisi; rasuulu for nulaaɗo; Iisa for Yeesu; jinna for Ruuhu Ceniiɗo) under any circumstances, consistent with the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list, which this glossary extends rather than supersedes.
- Open confirmation items: Items #55 (Kisoowo), #65 (alkawal kesol), #68 (kuruwaa), #69 (Paradiisi), and #71 (ƴawgol Yeesu to dow) are the five highest-priority items for native-speaker and theologian confirmation before this curriculum’s Phase 2 translation work begins, given their combination of Critical doctrinal weight and lack of any prior attestation in the Romans baseline.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter contextual argumentation supporting each entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: Arjunde
Transliteration: arjunde
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: yurmeende (reserve for ‘mercy/compassion’ generally, not unmerited favor specifically), barke (blessing, avoid as a substitute)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 15’s Prodigal Son is this curriculum’s clearest narrative illustration of grace-versus-merit: the father’s unprompted, undignified running to embrace the returning son before any restitution must be taught explicitly as arjunde, contrasted with the elder son’s works-based resentment (‘I have served you all these years’).
Salvation
Approved rendering: kisal
Transliteration: kisal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: dancal (protection, never as a stand-alone substitute), aljanna (paradise, never as a stand-alone gloss for salvation itself)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Declared explicitly over Zacchaeus (19:9) and anticipated in Simeon’s Nunc Dimittis (2:30); Zacchaeus’s restitution follows, rather than earns, his salvation, and this sequence must be taught explicitly against the region’s deeds-weighing paradise-entry model.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: immorde e maayde
Transliteration: immorde e maayde
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: immorde ka maayde (dialectal variant, confirm regionally)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s climactic claim, defended against Sadducean denial (ch. 20) and enacted with physically verifiable appearances at ch. 24 (‘handle me and see,’ eating fish) — the Gospel’s central historical claim, directly countering mainstream Sunni Quran 4:157-158 interpretation.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Ɓiɗɗo Alla
Transliteration: Ɓiɗɗo Alla
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nulaaɗo mawɗo (a great messenger, an explicit downgrade and rejected)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Announced at the annunciation (1:32,35), the genealogy running through Adam to God (3:38, universalizing the claim), and the temptation (4:3,9); never softened to a lesser messenger title.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Alla wontii neɗɗo
Transliteration: Alla wontii neɗɗo
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (cf. Luke 1:35, ἐπελεύσεται/ἐπισκιάσει)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. This descriptive compound is introduced at its narrative origin in Luke 1:26-38’s annunciation; must be taught with direct explanation of the shirk objection, especially given the shared Maryam/virgin-conception narrative detail with Islamic tradition.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Almasiihu
Transliteration: Almasiihu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package. Announced at birth (2:11,26), confessed by Peter (9:20), and shown as the necessary suffering-and-rising Christ (24:26-27); shared vocabulary with the Quranic al-Masih must not be mistaken for shared belief.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Ɓiɗɗo Neɗɗo
Transliteration: Ɓiɗɗo Neɗɗo
Doctrine: Son of Man as a Title of Divine Authority
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term, no crystallized prior attestation. Highest-frequency Christological title in Luke after ‘Lord’ (5:24; 6:5; 9:22,26,44,58; 12:8,10; 17:22,24-30; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69). Surface meaning (‘a human being’) risks being heard by Tawhid-trained readers as confirming rather than subverting a merely-human-prophet Christology; must be unpacked explicitly at every occurrence as a claim to unique divine authority (Daniel 7 background) expressed precisely through a human self-designation. One of the six highest-priority pre-deployment theologian confirmation items for this curriculum, with no exceptions to review.
Savior
Approved rendering: Kisoowo
Transliteration: Kisoowo
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New agentive noun coined by regular Fulfulde derivation on the baseline kisal root, preferred over a foreign loanword to keep the term transparently connected to already-secure vocabulary. Applied first to God in the Magnificat (1:47), then to the newborn Jesus (2:11). Must never default into an aljanna-style deeds-weighing framework; mandatory theologian confirmation before wide deployment, one of the five highest-priority pre-deployment items.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: alkawal kesol
Transliteration: alkawal kesol
Doctrine: New Covenant and Atoning Death
Original: ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
New Critical compound matching the existing regional Fulfulde New Testament title convention (‘Alkawal Kesol’). Instituted at the Last Supper (22:20); the atoning-blood basis must be stated explicitly, directly engaging Islamic theology’s denial of a substitutionary atoning death. One of the five highest-priority pre-deployment theologian confirmation items.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: ɓalndu / ƴiiƴam
Transliteration: ɓalndu / ƴiiƴam
Doctrine: New Covenant and Atoning Death
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Atonement
New term using standard Fulfulde words, deliberately NOT euphemized. Christ’s body given and blood poured out ‘for you’ (22:19-20). Both the atonement doctrine itself (denied by Islamic theology) and the blood-symbolism’s potential cultural revulsion (regional blood-avoidance taboos in both Islamic and traditional Fulani practice) require explicit teaching as symbolic remembrance of a real historical sacrificial death, never literal blood-consumption, and never softened into a vaguer ‘life’ or ‘sacrifice’ euphemism as some circulating devotional materials do.
Cross Crucify
Approved rendering: kuruwaa
Transliteration: kuruwaa
Doctrine: The Crucifixion as a Historical Event
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Atonement
New proposed transliteration/loanword, flagged for mandatory theologian confirmation of regional attestation before deployment. The specific Roman execution method used to kill Jesus (23:26-49), anticipated in the discipleship call to ‘take up his cross’ (9:23;14:27). Directly denied by mainstream Sunni interpretation of Quran 4:157; must be stated as historical fact and engaged directly, never softened into ‘it seemed’ language as some circulating devotional materials do. One of the five highest-priority pre-deployment theologian confirmation items.
Paradise
Approved rendering: Paradiisi
Transliteration: Paradiisi
Doctrine: Salvation Secured by Grace, Not Deeds
Rejected alternatives: aljanna (forbidden; the Islamic deeds-weighed paradise, the single most likely default-substitution risk in this entire curriculum)
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Salvation
New, deliberately distinct transliteration for Luke 23:43 (‘today you will be with me in Paradise’), chosen specifically to avoid aljanna. Preserves the promise as immediate, grace-secured personal fellowship with Christ, offered to a dying man with no opportunity for deeds. Mandatory theologian decision before deployment; any segment returning aljanna at this verse must be auto-flagged and rejected. One of the five highest-priority pre-deployment theologian confirmation items.
Ascension
Approved rendering: ƴawgol Yeesu to dow, ka Alla
Transliteration: ƴawgol Yeesu to dow, ka Alla
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Original: ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν
Category: Eschatology
New descriptive compound, deliberately sequenced rather than a single-word coinage. Christ’s bodily departure into heaven following his resurrection appearances (24:50-53). Quran 4:158’s raf’a (‘Allah raised him to Himself’) is offered as the alternative to, and evidence against, crucifixion/death; teaching materials must explicitly sequence death → burial → bodily resurrection → forty days of appearances → THEN ascension, every time, with no exceptions, to prevent conflation with the Quranic raf’a doctrine. One of the five highest-priority pre-deployment theologian confirmation items.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Linjiila
Transliteration: Linjiila
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabaaru moƴƴo (acceptable as an explanatory gloss, ‘good news’)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 4:18’s verbal form (‘preach good news to the poor’) must retain the term’s authoritative-announcement force, not read as generic religious teaching; reconfirm dialect currency against the specific local edition in use. Also occurs at 7:22 and 24:47.
Faith
Approved rendering: gomɗinal
Transliteration: gomɗinal
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: hoolaare (trust, acceptable as a supporting synonym)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs in Luke’s healing-faith formula (‘your faith has saved/healed you,’ 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42); the object of faith (Jesus specifically, not generalized confessional identity) must always be explicit.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: peewal
Transliteration: peewal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: nunɗal (fairness/justice, too civic)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Echoed adjectivally at Luke 23:47 (peewɗo) in the centurion’s verdict on Jesus; must not be read as mere civic innocence.
Justification
Approved rendering: waɗugol peewal
Transliteration: waɗugol peewal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: yaafuyee (forgiveness, too narrow)
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 18:9-14 (Pharisee and tax collector) is Luke’s clearest single-passage parallel to this doctrine and must preserve the apart-from-works logic exactly as required in Romans 4 and 11:5-6.
Apostle
Approved rendering: nulaaɗo
Transliteration: nulaaɗo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: rasuulu (never use; the Arabic-derived title reserved in Islamic usage for Muhammad as ‘the Messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Plural nulaaɓe used consistently at the naming of the Twelve (6:13), their sending (9:1-6), and later reference (22:14).
Saints
Approved rendering: seniiɓe
Transliteration: seniiɓe
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package. Low direct occurrence in Luke’s own narrative; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the disciple community anticipated by Luke 24’s commissioning.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ceniinde
Transliteration: ceniinde
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: laaɓal (ritual/ceremonial purification, avoid as a substitute)
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Thematically present in Luke though not a frequent narrative term itself; retained for consistency.
Lord
Approved rendering: Joom
Transliteration: Joom
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Laamiiɗo (reserve for ‘ruler/king’ in political contexts, avoid as the primary term for divine Lordship)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to the infant Jesus (2:11), over the Sabbath (6:5), and confessed throughout; Laamiiɗo is used only where Luke’s own royal-acclamation language requires it (19:38), never as the default Lordship title.
Sin
Approved rendering: bakkaatu
Transliteration: bakkaatu
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: fenaande (mistake/lie, too weak)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Root for the new Luke compounds bakkaatuɓe (sinners) and yaafuyee bakkaatu (forgiveness of sins).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ɗoftagol iwdi e gomɗinal
Transliteration: ɗoftagol iwdi e gomɗinal
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ɗoftagol sariya (obedience to law/rules, a works-based misreading)
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; relevant background to Luke’s discipleship-obedience material (e.g., 6:46-49, 11:28) though not a frequent verbal occurrence in Luke itself.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: doole Alla
Transliteration: doole Alla
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: barke (marabout-associated spiritual power/blessing, never use)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Displayed in Luke’s exorcisms (ch. 4,8,9,11), the eschatological coming of the Son of Man (21:27), and promised for mission (24:49); never barke.
Providence
Approved rendering: welsindiigal Alla
Transliteration: welsindiigal Alla
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: natal (fate/al-qadar, use with caution), hasara (misfortune/chance, never use)
Original: πρόνοια (cf. Luke 12:6-7,22-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Applied in Luke 12:6-7,22-31 (sparrows/lilies) to daily anxiety over provision, outside Romans 8:28’s original context; must be distinguished from natal fatalism.
God
Approved rendering: Alla
Transliteration: Alla
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must be presented, per Luke, in explicitly Trinitarian and Christ-centered terms exceeding standard regional Islamic usage of the same word.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruuhu Ceniiɗo
Transliteration: Ruuhu Ceniiɗo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ruuhu (never use alone), jinna (never use; a jinn/spirit being in Islamic and West African folk belief)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Active from Luke 1’s Spirit-fillings (John, Elizabeth, Zechariah, Mary) through Jesus’ anointing (4:18) to the promised power from on high (24:49); traces one continuous divine Person across the whole book — must always be used in full.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: peewal jibinaangal
Transliteration: peewal jibinaangal
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: peewal ɓaawaangal e golle (righteousness earned by works, the explicit rejected opposite)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background to Luke 18:9-14’s justification narrative; treat as provisional pending theologian confirmation per baseline notes.
Repentance
Approved rendering: tuubgol
Transliteration: tuubgol
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term for this curriculum. Arabic-cognate with Islamic tawba, typically understood regionally as a self-initiated turning, evidenced by cessation of sin and good deeds, sufficient in itself to merit Allah’s pardon with no mediator required. Every occurrence (3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10,18-21; 17:3-4; 19:8-9; 24:47) must explicitly pair tuubgol with gomɗinal (faith) in Christ’s finished work; this is a standing rule at every occurrence, not a one-time footnote. Mandatory theologian and native speaker review.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: yaafuyee bakkaatu
Transliteration: yaafuyee bakkaatu
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New compound combining new yaafuyee with baseline bakkaatu. Paired with repentance throughout Luke (3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 17:3-4; 24:47); must be grounded explicitly in Christ’s atoning work, not read as a purely human-to-human pardon idiom. Shares the same underlying Greek word (aphesis) as release_captivity — the link must be taught explicitly at 4:18.
Release Captivity
Approved rendering: ɓural
Transliteration: ɓural
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἄφεσις (captivity sense)
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term for the core passage (4:18). Same Greek word (aphesis) rendered ‘forgiveness’ elsewhere in Luke; the link between social/physical liberation and forgiveness of sin must be taught explicitly as a single divine act of grace breaking bondage, not two unrelated concepts sharing an English gloss by accident.
Poor
Approved rendering: waasɓe
Transliteration: waasɓe
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term. Named as the gospel’s first audience (4:18) and blessed in the Beatitudes (6:20). Must be distinguished from the Islamic zakat/sadaqa almsgiving framework, in which the poor are primarily objects of a legal-charitable obligation upon the giver; Luke’s poor are direct kingdom recipients, not merely beneficiaries of others’ piety. Mandatory theologian and native speaker review.
Disciple
Approved rendering: jaŋgaaɗo
Transliteration: jaŋgaaɗo
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New term. Risk of being heard as a Quranic-school-style pupil under a teacher/marabout rather than Luke’s total, life-reordering, family-and-livelihood-leaving allegiance (5:11,27-28; 14:26-33). Every occurrence in a cost-of-discipleship passage must state the leaving-everything dimension explicitly.
Table Fellowship With Sinners
Approved rendering: ñaamdu wondude e bakkaatuɓe
Transliteration: ñaamdu wondude e bakkaatuɓe
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: συνανάκειμαι μετὰ ἁμαρτωλῶν
Category: Table Fellowship
New descriptive compound; no fixed idiom exists. Shared table hospitality (5:29-32; 7:36-50; 15:1-2; 19:1-10) carries strong honor/shame weight within Pulaaku’s semteende (modesty) and teddungal (dignity) codes, where commensality signals social equality. Must be taught as an intentional, positive kingdom model at every occurrence, never softened for propriety.
Baptism
Approved rendering: lootaari tuubgol
Transliteration: lootaari tuubgol
Doctrine: Baptism and Repentance
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New descriptive compound, deliberately anchored in tuubgol (repentance) rather than a generic washing term, to avoid ablution associations. Proclaimed by John (3:3) and explicitly distinguished from Spirit-baptism (3:16) — a two-stage teaching point with no ready parallel in regional Islamic ritual categories (wuduu is repeated ceremonial purification, not a one-time repentance-identification rite).
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Ɓiɗɗo Daawuda
Transliteration: Ɓiɗɗo Daawuda
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς Δαβίδ
Category: Christology
New term, distinct from the baseline’s descriptive geɗal Daawuda (‘seed of David’). A direct messianic confession cried by the blind beggar (18:38-39) and central to the David’s-son/David’s-Lord apologetic argument (20:41-44), a valuable resource for engaging Tawhid-based objections directly.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: nguurndam duumiiɗam
Transliteration: nguurndam duumiiɗam
Doctrine: Eternal Life and the Intermediate State
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Kingdom
New term. Object of the lawyer’s (10:25) and the rich ruler’s (18:18) question. Risk of conflation with Islamic aljanna’s everlasting life or African traditional-religion notions of ancestral continuance; must be taught with explicit Christian resurrection-body content, not assumed self-evident.
Wealth Mammon
Approved rendering: jawdi
Transliteration: jawdi
Doctrine: Wealth and the Danger of Idolizing Possessions
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
New term. Addressed in the Rich Fool (12:13-21), Unjust Steward (16:1-13), and Rich Ruler (18:18-30). Jawdi in Fulani pastoralist culture often denotes specifically cattle wealth, the central marker of Pulaaku identity and livelihood; must not be heard as condemning pastoralist wealth/livelihood itself, but exclusive spiritual allegiance (idolatry of wealth).
King
Approved rendering: laamiiɗo
Transliteration: laamiiɗo
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: βασιλεύς
Category: Christology
New term, distinct in nuance from the baseline’s Romans-context avoidance of laamiiɗo as a Lordship title. Required here by the text’s own royal-acclamation language (19:38) and the mocking inscription (23:38); must be taught explicitly as suffering-kingship enacted through voluntary rejection, not Sokoto-Caliphate-style political-military kingship.
Power From On High
Approved rendering: doole Alla immorde dow
Transliteration: doole Alla immorde dow
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: δύναμιν ἐξ ὕψους
Category: God
New compound combining baseline doole Alla with a directional phrase. The promised empowering of the Holy Spirit for the disciples’ coming mission (24:49), fulfilled at Pentecost (Acts 2); tie explicitly to Ruuhu Ceniiɗo, completing the arc from Jesus’ own anointing by the Spirit (4:18).
Blessed Beatitudes
Approved rendering: weltaniiɗo
Transliteration: weltaniiɗo
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: barka-root vocabulary (forbidden; extends the baseline’s grace/power/gifts forbidden-substitution logic to this new context due to marabout-blessing associations)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term, deliberately avoiding the barka root already forbidden by the baseline. Pronounced paradoxically on the poor, hungry, weeping, and persecuted (6:20-22). Existing regional Fulfulde/Pular translations generally use a barka-root term here; this curriculum must actively override that pattern, not follow it. Mandatory theologian confirmation before wide deployment.
Acceptable Year Jubilee
Approved rendering: hitaande yaajnaande Joom
Transliteration: hitaande yaajnaande Joom
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New descriptive compound for the core passage (4:19), echoing Leviticus 25’s Jubilee (debt release, slave freedom). No crystallized term exists. Must be taught holistically — both truly spiritual and socially real — without mapping onto regional political-liberation-movement rhetoric (including historic Fulani reformist-jihad memory) or reducing to purely inward spiritualization. Mandatory theologian review.
Anointed Anointing
Approved rendering: ɓannyugol
Transliteration: ɓannyugol
Doctrine: Messianic Fulfillment in Jesus
Original: ἔχρισέν (χρίω)
Category: Christology
New verbal term for the core passage (4:18), no crystallized single-word equivalent yet confirmed. Must be tied explicitly to Almasiihu’s etymology (‘Anointed One’) so the verb and the already-recognized title reinforce each other. Mandatory theologian review.
Unclean Spirit Demon
Approved rendering: jinna / jinnaaji
Transliteration: jinna / jinnaaji
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Demonic Powers
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New use of jinna/jinnaaji for this specific category, distinct from the baseline’s forbidden use of jinna for the Holy Spirit. A personal evil spiritual being, subject to Christ’s authority, cast out repeatedly (4:33-36,41;8:26-39;9:37-43;11:14-22). Must be taught as decisively subject to Christ’s immediate, non-mediated authority, categorically distinct from marabout-mediated protective practices (amulets, gris-gris, barke) sought for protection from these same beings in regional folk practice.
Exorcism Casting Out
Approved rendering: raɓɓidinde jinna
Transliteration: raɓɓidinde jinna
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Demonic Powers
Original: ἐκβάλλω
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New descriptive verb. The authoritative expulsion of demons by a word of command (4,8,9,11), demonstrating doole Alla in visible, contested form. Must be kept categorically distinct from barke-associated marabout exorcism-for-hire practices.
Redemption
Approved rendering: soodgol
Transliteration: soodgol
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
New descriptive term. Spoken of by Anna regarding ‘the redemption of Jerusalem’ (2:38); foreshadows the atonement language of ch. 22-23 and connects to kisal.
Faith Has Saved You
Approved rendering: gomɗinal maa danɗi maa
Transliteration: gomɗinal maa danɗi maa
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε
Category: Faith and Healing
New compound combining baseline gomɗinal and a kisal-family verb. Recurring formula (7:50;8:48;17:19;18:42); must preserve the double meaning — physical restoration is a sign pointing to, but not identical with, the deeper salvation Christ gives.
Prayer
Approved rendering: torgol
Transliteration: torgol
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
New term, from the same root as baseline torgol wonande. Modeled in the Lord’s Prayer (11:1-13), the persistent widow parable (18:1-8), and Gethsemane (22:39-46). Must be distinguished from salaa (fixed, ritualized, five-times-daily obligatory Islamic prayer); a positive but carefully-introduced bridge exists via duwaawu (personal supplication).
Hades Intermediate State
Approved rendering: ɗon ndenndiraaɓe maayɓe / becce Ibrahiima
Transliteration: ɗon ndenndiraaɓe maayɓe / becce Ibrahiima
Doctrine: Eternal Life and the Intermediate State
Original: ᾍδης / κόλπος Ἀβραάμ / χάσμα
Category: Eschatology
New descriptive terms. The state of the dead before final judgment, with a fixed, uncrossable separation (16:19-31). Must not be conflated wholesale with Islamic barzakh (intermediate state) or aljanna/jahannama without careful distinction.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: noddaaɗo
Transliteration: noddaaɗo
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: torraaɗo (invited, too weak)
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke 5:1-11, 27-28 names the specific vocational calling of the first disciples away from their trades; distinguish from broader salvific calling per context.
Calling
Approved rendering: noddaandi
Transliteration: noddaandi
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Confirm regional currency with native speakers per baseline notes; underlies the naming and sending of the Twelve in Luke.
Holy
Approved rendering: ceniiɗo
Transliteration: ceniiɗo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: laaɓɗo (physically clean, reserve for ritual/physical cleanliness only)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Foundational to the compound Ruuhu Ceniiɗo used throughout Luke; keep distinct from laaɓɗo (ritual/physical cleanliness, relevant to wuduu ablution).
Adoption
Approved rendering: jaɓugol wonande ɓiɗɗo
Transliteration: jaɓugol wonande ɓiɗɗo
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Thematically anticipated by the Prodigal Son’s restoration to full sonship with robe, ring, and feast (Luke 15:22-24), though the term itself is not used verbally in Luke.
Peace
Approved rendering: jam
Transliteration: jam
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: deeƴre (calm/stillness, too passive/psychological)
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:14’s ‘peace on earth’ proclamation must be distinguished from jam’s everyday greeting-register use central to teddungal within Pulaaku.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: dokkal Ruuhu
Transliteration: dokkal Ruuhu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: barke (Sufi-associated blessing/spiritual power, avoid as a substitute)
Original: χαρίσματα (cf. Luke’s ‘power from on high,’ 24:49)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Primary Lukan parallel is the promised ‘power from on high’ (24:49), which must be tied explicitly to Ruuhu Ceniiɗo, never to barke.
Church
Approved rendering: kawtal
Transliteration: kawtal
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: moosaale (mosque, never use)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The post-Pentecost community anticipated by Luke 24:47-49’s commissioning; never moosaale.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: laamu Alla
Transliteration: laamu Alla
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. One of Luke’s most frequent terms (4:43; 8:1,10; 9:2; 11:20; 13:18-21; 17:20-21; 19:11; 21:31); the present-and-future tension must be taught explicitly at every major occurrence, distinct from any historic or contemporary political-Islamic state structure (Sokoto Caliphate memory).
Law
Approved rendering: sariya
Transliteration: sariya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Backdrop for circumcision (2:21-24), Sabbath controversies (ch. 6,13,14), and Jesus’ claim to fulfill ‘Moses and the Prophets’ (24:44); distinguish the Mosaic Law’s redemptive-historical role from a Sharia-style comprehensive life-code.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: leƴƴi goo
Transliteration: leƴƴi goo
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. ‘From east and west’ (13:29) and the Great Commission (24:47) both use this term; handle ‘no distinction’ inclusion language with sensitivity to real Sahelian inter-ethnic dynamics.
Glory
Approved rendering: manaango
Transliteration: manaango
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: teddungal (reserve for human honor/dignity in Pulaaku contexts, avoid as the primary term for God’s glory)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Surrounds the shepherds at the nativity (2:9) and is revealed at the Transfiguration (9:32), which must be taught as revealing Christ’s own eternal glory, not one prophet appearing among others.
Prophet
Approved rendering: annabi
Transliteration: annabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Isaiah (4:17), John (1:76;7:26), and Jesus himself (4:24;24:19); reinforce unified, progressively-unfolding covenant history at every occurrence rather than Quranic-style prophetology.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: annabaawo
Transliteration: annabaawo
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία / προφητεύω
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Zechariah’s Benedictus (1:67-79) is the clearest Lukan instance.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alkawal
Transliteration: alkawal
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. God’s sworn oath to Abraham (1:72-73), later given new form in Christ’s blood (22:20); underlies the new Critical compound new_covenant (alkawal kesol).
Election
Approved rendering: suɓagol
Transliteration: suɓagol
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: natal (fate/lot, use with caution)
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλέγομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus ‘chose twelve’ and named them apostles (6:13); must be distinguished from natal (fate/al-qadar), keeping this personal and relational.
Intercession
Approved rendering: torgol wonande
Transliteration: torgol wonande
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (root shared with Luke’s prayer vocabulary)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Shares its root with the new Lukan prayer term torgol; kept distinct from salaa and from marabout-mediated petition.
Mission
Approved rendering: yamiroore Linjiila
Transliteration: yamiroore Linjiila
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Covers the sending of the Twelve (ch. 9) and the Seventy(-two) (ch. 10), and the Great Commission preview (ch. 24).
Israel
Approved rendering: Israa’iila
Transliteration: Israa’iila
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed in the Benedictus (1:68) and Nunc Dimittis (2:32) as recipients of God’s promised redemption.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yeesu
Transliteration: Yeesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Iisa (the Quranic Arabic form, reserve only for explicit interfaith-dialogue contexts)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Luke; never the Quranic form Iisa in doctrinal exposition.
Father
Approved rendering: Baaba
Transliteration: Baaba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed by Jesus in the Lord’s Prayer (11:2), Gethsemane (22:42), and from the cross (23:34,46); resonates strongly with Fulani family/lineage values.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Not itself present in Luke’s Greek text (Luke’s Gethsemane at 22:42 reads simply ‘Pater’), but retained in this curriculum’s memory for cross-curriculum consistency wherever comparative teaching links Luke’s Gethsemane scene to Romans 8:15’s Abba/Baaba pattern.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: geɗal Daawuda
Transliteration: geɗal Daawuda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαβίδ (cf. Luke’s genealogy and infancy narratives)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Established through Luke’s infancy narrative (1:27,32,69) and genealogy (3:23-38); distinct from the new Lukan messianic title son_of_david (Ɓiɗɗo Daawuda).
Sinners
Approved rendering: bakkaatuɓe
Transliteration: bakkaatuɓe
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Table Fellowship
New term, derived regularly from baseline bakkaatu. Explicitly named as Jesus’ call’s target audience (5:32; 15:1-2); preserve the concrete social-censure referent (tax collectors, prostitutes) rather than an abstract theological category only.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: jokkoowo lujjaaji
Transliteration: jokkoowo lujjaaji
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τελώνης
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term; no fixed single Fulfulde form exists. Recurs as a despised collaborator-class figure deliberately included by Jesus (3:12; 5:27; 18:10; 19:2). Confirm regional naturalness with native speakers.
Pharisee
Approved rendering: Farisiyeeɓe
Transliteration: Farisiyeeɓe
Doctrine: Opposition to Jesus
Original: Φαρισαῖος
Category: Opposition
New term (transliteration). Jesus’ frequent religious-establishment interlocutors (ch. 5,6,7,11,14,15,18). Avoid implying blanket equivalence with the regional Islamic scholarly (ulama) class; clarify the critique targets externalism without inward transformation, not religious scholarship as such.
Scribe Lawyer
Approved rendering: jaŋdeteeɓe sariya
Transliteration: jaŋdeteeɓe sariya
Doctrine: Opposition to Jesus
Original: γραμματεύς / νομικός
Category: Opposition
New descriptive compound. Experts in the Mosaic Law, frequently paired with the Pharisees (5:17,21;10:25;11:45-46;20:39). Distinguish from, while noting the functional parallel with, the regional Sharia-scholar class.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: deppondiraaɗo
Transliteration: deppondiraaɗo
Doctrine: Unity of Jew, Gentile, and Ethnic Outsider
Original: ὁ πλησίον
Category: Ethics
New descriptive term. The lawyer’s question ‘who is my neighbor?’ is answered by radically expanding the category across ethnic/religious lines (10:25-37); teach with sensitivity to real regional inter-ethnic tensions without erasing legitimate Pulaaku identity.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: Samariyeeɓe
Transliteration: Samariyeeɓe
Doctrine: Unity of Jew, Gentile, and Ethnic Outsider
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Ethnic and Religious Identity
New term (transliteration). Hero of the parable (ch. 10) and model of gratitude (ch. 17); teach the historic Jewish-Samaritan tension as an analogy, not equation, for regional Fulani/neighboring-community ethnic dynamics.
Lost
Approved rendering: majjuɗo
Transliteration: majjuɗo
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπολωλός (ἀπόλλυμι)
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
New term. Object of deliberate, joyful seeking (ch. 15) and Luke’s summary mission-statement (19:10, ‘the Son of Man came to seek and save the lost’). Must convey moral/spiritual estrangement from God, not merely physical loss — though the pastoralist ‘lost sheep’ resonance is a genuine asset if the spiritual sense is stated plainly alongside it.
Servant Greatness
Approved rendering: maccuɗo
Transliteration: maccuɗo
Doctrine: Humility and Reversal of Status
Original: διακονῶν
Category: Discipleship
New term. Jesus’ redefinition of greatness as humble service (22:24-27), paralleling ch. 14’s humility teaching. Directly challenges Pulaaku’s teddungal (honor/status) norms; teach as a positive redefinition of true greatness, not a rejection of legitimate honor/respect structures.
Righteous Innocent
Approved rendering: peewɗo
Transliteration: peewɗo
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Original: δίκαιος
Category: Christology
New adjectival form of the baseline peewal. The Roman centurion’s verdict on Jesus at the moment of death (23:47); echoes the recurring Lukan pattern of outsiders recognizing what insiders deny.
Bless Praise God
Approved rendering: yettude
Transliteration: yettude
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Praise of God
Original: εὐλογέω
Category: Worship
New term, reusing the low-risk yettoore root rather than any barka-root term, for consistency with the blessed_beatitudes decision above. Offered by the shepherds (2:20), the healed leper (17:15-16), and the disciples at the ascension (24:53).
Blessing Benediction
Approved rendering: duwaawu
Transliteration: duwaawu
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: εὐλογέω (benedictory sense)
Category: Prayer
New term. Spoken blessing/benediction, as Zechariah and Simeon speak over their households and the infant Jesus (1:64;2:34). A positive point of contact with Islamic duwaawu/dua (personal supplication, distinct from ritual salaa); must never be confused with marabout-mediated barke.
Captives
Approved rendering: haɓɓaaɓe
Transliteration: haɓɓaaɓe
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: αἰχμάλωτος
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New descriptive term for the core passage (4:18). Those held in bondage, literal or figurative; low competing-framework risk.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: ɓe ɓeydaaɓe torra
Transliteration: ɓe ɓeydaaɓe torra
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένος (θραύω)
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New descriptive compound for the core passage (4:18). Those crushed by affliction, injustice, or demonic bondage; confirm regional naturalness with native speakers.
Blind
Approved rendering: gomɗo
Transliteration: gomɗo
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τυφλός
Category: Healing
New term. Both literal (core passage 4:18; ch. 18 blind beggar) and figurative (spiritual blindness, 6:39) senses recur; anchor as a sign of the kingdom’s arrival.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: sinagoogi
Transliteration: sinagoogi
Doctrine: Sabbath and Fulfillment of the Law
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Worship Setting
New term (transliteration). Setting of Jesus’ Nazareth sermon (4:16) and recurring healing controversies (6:6;13:10). Must be distinguished from moosaale (mosque, baseline-forbidden) and from kawtal (church) to avoid implying institutional equivalence.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Sabaatu
Transliteration: Sabaatu
Doctrine: Sabbath and Fulfillment of the Law
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term (transliteration). Kept by Jesus (4:16) and the subject of repeated healing controversies (6:1-11;13:10-17;14:1-6). Must be kept distinct from Islamic Jumaa (Friday communal prayer) and from any implication that Sabbath-keeping itself earns merit.
Devil Satan
Approved rendering: Ibiliisa / Sheytaan
Transliteration: Ibiliisa / Sheytaan
Doctrine: Spiritual Authority over Demonic Powers
Original: διάβολος / Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New term, shared Arabic-derived vocabulary with Islamic Iblis/Shaytan. The personal cosmic enemy tempting Jesus (4:1-13), defeated through his ministry (10:18;22:3,31). Comparatively lower risk given broadly similar adversarial character across traditions, but Luke’s specific narrative content (defeated by the incarnate Son, in view of the cross) should still be taught explicitly.
Angel
Approved rendering: malaayka
Transliteration: malaayka
Doctrine: Angelic Annunciation and Divine Initiative
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Annunciation
New term. Appears to Zechariah, Mary (ch. 1), the shepherds (2:9-14), and at the tomb and ascension (24:4,23). Shared vocabulary with Islamic malak/malaika is a genuine point of contact, but the specific narrative content (annunciation of the incarnate Son) must not be assumed shared.
Gabriel
Approved rendering: Gaabriyel
Transliteration: Gaabriyel
Doctrine: Angelic Annunciation and Divine Initiative
Rejected alternatives: Jibriila (the Quranic form; avoid to prevent implying identical angelological roles)
Original: Γαβριήλ
Category: Annunciation
New proper name, Christian form. Delivers both the John and Jesus annunciations (1:19,26). Jibril’s primary Quranic role (delivering revelation to Muhammad) differs from his Lukan role and must not be assumed transferable.
Virgin
Approved rendering: suka debbo mo yeewaani gorko
Transliteration: suka debbo mo yeewaani gorko
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
New descriptive compound. Mary’s virginity at the annunciation and conception (1:27,34). A rare, genuine point of doctrinal overlap with Islamic tradition (Maryam’s virginal conception of Isa), but the curriculum must clarify that the significance differs: incarnation of the eternal Son, not a specially-created prophet.
John The Baptist
Approved rendering: Yohanna
Transliteration: Yohanna
Doctrine: Prophetic Fulfillment and Reliability of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Yahya (the Quranic form; avoid in doctrinal exposition per the Yeesu-not-Iisa principle)
Original: Ἰωάννης
Category: Proper Name
New proper name, Christian form. The prophesied forerunner of Jesus, born to Zechariah and Elizabeth (ch. 1), whose preaching of repentance opens ch. 3.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: konngol Alla
Transliteration: konngol Alla
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
New descriptive term. The gospel message sown like seed in the Parable of the Sower (8:11-15).
Woe
Approved rendering: bone wonan- / ayyo!
Transliteration: bone wonan- / ayyo!
Doctrine: Humility and Reversal of Status
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
New term, paired antithetically with weltaniiɗo (blessed). A solemn pronouncement of coming judgment/reversal (6:24-26) and against the Pharisees (11:42-52).
Compassion Visceral
Approved rendering: yurmeende
Transliteration: yurmeende
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
New contextual use of the baseline term yurmeende, with an added note on embodied, gut-level intensity in these specific passages (widow of Nain 7:13; Good Samaritan 10:33; Prodigal Son 15:20), distinct from generic mercy usage.
Great Joy
Approved rendering: seyo
Transliteration: seyo
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρᾶς μεγάλης / χαρά
Category: Discipleship
New term. Joy over the recovery of the lost (15:7,10,32) and the disciples’ response to the ascension (24:52); answers the discipleship ‘cost’ theme with the book’s closing note of joy — teach cost and joy as a single paired doctrinal unit.
Humility Exaltation
Approved rendering: hoyngo hoore mun / ɓamtango hoore mun
Transliteration: hoyngo hoore mun / ɓamtango hoore mun
Doctrine: Humility and Reversal of Status
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Ethics
New descriptive terms. The reversal principle (14:11;18:14;1:52). Directly challenges Pulaaku’s teddungal-seeking social norms; teach as a positive challenge to status-seeking, not a wholesale rejection of legitimate honor, respect, and eldership structures.
Offering Almsgiving
Approved rendering: sadaka
Transliteration: sadaka
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: δῶρα (widow’s offering context)
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term, shared with regional Islamic voluntary almsgiving vocabulary. The poor widow’s small but total, sacrificial gift (21:1-4). A genuine point of contact, but the text’s specific point (sacrificial totality of heart, not meritorious quantity) must be taught explicitly, not assumed automatically understood.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: yettoore
Transliteration: yettoore
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Modeled by the healed Samaritan leper (17:15-16), the blind beggar (18:43), and the disciples at the ascension (24:53).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: diisnondiral
Transliteration: diisnondiral
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Distinct from, but related to, the new Lukan compound for table fellowship with sinners (see table_fellowship_with_sinners).
David
Approved rendering: Daawuda
Transliteration: Daawuda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαβίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Root for the genealogy (3:31), the annunciation’s throne promise (1:32), and the new Lukan titles geɗal Daawuda and Ɓiɗɗo Daawuda.
Exhort
Approved rendering: wallitde
Transliteration: wallitde
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. General teaching-context usage; low frequency in Luke’s own narrative.
Widow
Approved rendering: suddiiɗo
Transliteration: suddiiɗo
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: χήρα
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term. Recurs as a consistent marker of vulnerability and faith throughout Luke (2:37;7:12;18:3;20:47;21:1-4).
Mary
Approved rendering: Mariyama
Transliteration: Mariyama
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Conception
Original: Μαριάμ
Category: Proper Name
New proper name, shared with Quranic Maryam; common ground and low independent risk.
Shepherds
Approved rendering: gaynaaɓe
Transliteration: gaynaaɓe
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ποιμένες
Category: Poor and Marginalized
New term, of high positive pedagogical value for Fulani pastoralist readers. Lowly, socially marginal rural workers, first to receive the birth announcement (2:8-20); teach the deliberate social-status point explicitly, not only the cultural resonance.
Referenced passages