Core Glossary
2 Timothy — Core Glossary
PRD Phase 1, Step 1 — Companion to 07_semantic_analysis.md
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified across the whole of 2 Timothy (chapters 1–4), citing the chapter/verse of first or key occurrence. It is organized into two sections:
- Section A — terms already fixed in the baseline Romans
translation_memory.json, reused here exactly, with no deviation permitted. - Section B — new terms required by 2 Timothy’s vocabulary, not present in the Romans baseline, analyzed and assigned per the same methodology (least philosophically-encumbered available Sanskrit term; explicit, citable classical-source grounding for every Critical/High risk assignment).
All Section B terms are proposed additions to translation memory and must be reviewed by a human theologian (Critical/High) or Sanskrit-philosophically-literate scholar (Medium) before Phase 2 translation begins, per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Section A — Terms Reused Verbatim from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Sanskrit | Transliteration | Risk (baseline) | 2 Timothy References | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | सुसमाचारः | susamācāraḥ | High | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 2:9, 4:5 | No deviation. |
| Grace | अनुग्रहः | anugrahaḥ | High | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22 | Contrast with “works” (कर्माणि, Section B) is explicit at 1:9. |
| Faith | विश्वासः | viśvāsaḥ | High | 1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 | Heaviest-used baseline term in this letter. |
| Called / Calling | आहूतः / आह्वानम् | āhūtaḥ / āhvānam | High | 1:9 (“holy calling”) | — |
| Holy | पवित्रम् | pavitram | High | 1:9, 1:14 | Note the Greek distinction between ἅγιος (here) and ἱερός (3:15, “sacred writings,” Section B) — both converge on पवित्र in Sanskrit; flag this convergence to translators. |
| Apostle | प्रेषितः | preṣitaḥ | Medium | 1:1, 1:11 | — |
| Salvation | त्राणम् | trāṇam | Critical | 2:10, 3:15 | Never मोक्षः/मुक्तिः/निर्वाणम्. |
| Resurrection | पुनरुत्थानम् | punarutthānam | Critical | 2:8, 2:18 | 2:18 requires special handling — see Section B, “the resurrection already happened” (false teaching). |
| Lord | प्रभुः | prabhuḥ | Critical | throughout (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22) | Never ईश्वरः. |
| Righteousness | धार्मिकता | dhārmikatā | Critical | 2:22, 3:16, 4:8 | Mandatory redefinition every occurrence, per baseline rule. |
| Glory | महिमा | mahimā | High | 4:18 | Never तेजस्. |
| Sin | पापम् | pāpam | High | 3:6 | — |
| Gentiles | अन्यजातीयाः | anyajātīyāḥ | Medium | 4:17 | — |
| Election (adj. “elect”) | परमेश्वरस्य वरणम् (root); “elect” = वृताः/वरणीयाः जनाः | parameśvarasya varaṇam; vṛtāḥ/varaṇīyāḥ janāḥ | High | 2:10 (“for the sake of the elect”) | Adjective form built on the baseline noun root; not fate/bhāgya. |
| God | सर्वेश्वरः | sarveśvaraḥ | Critical | throughout | Never देवः/ईश्वरः/ब्रह्मन्/भगवान्. |
| Jesus / Christ | यीशुः / ख्रीष्टः | yīśuḥ / khrīṣṭaḥ | Critical | throughout | — |
| Holy Spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | pavitra ātmā | Critical | 1:14 | Mandatory personhood note every occurrence; see Section B methodological flag on πνεῦμα (1:7) — आत्मा must NEVER be extended to generic “spirit/disposition” language elsewhere in this letter. |
| Father | पिता | pitā | Critical | 1:2 | Never ब्रह्मा/प्रजापतिः. |
| Exhort | उत्तेजनम् | uttejanam | Low | 4:2 (παρακάλεσον) | — |
| Power of God | परमेश्वरस्य सामर्थ्यम् (root: सामर्थ्यम्) | sāmarthyam | High | 1:7, 1:8, 3:5 | Never शक्तिः. |
| Peace | शान्तिः | śāntiḥ | Medium | 1:2 | — |
| Seed of David | दाविदः वंशात् | dāvidaḥ vaṃśāt | High | 2:8 | — |
| Kingdom of God (root) | परमेश्वरस्य राज्यम् (root: राज्यम्) | rājyam | Medium | 4:1 (“his kingdom”), 4:18 (“his heavenly kingdom”) | Extended here to Christ’s own eschatological kingdom; see Section B, “heavenly kingdom” for the स्वर्ग caution. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by 2 Timothy
Each entry follows the translation_memory.json field structure for direct incorporation into an updated version of that file.
Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
scripture / sacred writings (γραφή, ἱερὰ γράμματα)
- Sanskrit: पवित्रं शास्त्रम् / पवित्राणि शास्त्राणि
- Transliteration: pavitraṃ śāstram / pavitrāṇi śāstrāṇi
- Risk: High
- References: 3:15, 3:16
- Alternatives rejected: धर्मशास्त्रम् (too tightly bound to the dharmaśāstra legal-ritual genre and varṇāśrama social duty, per the baseline’s rejection of this term for “law”)
- Notes: शास्त्रम् is deliberately chosen because it names an authoritative authored treatise/instruction-text genre (as in nyāyaśāstra, arthaśāstra) — genuinely useful here because śāstra as a genre does not carry the apauruṣeya (unauthored, eternal) claim reserved specifically for śruti/Veda, making it a comparatively safe vessel for “an authoritative written text,” while θεόπνευστος (below) supplies the specifically Christian claim of divine authorship.
God-breathed (θεόπνευστος)
- Sanskrit: सर्वेश्वरप्रेरितम्
- Transliteration: sarveśvara-prēritam
- Risk: CRITICAL
- References: 3:16
- Alternatives rejected: सर्वेश्वरनिःश्वसितम् (more literal “God-breathed,” retained as acceptable footnote gloss but not primary, for consistency with the प्रेरणा root already fixed in the baseline doctrine registry’s name for this doctrine, “शास्त्रस्य प्रेरणा”)
- Notes: This is the single most direct doctrinal collision in the curriculum with apauruṣeya Veda-theory (Mīmāṃsā’s doctrine that the Veda is unauthored and eternal, merely “seen,” not spoken, by ṛṣis). θεόπνευστος asserts the opposite: Scripture has a personal, active, sovereign divine Author. Mandatory explicit contrastive note at every occurrence.
profitable/useful (ὠφέλιμος) — पकारकम्/उपकारकम् (upakārakam) — Risk: Low. 3:16.
teaching / doctrine (διδασκαλία, διδαχή)
- Sanskrit: उपदेशः
- Transliteration: upadeśaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 3:16, 4:2 (“διδαχῇ”), 4:3 (“διδασκαλίας”)
- Notes: उपदेश shares the guru-śiṣya oral-instruction background already flagged in the baseline’s rejection of गुरुः for “apostle.” Must be explicitly qualified as apostolic, Scripture-derived, publicly-verifiable teaching, not one guru’s personal teaching-lineage.
reproof / conviction (ἐλεγμός) — खण्डनम् (khaṇḍanam) — Risk: Medium. 3:16, 4:2 (ἔλεγξον). Constructive echo of Mīmāṃsā/Nyāya’s uttarapakṣa (refutation-of-the-opponent) dialectical step, similar in spirit to the baseline’s reuse of निर्णय for “justification.”
correction (ἐπανόρθωσις) — सुधारः (sudhāraḥ) — Risk: Low. 3:16.
training [in righteousness] (παιδεία) — शिक्षणम् (śikṣaṇam) — Risk: Medium. 3:16.
complete / equipped (ἄρτιος, ἐξαρτίζω) — सुसज्जः / पूर्णतः सुसज्जितः — Risk: Low. 3:17.
The Charge to Preach the Word
preach / proclaim (κηρύσσω)
- Sanskrit: प्रचारय (imperative) / प्रचारः (noun)
- Transliteration: pracāraya / pracāraḥ
- Risk: Medium
- References: 4:2
- Notes: Reuses the प्रचार root already established in the Romans baseline for “mission” (सुसमाचारप्रचारः), for cross-curriculum consistency.
the word [of God] (λόγος)
- Sanskrit: वचनम् (“परमेश्वरस्य वचनम्” for “the word of God”)
- Transliteration: vacanam
- Risk: High
- References: 2:9, 4:2
- Notes: Shares its √vac root with वाच्, already flagged in the Romans baseline (“covenant” entry) for activating Vāc theology and Mīmāṃsā’s śabda-brahman doctrine (the Veda’s eternal, self-existent sound-form). वचनम् is retained as the established Christian Sanskrit NT rendering (cf. John 1:1 tradition) per the baseline’s preference for existing precedent, but every occurrence requires a note distinguishing it from an eternal, uncreated Word-principle: here it is God’s historically given, entrusted message.
be ready [in season, out of season] (ἐπίστηθι εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως) — सुसज्जो भव, सुसमये असमये च — Risk: Low. 4:2.
rebuke (ἐπιτίμησον) — तर्जय (tarjaya) — Risk: Low. 4:2.
patience / longsuffering (μακροθυμία) — धैर्यम् (dhairyam) — Risk: Low. 4:2.
solemnly charge (διαμαρτύρομαι) — साक्षीकृत्य समादिशामि — Risk: Medium. 4:1.
judge [the living and the dead] (κρίνω)
- Sanskrit: विचारयति / विचारः
- Transliteration: vicārayati / vicāraḥ
- Risk: Medium
- References: 4:1
- Alternatives rejected: न्यायं करोति (न्यायः is reserved as the proper name of the Nyāya darśana per the Romans baseline’s “righteousness” entry, and must never be repurposed as a plain verb-root for divine judgment)
- Notes: विचार carries a minor secondary association with Advaita’s self-inquiry (ātma-vicāra), flagged for awareness but far less severe than the Nyāya-school-name collision.
appearing / epiphany (ἐπιφάνεια)
- Sanskrit: प्रकटीभावः
- Transliteration: prakaṭībhāvaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 1:10 (first coming), 4:1, 4:8 (final return)
- Alternatives rejected: अवतारः (forbidden per baseline “incarnation” rule)
- Notes: Must be explicitly distinguished, with citation of Bhagavad Gītā 4.7–8 at first occurrence, from avatāra theology’s periodic, repeatable, dharma-restoring divine manifestation. Christ’s ἐπιφάνεια is the visible unveiling of the same eternal Son who has already, once, permanently taken on human nature (देहधारणम्, baseline), not a new descent-instance.
Guarding Sound Doctrine
sound [doctrine] (ὑγιαίνουσα)
- Sanskrit: स्वस्थः (used in the compound “स्वस्थ उपदेशः,” sound doctrine)
- Transliteration: svasthaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 4:3 (core passage), also implicit at 1:13 (“sound words”)
- Notes: Combines with उपदेशः above; the compound “sound doctrine” is a key phrase for this doctrine and must render consistently throughout.
rightly handling [the word of truth] (ὀρθοτομέω)
- Sanskrit: सत्यवचनस्य यथार्थं विभागं कुर्वन् (verbal phrase: “rightly dividing the word of truth”)
- Transliteration: satyavacanasya yathārthaṃ vibhāgaṃ kurvan
- Risk: Medium
- References: 2:15
- Notes: Deliberate, positive echo of Mīmāṃsā’s vākya-vicāra hermeneutical method (rigorous analysis of scriptural sentences to determine correct meaning/application) — a constructive reuse pattern, similar to “justification”/धर्मीति निर्णयः in the Romans baseline. Must not be extended to import Mīmāṃsā’s specific ritual-injunction framework wholesale.
word-battle / quarreling about words (λογομαχία) — वाग्विवादः — Risk: Low. 2:14.
profane empty chatter (βέβηλος κενοφωνία) — अपवित्रं वृथालापम् — Risk: Low. 2:16.
gangrene (γάγγραινα) — गलितव्रणः / कोथः — Risk: Low. 2:17. Vivid image metaphor.
Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
last days (ἔσχαται ἡμέραι)
- Sanskrit: अन्तिमदिनानि / अन्त्यकालः
- Transliteration: antimadinani / antyakālaḥ
- Risk: CRITICAL
- References: 3:1
- Notes: Requires mandatory explicit contrast, at every occurrence, with Kali Yuga — the fourth and final age of the Puranic four-yuga cosmological cycle, whose moral-corruption catalogue (Viṣṇu Purāṇa 4.24; Bhāgavata Purāṇa 12.2) closely resembles 2 Timothy 3:2–5’s vice-list. Biblical “last days” is a linear, one-time trajectory to a final, unrepeatable judgment; Kali Yuga is one recurring phase in an endlessly repeating cosmic cycle ending in cosmic dissolution (pralaya) and a fresh golden age. Cross-references the Romans baseline’s “fulfillment_of_prophecy” doctrine entry (linear vs. cyclical time).
myths / fables (μῦθοι)
- Sanskrit: मिथ्याकथाः
- Transliteration: mithyā-kathāḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 4:4
- Alternatives rejected: पुराणम्, इतिहासः — CRITICAL to avoid: these are proper names of major Hindu sacred-history/cosmological literary genres, traditionally regarded as authoritative by much of the target audience; using either would risk both giving offense and mistranslating Paul’s point (deliberately fabricated false doctrine, not narrative genre).
godliness [without power] (εὐσέβεια)
- Sanskrit: ईश्वरपरायणता
- Transliteration: īśvara-parāyaṇatā
- Risk: High
- References: 3:5, 3:12
- Alternatives rejected: भक्तिः (reserved by the Romans baseline as the proper name of an entire theorized soteriological path, bhakti-mārga); धर्मपरायणता (re-invokes dharma’s full varṇāśrama weight)
- Notes: Must be paired with सामर्थ्यम् (baseline “power of God,” never शक्तिः) in the phrase “form of godliness denying its power” (3:5), a key diagnostic verse for this doctrine.
the resurrection has already happened (false teaching, ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι)
- Sanskrit: पुनरुत्थानम् इदानीमेव जातम् इति (मिथ्या वदन्तः)
- Risk: CRITICAL — special handling required
- References: 2:18
- Notes: Reuses पुनरुत्थानम् (baseline Critical term) but describes a condemned false teaching. Must always be marked explicitly as false, with a note cautioning that the Sanskrit phrasing should not be allowed to read as a plausible echo of Advaita Vedānta’s jīvanmukti doctrine (liberation fully attained already, within this present embodied life) — a surface resemblance a Sanskrit-literate reader could otherwise find respectable rather than heretical.
devil / Satan (διάβολος)
- Sanskrit: शैतानः (transliteration; primary) / अपवादकः (apavādakaḥ, “the accuser,” literal gloss)
- Transliteration: śaitānaḥ / apavādakaḥ
- Risk: Critical/High
- References: 2:26
- Alternatives rejected: असुरः, राक्षसः, पिशाचः — each names a populated, extensively storied class of being within Hindu mythology (cosmic anti-gods at war with the devas; man-eating epic-tradition demons; grave-haunting spirits), none matching the biblical devil’s unique, singular, already-defeated-but-still-active role.
snare [of the devil] (παγίς) — जालम् (jālam, “net/trap”) — Risk: Medium. 2:26. पाशः rejected as primary due to its specific technical role in the Śaiva Pāśupata paśu-pati-pāśa (bound soul–Lord–bondage) triad.
impostors / sorcerers (γόητες) — वञ्चकाः (vañcakāḥ, “deceivers”) — Risk: Low/Medium. 3:13. मायावी rejected due to its entanglement in Advaita/Dvaita polemical vocabulary (“māyāvāda”).
Perseverance under Suffering
endure hardship / suffer (κακοπαθέω)
- Sanskrit: कष्टं सहस्व (imperative) / कष्टसहनम् (noun)
- Transliteration: kaṣṭaṃ sahasva / kaṣṭasahanam
- Risk: HIGH
- References: 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5 (core passage)
- Alternatives rejected: क्लेशसहनम् (क्लेश is Patañjali’s precisely codified technical category of the five afflictions to be eliminated through yogic discipline, Yoga Sūtra 2.3–9); दुःखसहनम् (दुःख is the Sāṃkhya-Kārikā’s foundational problem-category and the first Buddhist Noble Truth, both frameworks treating suffering as something to be transcended/escaped)
- Notes: 2 Timothy’s doctrine requires suffering to be actively, faithfully embraced for the gospel’s sake, the reverse orientation from both rejected frameworks. Mandatory explicit note at first occurrence.
persecutions / afflictions (διωγμοί, παθήματα) — उत्पीडनानि, ताडनाः — Risk: High (same क्लेश/दुःख avoidance as above). 3:11.
poured out as a drink offering (σπένδομαι)
- Sanskrit: पानाहुतिवत् अर्प्यमानः अस्मि
- Transliteration: pāna-āhutivat arpyamānaḥ asmi
- Risk: High
- References: 4:6
- Notes: Echoes Vedic homa/yajña libation (āhuti) vocabulary. Must be framed as a personal, once-for-all self-giving, not a repeatable ritual oblation whose efficacy depends on correct technical performance.
this present age/world (ὁ νῦν αἰών)
- Sanskrit: इहलोकः
- Transliteration: ihalokaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 4:10
- Alternatives rejected: संसारः — CRITICAL to avoid: संसार is the universal technical name, across virtually every Indian philosophical system, for the cycle of transmigration/rebirth that salvation frees one from. Using it for a mundane “this present world/age” reference would inadvertently invoke that entire metaphysical framework.
Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
deposit [entrusted] (παραθήκη)
- Sanskrit: निक्षेपः
- Transliteration: nikṣepaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 1:12, 1:14, 2:2 (verb form, παράθου)
- Notes: A well-attested, comparatively neutral classical Sanskrit legal-commercial deposit-trust term (cf. dharmaśāstra nikṣepa/nyāsa law), not a competing theological doctrine. The risk lies elsewhere: guard against readers assimilating this model to the guru-śiṣya-paramparā’s personal, lineage-specific transmission — Paul’s παραθήκη is fixed, public, apostolic content entrusted to “faithful people who will be able to teach others also” (2:2), not a private initiatory succession.
entrust [to faithful people] (παράθου, 2:2) — reuses the निक्षेप root as a verb — Risk: High. Programmatic verse for this doctrine.
Christ and the Gospel’s Power (Chapter 1 cluster)
will of God (θέλημα θεοῦ) — परमेश्वरस्य इच्छा — Risk: Medium. 1:1. Distinguished from भाग्यम्/दैवम् (fate), per baseline “election”/“providence” precedent.
promise of life (ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς) — जीवनस्य प्रतिज्ञा — Risk: Medium. 1:1.
mercy (ἔλεος)
- Sanskrit: कृपा
- Transliteration: kṛpā
- Risk: Medium
- References: 1:2, 1:16, 1:18
- Notes: कृपा was explicitly rejected in the Romans baseline as an alternative for “grace” (to preserve अनुग्रहः’s terminological distinctness). That very reservation now makes कृपा available and well-suited for “mercy” — a related but distinct concept (compassion toward one in misery, vs. unmerited favor as such). Never interchange with अनुग्रहः.
conscience (συνείδησις)
- Sanskrit: सद्विवेकः
- Transliteration: sad-vivekaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 1:3
- Alternatives rejected: अन्तःकरणम् (Sāṃkhya’s precise technical term for the composite inner cognitive-volitional apparatus)
- Notes: विवेक itself carries Advaitic weight (nityānitya-vastu-viveka, the discrimination beginning the path to liberation); must be redefined at first occurrence as “the God-given inner faculty of moral self-awareness,” not a liberating metaphysical discernment.
serve [God] (λατρεύω) — सेवां करोमि — Risk: High. 1:3. Deliberately avoids उपासना (the technical Upanishadic meditative-worship-practice term).
love (ἀγάπη)
- Sanskrit: प्रेम / प्रेमन्
- Transliteration: prema / preman
- Risk: Medium
- References: 1:7, 2:22
- Notes: New term (not present in Romans baseline). Distinguish from काम (kāma, desire/pleasure, one of the four puruṣārthas) and from bhakti’s specific devotional-emotional structure.
self-control / sound mind (σωφρονισμός) — आत्मसंयमः — Risk: Low/Medium. 1:7. Ordinary reflexive compound (ātma- as “self-”), distinct from the standalone metaphysical noun आत्मा.
“spirit” [disposition, not Holy Spirit] (πνεῦμα, 1:7)
- Sanskrit: भावः / वृत्तिः (NEVER आत्मा)
- Risk: High (methodological)
- References: 1:7
- Notes: Mandatory guardrail: this dispositional/psychological sense of πνεῦμα must never be rendered with आत्मा, which is reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit (पवित्र आत्मा) per the baseline’s rule against diluting that compound’s carefully guarded distinctiveness against the ātman-Brahman identity collision.
testimony (μαρτύριον) — साक्ष्यम् — Risk: Low. 1:8.
works (ἔργα, grace-vs-works contrast)
- Sanskrit: कर्माणि
- Transliteration: karmāṇi
- Risk: CRITICAL
- References: 1:9 (“not because of our works”)
- Notes: Unavoidable rendering (कर्मन् is the only workable Sanskrit word-family for “deeds/actions”), which makes this among the highest-stakes single terms in the curriculum: कर्मन् is the organizing category of the karma-phala doctrine spanning virtually every Indian philosophical system. Mandatory explicit redefinition every occurrence, paired directly with अनुग्रहः: God’s calling/salvation is not the automatic karmic fruit of one’s own deeds, but a sovereign gift of grace. Should be added to translation memory alongside “grace” as a linked pair.
purpose [of God] (πρόθεσις) — अभिप्रायः — Risk: Medium. 1:9. सङ्कल्पः considered and set aside (ritual-vow specificity) but noted as an available secondary gloss for solemnity.
Savior (σωτήρ) — त्राता — Risk: High (shares √trā root with त्राणम्; never रक्षकः alone, never मोक्षदाता). 1:10.
life and immortality (ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία)
- Sanskrit: जीवनम् अविनाशित्वं च
- Transliteration: jīvanam avināśitvaṃ ca
- Risk: High
- References: 1:10
- Notes: Must be distinguished from Bhagavad Gītā 2.17–25’s teaching that the embodied self is inherently, always-already imperishable (avināśī) as its own eternal nature. In 2 Timothy, immortality is a future hope graciously bestowed through the gospel and Christ’s resurrection, not an already-possessed eternal soul-property.
pattern of sound words (ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων) — आदर्शः स्वस्थानां वचनानाम् — Risk: Medium (compositional). 1:13.
Assurance of Reward
crown of righteousness (στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης)
- Sanskrit: धार्मिकतायाः मुकुटम्
- Transliteration: dhārmikatāyāḥ mukuṭam
- Risk: High
- References: 4:8
- Notes: Reuses धार्मिकता (baseline Critical term, mandatory redefinition). Must be framed as the righteous Judge’s gracious recognition of a grace-enabled faithful life — consistent with grace — never as the automatic, impersonal fruit of accumulated merit under the karma-phala framework.
righteous Judge (ὁ δίκαιος κριτής) — धार्मिकः विचारकः — Risk: High (compositional; reuses धार्मिक and विचार roots, avoiding न्याय). 4:8.
good fight / contest (ἀγών) — संग्रामः / स्पर्धा — Risk: Medium. 4:7. Render as athletic-contest imagery, not Gītā-style caste-bound dharma-yuddha.
finished the race (δρόμος) — धावनमार्गः — Risk: Low. 4:7.
heavenly kingdom (ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐπουράνιος)
- Sanskrit: स्वर्गीयं राज्यम्
- Transliteration: svargīyaṃ rājyam
- Risk: High
- References: 4:18
- Notes: स्वर्गः in Purāṇic/Vedic cosmology is a temporary, merit-based heavenly realm from which souls return to rebirth once accumulated puṇya is exhausted (cf. Bhagavad Gītā 9.20–21, “kṣīṇe puṇye martyalokaṃ viśanti”). Must be explicitly distinguished as God’s permanent, non-exhaustible final kingdom for believers.
forever and ever (εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων) — सदा सर्वदा / अनन्तकालम् — Risk: Medium. 4:18. Avoid युगे युगे, the Bhagavad Gītā’s own recurring formula (Gītā 4.8) for an avatāra’s periodic reappearance “in every age.”
departure (ἀνάλυσις) — प्रयाणम् — Risk: Low. 4:6. A dignified, well-attested classical Sanskrit euphemism for death.
evangelist (εὐαγγελιστής) — सुसमाचारप्रचारकः — Risk: Medium. 4:5 (core passage).
ministry / service (διακονία)
- Sanskrit: सेवा
- Transliteration: sevā
- Risk: Medium
- References: 4:5
- Notes: सेवा also names ritual/devotional service rendered to a deity’s image or to a guru in bhakti tradition (deity-sevā, guru-sevā); recommend qualifying as “सुसमाचारसेवा” (gospel-ministry) where context allows disambiguation.
repentance (μετάνοια)
- Sanskrit: मनःपरिवर्तनम्
- Transliteration: manaḥ-parivartanam
- Risk: High
- References: 2:25
- Notes: Avoid reducing to मात्र पश्चात्तापः (mere emotional regret); the Greek concept is a God-granted, full reorientation of mind and will.
knowledge of the truth (ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας)
- Sanskrit: सत्यस्य तत्त्वबोधः
- Transliteration: satyasya tattvabodhaḥ
- Risk: High
- References: 2:25
- Alternatives rejected: bare ज्ञानम् as head noun (the technical name of jñāna-mārga, the Bhagavad Gītā’s Self-realizing-gnosis path to liberation, Gītā chs. 4, 13)
- Notes: Must be explicitly distinguished from jñāna-mārga’s Self-achieved metaphysical realization; here it is God’s gift of recognizing and turning toward gospel truth, granted together with repentance.
Risk Summary for 2 Timothy New Terms (Section B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 (θεόπνευστος; ἔσχαται ἡμέραι; ἔργα; ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι [false teaching]; διάβολος) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 24 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 16 | Sanskrit-philosophically-literate scholar |
| Low | 17 | Automated review |
Note on δίκαιος κριτής, στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης, ἐπιφάνεια, and other compositional High-risk entries: these are rated High primarily because they compose baseline Critical-risk roots (धार्मिकता, प्रकटीभावः-adjacent avatāra caution) rather than introducing wholly new doctrinal collisions; they nonetheless require the same mandatory redefinition discipline as their root terms.
All terms in this glossary are proposed for incorporation into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required) before Phase 2 segment translation of 2 Timothy begins, per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: त्राणम्
Transliteration: trāṇam
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मोक्षः, मुक्तिः, निर्वाणम्
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never मोक्षः/मुक्तिः/निर्वाणम्. Used at 2:10, 3:15 (Scripture is ‘able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थानम्
Transliteration: punarutthānam
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never पुनर्जन्म. Used at 2:8 (true doctrine: ‘Jesus Christ, risen from the dead’) and 2:18 (condemned false teaching — see new entry ‘resurrection_already_happened’ below for the special handling required there).
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभुः
Transliteration: prabhuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, स्वामी
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Highest-frequency Christological title in this letter (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 1:18, 2:7, 2:19, 2:22, 2:24, 4:8, 4:14, 4:17, 4:18, 4:22). Never ईश्वरः, per the Advaita-subordination-to-māyā reasoning already fixed in the baseline.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्मः, न्यायः, पुण्यम्
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mandatory explicit redefinition every occurrence, per baseline rule — unavoidable dharma-weight. Used at 2:22, 3:16 (‘training in righteousness’), 4:8 (‘crown of righteousness’).
God
Approved rendering: सर्वेश्वरः
Transliteration: sarveśvaraḥ
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, ब्रह्मन्, भगवान्, देवः
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout 2 Timothy, and critically as the agent of θεόπνευστος at 3:16 (see new entry ‘god_breathed’ below, built on this root). Never देवः/ईश्वरः/ब्रह्मन्/भगवान्.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशुः
Transliteration: yīśuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Serampore Sanskrit NT (1808) precedent. Used throughout, often paired with ख्रीष्टः (see new standalone entry below).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मन्, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:14 (‘by the Holy Spirit who dwells within us, guard the good deposit’). Mandatory personhood note every occurrence. In 2 Timothy this term carries an ADDITIONAL methodological guardrail: the dispositional πνεῦμα of 1:7 (‘spirit of fear… of power, love, and self-control’) is grammatically the same Greek word but must NEVER be rendered with आत्मा — see new entry ‘spirit_disposition’ below. Also never extend आत्मा usage to 4:22’s benedictory ‘your spirit’ beyond its narrow, well-established liturgical formula.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, प्रजापतिः
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the opening greeting, 1:2. Never ब्रह्मा/प्रजापतिः.
Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टः
Transliteration: khrīṣṭaḥ
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New standalone entry for this book. Follows the Serampore Sanskrit New Testament (1808) precedent; only embedded in compounds in the Romans baseline. Given as its own entry here due to 2 Timothy’s high standalone frequency, especially the summary gospel statement of 2:8. Not a title requiring redefinition (unlike lord/God), but proper-name transliteration; still Critical because it names the divine Messiah whose Lordship, Sonship, and resurrection are all Critical baseline doctrines.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: सर्वेश्वरप्रेरितम्
Transliteration: sarveśvara-prēritam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: सर्वेश्वरनिःश्वसितम्
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
CRITICAL, single highest-stakes rendering in this curriculum’s core passage: the sharpest doctrinal collision with Mīmāṃsā/Vedāntic apauruṣeya theory — the doctrine that the Veda is unauthored, eternal, and merely ‘seen’ (√dṛś) by ṛṣis, never spoken by a personal agent. θεόπνευστος (2 Timothy 3:16) asserts the structural opposite: a personal, sovereign, active divine Author breathing out a specific text at a point in time. Preferred over the more literal सर्वेश्वरनिःश्वसितम् (retained as an acceptable footnote gloss) because it shares its प्रेरणा root with the fixed doctrine name ‘शास्त्रस्य प्रेरणा’ in the doctrine registry. Every occurrence requires an explicit contrastive translator note naming apauruṣeya theory directly, not a generic ‘different from Hindu belief’ gloss.
Last Days
Approved rendering: अन्तिमदिनानि / अन्त्यकालः
Transliteration: antimadināni / antyakālaḥ
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: कलियुगः, प्रलयः
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Eschatology
New term (ἔσχαται ἡμέραι), 3:1. CRITICAL: कलियुगः explicitly forbidden despite being linguistically tempting — the vice-list immediately following (3:2-5) closely parallels the traditional Purāṇic description of Kali Yuga (Viṣṇu Purāṇa 4.24; Bhāgavata Purāṇa 12.2), but Kali Yuga is one recurring phase within an endlessly repeating cosmic cycle ending in pralaya and a fresh golden age, whereas biblical ‘last days’ is a linear, one-time trajectory to a final, unrepeatable judgment. Built instead from calendar/time vocabulary (अन्तिम/अन्त्य) rather than any yuga-cycle term. Mandatory explicit contrastive note naming Kali Yuga directly at every occurrence, including 4:3-4.
Resurrection Already Happened
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थानम् इदानीमेव जातम् इति (मिथ्या वदन्तः)
Transliteration: punarutthānam idānīmeva jātam iti (mithyā vadantaḥ)
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι
Category: Apostasy
New term for the condemned false teaching of Hymenaeus and Philetus (2:17-18), ‘the resurrection has already happened.’ Reuses the Critical baseline term पुनरुत्थानम् but describes a condemned heresy, not true doctrine. Must always be marked explicitly as false, with a note cautioning that the Sanskrit phrasing should not be allowed to read as a plausible, even respectable, echo of Advaita Vedānta’s jīvanmukti doctrine (liberation fully attained already, within this present embodied life) — a surface resemblance a Sanskrit-literate reader could otherwise mistake for a recognizable philosophical position rather than the scripturally-condemned error Paul names it.
Devil
Approved rendering: शैतानः
Transliteration: śaitānaḥ
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: असुरः, राक्षसः, पिशाचः, मायावी, अपवादकः
Original: διάβολος
Category: Apostasy
New term (διάβολος), 2:26. Transliterated per the established general Bible-Sanskrit convention — the single case in this Language Package where transliteration is safer than any native paraphrase. Must never be rendered with a populated class-name from Hindu demonology: असुरः (cosmic anti-gods in perpetual war with the devas), राक्षसः (man-eating epic-tradition demons, e.g. Rāvaṇa), or पिशाचः (grave-haunting malevolent spirits) — each names an entire narrative-populated mythological category incompatible with the biblical devil’s unique, singular, already-defeated-but-still-active adversarial role. अपवादकः (‘the accuser’) retained only as an optional literal footnote gloss, not the primary rendering.
Works
Approved rendering: कर्माणि
Transliteration: karmāṇi
Doctrine: Grace versus Works
Original: ἔργα
Category: Salvation
New term (ἔργα), 1:9: ‘not because of our works but because of his own purpose and grace.’ Unavoidable rendering — कर्मन् is the only workable Sanskrit word-family for ‘deeds/actions’ — making this among the highest-stakes single terms in this curriculum: कर्मन् is the organizing category of the karma-phala doctrine spanning virtually every Indian philosophical system, in which moral/ritual action automatically generates its own commensurate result. Mandatory explicit redefinition at every occurrence, paired directly with अनुग्रहः: God’s calling and salvation are not because of, and specifically not the automatic karmic fruit of, one’s own deeds, but according to his own purpose and grace. Recorded here as a linked pair with ‘grace.’ Distinct from ‘good_work’ (सत्कर्म) above, the positive fruit of an already-saved life.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचारः
Transliteration: susamācāraḥ
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: शुभवार्ता
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Follows the 1808 Serampore Sanskrit New Testament coinage (su- ‘good’ + samācāra ‘report/conduct-account’). In 2 Timothy occurs at 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 2:9, 4:5, always as the fixed, entrusted content guarded and transmitted (see ‘deposit’ below).
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रहः
Transliteration: anugrahaḥ
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, प्रसादः, पुण्यम्
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Timothy 1:9 must be paired with the mandatory redefinition of the newly-added ‘works’ (कर्माणि) entry below: God’s calling is ‘not because of our works but because of his own purpose and grace.’ Never interchange with कृपा (reserved for ‘mercy,’ see new entry below).
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासः
Transliteration: viśvāsaḥ
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्तिः
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Heaviest-used baseline term in this letter (1:5, 1:13, 2:18, 2:22, 3:8, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7, ‘I have kept the faith’). Never श्रद्धा (Gita 17’s threefold guṇa-classified term) or भक्तिः (bhakti-mārga).
Called
Approved rendering: आहूतः
Transliteration: āhūtaḥ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: निमन्त्रितः
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις ἁγία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 2 Timothy 1:9, ‘a holy calling… not because of our works.‘
Calling
Approved rendering: आह्वानम्
Transliteration: āhvānam
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: निमन्त्रणम्
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; ordinary Vedic sense is human ritual invocation of a deity, reversed here for God’s initiative.
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्रम्
Transliteration: pavitram
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्धम्
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:9 (‘holy calling’) and 1:14 (‘Holy Spirit’). Note: 3:15’s ‘sacred writings’ translates a different Greek word (ἱερός) but also converges on पवित्र via the new ‘scripture’ entry below — flag this convergence to translators so they do not assume one Greek word underlies both.
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेजस्
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the closing doxology, 4:18 (‘to him be the glory forever and ever’). Never तेजस्.
Sin
Approved rendering: पापम्
Transliteration: pāpam
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्मः
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 3:6, of those ‘burdened with sins’ led astray by false teachers.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य वरणम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya varaṇam
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्यम्, दैवम्
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (root). At 2 Timothy 2:10, the adjectival form (‘for the sake of the elect,’ वृताः/वरणीयाः जनाः) is built on this fixed noun root. Never भाग्यम्/दैवम्.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य सामर्थ्यम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya sāmarthyam
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्तिः
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:7 (contrasted with fear), 1:8 (power behind gospel proclamation), and 3:5 (the diagnostic phrase ‘form of godliness… denying its power’). Never शक्तिः — especially critical at 3:5, this letter’s key diagnostic verse for false religion.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: दाविदः वंशात्
Transliteration: dāvidaḥ vaṃśāt
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 2:8, in the letter’s summary gospel statement: ‘risen from the dead, the offspring of David, as preached in my gospel.‘
Sanctification
Approved rendering: पवित्रीकरणम्
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇam
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्धिः
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the vessel-metaphor of 2:20-21 (‘if anyone cleanses himself… set apart for honorable use’), distinguished from Vedic ritual purification and yogic self-purification (śuddhi).
Scripture
Approved rendering: पवित्रं शास्त्रम्
Transliteration: pavitraṃ śāstram
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: धर्मशास्त्रम्, श्रुतिः, स्मृतिः
Original: γραφή / ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
New term. शास्त्रम् names an authoritative authored treatise-genre (as in nyāyaśāstra, arthaśāstra) that does NOT carry the apauruṣeya (unauthored, eternal) claim reserved for śruti/the Veda in Mīmāṃsā theology, making it a comparatively safe vessel. धर्मशास्त्रम् rejected as too tied to the dharmaśāstra legal-ritual genre. श्रुतिः categorically forbidden — it is the proper name of the apauruṣeya Vedic corpus itself. स्मृतिः rejected because it names a subordinate, human-derived authority tier beneath śruti in Mīmāṃsā’s own hierarchy, which would wrongly demote Scripture’s status. Used at 3:15 (‘the sacred writings’) and 3:16 (‘all Scripture’). The specifically Christian claim of divine authorship is supplied by the separate ‘god_breathed’ entry below, which must always accompany this term at 3:16.
Teaching
Approved rendering: उपदेशः
Transliteration: upadeśaḥ
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: διδασκαλία / διδαχή
Category: Scripture
New term. Shares the guru-śiṣya oral-instruction background already flagged in the Romans baseline’s rejection of गुरुः for ‘apostle.’ Used at 3:16 (one of Scripture’s four functions), 4:2 (διδαχῇ), and 4:3 (qualified ‘sound,’ see ‘sound_doctrine’ below). Must be explicitly qualified at first use as apostolic, Scripture-derived, publicly verifiable teaching, not one guru’s personal teaching-lineage among competing lineages.
The Word
Approved rendering: वचनम्
Transliteration: vacanam
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ὁ λόγος
Category: Scripture
New term (‘परमेश्वरस्य वचनम्’ for ‘the word of God’). Shares its root family with वाच्, already flagged in the Romans baseline’s ‘covenant’ entry for activating Vāc theology and Mīmāṃsā’s śabda-brahman doctrine (the Veda’s eternal, self-existent sound-form). Retained as the established Christian Sanskrit NT rendering (cf. John 1:1 tradition) per baseline preference for existing precedent over novel coinage. Used at 2:9 (‘the word of God is not bound’) and 4:2 (the preaching charge). Every occurrence requires a note distinguishing it from an eternal, uncreated Word-principle: here it is God’s historically given, entrusted message.
Appearing
Approved rendering: प्रकटीभावः
Transliteration: prakaṭībhāvaḥ
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: अवतारः
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term (ἐπιφάνεια), used at 1:10 (Christ’s first coming), 4:1, and 4:8 (his future return). Must NEVER be rendered अवतारः, forbidden per the baseline ‘incarnation’ rule. Must be explicitly distinguished, with citation of Bhagavad Gītā 4.7-8 at first occurrence, from avatāra theology’s periodic, repeatable, dharma-restoring divine manifestation. Christ’s ἐπιφάνεια is the visible unveiling of the same eternal Son who has already, once, permanently taken on human nature (देहधारणम्, baseline), not a new descent-instance.
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: स्वस्थ उपदेशः
Transliteration: svastha upadeśaḥ
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: सिद्धान्तः
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία
Category: Scripture
New compositional term (ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία), combining स्वस्थ (‘healthy’) with उपदेशः above. सिद्धान्तः rejected as primary because it too strongly names a school’s own settled conclusion (cf. Vedānta-siddhānta, Nyāya-siddhānta), implying this doctrine is one darśana’s position among rivals rather than fixed apostolic content binding on all. उपदेश’s guru-lineage resonance applies with heightened force here and must be neutralized by explicit qualification at every occurrence. Used at 4:3 (core passage) and implicit at 1:13; contrasted with the ‘gangrene’ of false teaching at 2:17.
Myths
Approved rendering: मिथ्याकथाः
Transliteration: mithyā-kathāḥ
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: पुराणम्, इतिहासः
Original: μῦθοι
Category: Apostasy
New term (μῦθοι), 4:4. CRITICAL to avoid पुराणम् and इतिहासः — both are proper names of major Hindu sacred-history/cosmological literary genres, traditionally regarded as authoritative by much of the target audience. Using either would both risk giving grave offense and mistranslate Paul’s specific point, which concerns deliberately fabricated false doctrine, not narrative genre as such.
Godliness
Approved rendering: ईश्वरपरायणता
Transliteration: īśvara-parāyaṇatā
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: भक्तिः, धर्मपरायणता
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Apostasy
New term (εὐσέβεια), 3:5 and 3:12. भक्तिः rejected because the Romans baseline reserves it as the proper name of an entire theorized soteriological path (bhakti-mārga, Gītā 9-12). धर्मपरायणता rejected because it re-invokes dharma’s full varṇāśrama weight. Must be paired with सामर्थ्यम् (baseline ‘power of God,’ never शक्तिः) in the diagnostic phrase of 3:5: ‘having a form of godliness but denying its power.‘
Endure Hardship
Approved rendering: कष्टं सहस्व
Transliteration: kaṣṭaṃ sahasva
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: क्लेशसहनम्, दुःखसहनम्
Original: κακοπαθέω
Category: Suffering
New term (κακοπαθέω), used at 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, and 4:5 (core passage). Deliberately built on the general, untheorized word कष्ट (‘difficulty/hardship’) rather than क्लेश (Patañjali’s precisely codified technical category of the five afflictions to be eliminated, Yoga Sūtra 2.3-9) or दुःखम् (the Sāṃkhya-Kārikā’s foundational problem-category and the first Buddhist Noble Truth). Both rejected frameworks treat suffering as something to be transcended/escaped through disciplined practice or liberation; 2 Timothy’s doctrine is the opposite orientation — suffering for the gospel is to be actively, willingly undertaken and endured. Mandatory explicit note at first occurrence (1:8).
Persecutions
Approved rendering: उत्पीडनानि
Transliteration: utpīḍanāni
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: क्लेशाः, दुःखानि
Original: διωγμοί / παθήματα
Category: Suffering
New term (διωγμοί / παθήματα), used at 3:11-12. Same कष्ट-family rendering strategy and क्लेश/दुःख avoidance as ‘endure_hardship’ above; 3:12 universalizes persecution as the normal condition of godly living in Christ.
Drink Offering
Approved rendering: पानाहुतिवत् अर्प्यमानः अस्मि
Transliteration: pāna-āhutivat arpyamānaḥ asmi
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Suffering
New term (σπένδομαι), 4:6. Closely resembles Vedic homa/yajña vocabulary of āhuti, a liquid oblation poured into the sacrificial fire, efficacious specifically through precise ritual performance and correct mantra recitation. Must be explicitly framed as a personal, once-for-all self-giving arising from a completed life of faithful ministry, not a repeatable ritual oblation whose spiritual effect depends on technically correct performance.
This Present Age
Approved rendering: इहलोकः
Transliteration: ihalokaḥ
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: संसारः
Original: ὁ νῦν αἰών
Category: Suffering
New term (ὁ νῦν αἰών), 4:10, describing Demas’s desertion ‘having loved this present world.’ CRITICAL to avoid संसारः — the universal technical name across virtually every Indian philosophical system for the entire cycle of transmigration/rebirth from which salvation frees one. Using it here for a mundane ‘this present age/world’ reference would inadvertently invoke that entire rebirth-cycle metaphysic in a verse that has nothing to do with it.
Deposit
Approved rendering: निक्षेपः
Transliteration: nikṣepaḥ
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: परम्परा, सम्प्रदायः
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Faith
New term (παραθήκη), 1:12, 1:14. A well-attested, comparatively neutral classical Sanskrit legal-commercial deposit-trust term (cf. dharmaśāstra nikṣepa/nyāsa law), not itself a competing theological doctrine. परम्परा and सम्प्रदायः rejected because both are structurally initiatory and lineage-specific (a sampradāya identifies and is identified by its particular guru-succession), the near-opposite of Paul’s model of fixed, public, apostolic content. Guard-note required: this gospel-deposit is entrusted to ‘faithful people’ generally, not a privately-selected single successor.
Entrust
Approved rendering: निक्षेपं कुरु
Transliteration: nikṣepaṃ kuru
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: παράθου
Category: Faith
New term, verb form of ‘deposit’ above, for the programmatic verse 2:2: ‘what you have heard from me… entrust to faithful people who will be able to teach others also.’ Describes a multi-generational chain (Paul to Timothy to faithful others to still others) of identical, unaltered, public content, structurally unlike a guru selecting one private lineage-successor for esoteric transmission.
Conscience
Approved rendering: सद्विवेकः
Transliteration: sad-vivekaḥ
Doctrine: Conscience and Sincere Faith
Rejected alternatives: अन्तःकरणम्
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Faith
New term (συνείδησις), 1:3. अन्तःकरणम् rejected as primary because it is Sāṃkhya’s precise technical term for the composite inner cognitive-volitional apparatus (manas, ahaṃkāra, buddhi) — a fully theorized psychological apparatus, not a simple biblical ‘conscience.’ विवेक itself carries Advaitic weight (nityānitya-vastu-viveka, the discrimination between the eternal and non-eternal beginning the path to liberation); सद्विवेकः must be redefined at first occurrence as the God-given inner faculty of moral self-awareness before God, not a liberating metaphysical discernment.
Serve
Approved rendering: सेवां करोमि
Transliteration: sevāṃ karomi
Doctrine: Ministry and Service Identity
Rejected alternatives: उपासना
Original: λατρεύω
Category: Ministry
New term (λατρεύω), 1:3, Paul’s lifelong cultic-toned service of the true God. Deliberately avoids उपासना, the technical Upanishadic term for meditative worship-practice directed at a specific symbol/name of Brahman, prescribed in texts like the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Chāndogya Upaniṣads.
Spirit Disposition
Approved rendering: भावः / वृत्तिः
Transliteration: bhāvaḥ / vṛttiḥ
Doctrine: Divine Calling and the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा
Original: πνεῦμα (δειλίας / δυνάμεως κτλ.)
Category: God
MANDATORY METHODOLOGICAL GUARDRAIL, new term for the dispositional sense of πνεῦμα at 1:7 (‘spirit of fear… of power, love, and self-control’), NOT the Holy Spirit as a distinct hypostasis. Must NEVER be rendered with आत्मा, which is reserved exclusively (in the fixed compound पवित्र आत्मा) for the Holy Spirit precisely to avoid diluting that term’s carefully guarded distinctiveness against the Advaitic ātman-Brahman identity claim. Render instead with भावः/वृत्तिः (‘disposition/state’). This guardrail must be applied consistently anywhere in this letter a translator might instinctively reach for आत्मा to render generic ‘spirit’ language, including 4:22’s benedictory ‘your spirit,’ where a narrow liturgical exception for आत्मन् is permitted but must not be extended further.
Savior
Approved rendering: त्राता
Transliteration: trātā
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope
Rejected alternatives: रक्षकः, मोक्षदाता
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term (σωτήρ), 1:10, Christ who ‘abolished death and brought life and immortality to light.’ Shares the √trā root with त्राणम् (baseline salvation term). Never रक्षकः alone (loses the root-connection) and never मोक्षदाता (‘giver of liberation,’ which would reintroduce the rejected मोक्ष framework).
Life And Immortality
Approved rendering: जीवनम् अविनाशित्वं च
Transliteration: jīvanam avināśitvaṃ ca
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope
Original: ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία
Category: Salvation
New term (ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία), 1:10. Must be sharply distinguished from Bhagavad Gītā 2.17-25’s teaching that the embodied self is inherently, always-already imperishable and unborn (‘avināśi tu tad viddhi,’ Gītā 2.17) as its own eternal nature, requiring no gift, only correct recognition. 2 Timothy’s ἀφθαρσία is a future hope graciously bestowed through the gospel and Christ’s resurrection, not an eternal property every soul already inherently possesses.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकतायाः मुकुटम्
Transliteration: dhārmikatāyāḥ mukuṭam
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: कर्मफलम्
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Eschatology
New term (ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος), 4:8. Reuses धार्मिकता (baseline Critical term, mandatory redefinition). Must be explicitly framed as the righteous Judge’s own gracious recognition of a grace-enabled, faithful life, never as the automatic, impersonal fruit of accumulated merit under the karma-phala framework, in which one’s own moral/ritual actions mechanically generate their own result without reference to a personal Judge’s evaluative recognition. मुकुटम् itself (a concrete ‘crown/wreath’ image) is untheorized and carries no competing metaphysics.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: धार्मिकः विचारकः
Transliteration: dhārmikaḥ vicārakaḥ
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Eschatology
New compositional term (ὁ δίκαιος κριτής), 4:8. Reuses धार्मिक and विचारक roots (see ‘judge’ entry above), deliberately avoiding न्याय.
Heavenly Kingdom
Approved rendering: स्वर्गीयं राज्यम्
Transliteration: svargīyaṃ rājyam
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐπουράνιος
Category: Eschatology
New term (ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐπουράνιος), 4:18. स्वर्गः in Purāṇic/Vedic cosmology names a temporary, merit-based heavenly realm from which souls return to rebirth once accumulated puṇya is exhausted (cf. Bhagavad Gītā 9.20-21, ‘kṣīṇe puṇye martyalokaṃ viśanti’). Must be explicitly distinguished as God’s permanent, non-exhaustible final kingdom for believers, not a temporary merit-based way-station. Built on the baseline राज्यम् root.
Repentance
Approved rendering: मनःपरिवर्तनम्
Transliteration: manaḥ-parivartanam
Doctrine: Repentance and Knowledge of the Truth
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
New term (μετάνοια), 2:25, a God-granted reorientation of mind and will toward truth. Avoid reducing to mere emotional regret/remorse (पश्चात्तापः alone); the Greek concept is a full reorientation of mind and will, granted by God, not a human achievement or an emotion alone.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: सत्यस्य तत्त्वबोधः
Transliteration: satyasya tattvabodhaḥ
Doctrine: Repentance and Knowledge of the Truth
Rejected alternatives: ज्ञानम्
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Salvation
New term (ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας), 2:25, the recognition of gospel truth granted together with repentance. Deliberately avoids the bare noun ज्ञानम् as head term wherever possible, since ज्ञान is the technical name of jñāna-mārga, the Bhagavad Gītā’s Self-realizing-gnosis path to liberation (Gītā chs. 4, 13). तत्त्वबोध (‘comprehension of reality/the fact of the matter’) is a somewhat less technically-loaded compound, but still requires an explicit note: here it is God’s gift of recognizing and turning toward gospel truth, not a Self-achieved metaphysical realization. Note also बोध’s own mild secondary Advaitic resonance (‘awakening’), requiring continued care even in this preferred paraphrase.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेषितः
Transliteration: preṣitaḥ
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, ऋषिः
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:1, 1:11 (Paul’s threefold self-designation: herald, apostle, teacher).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजातीयाः
Transliteration: anyajātīyāḥ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: म्लेच्छाः
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 4:17, of Paul’s proclamation reaching ‘all the Gentiles.‘
Peace
Approved rendering: शान्तिः
Transliteration: śāntiḥ
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: निर्वृत्तिः
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the opening greeting (1:2) and at 2:22 (pursued alongside righteousness, faith, love).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य राज्यम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya rājyam
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (root राज्यम्). Extended in 2 Timothy to Christ’s own eschatological kingdom at 4:1 (‘his kingdom’) and 4:18 (‘his heavenly kingdom’ — see new entry ‘heavenly_kingdom’ below for the additional स्वर्ग caution required there).
Reproof
Approved rendering: खण्डनम्
Transliteration: khaṇḍanam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐλεγμός
Category: Scripture
New term. Used at 3:16 (ἐλεγμός) and 4:2 imperative (ἔλεγξον). Deliberately drawn from the same pūrvapakṣa/uttarapakṣa dialectical vocabulary already repurposed positively for ‘justification’ (धर्मीति निर्णयः) in the Romans baseline — a constructive echo of Nyāya/Mīmāṃsā argumentative method, not a collision.
Training In Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकतायां शिक्षणम्
Transliteration: dhārmikatāyāṃ śikṣaṇam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: παιδεία ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ
Category: Scripture
New compositional term for 3:16. Built on धार्मिकता (baseline Critical term); requires the same mandatory redefinition governing that root term at every occurrence.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य मनुष्यः
Transliteration: parameśvarasya manuṣyaḥ
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος
Category: Scripture
New term for 3:17. Should not be read as implying a special ascetic or Brahmin-like class; applies to every believer equipped by Scripture, not a caste or lineage status.
Good Work
Approved rendering: सत्कर्म
Transliteration: satkarma
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἔργον ἀγαθόν
Category: Ethics
New term for 3:17 (ἔργον ἀγαθόν), distinct from ἔργα in 1:9 (see ‘works’ entry below, excluded as a ground of salvation). Because कर्मन् is the central term of the karma-phala system, this must be read as the fruit of a Scripture-shaped life already saved by grace, never as merit accumulating toward salvation.
Preach
Approved rendering: प्रचारय
Transliteration: pracāraya
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Ministry
New term for 4:2 (κήρυξον). Reuses the प्रचार root already established in the Romans baseline for ‘mission’ (सुसमाचारप्रचारः), for cross-curriculum consistency. Avoid प्रवचनम् as an alternative for the verbal charge itself, since it carries associations with formal paurāṇika public recitation and its ritual-merit framing.
Solemnly Charge
Approved rendering: साक्षीकृत्य समादिशामि
Transliteration: sākṣīkṛtya samādiśāmi
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
New term for 4:1 (διαμαρτύρομαι). Rendered as a compound verb-phrase since Sanskrit lacks a single equivalent legal-witness verb; must retain the sense of a formally witnessed, binding ministerial charge invoking God and Christ as witness, not casual advice.
Judge
Approved rendering: विचारयति / विचारकः
Transliteration: vicārayati / vicārakaḥ
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: न्यायं करोति
Original: κρίνειν
Category: Eschatology
New term for 4:1 (κρίνειν) and 4:8 (‘the righteous Judge’). Deliberately built on विचार rather than न्याय, since न्यायः is reserved as the proper name of the Nyāya darśana per the Romans baseline’s ‘righteousness’ entry and must never be repurposed as a plain verb-root for divine judgment. विचार carries a mild secondary association with Advaita’s self-inquiry (ātma-vicāra) but this is far less severe than the Nyāya school-name collision.
Living And Dead
Approved rendering: जीवतः मृतांश्च
Transliteration: jīvataḥ mṛtāṃśca
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology
New term for 4:1. Must be anchored to the Critical ‘resurrection’ entry: the dead who are judged are bodily raised once, not beings mid-transmigration through repeated embodiment.
Rightly Handling The Word
Approved rendering: सत्यवचनस्य यथार्थं विभागं कुर्वन्
Transliteration: satyavacanasya yathārthaṃ vibhāgaṃ kurvan
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Scripture
New term for 2:15 (ὀρθοτομέω). Deliberate, positive echo of Mīmāṃsā’s vākya-vicāra hermeneutical method (rigorous sentence-by-sentence analysis to determine a scriptural injunction’s correct meaning) — a constructive resonance, similar in spirit to ‘justification’/धर्मीति निर्णयः in the Romans baseline. Should not be extended to import Mīmāṃsā’s specific ritual-injunction framework wholesale.
Snare
Approved rendering: जालम्
Transliteration: jālam
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: पाशः
Original: παγίς
Category: Apostasy
New term (παγίς), 2:26. पाशः rejected as primary because it is the third term of the technical Śaiva Pāśupata triad (paśu-pati-pāśa: bound soul-Lord-bondage), an entire metaphysical bondage category. जालम् (‘net/trap’) avoids this specific school-technical resonance.
Impostors
Approved rendering: वञ्चकाः
Transliteration: vañcakāḥ
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: मायावी
Original: γόητες
Category: Apostasy
New term (γόητες), 3:13. मायावी (‘illusionist’) rejected as primary due to its entanglement in Advaita/Dvaita inter-school polemical vocabulary (‘māyāvāda,’ a pejorative label for Advaita).
Will Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य इच्छा
Transliteration: parameśvarasya icchā
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: θέλημα θεοῦ
Category: God
New term (θελήματος θεοῦ), 1:1, grounding Paul’s apostleship. Must be kept distinct from भाग्यम्/दैवम् (fate/fortune), the same distinction the baseline already enforces for ‘election’ and ‘providence.‘
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: जीवनस्य प्रतिज्ञा
Transliteration: jīvanasya pratijñā
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἐπαγγελία ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
New term (κατ’ ἐπαγγελίαν ζωῆς), 1:1. Built on the same ‘promise’ concept already embedded in the baseline doctrine name ‘मसीहस्य प्रतिज्ञा’ (Messianic Promise).
Mercy
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Mercy of God
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New term (ἔλεος), part of the letter’s opening triple greeting (1:2, alongside grace and peace) and shown to Onesiphorus’s household (1:16, 1:18). कृपा was explicitly rejected in the Romans baseline as an alternative rendering for ‘grace’ (to preserve अनुग्रहः’s terminological distinctness). That very reservation makes कृपा available and well-suited here for ‘mercy’ — a related but distinct concept (compassion toward one in misery, vs. unmerited favor as such). Must never be interchanged with अनुग्रहः.
Love
Approved rendering: प्रेम
Transliteration: prema
Doctrine: Christian Love and Self-Control
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
New term (ἀγάπη), not present in the Romans baseline. Used at 1:7 (the Spirit’s gift, contrasted with fear) and 2:22 (pursued alongside righteousness, faith, peace). Must be distinguished from काम (kāma, desire/pleasure, one of the four puruṣārthas) and used carefully so as not to import bhakti-mārga’s specific devotional-path structure into ordinary ‘love’ language.
Self Control
Approved rendering: आत्मसंयमः
Transliteration: ātma-saṃyamaḥ
Doctrine: Christian Love and Self-Control
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Ethics
New term (σωφρονισμός), 1:7. Uses आत्म- as an ordinary Sanskrit reflexive compound-prefix (‘control of oneself’), a routine compound-formation pattern distinct from the standalone metaphysical noun आत्मा discussed under ‘holy_spirit’ and ‘spirit_disposition’; translators should not over-apply the आत्मा-caution to ordinary reflexive compounds of this kind.
Purpose Of God
Approved rendering: अभिप्रायः
Transliteration: abhiprāyaḥ
Doctrine: Grace versus Works
Rejected alternatives: सङ्कल्पः
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: God
New term (πρόθεσις), 1:9, God’s own sovereign resolve, prior to and apart from human works. सङ्कल्पः (the formal ritual ‘resolve’ a worshipper declares before a Vedic/Purāṇic rite) considered and set aside as primary due to its ritual-declaration specificity, though it remains available as a secondary gloss emphasizing solemnity.
Pattern Of Sound Words
Approved rendering: आदर्शः स्वस्थानां वचनानाम्
Transliteration: ādarśaḥ svasthānāṃ vacanānām
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Scripture
New compositional term (ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων), 1:13, combining the fixed स्वस्थ (‘sound’) and वचनम् (‘word’) terms; carries the same cautions as each of its components.
Good Fight
Approved rendering: उत्तमः संग्रामः
Transliteration: uttamaḥ saṃgrāmaḥ
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ καλὸς ἀγών
Category: Suffering
New term (ὁ καλὸς ἀγών), 4:7. Render as an athletic-contest image (a wrestling/games metaphor), not as a Bhagavad Gītā-style dharma-yuddha (an inherited caste-bound kṣatriya duty, e.g. Arjuna’s Kurukṣetra combat), to avoid implying Paul’s perseverance is a matter of inherited social-caste obligation rather than freely embraced gospel calling.
Forever And Ever
Approved rendering: सदा सर्वदा
Transliteration: sadā sarvadā
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: युगे युगे
Original: εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων
Category: God
New term (εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων), 4:18 closing doxology. Avoid युगे युगे, the Bhagavad Gītā’s own recurring formula (Gītā 4.8) for an avatāra’s periodic reappearance ‘in every age’; using it here would create an unwanted verbal echo of avatāra theology in a doxology about God’s unending, non-repeating eternity.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: सुसमाचारप्रचारकः
Transliteration: susamācāra-pracārakaḥ
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
New term (εὐαγγελιστής), 4:5 (core passage), ‘do the work of an evangelist.’ Built on सुसमाचारः (REUSED baseline ‘gospel’ term).
Ministry
Approved rendering: सेवा
Transliteration: sevā
Doctrine: Ministry and Service Identity
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
New term (διακονία), 4:5 (core passage), ‘fulfill your ministry.’ सेवा also names ritual/devotional service rendered to a deity’s image or to a guru in bhakti tradition (deity-sevā, guru-sevā); recommend qualifying as ‘सुसमाचारसेवा’ (gospel-ministry) where context allows disambiguation.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: उत्तेजनम्
Transliteration: uttejanam
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 4:2 (παρακάλεσον, part of the preaching charge).
Profitable
Approved rendering: उपकारकम्
Transliteration: upakārakam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
New term. Plain adjective, Scripture’s practical usefulness (3:16); no competing technical sense.
Correction
Approved rendering: सुधारः
Transliteration: sudhāraḥ
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Scripture
New term. Used at 3:16, positive restoration after reproof; no competing technical sense.
Be Ready
Approved rendering: सुसज्जो भव, सुसमये असमये च
Transliteration: susajjo bhava, susamaye asamaye ca
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐπίστηθι εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Ministry
New term for 4:2 (ἐπίστηθι εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως). Plain imperative merism, no competing technical sense.
Rebuke
Approved rendering: तर्जय
Transliteration: tarjaya
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: ἐπιτίμησον
Category: Ministry
New term for 4:2 (ἐπιτίμησον). No competing technical sense.
Patience
Approved rendering: धैर्यम्
Transliteration: dhairyam
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Ministry
New term for 4:2 (μακροθυμία). No competing technical sense.
Word Battle
Approved rendering: वाग्विवादः
Transliteration: vāg-vivādaḥ
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: λογομαχία
Category: Scripture
New term for 2:14 (λογομαχία). No competing technical sense.
Profane Empty Chatter
Approved rendering: अपवित्रं वृथालापम्
Transliteration: apavitraṃ vṛthālāpam
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: βέβηλος κενοφωνία
Category: Scripture
New term for 2:16 (βέβηλος κενοφωνία). No competing technical sense.
Gangrene
Approved rendering: गलितव्रणः
Transliteration: galitavraṇaḥ
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Apostasy
New term for 2:17 (γάγγραινα). Vivid medical-metaphor image for the spreading effect of false teaching; no competing technical sense.
Testimony
Approved rendering: साक्ष्यम्
Transliteration: sākṣyam
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Ministry
New term (μαρτύριον), 1:8, ‘testimony about our Lord’ which Timothy is not to be ashamed of. Plain noun, no competing technical sense.
Finished The Race
Approved rendering: धावनमार्गः
Transliteration: dhāvana-mārgaḥ
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δρόμος
Category: Suffering
New term (ὁ δρόμος), 4:7, ‘I have finished the race.’ Plain athletic image, no competing technical sense.
Departure
Approved rendering: प्रयाणम्
Transliteration: prayāṇam
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: ἡ ἀνάλυσις
Category: Suffering
New term (ἡ ἀνάλυσις), 4:6, Paul’s approaching death described euphemistically. प्रयाणम् is a well-attested, dignified classical Sanskrit euphemism for death/departure.
Referenced passages