Core Glossary

Core Glossary: The Gospel of Mark (English → Sanskrit)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the core passage (Mark 10:35-45) and all sixteen chapters of Mark. Terms marked [Baseline] are reused exactly from the Romans translation_memory.json per the hard rule that established renderings must not be altered. Terms marked [New] are introduced for this Mark curriculum, following the same “least philosophically-encumbered term, explicitly redefined where collision is unavoidable” methodology the baseline package establishes.

Section 1 — Reused Baseline Terms Appearing in Mark

English Term	Sanskrit	Transliteration	Risk	Chapters (Mark)	Note
gospel	सुसमाचारः	susamācāraḥ	High	1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16	Reused exactly; book’s title term (1:1).
Son of God	परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः	parameśvarasya putraḥ	Critical	1, 3, 9, 14, 15	Reused exactly; framing title (1:1) and centurion’s confession (15:39).
Holy Spirit	पवित्र आत्मा	pavitra ātmā	Critical	1, 3, 13	Reused exactly; personhood note mandatory at every occurrence, including 3:29’s “blasphemy against the Holy Spirit.”
kingdom of God	परमेश्वरस्य राज्यम्	parameśvarasya rājyam	Medium	1, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15	Reused exactly; anchor term for “Kingdom of God Breaking In” doctrine.
faith	विश्वासः	viśvāsaḥ	High	2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11	Reused exactly; anchor term for “Faith and Discipleship amid Fear” doctrine.
sin	पापम्	pāpam	High	1, 2, 14	Reused exactly.
lord	प्रभुः	prabhuḥ	Critical	2, 5, 7, 11, 12	Reused exactly; “lord even of the Sabbath” (2:28); Shema (12:29).
glory	महिमा	mahimā	High	8, 9, 10, 13	Reused exactly; core passage 10:37.
covenant	संविद्	saṃvid	High	14	Reused exactly; institution of the Lord’s Supper (14:24).
apostle	प्रेषितः	preṣitaḥ	Medium	3, 6	Reused exactly.
Christ / Messiah	ख्रीष्टः (title) / मसीहः (concept)	khrīṣṭaḥ / masīhaḥ	Critical	1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15	Reused exactly; ख्रीष्टः for the fixed proper-title form (per 12_ai transliteration standard), मसीहः for the underlying OT-concept discussions.
prophet	भविष्यद्वक्ता	bhaviṣyadvaktā	Low	1, 6, 8, 9	Reused exactly.
power of God	परमेश्वरस्य सामर्थ्यम् / सामर्थ्यम्	parameśvarasya sāmarthyam	High	1, 5, 6, 9	Reused exactly; शक्तिः remains forbidden throughout Mark’s miracle narratives.
resurrection	पुनरुत्थानम्	punarutthānam	Critical	6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16	Reused exactly; पुनर्जन्म remains permanently forbidden.
gentiles	अन्यजातीयाः	anyajātīyāḥ	Medium	7, 10, 11	Reused exactly.
prayer / intercession	प्रार्थना / मध्यस्थता	prārthanā / madhyasthatā	Medium	1, 6, 9, 11, 14	Reused from doctrine_risk_registry’s “prayer_and_intercession” entry.
church (assembly/congregation)	मण्डली	maṇḍalī	Medium	—	No direct occurrence in Mark’s narrative; retained for consistency if referenced in Mark curriculum commentary discussing the church founded on this Gospel’s proclamation.
election / God’s choice	परमेश्वरस्य वरणम्	parameśvarasya varaṇam	High	3, 13	Reused; applicable to the calling of the Twelve (3:13-19) and the elect (13:20, 13:27).
providence	परमेश्वरस्य विधानम्	parameśvarasya vidhānam	High	10, 13, 14	Reused; applicable to 10:40’s “prepared” and 13:32-37, 14:36’s “not my will but yours.”

Section 2 — New Terms Introduced for the Mark Curriculum

English Term	Sanskrit	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Alternatives Rejected	Notes
baptism	बाप्तिस्मः	bāptismaḥ	High	Kingdom Breaking In / Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical, 10:38-39)	1, 10	स्नानम्	स्नानम् rejected: names Hindu ritual purificatory bathing (tīrtha-snāna), a repeatable external purity rite, not a once-given identification with Christ’s death; transliteration follows the “Messiah”/“Abba” precedent.
repentance	मनःपरिवर्तनम्	manaḥparivartanam	High	Kingdom Breaking In	1	प्रायश्चित्तम्	प्रायश्चित्तम् rejected: names dharmaśāstra’s graded ritual-penance system; biblical repentance is inward turning, not ritual expiation.
kingdom “at hand”	आसन्नम्	āsannam	Medium	Kingdom Breaking In	1	—	Must be paired with a note on “already/not yet” inaugurated eschatology; the adjective alone cannot carry this nuance.
unclean spirit / demon	भूतः / दुष्टभूतः	bhūtaḥ / duṣṭabhūtaḥ	High	Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature	1, 3, 5, 9	अशुद्ध आत्मा (bare आत्मा compound)	Never आत्मा, even qualified: would produce “unclean ātman,” threatening the Holy Spirit’s exclusive claim on that word. Cross-references baseline “holy_spirit” entry.
leprosy / leper	कुष्ठरोगः / कुष्ठरोगी	kuṣṭharogaḥ / kuṣṭharogī	Medium	Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature	1	—	Dharmaśāstra treats kuṣṭha as ritually polluting and grounds for exclusion from certain rites; Jesus deliberately crosses this exclusion boundary — preserve, don’t soften.
authority	अधिकारः	adhikāraḥ	High	Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Servanthood vs Worldly Greatness	1, 2, 6, 10, 11	सामर्थ्यम् (as primary; retained as secondary for raw δύναμις power), शक्तिः (forbidden)	Deliberately chosen from Mīmāṃsā’s adhikāra (varṇa-restricted ritual eligibility) vocabulary, per the same methodology as “law”/विधिः; must be redefined as inherent, unrestricted divine authority, the opposite of caste-limited ritual qualification.
forgive (sins)	क्षमा	kṣamā	Medium	Necessity of the Cross	2	—	Distinct from justification (धर्मीति निर्णयः, for which क्षमा remains rejected per baseline); here used correctly for pardon of specific offenses. Must also be distinguished from dharmaśāstra’s prāyaścitta.
Son of Man	मनुष्यपुत्रः	manuṣyaputraḥ	High	Suffering Servant and Son of God; Ransom for Many	2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14	—	Requires mandatory Daniel 7 background note at first occurrence; risk of collapsing into mere “a human being” without it. Must be kept distinct from परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः.
Sabbath	विश्रामदिनम्	viśrāmadinam	Medium	Necessity of the Cross (Sabbath authority)	2	—	Avoid assimilation to Hindu tithi/vrata calendar observances.
fasting	उपवासः	upavāsaḥ	Medium	Faith and Discipleship	2	—	उपवास is a major Hindu calendar-bound ritual practice; Mark’s usage is occasional/situational, not calendrical.
blasphemy (against the Spirit)	सर्वेश्वरनिन्दा / पवित्रात्मनिन्दा	sarveśvaranindā / pavitrātmanindā	High	Suffering Servant and Son of God	3	bare ईश्वरनिन्दा	Must use सर्वेश्वर-, never bare ईश्वर-, per baseline “god” entry’s forbidden substitution rule; must retain पवित्र आत्मा intact when referring to the Spirit specifically.
will of God	परमेश्वरस्य इच्छा	parameśvarasya icchā	Low-Medium	Kingdom Breaking In	3	—	Plain compound; low risk.
parable	दृष्टान्तः	dṛṣṭāntaḥ	Medium-High	Messianic Secret; Kingdom Breaking In	4	उपमा	दृष्टान्त is Nyāya’s technical term for the illustrative-example member of a formal five-part syllogism; must be clarified as narrative teaching, not a logical-proof step.
mystery / secret (of the kingdom)	रहस्यम्	rahasyam	Medium-High	Messianic Secret	4	—	Distinguish from Tantric/Vedāntic esoteric doctrine restricted to initiates via formal dīkṣā; kingdom “secrets” are received through simple faith-response, not ritual initiation hierarchy.
saved / healed (σῴζω, physical)	त्रातवती (and cognate verb forms)	trātavatī	High	Faith and Discipleship amid Fear	5, 10	आरोग्यम् (rejected as primary)	Deliberately built on the same √trā root as त्राणम् (salvation) to preserve Mark’s own physical-healing/spiritual-salvation double entendre; requires translator note at each occurrence.
deny himself	स्वार्थं त्यजेत्	svārthaṃ tyajet	Medium	Necessity of the Cross	8	आत्मानम् अस्वीकरोतु (available but discouraged)	Preferred over an आत्मन्-based reflexive construction to avoid any association with the package’s protected Holy-Spirit-only उपयोग of आत्मा, even though the reflexive-pronoun use is grammatically distinct from the doctrinal one.
soul / life (ψυχή)	प्राणाः	prāṇāḥ	Critical	Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross	8, 10	आत्मा / आत्मन्	Never आत्मा: would risk activating the mahāvākya ātman-Brahman identity claims at the text’s most Christologically load-bearing moments (8:35-37; 10:45). प्राणाः names concrete life-given-in-death via the attested classical idiom प्राणान् त्यजति.
cross	क्रूशः	krūśaḥ	Critical	Necessity of the Cross	8, 15	शूलारोपणम् (descriptive-only, rejected as insufficient alone)	Transliterated, parallel to “Messiah”/“Abba,” precisely because a functional-descriptive term for ancient impalement execution would carry none of the cross’s specific atoning theological weight; every occurrence requires an explanatory note.
rebuke / silence (messianic secret motif)	तर्जनम् / निषेधः	tarjanam / niṣedhaḥ	Medium	Messianic Secret	1, 3, 8, 9	—	Track as a unified motif across all occurrences with consistent terminology.
transfiguration	रूपान्तरम्	rūpāntaram	High	Suffering Servant and Son of God	9	—	Must be explicitly distinguished from Bhagavad Gītā 11’s viśvarūpa-darśana (Kṛṣṇa’s cosmic-form revelation to Arjuna); Christ’s transfiguration reveals unique eternal glory, not one of several available divine forms.
Gehenna / hell	गेहेन्ना	gehennā	Critical	Necessity of the Cross; Kingdom Breaking In	9	नरकः (rejected as primary)	नरकः risks importing Purāṇic cosmology’s temporary, karma-exhausted named hells followed by rebirth; Gehenna names final judgment. Parallel caution to baseline’s resurrection/salvation entries.
marriage / divorce	विवाहः / त्यागः	vivāhaḥ / tyāgaḥ	Medium	Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (creation order)	10	—	Dharmaśāstra’s varṇa-specific marital-dissolution rules must not substitute for Jesus’ creation-based teaching.
eternal life	अनन्तं जीवनम्	anantaṃ jīvanam	High	Ransom for Many; Kingdom Breaking In	10	सनातनं जीवनम् (rejected — Hindu-identity self-reference risk), मोक्षः/मुक्तिः (forbidden)	Must be explicitly coordinated with त्राणम् (salvation), never explained via liberation-from-saṃsāra vocabulary.
follow (discipleship)	अनुगमनम्	anugamanam	Medium	Faith and Discipleship amid Fear	10	—	Distinguish from following one guru among several equally valid options in a guru-śiṣya-paramparā; this is exclusive discipleship to the one Lord.
cup (suffering metaphor)	पात्रम्	pātram	Medium	Necessity of the Cross	10 (core passage), 14	—	Requires OT metaphorical background note (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17); no direct Sanskrit ritual-vessel doctrine should bleed into the metaphor.
lord it over / exercise authority over (pejorative)	अधिपत्येन दमयन्ति / अधिकारेण पीडयन्ति	adhipatyena damayanti / adhikāreṇa pīḍayanti	High	Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness	10 (core passage)	—	Must retain unmistakably pejorative-domination sense, kept sharply distinct from the positive प्रभुः/अधिकारः used of Christ’s own legitimate authority.
servant	सेवकः	sevakaḥ	Medium	Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness	10 (core passage)	—	Distinguish from upward guru-sevā rendered by a disciple to a guru for personal spiritual advancement; Christian service is mutual, others-oriented.
slave	दासः	dāsaḥ	Medium	Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Ransom for Many	10 (core passage)	—	दास carries a positive bhakti-devotional resonance (dāsya-bhāva) usable for voluntary self-lowering, but must be distinguished from dharmaśāstra’s literal varṇa-linked chattel-slave legal status.
ransom	निष्क्रयः	niṣkrayaḥ	Critical	Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross	10 (core passage, 10:45)	मोक्षः / मुक्तिः (forbidden)	The single most theologically load-bearing new term in this curriculum. Never explained via liberation-achieved-by-the-self vocabulary; never treated as a Mīmāṃsā-style do-ut-des ritual offering to a deity (direction of transaction is reversed: God pays to liberate, rather than receiving an offering to grant favor). Mandatory translator note every occurrence.
for / instead of (substitutionary ἀντί)	विनिमयेन	vinimayena	High	Ransom for Many	10 (core passage, 10:45)	निमित्तम्/अर्थे (weaker, “for the sake of” — insufficient alone)	Grammatically load-bearing for substitutionary atonement; flag for human theologian review whenever 10:45 is translated.
many (Isaiah 53 echo)	बहूनाम्	bahūnām	Medium	Ransom for Many; Suffering Servant and Son of God	10 (core passage, 10:45)	—	Requires translator note connecting explicitly to Isaiah 53’s Suffering Servant “bore the sin of many.”
Hosanna	होशन्ना	hośannā	Low	Kingdom Breaking In	11	—	Established liturgical transliteration; brief petitionary-sense gloss required.
temple / house of prayer	मन्दिरम् / प्रार्थनागृहम्	mandiram / prārthanāgṛham	High	Necessity of the Cross	11	—	Unlike “church,” मन्दिरम् is acceptable here for the literal Temple building, but must flag the aniconic-Temple vs. image-housing-mandira contrast at first occurrence.
one (Shema, εἷς)	एकः	ekaḥ	Critical	Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God (implicit monotheism)	12	—	Direct parallel in severity to the baseline Holy Spirit entry: must never be left unglossed against Advaita’s “ekam eva advaitam” (Chāndogya Up. 6.2.1) non-dual monism; the Shema asserts exclusive personal-God identity, not sole-reality-of-an-impersonal-Absolute.
love	प्रेम	prema	High	Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (love command)	12	—	Must be redefined against bhakti-rasa theory’s romantic/devotional prema categories (e.g., Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa paradigm); biblical ἀγάπη is commanded, covenantal, self-giving love owed to God and neighbor alike.
Caesar	कैसरः	kaisaraḥ	Low	Kingdom of God Breaking In (church/state distinction)	12	—	Proper name; theological point (limited, subordinate civil claim) noted but not itself a term-risk.
cornerstone	कोणस्य प्रधानप्रस्तरः	koṇasya pradhānaprastaraḥ	Low-Medium	Suffering Servant and Son of God	12	—	Messianic architectural metaphor from Psalm 118; minimal collision, mainly needs source-citation note.
tribulation	संकटम्	saṅkaṭam	Medium	Kingdom Breaking In	13	क्लेशः, दुःखम्	Both rejected alternatives are fully theorized technical categories (Yoga Sūtra’s five kleśas; Sāṅkhya’s/Buddhism’s foundational duḥkha) incompatible with this historically-situated eschatological distress.
abomination of desolation	विनाशकं दूषितवस्तु	vināśakaṃ dūṣitavastu	Medium	Kingdom Breaking In	13	—	Requires Danielic-historical explanatory note rather than a philosophical-collision flag.
watch / be alert	सावधानाः जागृताः भवत	sāvadhānāḥ jāgṛtāḥ bhavata	Medium	Faith and Discipleship amid Fear	13	—	जागृत is Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad’s technical name for the waking state of consciousness; pair with सावधान to keep the sense moral-eschatological, not metaphysical.
false messiahs	मृषामसीहाः	mṛṣāmasīhāḥ	Medium	Messianic Secret	13	—	Compound built on the protected मसीहः base term; inherits its protections.
my body / my blood	शरीरम् / रक्तम्	śarīram / raktam	High	Necessity of the Cross; Ransom for Many	14	—	Requires substantial OT Passover/Exodus 24 explanatory background; no close Vedic ritual analogue exists for a deity’s own body/blood as the sacrificial elements.
betray / hand over	विश्वासघातः	viśvāsaghātaḥ	Medium	Necessity of the Cross	14	—	Built on विश्वासः (faith/trust), preserving the Greek narrative’s own trust-violation logic in Sanskrit.
deny (Peter)	अपह्नवः / अस्वीकरणम्	apahnavaḥ / asvīkaraṇam	Low	Faith and Discipleship amid Fear	14	—	Plain term; low risk.
King of the Jews	यहूदीयानां राजा	yahūdīyānāṃ rājā	Medium	Suffering Servant and Son of God	15	—	Preserve the mocking-then-vindicated irony; do not flatten to purely honorific or purely derisive language.
temple curtain (torn)	यवनिका	yavanikā	Medium	Necessity of the Cross	15	—	Theological significance (access to God opened) requires an OT-Temple-background note, not a rival-doctrine flag.

Section 3 — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Doctrines)

Curriculum Doctrine	Primary Terms (this glossary)
Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God	Son of Man (मनुष्यपुत्रः), Son of God (परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः) [Baseline], Christ/Messiah (ख्रीष्टः/मसीहः) [Baseline], transfiguration (रूपान्तरम्), blasphemy against the Spirit (सर्वेश्वरनिन्दा/पवित्रात्मनिन्दा), many/Isaiah 53 (बहूनाम्), King of the Jews (यहूदीयानां राजा)
The Kingdom of God Breaking In	kingdom of God (परमेश्वरस्य राज्यम्) [Baseline], kingdom “at hand” (आसन्नम्), mystery (रहस्यम्), parable (दृष्टान्तः), Hosanna (होशन्ना), Caesar (कैसरः), tribulation (संकटम्), abomination of desolation (विनाशकं दूषितवस्तु)
Faith and Discipleship amid Fear	faith (विश्वासः) [Baseline], saved/healed (त्रातवती), follow (अनुगमनम्), deny (Peter) (अपह्नवः), watch/be alert (सावधानाः जागृताः)
The Necessity of the Cross	cross (क्रूशः), baptism (बाप्तिस्मः, metaphorical), cup (पात्रम्), Gehenna (गेहेन्ना), temple/house of prayer (मन्दिरम्/प्रार्थनागृहम्), my body/my blood (शरीरम्/रक्तम्), betray (विश्वासघातः), temple curtain (यवनिका), Sabbath authority (विश्रामदिनम्)
Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness	servant (सेवकः), slave (दासः), lord it over (अधिपत्येन दमयन्ति), exercise authority over (अधिकारेण पीडयन्ति), love (प्रेम), deny himself (स्वार्थं त्यजेत्), marriage/divorce (विवाहः/त्यागः)
The Messianic Secret	mystery (रहस्यम्), parable (दृष्टान्तः), rebuke/silence (तर्जनम्/निषेधः), false messiahs (मृषामसीहाः)
Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature	authority (अधिकारः), unclean spirit/demon (भूतः/दुष्टभूतः), leprosy (कुष्ठरोगः), forgive sins (क्षमा), power of God/mighty works (सामर्थ्यम्) [Baseline]
The Ransom for Many	ransom (निष्क्रयः), soul/life (प्राणाः), for/instead of (विनिमयेन), many (बहूनाम्), Son of Man (मनुष्यपुत्रः), eternal life (अनन्तं जीवनम्), slave (दासः)

Section 4 — Terms Flagged for Mandatory Human Theologian Review

Per the baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md escalation rules, the following new Mark terms require the same automatic human-theologian-review routing already established for Critical/High risk baseline terms:

ransom (निष्क्रयः) — Mark 10:45; never explained via मोक्षः/मुक्तिः; never framed as a Mīmāṃsā-style ritual exchange.
soul/life (प्राणाः) — Mark 8:35-37, 10:45; never रendered with आत्मा.
cross (क्रूशः) — Mark 8:34, 15:13-27; always paired with atonement-significance note.
Son of Man (मनुष्यपुत्रः) — all occurrences; always paired with Daniel 7 note.
Gehenna (गेहेन्ना) — Mark 9:43-48; never रendered with unqualified नरकः.
“one” / Shema (एकः) — Mark 12:29; always paired with anti-Advaitic-monism note.
transfiguration (रूपान्तरम्) — Mark 9:2-8; always paired with Gītā 11 distinction note.
authority, pejorative forms (अधिपत्येन दमयन्ति / अधिकारेण पीडयन्ति) — Mark 10:42; must retain domination sense distinct from Christ’s own अधिकारः.
substitutionary “for” (विनिमयेन) — Mark 10:45.
unclean spirit/demon (भूतः/दुष्टभूतः) — all occurrences; must never use आत्मा.

This glossary should be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json for all Phase 2 Mark segment translation; new terms above must be added to translation memory (with version increment) before Phase 2 processing begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Critical Risk Terms

Lord

Approved rendering: प्रभुः
Transliteration: prabhuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Jesus’ Authority over the Sabbath
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, स्वामी
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used for ‘lord even of the Sabbath’ (2:28) and within the Shema quotation (12:29); never ईश्वरः, to avoid the Advaitic subordination-to-māyā reading.

Messiah

Approved rendering: मसीहः
Transliteration: masīhaḥ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise Fulfilled in Jesus
Rejected alternatives: अवतारपुरुषः
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used for the underlying OT-promise concept (8:29; 14:61; 15:32). Never assimilated to Viṣṇu’s daśāvatāra sequence, whose tenth avatāra Kalki is still awaited.

Christ Title

Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टः
Transliteration: khrīṣṭaḥ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise Fulfilled in Jesus
Original: Χριστός (as fixed proper title)
Category: Christology

New fixed entry required because the baseline package records only the underlying concept term (मसीहः). Fixes the separate transliterated proper-title form per the 1808 Serampore Sanskrit New Testament tradition, used alongside मसीहः for concept-level OT-promise discussion. Appears throughout (e.g. 1:1, ‘Jesus Christ, the Son of God’).

Resurrection

Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थानम्
Transliteration: punarutthānam
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Predicted repeatedly (8:31; 9:9-10, 31; 10:34) and announced at the empty tomb (16:6). पुनर्जन्म permanently forbidden.

Jesus

Approved rendering: यीशुः
Transliteration: yīśuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Serampore Sanskrit New Testament (1808) precedent.

God

Approved rendering: सर्वेश्वरः
Transliteration: sarveśvaraḥ
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, ब्रह्मन्, भगवान्, देवः
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Governs the blasphemy-against-the-Spirit compound (सर्वेश्वरनिन्दा, 3:28-30) — never bare ईश्वर-.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मन्, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Descends on Jesus at baptism (1:10); subject of the unforgivable-sin warning (3:28-30). The single most protected term in the whole Language Package: आत्मा must never appear bare or in any qualified compound elsewhere in this document (see unclean_spirit and soul_life entries below, both of which deliberately avoid आत्मा for this reason).

Father

Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Gethsemane Submission / Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, प्रजापतिः
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Jesus’ Gethsemane address (14:36).

Son Of God

Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः
Transliteration: parameśvarasya putraḥ
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरांशः, देवपुरुषः
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Declared at the baptism (1:11), transfiguration (9:7, qualified प्रियः पुत्रः ‘beloved Son’), and confessed by the Gentile centurion at the cross (15:39). Kept terminologically distinct from मनुष्यपुत्रः (Son of Man).

Salvation

Approved rendering: त्राणम्
Transliteration: trāṇam
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: मोक्षः, मुक्तिः, निर्वाणम्

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must be explicitly coordinated with ‘eternal life’ (अनन्तं जीवनम्) and ‘ransom’ (निष्क्रयः), both new to this curriculum; never explained via मोक्षः/मुक्तिः/निर्वाणम्.

Soul Life

Approved rendering: प्राणाः
Transliteration: prāṇāḥ
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा, आत्मन्
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation

New term. NEVER आत्मा/आत्मन्: would risk activating the mahāvākya ātman-Brahman identity claims at Mark’s most Christologically load-bearing moments (8:35-37; 10:45, core passage). प्राणाः names concrete life-given-in-death via the attested classical idiom प्राणान् त्यजति.

Cross

Approved rendering: क्रूशः
Transliteration: krūśaḥ
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: शूलारोपणम्
Original: σταυρός
Category: Salvation

New term, transliterated parallel to Messiah/Abba. शूलारोपणम् (descriptive term for ancient impalement) rejected as insufficient alone — it would carry none of the cross’s specific atoning theological weight. Covers 8:34 and 15:13-27; every occurrence requires an explanatory note.

Gehenna

Approved rendering: गेहेन्ना
Transliteration: gehennā
Doctrine: Gehenna and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: नरकः
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology

New term, transliterated with descriptive gloss अनन्तयातनास्थानम् (‘place of unending torment’) available for first-occurrence explanation. नरकः rejected: Purāṇic cosmology’s named, temporary, karma-exhausted narakas (Raurava, Kumbhīpāka, etc.) are followed by rebirth; Gehenna (9:43-48) names a single, final, non-cyclical judgment.

Ransom

Approved rendering: निष्क्रयः
Transliteration: niṣkrayaḥ
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: मोक्षः, मुक्तिः
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation

New term — the single most theologically load-bearing coinage in this curriculum (10:45, core passage). Never explained via मोक्षः/मुक्तिः, nor framed as a Mīmāṃsā-style do-ut-des ritual offering to a deity; the transaction’s direction is reversed — God’s own Son pays to liberate captives, not humanity offering to God to secure favor. Mandatory translator note at every occurrence.

Shema One

Approved rendering: एकः
Transliteration: ekaḥ
Doctrine: Deity of Christ and the Shema’s Exclusive Monotheism
Original: εἷς
Category: God

New term (12:29, quoting Deut 6:4). Must never appear unglossed: direct structural parallel to Advaita Vedānta’s ‘ekam eva advaitam’ (Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6.2.1), sole non-dual reality of Brahman against illusory plurality. The Shema asserts exclusive personal-God identity against rival deities, a categorically different claim.

High Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: सुसमाचारः
Transliteration: susamācāraḥ
Doctrine: Gospel (Mark 1:1 title and thesis)
Rejected alternatives: शुभवार्ता
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Mark’s opening word and organizing title (1:1); also 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15.

Faith

Approved rendering: विश्वासः
Transliteration: viśvāsaḥ
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्तिः
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Personal trust in Christ amid concrete danger (4:40; 5:34; 9:23-24; 11:22-24), not the guṇa-classified threefold śraddhā of Bhagavad Gītā 17 nor the structured bhakti-mārga.

Sin

Approved rendering: पापम्
Transliteration: pāpam
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: अधर्मः
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Directly relevant to 2:1-12, Jesus’ direct forgiveness of sin as a claim to divine prerogative.

Glory

Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / The Transfiguration
Rejected alternatives: तेजस्
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. James and John’s request (10:37) and the transfiguration (9:2-8). Reserved exclusively for God’s/Christ’s own radiant honor; never used for the disciples’ worldly ambition (see worldly_greatness entry below).

Covenant

Approved rendering: संविद्
Transliteration: saṃvid
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: वाचा, नियमः
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Qualify as नवीना संविद् (‘new covenant’) at the institution of the Lord’s Supper (14:24).

Power Of God

Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य सामर्थ्यम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya sāmarthyam
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: शक्तिः
Original: δύναμις
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Governs Mark’s δυνάμεις (‘mighty works,’ 6:2, 6:14) vocabulary throughout the miracle narratives. शक्तिः permanently forbidden (hypostasized Śākta divine feminine creative power).

Election

Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य वरणम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya varaṇam
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्यम्, दैवम्
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The calling of the Twelve (3:13-19) and ‘the elect’ at the Son of Man’s return (13:20, 27).

Abba

Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: abbā
Doctrine: Gethsemane Submission
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Preserved untranslated in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (14:36), alongside पिता.

Baptism

Approved rendering: बाप्तिस्मः
Transliteration: bāptismaḥ
Doctrine: Baptism and Identification with Christ’s Suffering
Rejected alternatives: स्नानम्
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Kingdom

New term, transliterated following the Messiah/Abba precedent. स्नानम् rejected: names repeatable Hindu ritual purificatory bathing (tīrtha-snāna), which would flatten baptism’s once-given identification with Christ’s death into a repeatable purity rite. John’s baptism (1:4-11); Jesus’ cup-and-baptism metaphor for suffering (10:38-39, core passage).

Repentance

Approved rendering: मनःपरिवर्तनम्
Transliteration: manaḥparivartanam
Doctrine: Repentance and Kingdom Preparation
Rejected alternatives: प्रायश्चित्तम्
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Kingdom

New term. प्रायश्चित्तम् rejected: dharmaśāstra’s graded ritual-penance system for graded sins. Biblical repentance (1:4, 1:15) is inward turning of mind and will.

Unclean Spirit

Approved rendering: भूतः / दुष्टभूतः
Transliteration: bhūtaḥ / duṣṭabhūtaḥ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Rejected alternatives: अशुद्ध आत्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare

New term, drawn from established Sanskrit demonological vocabulary. NEVER any आत्मा-based compound (e.g. ‘अशुद्ध आत्मा,’ ‘unclean ātman’), which would threaten आत्मा’s exclusive reservation for पवित्र आत्मा. Covers 1:23-27; 3:22-27; 5:1-20; 9:14-29.

Authority

Approved rendering: अधिकारः
Transliteration: adhikāraḥ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature / Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: सामर्थ्यम् (retained separately for raw power), शक्तिः
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority

New term, deliberately drawn from Pūrva Mīmāṃsā’s technical adhikāra (varṇa-restricted eligibility to perform Vedic sacrifice). Must be redefined as inherent, unrestricted divine authority — the opposite of caste-limited ritual qualification — at every occurrence (1:22, 27; 2:10; 6:7; 11:28-33). Kept sharply distinct from the pejorative domination compounds (see worldly_lordship).

Son Of Man

Approved rendering: मनुष्यपुत्रः
Transliteration: manuṣyaputraḥ
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / The Ransom for Many
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology

New term. Mandatory Daniel 7:13-14 background note at every occurrence (2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21, 41, 62) — without it, the compound collapses into mere ‘a human being’ (manuṣya), losing Mark’s deliberate paradox of transcendent authority joined to voluntary humiliation. Kept terminologically distinct from परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः.

Blasphemy Against Spirit

Approved rendering: सर्वेश्वरनिन्दा / पवित्रात्मनिन्दा
Transliteration: sarveśvaranindā / pavitrātmanindā
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare ईश्वरनिन्दा
Original: βλασφημία
Category: God

New compound. Must use सर्वेश्वर-, never bare ईश्वर-, per the baseline ‘god’ forbidden-substitution rule; must retain पवित्र आत्मा (with its mandatory personhood note) intact when referring to the Spirit specifically (3:28-30).

Parable

Approved rendering: दृष्टान्तः
Transliteration: dṛṣṭāntaḥ
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom in Parables
Rejected alternatives: उपमा
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom

New term. दृष्टान्त is Nyāya’s technical name for the illustrative-example member of a formal five-part syllogism; must be clarified as narrative teaching provoking faith-response (chapter 4), not a step in a deductive logical proof.

Mystery

Approved rendering: रहस्यम्
Transliteration: rahasyam
Doctrine: The Mystery of the Kingdom in Parables / The Messianic Secret
Original: τὸ μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom

New term. Must distinguish from Tantric/Vedāntic esoteric doctrine restricted to initiates via formal dīkṣā (initiation); kingdom access (4:11) is through simple, receptive faith, open in principle to anyone.

Saved Healed

Approved rendering: त्रातवती (and cognate verb forms)
Transliteration: trātavatī
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: आरोग्यम्
Original: σέσωκέν σε (σῴζω)
Category: Salvation

New term, deliberately built on the same √trā root as त्राणम् (salvation) rather than a purely medical term, to preserve Mark’s own healing/salvation double entendre (5:34; 10:52). Requires a translator note at each occurrence.

Transfiguration

Approved rendering: रूपान्तरम्
Transliteration: rūpāntaram
Doctrine: The Transfiguration and Christ’s Divine Glory
Original: μετεμορφώθη (μεταμορφόω)
Category: Christology

New term. Must be explicitly distinguished from Bhagavad Gītā chapter 11’s viśvarūpa-darśana (Kṛṣṇa’s cosmic-form revelation to Arjuna), a directly citable, structurally similar ‘hidden divine form revealed’ narrative (9:2-8). Christ’s transfiguration reveals unique eternal glory, not one of several available divine forms.

Eternal Life

Approved rendering: अनन्तं जीवनम्
Transliteration: anantaṃ jīvanam
Doctrine: Eternal Life and the Cost of Discipleship / The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: सनातनं जीवनम्, मोक्षः, मुक्तिः
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation

New term. सनातनं जीवनम् rejected for its Hindu-identity self-reference risk (सनातन धर्म); मोक्षः/मुक्तिः forbidden. Must be explicitly coordinated with त्राणम् (salvation), never explained via liberation-from-saṃsāra vocabulary (10:17, 30).

Worldly Lordship

Approved rendering: अधिपत्येन दमयन्ति / अधिकारेण पीडयन्ति
Transliteration: adhipatyena damayanti / adhikāreṇa pīḍayanti
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship

New compound verbs (core passage, 10:42). Must retain an unmistakably pejorative-domination sense, kept sharply distinct from the positive प्रभुः/अधिकारः used of Christ’s own legitimate, non-oppressive authority, or the entire inversion-of-greatness contrast collapses.

Substitution For

Approved rendering: विनिमयेन
Transliteration: vinimayena
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: निमित्तम्, अर्थे
Original: ἀντί
Category: Salvation

New term (core passage, 10:45, rendering ἀντί). अर्थे/निमित्तम् rejected as too weak (‘for the sake of’); विनिमयेन preserves the strict substitution sense grammatically load-bearing for the Necessity of the Cross doctrine.

Temple

Approved rendering: मन्दिरम् / प्रार्थनागृहम्
Transliteration: mandiram / prārthanāgṛham
Doctrine: The Temple and New Access to God
Original: τὸ ἱερόν / ναός
Category: Worship

New term. Unlike the baseline’s rejection of मन्दिरम् for ‘church,’ मन्दिरम् is acceptable here for the literal Jerusalem Temple building (11:15-17; 15:38). Must flag the aniconic-Temple (Ark, no mūrti) vs. image-housing-mandira (garbhagṛha + consecrated mūrti) contrast at first occurrence.

Love

Approved rendering: प्रेम
Transliteration: prema
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπήσεις
Category: Discipleship

New term (12:30-31, quoting Deut 6:5 and Lev 19:18). Must be redefined against bhakti-rasa theory’s systematized romantic/devotional prema categories (e.g. the Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa paradigm); biblical ἀγάπη here is commanded, covenantal, self-giving love owed equally to God and neighbor.

Body And Blood

Approved rendering: शरीरम् / रक्तम्
Transliteration: śarīram / raktam
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου
Category: Covenant

New terms (14:22-24). No close Vedic ritual analogue exists for a deity’s own body/blood as sacrificial elements; theological weight rests on explanatory notes referencing Passover and Exodus 24’s covenant-blood ceremony.

Tradition

Approved rendering: परम्परा
Transliteration: paramparā
Doctrine: Tradition versus God’s Commandment
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant

New term (7:1-13). परम्परा names the guru-lineage transmission of authority central to virtually every classical school’s account of how truth is handed down; framing must target Jesus’ critique of this specific misuse of a human tradition to nullify God’s command, not the category of transmitted teaching as such.

Suffering Servant Descriptive

Approved rendering: (no fixed noun; freshly-constructed descriptive clause per occurrence, e.g. यः दुःखं सोढ्वा बहूनां कृते प्राणान् अयच्छत्)
Transliteration: yaḥ duḥkhaṃ soḍhvā bahūnāṃ kṛte prāṇān ayacchat
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: any single coined noun-title

No single fixed Sanskrit noun exists for Isaiah 53’s Suffering Servant. Sanskrit religious literature has no structural precedent for a redemptively suffering divine figure — Viṣṇu’s avatāras (Gītā 4.7-8) act in triumphant restoration of dharma, not vicarious suffering for others’ sin. A descriptive clause, rebuilt at each occurrence (8:31; 9:12; 10:45; 14:21, 41; 15:15-37), resists crystallizing into a misleading avatāra-adjacent title. Human theologian review wherever used.

Disciple

Approved rendering: अनुगामी
Transliteration: anugāmī
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: शिष्यः, अनुयायी

New term, built on the same root already fixed for ‘follow’ (अनुगमनम्). शिष्यः rejected as primary: names formal membership in the guru-śiṣya-paramparā institutional transmission-lineage, precisely the model Mark’s narrative subverts (uneducated fishermen called directly by Jesus’ own sovereign initiative, 1:16-20, with no prior guru-approach or initiation rite). शिष्यः reserved only for isolated, explicitly-glossed contrastive commentary references to the guru-lineage model itself.

Teacher Address

Approved rendering: उपदेशकः
Transliteration: upadeśakaḥ
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear / The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, आचार्यः

New term for direct address of Jesus as ‘Teacher’ (4:38; 9:5, 17, 38; 10:17, 20, 35, 51; 11:21; 12:14, 19, 32; 13:1; 14:14, 45). गुरुः rejected (guru-śiṣya-paramparā lineage, per the baseline ‘apostle’ reasoning, applying with even greater force to direct address of Jesus himself); आचार्यः rejected (names a formally credentialed founding/lineage teacher of a specific darśana, e.g. Śaṅkarācārya, risking Jesus as one darśana-founder among others). उपदेशकः is a plain agent-noun without institutional-lineage sense.

Nature Creation

Approved rendering: सृष्टिः
Transliteration: sṛṣṭiḥ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: प्रकृतिः

New term for summary/abstract references to ‘nature’ as the domain of Jesus’ authority (storm, fig tree, loaves: 4:35-41; 6:45-52; 11:12-14, 20-25). प्रकृतिः rejected: Sāṅkhya’s fully theorized primordial-matter principle, one of the system’s two ultimate categories (puruṣa/prakṛti dualism); सृष्टिः names the created product under a personal Creator. Wherever possible, prefer concrete per-episode rendering (सागरः/वातः for the storm, अंजीरवृक्षः for the fig tree) over this abstract noun.

Passion Necessity

Approved rendering: आवश्यकम्
Transliteration: āvaśyakam
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: अवश्यम्भावी

New term for the δεῖ (‘it is necessary’) of the Passion predictions (8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34). अवश्यम्भावी rejected: risks being heard through नियति/दैवम् (impersonal fate/destiny, already forbidden in the baseline ‘providence’ entry). आवश्यकम् must always be paired explicitly with परमेश्वरस्य विधानम् (God’s own purposive plan) rather than fate-vocabulary alone.

Medium Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: प्रेषितः
Transliteration: preṣitaḥ
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, ऋषिः
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to the Twelve (3:14; 6:30). Distinguish from a guru within a guru-śiṣya-paramparā or a ṛṣi.

Gentiles

Approved rendering: अन्यजातीयाः
Transliteration: anyajātīyāḥ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: म्लेच्छाः
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The Syrophoenician woman episode (7:24-30) and the gospel to all nations (13:10).

Church

Approved rendering: मण्डली
Transliteration: maṇḍalī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिरम्, मठः
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No direct narrative occurrence in Mark; retained for curriculum-commentary consistency. Must never double for the literal Jerusalem Temple (मन्दिरम्, see temple entry) or a synagogue (see synagogue entry).

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य राज्यम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya rājyam
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Mark’s organizing theme (1:14-15; 4:26-32; 9:1; 14:25). राज्यम् alone pulls toward a territorial/dynastic register (cf. rājadharma literature); every first occurrence per document requires an inaugurated-eschatology (‘already/not yet’) gloss beyond what baseline Romans usage required.

Intercession

Approved rendering: मध्यस्थता
Transliteration: madhyasthatā
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (cf. Mark’s prayer texts)
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.

Prayer

Approved rendering: प्रार्थना
Transliteration: prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith

New key for this curriculum, though drawn directly from the baseline doctrine_risk_registry’s ‘prayer_and_intercession’ entry (the baseline translation_memory.json recorded only ‘intercession’). Added because Mark repeatedly narrates Jesus’ own prayer life (1:35; 6:46; 14:32-39) and teaching on prayer (11:24-25). Distinguish from Vedic ritual invocation (āhvāna, homa) requiring precise mantra performance for efficacy.

Kingdom At Hand

Approved rendering: आसन्नम्
Transliteration: āsannam
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In

New qualifier for 1:15’s ‘at hand.’ Purely temporal-proximity adjective; must be paired with an explicit note on already/not-yet inaugurated eschatology, which the adjective alone cannot carry.

Kingdom Growth Process

Approved rendering: प्रवृत्तम् (राज्यम्)
Transliteration: pravṛttam (rājyam)
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In

New supplementary descriptive qualifier for the growth-parables (4:26-32, mustard seed/growing seed), glossed explicitly as the same परमेश्वरस्य राज्यम् in its growth phase, not a separate kingdom.

Leprosy

Approved rendering: कुष्ठरोगः / कुष्ठरोगी
Transliteration: kuṣṭharogaḥ / kuṣṭharogī
Doctrine: Leprosy and Compassionate Boundary-Crossing
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Healing

New term. Dharmaśāstra treats kuṣṭha as ritually polluting, grounds for social exclusion from certain rites; Jesus’ deliberate crossing of this exact exclusion boundary (1:40-45) must be preserved, not softened.

Forgive Sins

Approved rendering: क्षमा
Transliteration: kṣamā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority to Forgive Sins
Original: ἀφίημι ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sin

New term for pardon of a specific offense (2:1-12), correctly distinguished from the baseline’s rejection of क्षमा as a substitute for justification (धर्मीति निर्णयः). Must also be distinguished from dharmaśāstra’s prāyaścitta ritual-penance procedure.

Sabbath

Approved rendering: विश्रामदिनम्
Transliteration: viśrāmadinam
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over the Sabbath
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant

New term. Avoid assimilation to any Hindu tithi/vrata calendar-observance day (2:23-3:6).

Fasting

Approved rendering: उपवासः
Transliteration: upavāsaḥ
Doctrine: Fasting and the Presence of the Bridegroom
Original: νηστεία / νηστεύω
Category: Discipleship

New term. उपवास is a major, calendar-bound Hindu ritual-vrata practice; Mark’s usage (2:18-22) is occasional and situational, not tied to a fixed devotional calendar.

Will Of God

Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य इच्छा
Transliteration: parameśvarasya icchā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / Gethsemane Submission
Original: τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: God

New term. Plain compound (3:31-35, redefines kinship around obedience; 14:36, Gethsemane submission); track alongside परमेश्वरस्य विधानम् (providence).

Deny Himself

Approved rendering: स्वार्थं त्यजेत्
Transliteration: svārthaṃ tyajet
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: आत्मानम् अस्वीकरोतु
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship

New phrase. Preferred over an आत्मन्-based reflexive construction to avoid any association, however grammatically distinct, with the package’s protected Holy-Spirit-only use of आत्मा (8:34).

Rebuke Silence

Approved rendering: तर्जनम् / निषेधः
Transliteration: tarjanam / niṣedhaḥ
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret and False Messiahs
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Christology

New term. Track as a unified silencing motif across 1:34, 44; 3:12; 8:30, 32-33; 9:9 with consistent terminology.

Marriage Divorce

Approved rendering: विवाहः / त्यागः
Transliteration: vivāhaḥ / tyāgaḥ
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: γάμος / ἀπολύω
Category: Discipleship

New term. Dharmaśāstra’s extensive, varṇa-specific marital-dissolution rules must not substitute for or dilute Jesus’ creation-based (Genesis) teaching on marriage’s permanence (10:2-12).

Follow

Approved rendering: अनुगमनम्
Transliteration: anugamanam
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship

New term. Distinguish from following one guru among several equally valid teachers within a guru-śiṣya-paramparā; this is exclusive discipleship to the one Lord (1:18; 10:21, 28, 52).

Cup

Approved rendering: पात्रम्
Transliteration: pātram
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Salvation

New term. Requires an OT metaphorical-background note (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15); no Sanskrit ritual-vessel doctrine should bleed into the metaphor. Core passage: 10:38-39; also 14:36.

Servant

Approved rendering: सेवकः
Transliteration: sevakaḥ
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship

New term (core passage, 10:43; also 9:35). Must be distinguished from upward guru-sevā rendered by a disciple to a guru for personal spiritual advancement; Christian service here is mutual and others-oriented.

Slave

Approved rendering: दासः
Transliteration: dāsaḥ
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness / The Ransom for Many
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship

New term (core passage, 10:44). दास carries a positive bhakti-devotional resonance (dāsya-bhāva, e.g. Hanumān as Rāma’s dāsa) usable for voluntary self-lowering, but must be distinguished from dharmaśāstra’s literal varṇa-linked chattel-slave legal status.

Many

Approved rendering: बहूनाम्
Transliteration: bahūnām
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: πολλῶν
Category: Salvation

New term (core passage, 10:45). Requires a translator note connecting explicitly to Isaiah 53:11-12’s Suffering Servant, who ‘bears the sin of many.‘

Tribulation

Approved rendering: संकटम्
Transliteration: saṅkaṭam
Doctrine: The Abomination of Desolation and Great Tribulation
Rejected alternatives: क्लेशः, दुःखम्
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology

New term. Both rejected alternatives are fully theorized technical categories (Yoga Sūtra 2.3’s five kleśas; Sāṅkhya’s/Buddhism’s foundational duḥkha) incompatible with this historically-situated eschatological distress (13:19, 24).

Abomination Of Desolation

Approved rendering: विनाशकं दूषितवस्तु
Transliteration: vināśakaṃ dūṣitavastu
Doctrine: The Abomination of Desolation and Great Tribulation
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology

New term, quoting Daniel (13:14). Requires a Danielic-historical explanatory note rather than a philosophical-collision flag.

Watch Be Alert

Approved rendering: सावधानाः जागृताः भवत
Transliteration: sāvadhānāḥ jāgṛtāḥ bhavata
Doctrine: Watchfulness and Eschatological Vigilance
Original: γρηγορεῖτε
Category: Eschatology

New phrase (13:33-37). जागृत is the Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad’s technical name for the ordinary waking state of consciousness; pairing with सावधान keeps the sense firmly moral-eschatological, not a claim about states of consciousness.

False Messiahs

Approved rendering: मृषामसीहाः
Transliteration: mṛṣāmasīhāḥ
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret and False Messiahs
Original: ψευδόχριστοι
Category: Christology

New compound built on the protected मसीहः base term (13:22); inherits its protections, comparatively low independent risk.

Betray

Approved rendering: विश्वासघातः
Transliteration: viśvāsaghātaḥ
Doctrine: Betrayal and Broken Trust
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Discipleship

New compound, built directly on विश्वासः (faith/trust), preserving in Sanskrit the same trust-violation logic the Greek narrative exploits (14:10-11, 18-21, 41-46).

King Of The Jews

Approved rendering: यहूदीयानां राजा
Transliteration: yahūdīyānāṃ rājā
Doctrine: The Irony of the King of the Jews
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology

New term (15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26, 32). The mocking-then-vindicated irony must be preserved, not flattened into purely honorific or purely derisive language.

Temple Curtain

Approved rendering: यवनिका
Transliteration: yavanikā
Doctrine: The Temple and New Access to God
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ
Category: Salvation

New term (15:38). Theological significance (unmediated access to God’s presence opened at Christ’s death) requires an OT-Temple-background note rather than a rival-philosophical-doctrine flag.

Corban

Approved rendering: कर्बान्
Transliteration: karbān
Doctrine: Tradition versus God’s Commandment
Original: κορβάν
Category: Covenant

New term, transliterated (7:11). A specific first-century Jewish legal-vow category, not a Sanskrit-tradition concept; requires explanatory note.

Ritual Defilement

Approved rendering: अशुद्धम्
Transliteration: aśuddham
Doctrine: Ritual Purity and True Defilement
Original: κοινός / κοινοῦν
Category: Sin

New term (7:15, 18-23). Distinguished from पवित्रम् (holy) and from शुद्धम् (ritual purity’s positive counterpart); must preserve Jesus’ relocation of defilement’s source from external contact to the internal heart.

Rabbi

Approved rendering: रब्बी
Transliteration: rabbī
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear / The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः

New term, transliterated parallel to Abba, retained wherever the Greek text itself preserves the untranslated Aramaic/Hebrew address term (9:5; 10:51; 11:21; 14:45).

Synagogue

Approved rendering: यहूदीयसभागृहम्
Transliteration: yahūdīyasabhāgṛham
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (setting) / Jesus’ Authority over the Sabbath
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिरम्, मण्डली

New transparent descriptive compound (1:21, 39; 3:1; 6:2). मन्दिरम् rejected (reserved for the literal Jerusalem Temple); मण्डली rejected (reserved for the new-covenant Church assembly). A synagogue is neither and requires its own lane.

Compassion

Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature (compassion motif)
Rejected alternatives: करुणा

New term (1:41; 6:34; 8:2; 9:22). करुणा rejected as primary: Mahāyāna Buddhism’s paired technical category alongside prajñā, one of the four brahmavihāras and the defining virtue of the bodhisattva ideal. दया is comparatively untheorized; अनुकम्पा is an acceptable descriptive synonym.

Mercy Cry

Approved rendering: कृपां कुरु
Transliteration: kṛpāṃ kuru
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: अनुग्रहः

New fixed idiomatic cry-for-pity formula (Bartimaeus, 10:47-48), kept lexically distinct from अनुग्रहः (the reserved baseline term for saving grace) to avoid conflating a beggar’s plea for pity with the doctrinal category of unmerited justifying grace.

Scribes

Approved rendering: शास्त्रज्ञाः
Transliteration: śāstrajñāḥ
Doctrine: Tradition versus God’s Commandment (recurring adversarial group)

New term, plain (‘those learned in scripture/texts’) rather than a term implying formal brahminical priestly rank. Mark’s own narrative context, not the term itself, should carry the critical tone toward this frequently adversarial group; translators must not compensate by choosing a deliberately demeaning alternative, which would import an anachronistic polemic absent from the Greek.

Worldly Greatness

Approved rendering: महत्त्वम् / श्रेष्ठत्वम्
Transliteration: mahattvam / śreṣṭhatvam
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: महिमा

New terms for the disciples’ desired worldly greatness (9:34; 10:37, 42-43). महिमा (glory) is explicitly fenced off and never used for this sense — महिमा is reserved exclusively for God’s/Christ’s own radiant honor. महत्त्वम्/श्रेष्ठत्वम् are ordinary comparative-status nouns without a rival technical doctrine attached.

Low Risk Terms

Prophet

Approved rendering: भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: bhaviṣyadvaktā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ऋषिः
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. John the Baptist’s prophetic role (1:2-3) and popular perception of Jesus (6:15).

Hosanna

Approved rendering: होशन्ना
Transliteration: hośannā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom

New term, established liturgical transliteration; brief petitionary-sense gloss (‘save now’) required at 11:9-10.

Caesar

Approved rendering: कैसरः
Transliteration: kaisaraḥ
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (church/state distinction)
Original: Καῖσαρ
Category: Kingdom

New proper name, transliterated (12:14-17). Limited, subordinate civil claim noted but not itself a term-translation risk.

Cornerstone

Approved rendering: कोणस्य प्रधानप्रस्तरः
Transliteration: koṇasya pradhānaprastaraḥ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise Fulfilled in Jesus
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Christology

New term, quoting Psalm 118:22 (12:10-11). Messianic architectural metaphor with minimal classical-philosophical collision; mainly requires a source-citation note.

Deny Peter

Approved rendering: अपह्नवः / अस्वीकरणम्
Transliteration: apahnavaḥ / asvīkaraṇam
Doctrine: Peter’s Denial (and Implied Restoration)
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship

New term, plain and low-risk (14:66-72).

Commandment

Approved rendering: आज्ञा
Transliteration: ājñā
Doctrine: Tradition versus God’s Commandment / The Greatest Commandment
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Covenant

New term (7:8-9; 12:28-31). Note the unrelated homonym ājñā-cakra in later yogic physiology — a minor, non-doctrinal point requiring only a brief note.

Heart

Approved rendering: हृदयम्
Transliteration: hṛdayam
Doctrine: Ritual Purity and True Defilement
Original: καρδία
Category: Sanctification

New term (7:19, 21). Not heavily systematized like ātman or dharma; comparatively little classical-philosophical baggage.

Beelzebul

Approved rendering: बेल्जबूल्
Transliteration: beljabūl
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Spiritual Warfare

New proper name, transliterated (3:22). Requires explanatory note on identity as a satanic figure.

Legion

Approved rendering: लेगियोन्
Transliteration: legiyon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Spiritual Warfare

New proper name, transliterated (5:9). Preserve via translator note the theological point that Jesus’ authority extends over an entire ‘army’ of unclean spirits.

Gethsemane

Approved rendering: गेत्शमनी
Transliteration: getśamanī
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross (Gethsemane submission)
Original: Γεθσημανί
Category: Christology

New proper name, transliterated (14:32).

Fear

Approved rendering: भयम्
Transliteration: bhayam
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear

New term, plain and low-risk, for the fear Mark repeatedly juxtaposes against faith (4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:32; 16:8).

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