Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Hebrews | English → Fulfulde
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across Hebrews 1–13, including the core-passage verse-by-verse study of Hebrews 9:11–28. Terms marked [TM-REUSE] are already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and MUST be used exactly as recorded there; this document does not alter those entries. New terms (not present in the Romans package) are proposed here as provisional Fulfulde renderings, each assigned a risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low framework, and each flagged for the review routing the baseline methodology requires (theologian and/or native speaker, per this language’s thinner translation tradition).
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Fulfulde Rendering | Status | Risk | Chapter(s) | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Christ | Χριστός / Christos | Kiristu (title contexts: Almasiihu) | TM-derived | Critical | 1,2,3,5,7,9,13 | Shared vocabulary with Quranic “al-Masih” (Isa al-Masih); Islamic theology denies divinity, atonement, resurrection while using the same title. Must not be assumed to carry shared content. |
| 2 | High priest | ἀρχιερεύς / archiereus | gardiiɗo mawɗo sadaka | New | Critical | 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 | No crystallized Fulfulde term exists; must not default to limaamu or alfa (Islamic clerical office titles), which would map Christ’s unique heavenly office onto a familiar, repeatable human religious role. |
| 3 | Priest / priesthood | ἱερεύς, ἱερωσύνη / hiereus, hierōsynē | gardiiɗo sadaka / gardagol sadaka | New | High | 5,7,8,10 | Same collision risk as high priest, at lower intensity; requires theologian confirmation of best regional lexeme. |
| 4 | Sacrifice / offering | θυσία, προσφορά / thysia, prosphora | sadaka | New | High | 5,7,8,9,10,13 | Arabic-cognate register (sadaka/sadaqah) primarily denotes almsgiving in regional Islamic usage, risking a charitable-giving reading rather than an atoning slain-offering reading; must be explicitly distinguished from Tabaski’s commemorative (non-atoning) animal sacrifice. |
| 5 | Once for all | ἐφάπαξ / ephapax | yerugooto tan, haa pooma | New | Critical | 7,9,10 | Central to the letter’s entire argument; counters both repeatable-sacrifice ritual expectation (Tabaski) and any deeds-accumulation soteriology. Must remain lexically distinct from “once a year” (Day of Atonement) for the contrast to register. |
| 6 | Redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις / apolytrōsis | daɗndagol e sadaka | New | High | 9 | Must not collapse into dancal (generic protection, already rejected by the baseline for “salvation”); redemption specifically implies a ransom-price paid. |
| 7 | Mediator | μεσίτης / mesitēs | on hakkunde | New | Critical | 8,9,12 | Direct collision risk with marabout-mediated petition/barke intercession practice; Christ’s mediatorship must be taught as unique and requiring no human intermediary. |
| 8 | Conscience | συνείδησις / syneidēsis | annditaari ɓernde | New | High | 9,10 | Must not be rendered with bare hakkille (the Pulaaku virtue of composed wisdom/self-mastery), which would relocate a theological category (guilt cleansed by another’s blood) into a socially-earned honor-code virtue. |
| 9 | Purify (ritual) / purification of the flesh | καθαρίζω, καθαρότης / katharizō, katharotēs | laaɓinde / laaɓal | TM-adjacent (reserved sense) | High | 9,10 | Hebrews 9:13 itself contrasts this external, ritual sense with the internal cleansing of v.14, confirming the baseline’s existing reservation of laaɓɗo/laaɓal for physical/ritual purity (cf. wuḍūʾ) distinct from ceniiɗo/ceniinde. |
| 10 | Sanctify / sanctification (moral-relational) | ἁγιάζω, ἁγιασμός / hagiazō, hagiasmos | ceniinde / ceniiɗo | [TM-REUSE] | High | 2,9,10,12,13 | Reuse baseline exactly; must remain distinct from laaɓal (see #9). |
| 11 | Propitiation / mercy seat | ἱλάσκομαι, ἱλαστήριον / hilaskomai, hilastērion | sadaka yaafuyee bakkaatu / nokku yaafuyee bakkaatu | New | Critical | 2,9 | No atonement-framework counterpart exists in Islamic soteriology; must not be reduced to a human-initiated appeasement/gift-exchange resembling barke-style reciprocity. Requires theologian confirmation. |
| 12 | Forgiveness | ἄφεσις / aphesis | yaafuyee | New (standalone use) | Medium | 9,10 | Rejected by the baseline only as a substitute for “justification”; valid here as its own accurate concept for release from sin’s guilt. |
| 13 | Blood | αἷμα / haima | ƴiiƴam | New | Medium | 9,10,12,13 | Standard word but theologically loaded; Tabaski sacrificial blood is a genuine cultural bridge but is commemorative, not atoning — this distinction must be taught explicitly. |
| 14 | Covenant (relational sense) | διαθήκη / diathēkē | [TM-REUSE] alkawal; “new covenant” = alkawal kesol | TM-REUSE | High | 7,8,9,12,13 | Reuse baseline exactly. Note: 9:16–17 trades on a “will/testament” sense of the same Greek word that alkawal cannot carry; requires an explanatory gloss at that specific passage. |
| 15 | Tabernacle / tent | σκηνή / skēnē | tiggu ceniingu | New | Medium | 8,9,13 | Positive cultural bridge (Fulani pastoralist tent-dwelling) but must be taught as God’s unique dwelling-place, not an ordinary domestic tent. |
| 16 | Holy places / Holy of Holies | τὰ ἅγια, ἅγια ἁγίων / ta hagia, hagia hagiōn | nokku ceniiɗo / nokku ceniiɗo fof ɓurɗo senaade | New | High | 9,10 | Builds on [TM-REUSE] ceniiɗo; access-restriction theology must be clearly contrasted with Christ’s opened access (ch.10). |
| 17 | Veil | καταπέτασμα / katapetasma | leeso happirteeɗo | New | Medium | 9,10 | Identified with Christ’s flesh in 10:20; teach the cross-reference explicitly. |
| 18 | Angels | ἄγγελοι / angeloi | malaa’ikaaji | Shared vocabulary | High | 1,2,13 | Genuine point of contact with developed Islamic angelology; must explicitly teach Christ is worshipped BY angels, not one of their number. |
| 19 | Son (of God) | υἱός / huios | [TM-REUSE] Ɓiɗɗo Alla | TM-REUSE | Critical | 1,3,4,5,7 | Reuse baseline exactly; direct flashpoint with Tawhid doctrine and Qur’an 112. |
| 20 | Begotten | γεγέννηκα / gegennēka | (contextual phrase within Ɓiɗɗo Alla exposition) | New (contextual) | Critical | 1,5 | Must be taught as eternal generation, not physical/created begetting, directly countering Qur’an 112. |
| 21 | Radiance of glory / exact imprint | ἀπαύγασμα, χαρακτήρ / apaugasma, charaktēr | ɓeydi manaango / mbaadi timmoore Alla | New | Critical | 1 | Among the NT’s strongest deity-of-Christ statements; must not be softened. |
| 22 | Glory | δόξα / doxa | [TM-REUSE] manaango | TM-REUSE | Medium/High (context-dependent) | 1,2,3,9,13 | Reuse baseline exactly; keep distinct from teddungal (human/Pulaaku honor). |
| 23 | Worship | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | sujjude | New | High | 1 | Shared gesture-root with Islamic sujud; the theological object (Christ as worthy of worship due to God alone) is the load-bearing point requiring explicit teaching. |
| 24 | Apostle (of Christ himself) | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | [TM-REUSE] nulaaɗo | TM-REUSE | High | 3 | Reuse baseline exactly; teach that its unique application to Christ here is categorically greater than its application to human apostles elsewhere. |
| 25 | Rest | κατάπαυσις, σαββατισμός / katapausis, sabbatismos | fooyre / fooyre Aseweer | New | Medium | 3,4 | No Islamic Sabbath-equivalent (Jumu’ah differs structurally); avoid conflation. |
| 26 | Word of God | λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ / logos tou theou | Konngol Alla | New | Medium | 4 | Distinguish from the Islamic doctrine of the Qur’an as God’s uncreated eternal Speech (kalam Allah) — a parallel-sounding but doctrinally distinct category. |
| 27 | Throne of grace | θρόνος τῆς χάριτος / thronos tēs charitos | dabbunde Arjunde | New | Critical | 4 | Builds on [TM-REUSE] Arjunde; access must be explicitly grounded in unmerited grace, not merit or ritual approach — per baseline’s Critical grace doctrine. |
| 28 | Confidence / boldness | παρρησία / parrhesia | hoolaare yaawnde | New | High | 4,10 | Ties to assurance-of-salvation doctrine, contrasted with Islamic deeds-weighing uncertainty and marabout-mediated approach patterns. |
| 29 | Founder / pioneer | ἀρχηγός / archēgos | gardiiɗo kisal | New | High | 2,12 | Builds on [TM-REUSE] kisal; new descriptive compound requiring confirmation. |
| 30 | Learned obedience / perfected | ἔμαθεν, τελειωθείς / emathen, teleiōtheis | jangi ɗoftaare / timmingol | New | High | 5 | Must not imply prior moral deficiency in Christ; affirms genuine, sinless humanity. |
| 31 | Melchizedek | Μελχισέδεκ / Melchisedek | Malkisadeek | Proper noun (new) | High | 5,6,7 | Unfamiliar figure to Fulfulde readers; his priesthood without genealogy is a direct challenge to Fulani lineage-based validation categories. |
| 32 | Without genealogy | ἀγενεαλόγητος / agenealogētos | ba alaa asko baaba wonande mun | New | High | 7 | Direct collision point with Fulani culture’s deep genealogical/clan-lineage emphasis; must be taught carefully so as not to devalue lineage generally while showing Christ’s priesthood transcends the category. |
| 33 | Order (of priesthood) | τάξις / taxis | darja | New | Medium-High | 7 | Superficial resemblance to Sufi silsila (spiritual transmission chain); flag for careful theological framing, not avoidance. |
| 34 | Indestructible life | ζωὴ ἀκατάλυτος / zōē akatalytos | nguurndam ɗe ronkata maayde | New | High | 7 | Basis of Christ’s permanent priesthood; ties to resurrection doctrine. |
| 35 | Guarantor / surety | ἔγγυος / engyos | on waɗtiniiɗo tabitinde alkawal | New | Medium | 7 | Related to but distinct from “mediator” (#7); keep both terms distinguishable. |
| 36 | Write on the heart | ἐπιγράφω ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν / epigraphō epi tēn kardian | winndude sariya Alla e ɓerɗe | New | High | 8 | Explicit contrast with external, code-based religious observance; parallels the region’s strong Sharia-observance tradition and should be taught directly per baseline’s “law” entry. |
| 37 | Obsolete | παλαιόω / palaioō | ɓennuɗo | New | Medium | 8 | Marks supersession, not mere aging. |
| 38 | Copy / shadow | ὑπόδειγμα, σκιά / hypodeigma, skia | mbaadi / ɓowal | New | Medium | 8,9 | Earthly patterns pointing beyond themselves to heavenly reality. |
| 39 | Wordplay: will/covenant | διαθήκη (double sense) / diathēkē | (no single-term solution; requires gloss) | New (translation-technique flag) | High | 9 | The Greek double meaning (“covenant” and “last will/testament”) cannot be reproduced by alkawal alone; requires explanatory footnote at 9:16–17 specifically. |
| 40 | Shedding of blood | αἱματεκχυσία / haimatekchysia | soofeendi ƴiiƴam | New | High | 9 | Must be taught alongside “once for all” so readers do not infer an ongoing blood-shedding requirement beyond Christ’s single sacrifice. |
| 41 | Put away sin | ἀθέτησις ἁμαρτίας / athetēsis hamartias | ittude bakkaatu | New | Critical | 9 | Must be taught with full annulment force, not softened to a mere ritual covering, to preserve the once-for-all argument. |
| 42 | Bear the sins of many | ἀνενέγκας ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν / anenegkas hamartias pollōn | ronki bakkaatu ɓurɓe heewde | New | Critical | 9 | Substitutionary guilt-bearing has no counterpart in Islamic soteriology (Qur’an 6:164); must be taught as a direct, explicit contrast. |
| 43 | Judgment | κρίσις / krisis | ñaawoore | New | Medium | 6,9,10 | Distinguish from an Islamic deeds-weighing (mīzān) framework; Hebrews grounds confidence in Christ’s finished sacrifice. |
| 44 | Second time (Second Coming) | ἐκ δευτέρου / ek deuterou | laawol ɗimmol | New | High | 9 | Ties directly to the baseline’s Critical resurrection doctrine; historicity of the first coming must be secure before teaching the second-coming hope, given Qur’an 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion. |
| 45 | Save / salvation | σῴζω, σωτηρία / sōzō, sōtēria | [TM-REUSE] kisal | TM-REUSE | Critical | 9 and throughout | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 46 | Draw near | προσέρχομαι / proserchomai | ɓaɗtaade Alla | New | High | 10 | Must be taught as direct, unmediated access through Christ alone, distinct from any human-intermediary approach pattern. |
| 47 | Full assurance of faith | πληροφορία πίστεως / plērophoria pisteōs | tabitinoore timmoore e gomɗinal | New | High | 10 | Contrasted with deeds-weighing uncertainty; ties to assurance-of-salvation doctrine. |
| 48 | Sinning deliberately | ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνω / hekousiōs hamartanō | bakkaatu waɗaaɗo e yiɗde | New | Critical | 10 | Must be pastorally distinguished from ordinary sin to avoid inducing despair; ties to apostasy warnings. |
| 49 | Shrink back | ὑποστέλλω / hypostellō | ruttaade caggal | New | Medium | 10 | Alternative to persevering faith. |
| 50 | Live by faith | ζήσεται ἐκ πίστεώς μου / zēsetai ek pisteōs mou | (uses [TM-REUSE] gomɗinal) | TM-derived | High | 10 | Habakkuk 2:4 quotation; must match Romans’ rendering for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| 51 | Faith’s assurance/substance | ὑπόστασις / hypostasis | tabitinoore gomɗinal | New | High | 11 | Abstract philosophical Greek term with no ready Fulfulde equivalent; flag for mandatory theologian input. |
| 52 | Conviction / evidence | ἔλεγχος / elenchos | seedamaagu gomɗinal | New | High | 11 | Same abstract-vocabulary risk as #51. |
| 53 | Strangers and exiles | ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι / xenoi kai parepidēmoi | setiiɓe e koɗɓe | New | Medium | 11 | Strong cultural bridge to Fulani pastoralist transhumance identity; teach so as to affirm, not erase, legitimate Fulani/Pulaaku identity. |
| 54 | Witnesses (cloud of) | μάρτυρες / martyres | seedeeɓe | New | High | 11,12 | Collision risk with Islamic shahid (martyr, especially jihad-tradition significance to Sokoto Caliphate legacy); must be taught as a forensic/spectator metaphor, not a call to religious martyrdom. |
| 55 | Endurance / perseverance | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | munyal | New (positive bridge) | Medium-High | 6,10,12 | Strong Pulaaku cultural bridge, but must be taught as Spirit-enabled, hope-grounded perseverance (“looking to Jesus”), not autonomous stoic self-mastery. |
| 56 | Discipline | παιδεία / paideia | tuɗɗitirgol Baaba | New | Medium | 12 | Builds on [TM-REUSE] Baaba; fatherly, formative correction evidencing genuine sonship. |
| 57 | Birthright | πρωτοτόκια / prōtotokia | ndonu-arwaajo | New | Medium-High | 12 | Strong resonance with Fulani clan-based firstborn/lineage inheritance customs; ensure spiritual warning is not lost beneath the familiar cultural category. |
| 58 | Unshakable kingdom | βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος / basileia asaleutos | [TM-REUSE] laamu Alla + ŋakkitaaka | TM-derived | Medium | 12 | Reuse baseline’s kingdom term; distinguish from any historic/contemporary Islamic political state structure (Sokoto Caliphate memory). |
| 59 | Consuming fire | πῦρ καταναλίσκον / pyr katanaliskon | yiite ñaamoowu | New | Medium | 12 | Closing warning grounding reverent worship in God’s holiness. |
| 60 | Falling away / apostasy | παραπίπτω, ἀφίστημι / parapiptō, aphistēmi | artirgol caggal gomɗinal | New | Critical | 3,6,10 | MUST NOT use any cognate of Arabic murtadd (“apostate”), which carries severe historical social/legal consequences in regional Islamic-legal tradition (Sokoto Caliphate jurisprudence); a purely descriptive, non-legal phrase is required, with explicit pastoral teaching on real social costs Fulani converts face. |
| 61 | Repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | tuubuubuyee | Shared vocabulary | High | 6 | Shares Arabic root with Islamic tawba; genuine point of contact, but Islamic tawba operates within a deeds-offsetting framework distinct from Hebrews’ foundational, settled repentance. |
| 62 | Eternal judgment | κρίσις αἰωνίου / kriseōs aiōniou | ñaawoore pooma | New | High | 6 | Seriousness of the apostasy warning’s consequence. |
| 63 | Anchor of hope | ἄγκυρα / ankyra | kacamre (tent-peg equivalence proposed) | New | Medium | 6 | Maritime metaphor unfamiliar to a non-maritime pastoralist culture; a land-based equivalence (firmly driven tent-peg) is proposed for native-speaker testing. |
| 64 | Oath | ὅρκος / horkos | woondoore | New | Medium | 6 | Solemn, binding sworn declaration; double guarantee with promise. |
| 65 | Hospitality | φιλοξενία / philoxenia | jipporgol koɗɓe | New | Low | 13 | Strong positive cultural bridge to Fulani hospitality tradition (teddungal); use to reinforce the text. |
| 66 | Altar (metaphorical) | θυσιαστήριον / thysiastērion | jantirde sadaka | New | High | 13 | Must be explicitly taught as a fulfilled, metaphorical reference to Christ’s sacrifice, not license for a new physical sacrificial practice. |
| 67 | Outside the camp/gate | ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς/πύλης / exō tēs parembolēs/pylēs | caggal daaɓi | New | Medium | 13 | Natural cultural bridge (pastoralist camps); teach with sensitivity to real social costs of visible Christian identity in Fulani Muslim-majority communities. |
| 68 | Sacrifice of praise | θυσία αἰνέσεως / thysia aineseōs | sadaka yettoore | New | Medium | 13 | Builds on [TM-REUSE] yettoore; the only ongoing “sacrifice” appropriate after Christ’s once-for-all offering. |
| 69 | Great Shepherd | ποιμὴν ὁ μέγας / poimēn ho megas | gaynaako mawɗo na’i | New | Low-Medium | 13 | Exceptionally strong cultural bridge (Fulani pastoralist identity); leverage fully, retaining full pastoral-care/authority sense, not merely occupational. |
| 70 | Blood of the eternal covenant | αἷμα διαθήκης αἰωνίου / haima diathēkēs aiōniou | ƴiiƴam alkawal poomaari | New (summary phrase) | High | 13 | Closing doctrinal summary; must reuse all constituent terms exactly as fixed above. |
| 71 | Sin | ἁμαρτία / hamartia | [TM-REUSE] bakkaatu | TM-REUSE | High | throughout | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 72 | Law | νόμος / nomos | [TM-REUSE] sariya | TM-REUSE | Medium | 7,8,10 | Reuse baseline exactly; contrast with “write on the heart” (#36). |
| 73 | Faith | πίστις / pistis | [TM-REUSE] gomɗinal | TM-REUSE | High | 3,4,6,10,11,12 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 74 | Grace | χάρις / charis | [TM-REUSE] Arjunde | TM-REUSE | Critical | 2,4,10,12,13 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 75 | Holy Spirit / eternal Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον, πνεῦμα αἰώνιον / pneuma hagion, pneuma aiōnion | [TM-REUSE] Ruuhu Ceniiɗo | TM-REUSE | Critical | 2,3,6,9,10 | Reuse baseline exactly; never shortened to bare ruuhu. |
| 76 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς / Iēsous | [TM-REUSE] Yeesu | TM-REUSE | Critical | throughout | Reuse baseline exactly; never the Quranic form Iisa. |
| 77 | God | θεός / theos | [TM-REUSE] Alla | TM-REUSE | Critical | throughout | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 78 | Lord | κύριος / kyrios | [TM-REUSE] Joom | TM-REUSE | High | 1,2,13 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 79 | Father | πατήρ / patēr | [TM-REUSE] Baaba | TM-REUSE | Medium | 1,12 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 80 | Called | κλητός / κεκλημένος / klētos / keklēmenos | [TM-REUSE] noddaaɗo | TM-REUSE | Medium | 9,11 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| 81 | Inheritance | κληρονομία / klēronomia | ndonu / ndonu pooma | New | Medium | 1,6,9 | Reinforces baseline’s adoption-doctrine caution: formal legal inheritance is not a ready cultural category in Fulani clan-based kinship structures. |
| 82 | Promise | ἐπαγγελία / epaggelia | fodoore | New | Medium | 4,6,7,8,9,11 | Standard descriptive term; low ambiguity beyond consistency. |
| 83 | Better (comparative) | κρείττων / kreittōn | ɓurɗo moƴƴude / ɓurngo | New | Low-Medium | throughout | The letter’s key comparative rhetorical term (Christ “better” than angels, Moses, priests, sacrifices); ensure consistent rendering across all comparisons for rhetorical coherence. |
| 84 | Melchizedek’s names (King of righteousness/peace) | (etymological gloss within ch.7) | (gloss only, no separate rendering) | New (technique flag) | Low | 7 | Etymological wordplay on the name itself; supply as a footnote rather than attempting to embed in the proper noun. |
| 85 | Proper names: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Noah, Abel, Cain, Enoch, Sarah, Rahab, Gideon, Samson, David, Samuel | (various) | Ibrahiima, Isaaka, Yaakuuba, Muusaa, Aaruna, Nuuha, Habila, Kaayina, Enok, Saara, Raahaba, Gideyon, Samsuna, Daawuda, Samuwel | Standard transliterations | Low | 3,7,11 | Standard forms; Daawuda already [TM-REUSE] per baseline. Confirm remaining forms against existing regional Fulfulde/Pular NT translation where available. |
Risk Tier Summary (Hebrews-Specific New/Extended Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (new or extended beyond baseline) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| High | 26 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| Medium | 32 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 10 | Automated / native speaker spot-check |
Note on compounding risk factors specific to Hebrews: Beyond the three factors already documented in the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json (thin/dialect-fragmented translation tradition; deep Fulani Islamic scholarly tradition; Pulaaku identity code), Hebrews introduces a fourth compounding factor absent from Romans: a dense cultic/sacrificial-priestly vocabulary layer (priest, high priest, sacrifice, mercy seat, altar, blood, tabernacle) that has no counterpart in Romans’ more forensic-juridical vocabulary. This layer collides most sharply with (a) Islamic clerical office titles (limaamu, alfa), (b) the commemorative (non-atoning) Tabaski sacrifice tradition, and (c) marabout-mediated intercessory practice (barke). A fifth Hebrews-specific factor is the letter’s explicit apostasy/warning-passage vocabulary (chs. 3, 6, 10), which collides with the historically severe Islamic-legal murtadd (apostate) category — a risk with no parallel anywhere in the Romans package and requiring its own dedicated non-Islamic-loaded Fulfulde phrase, established above (#60).
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse (core passage) and chapter-by-chapter contextual analysis supporting every entry above.
All [TM-REUSE] entries must be cross-checked against translation_memory.json (Romans baseline) before Phase 2 processing begins; do not modify baseline entries from this document.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: Arjunde
Transliteration: arjunde
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: yurmeende (reserve for ‘mercy/compassion’ generally), barke (blessing, avoid as a substitute)
Original: χάρις
Category: Atonement
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 4:16’s ‘throne of grace’ and 12:15,28’s warnings against ‘falling short of the grace of God’ both require the same apart-from-works, non-barke fencing the baseline mandates; see new term throne_of_grace below.
Salvation
Approved rendering: kisal
Transliteration: kisal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: dancal (protection, never as a stand-alone substitute), aljanna (paradise, never as a stand-alone gloss)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 9:28 grounds final salvation explicitly in Christ’s finished sacrifice, not a deeds-weighing framework; reuse exactly, including the baseline’s caveat against aljanna.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Alla wontii neɗɗo
Transliteration: Alla wontii neɗɗo
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 2:14-18’s ‘he himself likewise partook of flesh and blood’ is this doctrine’s central Hebrews expression; must be taught with direct, careful explanation of why this is not shirk, per the baseline’s mandate, now doubly load-bearing given Hebrews’ extended incarnational argument in chapters 2 and 5.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: immorde e maayde
Transliteration: immorde e maayde
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: immorde ka maayde (dialectal variant, confirm regionally)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 13:20 (‘brought back from the dead’) and the entire indestructible-life argument of chapter 7 depend on this doctrine’s historicity being secure against Qur’an 4:157’s denial of the crucifixion; state plainly, never softened.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Ɓiɗɗo Alla
Transliteration: Ɓiɗɗo Alla
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nulaaɗo mawɗo (a great messenger, an explicit downgrade and rejected)
Original: υἱός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Foundational to Hebrews 1:2-5,8; 5:5; the Psalm 2:7 ‘begotten’ citation (see new term begotten below) directly triggers the Qur’an 112 objection and must be engaged, not avoided.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Almasiihu
Transliteration: Almasiihu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reserved in Hebrews for contexts foregrounding messianic-fulfillment argument (chs. 1, 9); paired with the new Kiristu/Almasiihu dual-use rule under the new ‘christ’ entry below.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Linjiila
Transliteration: Linjiila
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: kabaaru moƴƴo (acceptable as an explanatory gloss, ‘good news’)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 4:2 references ‘good news’ proclaimed to the wilderness generation who did not receive it in faith; reuse Linjiila with the same tahrif-recognition caution the baseline documents.
Faith
Approved rendering: gomɗinal
Transliteration: gomɗinal
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: hoolaare (trust, acceptable as a supporting synonym)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to Hebrews 11’s exposition and 10:38-39’s Habakkuk 2:4 quotation (‘the righteous shall live by faith’); must render identically to Romans’ rendering of the same OT citation for cross-curriculum consistency.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: peewal
Transliteration: peewal
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: nunɗal (fairness/justice, too civic)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used in Hebrews 11:7 (Noah, ‘heir of the righteousness that comes by faith’) and 12:11 (‘harvest of righteousness’); risk of being heard as achieved moral character rather than a faith-received status applies equally here.
Apostle
Approved rendering: nulaaɗo
Transliteration: nulaaɗo
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: rasuulu (never use; reserved in Islamic usage for Muhammad as ‘the Messenger’)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 3:1 uniquely applies this title to Christ himself; teach that this application is categorically greater than its use for human apostles elsewhere, while never using rasuulu.
Saints
Approved rendering: seniiɓe
Transliteration: seniiɓe
Doctrine: Sainthood
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant wherever Hebrews addresses the corporate people of God (e.g., 3:1’s ‘holy brothers,’ 6:10, 13:24).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ceniinde
Transliteration: ceniinde
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: laaɓal (ritual/ceremonial purification, avoid as a substitute)
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to Hebrews 2:11; 9:13; 10:10,14,29; 12:14; 13:12; must remain distinct from laaɓal per the baseline’s existing guidance, now textually reinforced by Hebrews 9:13-14’s own internal contrast.
Lord
Approved rendering: Joom
Transliteration: Joom
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Laamiiɗo (reserve for ‘ruler/king’ in political contexts; avoid as the primary term for divine Lordship)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to Christ at Hebrews 1:10; 2:3; 13:20; never default to Laamiiɗo given its Sokoto Caliphate political resonance.
Sin
Approved rendering: bakkaatu
Transliteration: bakkaatu
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: fenaande (mistake/lie, too weak)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to Hebrews’ entire sacrificial argument; see put_away_sin, bear_the_sins_of_many, and sinning_deliberately below for Hebrews-specific compounds built on this root.
Covenant
Approved rendering: alkawal
Transliteration: alkawal
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews’ central organizing category (chs. 7-9, 12-13); NOTE: Hebrews 9:16-17 trades on a second Greek sense (‘last will/testament’) that alkawal cannot carry — see diathēkē_wordplay below for the mandatory footnote requirement at that specific passage.
Providence
Approved rendering: welsindiigal Alla
Transliteration: welsindiigal Alla
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: natal (fate/al-qadar, use with caution), hasara (misfortune/chance, never use)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Hebrews 6:13-19’s God’s oath-guaranteed faithfulness and 10:23’s ‘he who promised is faithful’; distinguish from natal per baseline.
God
Approved rendering: Alla
Transliteration: Alla
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews’ recurring ‘the living God’ (3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22) should be rendered Alla Wuurɗo, emphasizing his active, personal, morally serious nature.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruuhu Ceniiɗo
Transliteration: Ruuhu Ceniiɗo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ruuhu (never use alone), jinna (never use; a jinn/spirit being)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα αἰώνιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Active in Hebrews’ warnings (3:7; 6:4; 10:15,29) and Christ’s self-offering ‘through the eternal Spirit’ (9:14); always in full.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: noddaaɗo
Transliteration: noddaaɗo
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: torraaɗo (invited, too weak)
Original: κεκλημένοι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used at Hebrews 9:15 and 11:8 for those who receive the promised inheritance through God’s summons.
Holy
Approved rendering: ceniiɗo
Transliteration: ceniiɗo
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: laaɓɗo (physically clean, reserve for ritual/physical cleanliness only)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 9:13-14 itself textually confirms the baseline’s reservation of laaɓɗo for external/ritual purity as distinct from ceniiɗo’s moral-relational sense; see purification_ritual below.
Peace
Approved rendering: jam
Transliteration: jam
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: deeƴre (calm/stillness, too passive/psychological)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 12:14 (‘Strive for peace with everyone, and for the holiness without which no one will see the Lord’) uses this term in an ethical-relational, not merely greeting-register, sense; distinguish per baseline guidance.
Church
Approved rendering: kawtal
Transliteration: kawtal
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: moosaale (mosque, never use)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Hebrews 10:24-25’s ‘do not neglect meeting together’ and 12:23’s ‘assembly of the firstborn’; must remain clearly distinct from moosaale.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: laamu Alla
Transliteration: laamu Alla
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 1:8 and 12:28 add the qualifier ‘unshakable’ (ŋakkitaaka); teach as spiritual reign distinct from any historic or contemporary Islamic political state structure, per baseline guidance now sharpened by Sokoto Caliphate memory.
Law
Approved rendering: sariya
Transliteration: sariya
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews argues the Law’s cultic-priestly provisions (7:5,12,16,19,28; 9:19,22; 10:1,8) are fulfilled and superseded, not merely supplemented; state this plainly given the region’s deep Sharia-observance tradition.
Glory
Approved rendering: manaango
Transliteration: manaango
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: teddungal (reserve for human honor/dignity in Pulaaku contexts)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 1:3’s ‘radiance of the glory’ is among the NT’s strongest deity-of-Christ statements; keep distinct from teddungal per baseline.
Prophet
Approved rendering: annabi
Transliteration: annabi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 1:1 (‘God spoke to our fathers by the prophets’) opens the letter’s entire argument; the follow-on claim that God has now spoken ‘by his Son’ must be taught as final, not merely another prophet in a sequential chain, per the region’s Quranic-prophetology risk already flagged.
Intercession
Approved rendering: torgol wonande
Transliteration: torgol wonande
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἐντυγχάνω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Hebrews 7:25 (‘he always lives to make intercession for them’); keep distinct from salaa and from any marabout-mediated petitionary practice.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Yeesu
Transliteration: Yeesu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Iisa (the Quranic Arabic form, reserve only for explicit interfaith-dialogue contexts)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used throughout Hebrews; never the Quranic form Iisa in doctrinal exposition.
Father
Approved rendering: Baaba
Transliteration: Baaba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Hebrews 1:5; 12:7,9’s discipline-and-sonship argument; see new term discipline below.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not directly quoted in Hebrews but retained in memory for consistency with the Baaba/Father theme continued into Hebrews 12.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: yettoore
Transliteration: yettoore
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Builds the compound sadaka yettoore (‘sacrifice of praise,’ Heb 13:15); see new term sacrifice_of_praise below.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: diisnondiral
Transliteration: diisnondiral
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant to Hebrews 13:16’s ‘do not neglect to do good and to share what you have.‘
David
Approved rendering: Daawuda
Transliteration: Daawuda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Named at Hebrews 4:7 and 11:32 among the exemplars of faith.
Exhort
Approved rendering: wallitde
Transliteration: wallitde
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Hebrews 3:13 (‘exhort one another every day’) and 10:25 (‘encouraging one another’).