Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English → Sanskrit)
PRD Phase 1, Step 1 — Companion Glossary to 07_semantic_analysis.md
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified across Galatians 1–6, in the order introduced. Terms marked [REUSED] carry the Romans baseline translation_memory.json rendering exactly, unchanged, per the hard rule that established term renderings must be reused. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed additions for Phase 2 translation memory and require the review routing indicated.
Risk tiers follow doctrine_risk_registry.json’s definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review at every occurrence.
- High — significant syncretism risk via collision with a named, textually-sourced classical philosophical doctrine; human theologian review.
- Medium — reduces clarity but preserves core meaning; Sanskrit-philosophically-literate scholar review.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
Part 1 — Reused Terms (Romans Baseline, No Change Permitted)
| # | English Term | Sanskrit | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Galatians Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | gospel | सुसमाचारः | susamācāraḥ | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6,7,8,9,11; 2:2,5,7,14; 4:13 |
| 2 | grace | अनुग्रहः | anugrahaḥ | High | Law and Grace | 1:3,6,15; 2:9,21; 5:4; 6:18 |
| 3 | faith | विश्वासः | viśvāsaḥ | High | Justification by Faith | 1:23; 2:16(x3),20; 3:2,5,7-9,11-14,22-26; 5:5-6,22; 6:10 |
| 4 | righteousness | धार्मिकता | dhārmikatā | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5 |
| 5 | justification | धर्मीति निर्णयः | dharmīti nirṇayaḥ | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:16(x3),17; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 |
| 6 | law | विधिः | vidhiḥ | High | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | throughout chs. 2-6 |
| 7 | apostle | प्रेषितः | preṣitaḥ | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:1,17,19 |
| 8 | called / calling | आहूतः / आह्वानम् | āhūtaḥ / āhvānam | High | Divine Calling | 1:6,15; 5:8,13 |
| 9 | church | मण्डली | maṇḍalī | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1:2,13,22 |
| 10 | holy spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | pavitra ātmā | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit | 3:2,3,5,14; 4:6,29; 5:5,16-18,22,25; 6:1,8 |
| 11 | god | सर्वेश्वरः | sarveśvaraḥ | Critical | (all doctrines) | throughout |
| 12 | lord | प्रभुः | prabhuḥ | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3,19; 6:14,18 |
| 13 | son of God | परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः | parameśvarasya putraḥ | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 2:20; 4:4 |
| 14 | father | पिता | pitā | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6 |
| 15 | abba | अब्बा | abbā | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:6 |
| 16 | adoption | पुत्रत्वेन स्वीकरणम् | putratvena svīkaraṇam | High | Adoption and Sonship | 4:5 |
| 17 | incarnation (theological name for “born of woman/flesh”) | देहधारणम् | dehadhāraṇam | Critical | Adoption and Sonship (background); Humanity of Christ | 4:4 |
| 18 | gentiles | अन्यजातीयाः | anyajātīyāḥ | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1:16; 2:2,3,8,9,12,14-15; 3:8,14 |
| 19 | sin | पापम् | pāpam | High | Justification by Faith | 1:4; 2:15,17; 3:22 |
| 20 | Abraham | अब्राहामः | Abrāhāmaḥ | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:6-9,14,16,18,29; 4:22 |
| 21 | David / Israel / Jesus | (established forms) | — | Medium/Critical | — | proper names, referenced pattern |
| 22 | jesus | यीशुः | yīśuḥ | Critical | (all doctrines) | throughout |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced by Galatians
| # | English Term | Sanskrit | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Grounded Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | another/different gospel | अन्यः सुसमाचारः | anyaḥ susamācāraḥ | Critical | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | — | Collides with mārga-pluralism (Bhagavad Gītā chs. 9-12: bhakti-, jñāna-, karma-mārga as parallel valid paths) and iṣṭa-devatā (freely chosen personal deity); Paul asserts categorical exclusivity, not one more option among several. |
| 24 | accursed / anathema | शप्तः | śaptaḥ | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | अभिशप्तः | Puranic śāpa narratives (e.g. Śakuntalā/Durvāsas) treat curses as reversible plot-devices; Paul’s ἀνάθεμα is a final, non-narrative divine verdict on a message. |
| 25 | revelation | प्रकाशनम् | prakāśanam | High | Paul’s Apostleship; Inspiration of Scripture | उद्घाटनम् | Must be distinguished from the Vedic ṛṣi’s timeless “seeing” (dṛś) of the eternal, uncreated (apauruṣeya) Veda; Paul’s revelation is personal, historically situated, once-for-all. |
| 26 | tradition(s) (of the fathers) | पैतृकी परम्परा | paitṛkī paramparā | High | Paul’s Apostleship | — | परम्परा is the precise technical term for guru-śiṣya lineage transmission of authoritative teaching; here used ironically for the human tradition Paul’s direct revelation supersedes — requires a note against over-generalizing to reject all teaching-transmission. |
| 27 | freedom / free | स्वतन्त्रता / स्वतन्त्रः | svatantratā / svatantraḥ | Critical | Freedom in Christ | (मुक्तिः, मोक्षः — FORBIDDEN, per Romans TM salvation entry) | Sits immediately adjacent to the forbidden मोक्षः/मुक्तिः family; must never be read as liberation-from-saṃsāra via jñāna-/bhakti-/karma-mārga. Names deliverance from law’s condemnation and sin’s dominion, for use in loving service. |
| 28 | slavery / slave / bondage | दासत्वम् / दासः | dāsatvam / dāsaḥ | High | Law and Grace; Adoption and Sonship | — | Must be distinguished from Sāṃkhya/Yoga’s bandha (metaphysical bondage of puruṣa to prakṛti through avidya, resolved by jñāna) — biblical slavery is legal/relational bondage under law and sin, resolved by adoption, not by liberating knowledge. |
| 29 | circumcision / uncircumcision | त्वक्च्छेदः / अत्वक्च्छेदः | tvakchedaḥ / atvakchedaḥ | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | Plain descriptive compound; note its functional parallel to upanayana (sacred-thread investiture) as a birth/rite-based status marker, which Paul’s argument relativizes. |
| 30 | works of the law | विधेः कर्माणि | vidheḥ karmāṇi | Critical | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | — | कर्मन् is the operative term of the entire Mīmāṃsā karma-and-automatic-result (karmaphala) framework; risks reducing Paul’s unique argument to an existing internal Hindu mārga-debate. Mandatory redefinition every occurrence. |
| 31 | curse (of the law) | शापः | śāpaḥ | High | The Law’s Purpose | — | Distinguish covenantal-legal curse (Deuteronomy 27-28, binding until borne by a substitute) from Puranic śāpa’s narrative reversibility/counter-boon logic. |
| 32 | promise | प्रतिज्ञा | pratijñā | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | व्रतम् | प्रतिज्ञा’s Nyāya-logical sense (thesis-statement of a syllogism) must not overshadow God’s sovereign unilateral pledge; व्रतम् rejected because it reverses direction (a devotee’s vow toward a deity, not God’s pledge to a person). |
| 33 | seed / offspring (of Abraham) | वंशः | vaṃśaḥ | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Shares the collective-singular grammatical character already used in Romans TM’s “seed_of_david” (वंशात्); must preserve Paul’s singular/plural exegetical argument (Gal 3:16) without pluralizing. |
| 34 | inheritance | उत्तराधिकारः | uttarādhikāraḥ | High | Adoption and Sonship | — | See “heir” below; paired term. |
| 35 | heir | उत्तराधिकारी | uttarādhikārī | High | Adoption and Sonship | — | Risk of confusion with adhikāra (Mīmāṃsā ritual-eligibility/qualification category, restricted by varṇa/gender/life-stage); this is full familial inheritance-right via adoption, not ritual qualification. |
| 36 | guardian / tutor (paidagōgos) | अनुशासकः | anuśāsakaḥ | High | The Law’s Purpose | गुरुः (rejected) | Never गुरुः: a guru’s authority is permanent and content-transmitting within a paramparā; the paidagōgos’s authority is explicitly temporary and custodial, ending at the son’s maturity (Gal 3:25). |
| 37 | clothed with Christ | ख्रीष्टेन आच्छादितः | khrīṣṭena ācchāditaḥ | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | — | Baptismal-union garment metaphor; distinguish from yajñopavīta (sacred-thread) status-investiture, since Paul’s point is the dissolution of such status-markers. |
| 38 | Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male and female (unity formula) | (compound of reused + new terms) | — | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | — | Directly confronts varṇāśrama-dharma’s premise that ritual/spiritual standing is graded by birth-status; must not be softened. |
| 39 | Greek (ethnicity) | यवनः | yavanaḥ | Low | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | — | Old, doctrinally neutral Sanskrit ethnonym (attested since Pāṇini); no collision risk. |
| 40 | elemental spirits / elemental principles of the world | जगतः तत्त्वानि | jagataḥ tattvāni | CRITICAL | The Law’s Purpose (background); Freedom in Christ | जगतः भूतानि | तत्त्व is Sāṃkhya’s technical term for its enumerated cosmological categories (23-25 tattvas from mūla-prakṛti to gross elements); भूत names the five gross elements (pañca-mahābhūta). Both risk misreading Paul’s rudimentary/enslaving religious-principles sense as an endorsement or description of an actual classical cosmology. Mandatory note every occurrence. |
| 41 | fullness of time | कालस्य पूर्णता | kālasya pūrṇatā | Medium-High | Adoption and Sonship (background); Incarnation | — | Distinguish linear, unrepeatable redemptive-historical timing from Puranic cyclical yuga-scheme within which avatāras periodically appear (Bhagavad Gītā 4.7-8; same distinction already mandated for देहधारणम् in Romans TM). |
| 42 | allegory | रूपकम् | rūpakam | Low-Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (Hagar/Sarah) | — | Standard Sanskrit poetics (alaṃkāra-śāstra) term for figure of speech; note Paul adds typological meaning without denying the narrative’s historicity. |
| 43 | Jerusalem above | ऊर्ध्वस्था यरूशालम् | ūrdhvasthā yarūśālam | Medium | Freedom in Christ (background) | — | Distinguish from svarga/Brahmaloka’s generic heavenly-abode concept; this is the eschatological, free, covenant-community “mother.” |
| 44 | yoke of slavery | दासत्वस्य युगम् | dāsatvasya yugam | High | Freedom in Christ | — | Guard against confusion with युग (cosmological “age/era” homonym-adjacent root) via context/gloss. |
| 45 | love (agapē) | प्रेम | prema | High | Faith Working through Love | स्नेह, अनुरागः | प्रेम is the systematized Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava bhakti-rasa term for the highest devotional love for Kṛṣṇa (Rūpa Gosvāmī’s rasa taxonomy); biblical ἀγάπη is a commanded, universal, others-oriented love for neighbor and enemy, not a hierarchically cultivated aesthetic-devotional emotion for a chosen deity. |
| 46 | faith working through love | प्रेम्णा सक्रियः विश्वासः | premṇā sakriyaḥ viśvāsaḥ | High | Faith Working through Love | — | Neither mere intellectual assent (risking jñāna-assimilation) nor an independent bhakti-path; a single reality — trust in Christ organically issuing in self-giving love. |
| 47 | flesh | शरीरम् | śarīram | CRITICAL | Flesh versus Spirit | मांसम्, देहः (as sole term) | Highest-stakes new term in this package. Must not collapse into Sāṃkhya’s puruṣa/prakṛti dualism or Advaita’s ātman/deha distinction. Names an ethical-moral disposition (the old, self-oriented nature), not a metaphysical-substance category; the body itself is not taught to be evil. Escalate every occurrence to human theologian review. |
| 48 | desires of the flesh | शरीरस्य इच्छाः | śarīrasya icchāḥ | High | Flesh versus Spirit | वासना (rejected), काम (rejected) | वासना carries specific Yoga/Buddhist karmic-latent-impression baggage; काम is a positive puruṣārtha (legitimate life-goal) in dharmaśāstra, misrepresenting Paul’s negative sense. |
| 49 | works of the flesh | शरीरस्य कर्माणि | śarīrasya karmāṇi | CRITICAL | Flesh versus Spirit | — | Compounds the शरीरम् risk with the कर्मन्/karma risk; deliberately contrasted by Paul with the singular organic “fruit” of the Spirit — preserve this rhetorical structure without assimilating to a karma/grace-fruit binary already native to Hindu thought. |
| 50 | fruit of the Spirit | पवित्रस्य आत्मनः फलम् | pavitrasya ātmanaḥ phalam | CRITICAL | Fruit of the Spirit | — | Stacks the baseline’s maximal ātman-Brahman collision risk (आत्मा) with फल’s karmaphala (automatic causal result) risk. Must never be read as the ātman’s self-aware fruition nor as the automatic result of the believer’s own prior action; it is organic, freely-given evidence of the distinct, indwelling Holy Spirit’s life. Heaviest annotation burden in this package; escalate every occurrence. |
| 51 | bear one another’s burdens | परस्परं भाराणि वहत | parasparaṃ bhārāṇi vahata | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Preserve distinct term from “one’s own load” (below); Paul uses two different Greek nouns deliberately. |
| 52 | one’s own load | स्वकीयः भारः | svakīyaḥ bhāraḥ | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Paired contrast term with #51; do not collapse both to the same Sanskrit noun. |
| 53 | law of Christ | ख्रीष्टस्य विधिः | khrīṣṭasya vidhiḥ | Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace | — | Reframes विधिः’s referent (Christ’s love-command, fulfilled through the Spirit) distinct from the Mosaic law it is elsewhere contrasted with throughout Galatians; note required given विधिः’s dominant prior usage. |
| 54 | sowing and reaping | वपनम् / कर्तनम् | vapanam / kartanam | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens (context); The Law’s Purpose (context) | — | Close surface resemblance to popular karma-proverb (“as you sow, so shall you reap”); must retain the passage’s explicit personal-God framework (“God is not mocked”) against an impersonal-karmaphala reading. |
| 55 | new creation | नवीना सृष्टिः | navīnā sṛṣṭiḥ | CRITICAL | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | सृष्टि invokes Śaiva pañcakṛtya cyclical creation-dissolution cosmology and Advaita’s provisional-reality (māyā) doctrine of creation; Paul’s “new creation” is a real, decisive, non-cyclical transformation of identity/status in Christ. Escalate every occurrence. |
| 56 | boast / glory in (the cross) | श्लाघा | ślāghā | Medium | (supporting; Crucified with Christ context) | — | Primarily an honor-shame cultural dynamic, not a specific philosophical-school collision; flag for native-speaker/scholar review per baseline’s cultural-metaphor category. |
| 57 | marks of Jesus | यीशोः चिह्नानि | yīśoḥ cihnāni | Low | (supporting; Paul’s Apostleship context) | — | Plain descriptive vocabulary; slave-brand imagery. |
| 58 | cross / crucify(-ied) | क्रूशः / क्रूशितः | krūśaḥ / krūśitaḥ | High | Crucified with Christ | शूली (rejected), वधस्तम्भः (rejected) | शूली risks Śaiva triśūla-adjacent iconographic association; वधस्तम्भः is excessively generic. क्रूशः follows established Christian Sanskrit loan-adaptation precedent, paralleling ख्रीष्टः. |
| 59 | crucified with Christ | ख्रीष्टेन सह क्रूशितः | khrīṣṭena saha krūśitaḥ | CRITICAL | Crucified with Christ | — | Must be distinguished from self-achieved ego-dissolution sought through jñāna-yoga/Advaita sādhana (ahaṃkāra-nāśa, nirvikalpa samādhi); this is a given, Christ-accomplished, faith-appropriated union with a historical event, not a meditatively attained state. |
| 60 | transgressor | अपराधी | aparādhī | Low-Medium | Justification by Faith (context) | — | Guard against collapse into dharmaśāstra’s graded caste/ritual-duty offense category (with prescribed prāyaścitta); this is a violator of God’s revealed command generally. |
| 61 | hypocrisy | कपटम् | kapaṭam | Low | (supporting; True Gospel context) | — | Plain moral vocabulary; no collision. |
| 62 | false brothers | मिथ्याभ्रातरः | mithyābhrātaraḥ | Low-Medium | Freedom in Christ (context) | — | Transparent compound; no darśana-specific collision. |
| 63 | truth of the gospel | सुसमाचारस्य सत्यम् | susamācārasya satyam | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | — | सत्यम् carries latent Taittirīya Upaniṣad Brahman-definition weight (“satyaṃ jñānam anantaṃ brahma”) and Yoga Sūtra yama-status; mitigated by सुसमाचारः’s established historical-proclamation sense. |
| 64 | bewitched / deluded | विमोहितः | vimohitaḥ | Medium | (supporting; Galatians 3:1 rhetorical question) | — | मोह carries Gītā-adjacent delusion connotations (tamas-guṇa effect); used broadly enough in ordinary Sanskrit to remain manageable with light gloss. |
| 65 | nullify / render void (grace) | व्यर्थीकरोमि | vyarthīkaromi | Low-Medium | Law and Grace | — | Ordinary negation-of-efficacy vocabulary; paired with अनुग्रहः [REUSED]. |
| 66 | in vain | वृथा | vṛthā | Low | Justification by Faith (context) | — | Plain adverb; doctrinal weight carried by surrounding fixed terms (धार्मिकता, विधिः), not by वृथा itself. |
| 67 | under the law | विधेः अधीनः | vidheḥ adhīnaḥ | Medium | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | — | Straightforward genitive-subjection construction using fixed विधिः [REUSED]; no independent new risk. |
| 68 | Hagar, Sarah, Ishmael, Isaac (proper names) | हागर्, सारा, इष्माएलः, इसहाक् | Hāgar, Sārā, Iṣmāelaḥ, Isahāk | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Proper names, transliterated per established Christian Sanskrit convention; theological weight carried by the surrounding covenant/promise/slave-son-free-son argument, not the names themselves. |
| 69 | Cephas/Peter, Barnabas, Titus, James (proper names) | कैफाः/पितरः, बर्णबाः, तीतः, याकूबः | Kaiphāḥ/Pitaraḥ, Barṇabāḥ, Tītaḥ, Yākūbaḥ | Low | Paul’s Apostleship (narrative context) | — | Proper names; consistent transliteration required across documents. |
| 70 | Jerusalem, Antioch, Sinai, Arabia, Judea, Damascus (place names) | यरूशालम्, आन्तियाखिया, सीनयपर्वतः, अरबदेशः, यहूदादेशः, दमिष्कः | (transliterated) | Low | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Paul’s Apostleship (narrative context) | — | Proper place names; consistency required across documents per citation conventions. |
Risk Summary for Galatians New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms, Part 2) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 10 | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 15 | Sanskrit-philosophically-literate scholar |
| Low | 12 | Automated review |
| Low-Medium (borderline, treated as Medium routing) | 5 | Sanskrit-philosophically-literate scholar |
Total new terms requiring human theologian review (Critical + High): 30 Total requiring Sanskrit-scholar review (Medium): 20 Total automated-only (Low): 12
Cross-Document Consistency Requirements
Per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md’s theological consistency rules, the following Galatians-specific renderings must be identical across every Phase 2 document once fixed in Phase 2 translation memory:
- Galatians 2:16 (“justified by faith, not works of the law”) — thesis-adjacent to Romans 1:16-17 in consistency priority.
- Galatians 2:20 (“crucified with Christ… I live by faith in the Son of God”) — core passage anchor verse; identical rendering required everywhere it is cited.
- Galatians 3:28 (unity formula) — must never be qualified toward a varṇa-based reading in any document.
- Galatians 5:22-23 (fruit of the Spirit list) — the nine-fold list rendering must be fixed once and reused identically in every subsequent reference.
- Galatians 6:15 (new creation) — must carry its mandatory distinguishing note every time, without exception, per the Critical-risk escalation rule.
This glossary is a companion to analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md and must be loaded together with the baseline Romans translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 Galatians translation work begins. New terms listed here are proposed for formal addition to translation memory in Phase 2 per the “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions” in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्मः, न्यायः, पुण्यम्
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] CRITICAL AND UNAVOIDABLE: धार्मिकता is built directly on धर्म, the organizing category of the four puruṣārthas and of Mīmāṃsā/dharmaśāstra literature. न्यायः is the proper name of an entire darśana. Mandatory explicit redefinition at every occurrence. Galatians 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5.
Justification
Approved rendering: धर्मीति निर्णयः
Transliteration: dharmīti nirṇayaḥ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: क्षमा, पुण्यार्जनम्
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] निर्णयः is borrowed from Mīmāṃsā/Nyāya argumentative method (pūrvapakṣa → uttarapakṣa → siddhānta), giving ‘justification’ genuine forensic weight. Galatians 2:16 (×3), 2:17, 3:8, 3:11, 3:24, 5:4 form the letter’s densest concentration of this term outside Romans; retain निर्णयः’s forensic-conclusion framing throughout.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मन्, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] THE SINGLE HIGHEST-STAKES TERM IN THE BASELINE: आत्मन् is the central category of Vedāntic metaphysics (mahāvākyas: tat tvam asi, ayam ātmā brahma, ahaṃ brahmāsmi). Never let this be heard as the reader’s own true universal Self. Galatians’ Flesh-versus-Spirit doctrine intensifies this risk maximally by placing पवित्र आत्मा in direct, sustained antithesis to शरीरम् throughout chapter 5 (and at 3:3, 4:29, 6:8). Mandatory personhood note at every occurrence, escalated across all of Galatians 5:16-25 individually, verse by verse.
God
Approved rendering: सर्वेश्वरः
Transliteration: sarveśvaraḥ
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, ब्रह्मन्, भगवान्, देवः
Original: θεός
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Follows Roberto de Nobili’s precedent, choosing ‘Lord of all’ over Deva (one deity among many), Bhagavān (any iṣṭa-devatā’s honorific), or Brahman (impersonal Absolute).
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभुः
Transliteration: prabhuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, स्वामी
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Avoids ईश्वरः’s Advaita-subordination-to-māyā liability (Īśvara as saguṇa Brahman, superseded by nirguṇa Brahman). Galatians 1:3, 1:19, 6:14, 6:18 — consistent through to the letter’s final verse.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः
Transliteration: parameśvarasya putraḥ
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरांशः, देवपुरुषः
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Never अंशः-style partial-portion language associated with avatāra theory. Galatians 2:20 (core passage) and 4:4-6, where Christ’s unique Sonship is linked to believers’ derivative adoptive sonship; care required that the two not blur.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, प्रजापतिः
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Never ब्रह्मा (Purāṇic creator of the trimūrti) or प्रजापतिः (Vedic creator-figure). Galatians 1:1,1:3,1:4; 4:2,4:6.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारणम्
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇam
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतारः
Original: γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός / ἐν σαρκί
Category: Christology
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] CRITICAL: NEVER अवतारः. Must cite or reference Bhagavad Gītā 4.7-8 at every occurrence. Galatians 4:4 ‘born of woman… at the fullness of time’ co-occurs with the new term ‘fullness of time’ (कालस्य पूर्णता), which independently requires the same Gītā 4.7-8 contrast note — both notes must be present, not merely one.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशुः
Transliteration: yīśuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Follows the Serampore Sanskrit New Testament (1808) precedent.
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: अन्यः सुसमाचारः
Transliteration: anyaḥ susamācāraḥ
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον / ἄλλο
Category: Gospel
Galatians 1:6-9. Collides with Bhagavad Gītā 9-12’s mārga-pluralism (bhakti-/jñāna-/karma-mārga as parallel valid paths) and the iṣṭa-devatā principle of a freely chosen personal deity as one legitimate option among several. Mandatory note every occurrence: Paul denies there IS a legitimate second option; this is categorical exclusivity, not one more sectarian claim within an expected pluralistic landscape.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: विधेः कर्माणि
Transliteration: vidheḥ karmāṇi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:16 (×3), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10. कर्मन् is the operative technical term of the entire Mīmāṃsā karma/karmaphala framework: prescribed action that automatically yields its own result, independent of a personal Deity’s forensic verdict. Mandatory translator note at every occurrence distinguishing this from an internal Hindu karma-mārga vs. jñāna-/bhakti-mārga debate — Paul’s target is reliance on Torah-compliance as ground of standing before God, not action-in-general.
Elemental Spirits Of The World
Approved rendering: जगतः तत्त्वानि
Transliteration: jagataḥ tattvāni
Doctrine: Slavery to the Elemental Spirits of the World
Rejected alternatives: जगतः भूतानि
Original: τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Covenant
Galatians 4:3,4:9. तत्त्व is Sāṃkhya’s technical term for its enumerated 23-25 cosmological categories unfolding from mūla-prakṛti; भूत names the five gross elements (pañca-mahābhūta) shared across Sāṃkhya, Vaiśeṣika, and Āyurveda. Either choice risks a reader hearing this as an actual claim about, or endorsement of, that classical cosmology. Mandatory note at EVERY occurrence: this names rudimentary, enslaving religious principles in general — encompassing both former Torah-observance and former pagan idol-worship (4:8-9) — and is emphatically not a reference to or endorsement of any classical cosmological enumeration.
Freedom In Christ
Approved rendering: स्वतन्त्रता
Transliteration: svatantratā
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: मुक्तिः, मोक्षः
Original: ἐλευθερία / ἐλεύθερος
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:4; 5:1,13. FORBIDDEN: मुक्तिः/मोक्षः/निर्वाणम् per the baseline salvation entry. Sits immediately adjacent, semantically and in reader-expectation, to that forbidden family. Mandatory note every occurrence: not liberation-from-saṃsāra via jñāna-/bhakti-/karma-mārga, but deliverance from the law’s condemning power and sin’s dominion, given by Christ, for use in loving service (5:13) — a freedom FOR something (service), not merely a self-terminating release FROM embodied existence.
New Creation
Approved rendering: नवीना सृष्टिः
Transliteration: navīnā sṛṣṭiḥ
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
Galatians 6:15, the doctrine’s climactic statement. सृष्टि invokes Śiva’s cyclical pañcakṛtya (sṛṣṭi-sthiti-saṃhāra-tirobhāva-anugraha) and Brahmā’s periodic kalpa-creation destined for pralaya, and intersects with Advaita’s teaching that phenomenal creation is only provisionally real (vyāvahārika māyā). MANDATORY note at every occurrence, without exception: Paul’s ‘new creation’ is a real, decisive, non-cyclical transformation of identity/status in Christ, replacing external status-markers entirely, not a phase within a cosmic cycle or a merely provisional reality. Escalate to human theologian review every time.
Flesh
Approved rendering: शरीरम्
Transliteration: śarīram
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: मांसम्, देहः (as sole term)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 3:3; 4:23,29; 5:13,16-21,24; 6:8. The single highest-stakes new lexical decision in the Galatians extension, on par with the baseline’s Holy Spirit treatment. Must not collapse into Sāṃkhya’s puruṣa/prakṛti dualism or Advaita’s ātman/deha distinction (the ever-pure Self merely superimposed upon by an illusory or provisionally-real body). Names an ethical-relational disposition of the whole fallen person, not a metaphysical-substance category; the body itself is never taught to be intrinsically evil. Resolution is through the Spirit’s power appropriated by faith and reckoning the flesh crucified with Christ (5:24), never jñāna or yogic restraint of prakṛti. ESCALATE EVERY OCCURRENCE in Galatians 5:16-25 individually to human theologian review, not merely as a chapter unit.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: शरीरस्य कर्माणि
Transliteration: śarīrasya karmāṇi
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:19-21. Compounds the शरीरम् risk with the कर्मन्/karma risk already flagged Critical for ‘works of the law.’ Deliberately contrasted by Paul with the singular organic ‘fruit’ of the Spirit (5:22-23). Mandatory note preserving Paul’s real contrast — fruit generated by a sin-dominated disposition versus fruit generated by the Spirit’s indwelling life — without assimilating to an existing Hindu karma/effortless-fruition binary.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्रस्य आत्मनः फलम्
Transliteration: pavitrasya ātmanaḥ phalam
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:22-23 (nine-fold list: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control). Stacks two independently Critical baseline risks: आत्मनः triggers the full ātman-Brahman mahāvākya collision (never the believer’s own universal Self ripening); फलम् shares its root with कर्मफलम् (karmaphala), the impersonal automatic causal result of ritual/moral action. This is organic, freely-given evidence of the Spirit’s distinct indwelling life, never the believer’s own achievement or Self-realization. HEAVIEST ANNOTATION BURDEN IN THIS PACKAGE; escalate every occurrence to human theologian review without exception. The nine-fold list rendering, once fixed in Phase 2, must be reused identically at every subsequent reference across all documents.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टेन सह क्रूशितः
Transliteration: khrīṣṭena saha krūśitaḥ
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology
Galatians 2:20 (core-passage anchor verse); cf. 6:14. Must be distinguished from self-achieved dissolution of the ego sought through jñāna-yoga or Advaita sādhana — ahaṃkāra-nāśa (‘destruction of the ego-sense’ through discriminative knowledge) or nirvikalpa samādhi’s collapse of subject-object distinction. Paul’s crucifixion-with-Christ is a given, Christ-accomplished, faith-appropriated identification with a historical event, never a meditatively attained state. Flag every occurrence for human theologian review; must render identically wherever cited in future documents.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचारः
Transliteration: susamācāraḥ
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: शुभवार्ता
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Follows the precedent of William Carey’s 1808 Serampore Sanskrit New Testament, which coined this compound (su- ‘good’ + samācāra ‘report/conduct-account’) rather than borrowing a term already tied to a specific school. शुभ (‘auspicious’) carries astrological/ritual-timing connotations (śubha muhūrta) that would misdirect toward a favorable-omen reading rather than a proclaimed historical message. In Galatians this term is placed in immediate tension with ‘another gospel’ (1:6-9); see that entry for this letter’s sharpest new risk.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रहः
Transliteration: anugrahaḥ
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, प्रसादः, पुण्यम्
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] प्रसादः is explicitly rejected because in Sanskrit it names a concrete ritual category: food or an object offered to a deity and returned to the worshipper as a sanctified gift (prasādam), a transactional cultic exchange, not unmerited relational favor. पुण्यम् is accumulated merit within the karma system. अनुग्रहः is the least ritually-encumbered available term. Galatians’ law/grace antithesis (2:21; 5:4) is sharper than anywhere in Romans and must retain the contrast against both karmaphala and prasāda’s structure.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासः
Transliteration: viśvāsaḥ
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्तिः
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] श्रद्धा is rejected because Bhagavad Gita 17 analyzes śraddhā as threefold (sāttvikī/rājasī/tāmasī) by guṇa — an incompatible psychological-metaphysical doctrine. भक्तिः names an entire soteriological path (bhakti-mārga), not general trust. Galatians 2:16’s πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ is grammatically ambiguous (objective/subjective genitive); render with Christ as explicit recoverable object in either case.
Law
Approved rendering: विधिः
Transliteration: vidhiḥ
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्मः, धर्मशास्त्रम्
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] विधिः is deliberately chosen from Pūrva Mīmāṃsā, a positive scriptural injunction. Occurs throughout Galatians 2-6 as the letter’s central contrast term with grace/faith; retains its established precision.
Called
Approved rendering: आहूतः
Transliteration: āhūtaḥ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: निमन्त्रितः
Original: κλητός / καλέσας
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Drawn from Vedic āhvāna (ritual invocation of a deity), deliberately reversed: God summoning the human. Galatians uses this in at least three senses (1:1 apostleship, 1:6/1:15 salvation-calling, 5:8/5:13 freedom-calling); check context each time.
Calling
Approved rendering: आह्वानम्
Transliteration: āhvānam
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: निमन्त्रणम्
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Shares its root with ‘called’; its ordinary Vedic sense is a human ritual act toward a deity, so its use for God’s initiative should be flagged at first occurrence in each new document.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ
Category: God
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Aramaic term of filial intimacy retained as transliteration. Galatians 4:6 ‘Abba! Father!’ must render identically to Romans 8:15 per the cross-document consistency rule.
Adoption
Approved rendering: पुत्रत्वेन स्वीकरणम्
Transliteration: putratvena svīkaraṇam
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: दत्तकग्रहणम्
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] दत्तकग्रहणम् is available but names dharmaśāstra’s dattaka partial-inheritance-share adoption, incompatible with full heirship. Galatians 4 develops this doctrine more fully than Romans via the Hagar/Sarah slave-son/free-son contrast; see ‘heir’ and ‘inheritance’ below.
Sin
Approved rendering: पापम्
Transliteration: pāpam
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्मः
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Galatians 3:22’s ‘Scripture imprisoned everything under sin’ must be read as universal accountability before a personal Judge, resolved by faith, not impersonal karma-bondage or ritual prāyaścitta. Galatians 1:4; 2:15,17; 3:22.
Anathema
Approved rendering: शप्तः
Transliteration: śaptaḥ
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: अभिशप्तः
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
Galatians 1:8-9 (twice, for emphasis). Puranic śāpa narratives (e.g. Śakuntalā/Durvāsas) treat curses as reversible plot devices resolvable by propitiation or counter-boon. Paul’s ἀνάθεμα is a final, non-narrative, eschatological divine verdict on a message. Mandatory distinguishing note.
Revelation
Approved rendering: प्रकाशनम्
Transliteration: prakāśanam
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: उद्घाटनम्
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Scripture
Galatians 1:12,1:16. Must be sharply distinguished from the Vedic ṛṣi’s timeless ‘seeing’ (√dṛś) of the eternal, uncreated (apauruṣeya) Veda. Paul’s revelation is a personal act of a personal God to a specific historical individual at a specific point in time. Reuse the Romans registry’s ‘inspiration_of_scripture’ doctrine note in full.
Tradition Of The Fathers
Approved rendering: पैतृकी परम्परा
Transliteration: paitṛkī paramparā
Doctrine: Tradition of Men versus Divine Revelation
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:14. परम्परा is the precise technical term for guru-śiṣya-paramparā, the lineage-based transmission grounding legitimacy in nearly every classical darśana. Used here ironically for the merely-human tradition Paul’s revelation-based apostleship supersedes; requires a note so this is not misread as a wholesale rejection of all teaching-transmission, including apostolic doctrine’s own later transmission through the church.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: शापः
Transliteration: śāpaḥ
Doctrine: The Curse of the Law
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:10, 3:13 (×2). Distinguish this Deuteronomy 27-28-rooted covenantal-legal curse (binding until formally borne by a substitute) from Puranic śāpa’s typically reversible, propitiation-resolved narrative logic. Christ ‘becoming a curse for us’ (3:13) requires a note that this is substitutionary bearing of a binding legal verdict, not a mythological plot resolution.
Promise
Approved rendering: प्रतिज्ञा
Transliteration: pratijñā
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: व्रतम्
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:14,16-18,21-22,29. प्रतिज्ञा’s Nyāya-logical sense (the thesis-statement of the five-membered pañcāvayava-vākya syllogism, awaiting proof) must not overshadow God’s own sovereign, unilateral pledge. व्रतम् is rejected because it reverses the direction of obligation (a devotee’s vow toward a deity).
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: वंशः
Transliteration: vaṃśaḥ
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:16,19,29. Shares the collective-singular grammatical character already used in Romans TM’s ‘seed_of_david’ (वंशात्). Paul’s 3:16 argument depends on the singular/plural distinction (‘to your seed,’ singular, not ‘seeds,’ referring to many); translators must NOT pluralize वंशः or its agreement, or Paul’s exegetical point is silently erased.
The Laws Guardian Function
Approved rendering: अनुशासकः
Transliteration: anuśāsakaḥ
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, आचार्यः
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:24-25. Never गुरुः or आचार्यः: both name a permanent, honored, content-transmitting authority within a guru-śiṣya-paramparā, whose bond with the disciple does not simply expire. The paidagōgos’s authority is explicitly temporary and custodial, terminating at the son’s maturity (3:25, ‘now that faith has come, we are no longer under a guardian’).
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: कालस्य पूर्णता
Transliteration: kālasya pūrṇatā
Doctrine: Incarnation and Humanity of Christ
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Christology
Galatians 4:4. काल carries weight in Puranic cyclical yuga cosmology (kṛta/tretā/dvāpara/kali), within which avatāras periodically appear per Bhagavad Gītā 4.7-8. Requires the same Gītā 4.7-8 distinguishing note already mandated for देहधारणम्: this is a single, unrepeatable moment in linear redemptive history, not a recurring point within a cyclical yuga-scheme. Co-occurs with देहधारणम् in the same verse; both notes required.
Heir
Approved rendering: उत्तराधिकारी
Transliteration: uttarādhikārī
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
Galatians 4:1,4:7,4:30. Risk of false-friend confusion with अधिकार (adhikāra), the Mīmāṃsā-derived technical category of ritual/scriptural qualification restricted by varṇa, gender, or life-stage. Mandatory note distinguishing full familial inheritance-right via adoption (available to all who believe, regardless of birth-status) from adhikāra’s ritual-eligibility sense.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: उत्तराधिकारः
Transliteration: uttarādhikāraḥ
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
Galatians 3:18. Paired term with ‘heir’; carries the same adhikāra-collision risk and requires the same distinguishing note.
Slavery
Approved rendering: दासत्वम्
Transliteration: dāsatvam
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: δουλεία / δοῦλος
Category: Salvation
Galatians 4:1,7-9,22-25,30; 5:1. Must be distinguished from Sāṃkhya/Yoga’s bandha (metaphysical bondage of puruṣa to prakṛti through avidyā, resolved by jñāna). Biblical slavery here is legal/relational bondage under law and sin, resolved by adoption and faith, not liberating knowledge.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: दासत्वस्य युगम्
Transliteration: dāsatvasya yugam
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγῷ δουλείας
Category: Salvation
Galatians 5:1. युगम् (‘yoke,’ agricultural implement) must be guarded in Devanagari against visual/root confusion with युग, the cosmological ‘age/era’ homonym-adjacent term; add a gloss where ambiguity is possible.
Unity Of Jews And Gentiles
Approved rendering: यहूदी वा यवनः, दासः वा स्वतन्त्रः, पुमान् वा स्त्री — भेदो नास्ति
Transliteration: yahūdī vā yavanaḥ, dāsaḥ vā svatantraḥ, pumān vā strī — bhedo nāsti
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
Galatians 3:28; narrative ground at 2:11-14. Directly confronts the varṇāśrama-dharma framework’s foundational premise that ritual/spiritual standing is properly graded by birth-status, gender, and social station. Must not be softened toward a varṇa-qualified reading in any document; must never be qualified downstream in commentary material built on this verse.
Desires Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: शरीरस्य इच्छाः
Transliteration: śarīrasya icchāḥ
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: वासना, काम
Original: ἐπιθυμία σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:16. वासना carries specific Yoga/Buddhist karmic-latent-impression baggage; काम is a positive puruṣārtha (legitimate life-goal) in dharmaśāstra, misrepresenting Paul’s negative sense. इच्छा (ordinary, unencumbered ‘desire’) is preferred.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: प्रेम्णा सक्रियः विश्वासः
Transliteration: premṇā sakriyaḥ viśvāsaḥ
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἡ πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
Galatians 5:6. Neither mere intellectual assent (risking jñāna-assimilation) nor bhakti’s independently structured devotional path, but a single indivisible reality: trust in Christ organically issuing in self-giving love. Mandatory note distinguishing this from mārga-pluralism (i.e., this is not a second, parallel path alongside faith).
Love Agape
Approved rendering: प्रेम
Transliteration: prema
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: स्नेह, अनुरागः
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
Galatians 5:6,13,14,22. प्रेम is the systematized Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava bhakti-rasa-śāstra term (Rūpa Gosvāmī’s rasa taxonomy: śānta, dāsya, sakhya, vātsalya, mādhurya) for the highest, hierarchically cultivated devotional love for Kṛṣṇa. Biblical ἀγάπη is commanded of every believer toward neighbor and enemy alike, not a reserved aesthetic-devotional attainment for advanced devotees. स्नेह rejected as too weak; अनुरागः rejected as too passion-colored. Mandatory note at every occurrence.
Cross
Approved rendering: क्रूशः
Transliteration: krūśaḥ
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: शूली, वधस्तम्भः
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
Galatians 2:20 (implicit), 6:12,14. No native pre-Christian Sanskrit lexical item exists for the Roman execution-cross (true vocabulary gap). शूली (impaling-stake) rejected for its Śaiva triśūla-adjacent iconographic association; वधस्तम्भः rejected as excessively generic. क्रूशः follows established Christian Sanskrit loan-adaptation precedent, paralleling ख्रीष्टः; retain as the fixed term across all future documents.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: वपनम् / कर्तनम्
Transliteration: vapanam / kartanam
Doctrine: Sowing and Reaping before a Personal God
Original: ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: Ethics
Galatians 6:7-9. Bears an unusually close surface resemblance to the popular proverbial gloss on karma (‘as you sow, so shall you reap’), which also circulates independently in Sanskrit subhāṣita gnomic literature. Mandatory note retaining a personal, moral Governor who ‘is not mocked’ (6:7), distinct from an impersonal causal mechanism operating independently of any Deity’s will.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेषितः
Transliteration: preṣitaḥ
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, ऋषिः
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] गुरुः invokes the guru-śiṣya-paramparā lineage system; ऋषिः names a Vedic seer who perceives, not authors, eternal mantras. Galatians 1:1 sharpens this sense: Paul’s apostleship is ‘not from men nor through man,’ stressing direct divine commissioning even more forcefully than Romans against a paramparā model.
Church
Approved rendering: मण्डली
Transliteration: maṇḍalī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिरम्, मठः
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Never मन्दिरम् (temple) or मठः (guru-lineage monastic institution). Galatians 1:2 ‘churches of Galatia,’ 1:13 ‘church of God’ (persecuted by Paul), 1:22 ‘churches of Judea.‘
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजातीयाः
Transliteration: anyajātīyāḥ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: म्लेच्छाः
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — unchanged] Never म्लेच्छाः (ritual-impurity/contempt connotation). Galatians 1:16; 2:2,3,8,9,12,14-15; 3:8,14.
Under The Law
Approved rendering: विधेः अधीनः
Transliteration: vidheḥ adhīnaḥ
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὑπὸ νόμον
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:23; 4:4-5,21; 5:18. Straightforward genitive-subjection construction on the fixed विधिः; no independent doctrinal collision beyond विधिः’s own established risk profile.
Abraham
Approved rendering: अब्राहामः
Transliteration: abrāhāmaḥ
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
Proper name, transliterated per the Serampore Sanskrit New Testament tradition, consistent with 12_ai_translation_requirements.md’s proper-name table. Galatians 3:6-9,14,16,18,29; 4:22.
Hagar And Sarah Allegory
Approved rendering: रूपकम्
Transliteration: rūpakam
Doctrine: Allegory of Hagar and Sarah
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα (Ἄγαρ, Σάρρα)
Category: Scripture
Galatians 4:24 (Paul’s own designation ‘this may be interpreted allegorically’). रूपकम् is a standard alaṃkāra-śāstra (Indian poetics) term for a figure of speech, doctrinally unaffiliated with any darśana. Note required: Paul’s added typological meaning does not deny the historicity of the underlying Genesis narrative.
Clothed With Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टेन आच्छादितः
Transliteration: khrīṣṭena ācchāditaḥ
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε
Category: Salvation
Galatians 3:27. Baptismal-union garment metaphor; distinguish from yajñopavīta (sacred-thread) status-investiture, since Paul’s point in the immediate context (3:28) is the dissolution of exactly such status-markers.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: त्वक्च्छेदः
Transliteration: tvakchedaḥ
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή / ἀκροβυστία
Category: Covenant
Galatians 5:2-6,11; 6:12-15. A plainly descriptive compound (skin + cutting) with no existing Sanskrit ritual-technical baggage. Note its functional parallel to upanayana (sacred-thread investiture marking twice-born varṇa status) as the nearer functional analogy for the boundary-marking status-rite Paul’s argument relativizes — flag as a relativized analogy, not an endorsement of birth-status ritual logic.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: अपराधी
Transliteration: aparādhī
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
Galatians 2:18. Guard against collapse into dharmaśāstra’s graded caste/ritual-duty offense category (with prescribed prāyaścitta penance); this is a violator of God’s revealed command generally, in the forensic sense already established for पापम् in Romans.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचारस्य सत्यम्
Transliteration: susamācārasya satyam
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel
Galatians 2:5,14. सत्यम् carries latent weight from the Taittirīya Upaniṣad’s Brahman-definition (‘satyaṃ jñānam anantaṃ brahma,’ TU 2.1.1) and Yoga Sūtra 2.30’s satya-yama. Mitigated by सुसमाचारः’s already-established historically-situated-proclamation sense; note that सत्यम् here means the true, singular, correspondence-with-fact message, not Brahman-as-Truth ontology.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: विमोहितः
Transliteration: vimohitaḥ
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἐβάσκανεν
Category: Faith
Galatians 3:1. मोह carries Bhagavad Gītā-adjacent delusion connotations (an effect of tamas-guṇa); used broadly enough in ordinary Sanskrit moral vocabulary to remain manageable with a light gloss distinguishing it from the guṇa-classification system.
Boasting In The Cross
Approved rendering: श्लाघा
Transliteration: ślāghā
Doctrine: Boasting in the Cross
Original: καυχᾶσθαι
Category: Christology
Galatians 6:13-14. Primarily an honor-shame cultural dynamic (glorying in an instrument of shame) rather than a philosophical-school collision; flag per the baseline’s general category for such dynamics with a brief note on the honor/shame paradox.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टस्य विधिः
Transliteration: khrīṣṭasya vidhiḥ
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant
Galatians 6:2. विधिः retains its Mīmāṃsā-derived precision; here the genitive ‘of Christ’ reframes source and content (fulfilled through burden-bearing love, cf. 5:14) without reactivating Mosaic Torah specifically. Note advisable given विधिः’s dominant prior usage throughout Galatians for the Mosaic law contrasted with grace.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: ऊर्ध्वस्था यरूशालम्
Transliteration: ūrdhvasthā yarūśālam
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Eschatology
Galatians 4:26. A brief clarifying note is advisable distinguishing this from generic heavenly-abode concepts (svarga) or Brahmaloka; this is the free covenant-community’s eschatological identity, contrasted with the present, law-bound earthly Jerusalem (4:25).
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: व्यर्थीकरोमि
Transliteration: vyarthīkaromi
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:21. Ordinary negation-of-efficacy vocabulary; carries no independent doctrinal weight beyond the fixed अनुग्रहः it modifies.
Hagar
Approved rendering: हागर्
Transliteration: hāgar
Doctrine: Allegory of Hagar and Sarah
Galatians 4:22-31. Proper name, transliterated; theological weight carried by the surrounding slave-son/free-son covenant argument, not the name itself.
Sarah
Approved rendering: सारा
Transliteration: sārā
Doctrine: Allegory of Hagar and Sarah
Galatians 4:22-31. Proper name, transliterated; paired with Hagar in Paul’s typological argument.
Low Risk Terms
Greek Ethnicity
Approved rendering: यवनः
Transliteration: yavanaḥ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἕλλην
Category: Church
Galatians 3:28. An old, doctrinally neutral Sanskrit ethnonym attested since Pāṇini; no collision risk in the term itself, only in the verse’s overall equalizing claim.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: कपटम्
Transliteration: kapaṭam
Doctrine: Hypocrisy and Table Fellowship
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
Galatians 2:13. Peter’s inconsistent withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship; plain moral vocabulary, no darśana-specific collision.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: मिथ्याभ्रातरः
Transliteration: mithyābhrātaraḥ
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
Galatians 2:4. Transparent compound with the established मिथ्या- (false) prefix; no darśana-specific collision.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशोः चिह्नानि
Transliteration: yīśoḥ cihnāni
Doctrine: Paul’s Suffering and Apostolic Marks
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
Galatians 6:17. Paul’s scars from persecution, likened to a slave’s ownership-brand; plain descriptive vocabulary, no doctrinal collision.
Bearing One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: परस्परं भाराणि वहत
Transliteration: parasparaṃ bhārāṇi vahata
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
Galatians 6:2. Plain, unencumbered vocabulary. Must be kept lexically distinct from ‘one’s own load’ (6:5) — Paul deliberately uses two different Greek nouns (βάρος communal, φορτίον individual); Sanskrit must preserve two distinct terms or the deliberate contrast is lost.
Ones Own Load
Approved rendering: स्वकीयः भारः
Transliteration: svakīyaḥ bhāraḥ
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: τὸν ἴδιον φορτίον
Category: Church
Galatians 6:5. Paired contrast term with ‘bearing one another’s burdens’; must not be collapsed into the same Sanskrit noun as भार above.
In Vain
Approved rendering: वृथा
Transliteration: vṛthā
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:21. Plain adverb; doctrinal weight is carried by the surrounding fixed terms (धार्मिकता, विधिः), not by वृथा itself. This is a strict logical entailment (if law produced righteousness, the cross would be strictly unnecessary), not rhetorical exaggeration.
Ishmael
Approved rendering: इष्माएलः
Transliteration: iṣmāelaḥ
Doctrine: Allegory of Hagar and Sarah
Galatians 4:22-31 (implicit, ‘son of the slave woman’). Proper name, transliterated.
Isaac
Approved rendering: इसहाक्
Transliteration: isahāk
Doctrine: Allegory of Hagar and Sarah
Galatians 4:22-31 (implicit, ‘son of the free woman/of promise’). Proper name, transliterated.
Cephas Peter
Approved rendering: कैफाः / पितरः
Transliteration: kaiphāḥ / pitaraḥ
Doctrine: Hypocrisy and Table Fellowship
Galatians 1:18; 2:9,11,14. Proper name; consistent transliteration required across documents.
Barnabas
Approved rendering: बर्णबाः
Transliteration: barṇabāḥ
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Galatians 2:1,9,13. Proper name; narrative context.
Titus
Approved rendering: तीतः
Transliteration: tītaḥ
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Galatians 2:1,3. Proper name; narrative context.
James
Approved rendering: याकूबः
Transliteration: yākūbaḥ
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Galatians 1:19; 2:9,12. Proper name; narrative context.
Jerusalem
Approved rendering: यरूशालम्
Transliteration: yarūśālam
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Galatians 1:17-18; 2:1. Proper place name; consistency required across citation conventions.
Antioch
Approved rendering: आन्तियाखिया
Transliteration: āntiyākhiyā
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Galatians 2:11. Proper place name; site of the table-fellowship confrontation.
Sinai
Approved rendering: सीनयपर्वतः
Transliteration: sīnayaparvataḥ
Doctrine: Allegory of Hagar and Sarah
Galatians 4:24-25. Proper place name, associated with the Mosaic covenant in Paul’s allegory.
Arabia
Approved rendering: अरबदेशः
Transliteration: arabadeśaḥ
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Galatians 1:17; 4:25. Proper place name.
Judea
Approved rendering: यहूदादेशः
Transliteration: yahūdādeśaḥ
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Galatians 1:22. Proper place name.
Damascus
Approved rendering: दमिष्कः
Transliteration: damiṣkaḥ
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Galatians 1:17. Proper place name.
Referenced passages