Core Glossary
2 Corinthians — Core Glossary
Phase 1, Step 1 — Destination Language: Sanskrit
This glossary records every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 2 Corinthians chapters 1–13. Terms marked [baseline reuse] carry over unchanged from the Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json; their entries here are abbreviated pointers, not re-arguments. New terms required specifically by 2 Corinthians receive full entries with rejected alternatives and risk rationale, following the same methodology as the baseline: prefer the least philosophically-encumbered classical Sanskrit option; where no escape from a loaded term exists, select deliberately and mandate explicit redefinition at every occurrence.
1. Baseline Terms Reused Without Modification
| English | Sanskrit | Risk | 2 Corinthians occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | सुसमाचारः | High | 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 |
| Grace | अनुग्रहः | High | 1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,9; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:14 |
| Faith | विश्वासः | High | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 |
| Righteousness | धार्मिकता | Critical | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10; 11:15 |
| Imputed Righteousness | आरोपिता धार्मिकता | Critical | 5:19 (root concept, negated form) |
| Salvation | त्राणम् | Critical | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 |
| Apostle | प्रेषितः | Medium | 1:1; 8:23; 11:5,13; 12:11-12 |
| Called / Calling | आहूतः / आह्वानम् | High | (thematically present; not a frequent lexical item in 2 Cor) |
| Holy | पवित्रम् | High | 1:12 (context); 7:1 |
| Saints | पवित्राः जनाः | High | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12 |
| Sanctification | पवित्रीकरणम् | High | 7:1 (holiness perfected) |
| Resurrection | पुनरुत्थानम् | Critical | 4:14; 5:15 |
| Lord | प्रभुः | Critical | throughout (1:2-3, 3:16-18, 4:5,14, 5:6-8, 8:9,19,21, 10:17-18, 11:31, 12:1,8, 13:14) |
| Son of God | परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः | Critical | 1:19 |
| Incarnation (conceptual anchor) | देहधारणम् | Critical | conceptually behind 5:16, 5:21, 8:9’s “though rich, became poor” |
| Peace | शान्तिः | Medium | 13:11 |
| Spiritual Gifts | आत्मिकं वरदानम् | Medium | (not a major lexical item in 2 Cor; conceptually present in ch. 8-9’s giving) |
| Thanksgiving | धन्यवादः | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 8:16; 9:11-12,15 |
| Fellowship | सहभागिता | Low | 6:14; 8:4; 9:13; 13:14 |
| Church | मण्डली | Medium | 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13 |
| Law | विधिः | High | 3:6-7 (implicit, “old covenant” ministry) |
| Sin | पापम् | High | 5:19,21; 11:7; 12:21 |
| Gentiles | अन्यजातीयाः | Medium | (not prominent lexically in 2 Cor) |
| Glory | महिमा | High | 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,17 |
| Power of God | परमेश्वरस्य सामर्थ्यम् | High | 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 |
| Messiah / Christ | ख्रीष्टः / मसीहः | Critical | throughout |
| Covenant | संविद् | High | 3:6,14 |
| Election | परमेश्वरस्य वरणम् | High | 1:1 (calling as apostle by God’s will) |
| Intercession | मध्यस्थता | Medium | 1:11; 9:14; 13:7,9 (prayer for one another) |
| Providence | परमेश्वरस्य विधानम् | High | 1:9-10; 4:7-11 (God’s sustaining purpose in affliction) |
| Mission | सुसमाचारप्रचारः | Medium | 2:12-13; 10:14-16 |
| Israel | इस्राएलः | Medium | 3:7,13; 11:22 |
| Jesus | यीशुः | Critical | throughout |
| God | सर्वेश्वरः / परमेश्वरः | Critical | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 5:5; 6:6; 13:14 |
| Father | पिता | Critical | 1:2-3; 6:18; 11:31 |
2. New Terms Required by 2 Corinthians
| # | English term | Greek / Translit. | Sanskrit | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Rejected alternatives | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Reconciliation (noun) | καταλλαγή / katallagē | सन्धिः | sandhiḥ | Critical | Reconciliation with God | मेलनम्, ऐक्यम् | ऐक्यम् already carries the baseline’s “unity of Jews and Gentiles” sense and would blur two distinct doctrines. सन्धिः is deliberately borrowed from Kauṭilya’s Arthaśāstra six-fold foreign policy (ṣāḍguṇya), where sandhi names a formal peace treaty ending hostility between two parties — giving “reconciliation” real technical weight in Sanskrit’s own political-philosophical idiom. Must be explicitly distinguished from Advaita’s jñāna-based removal of avidyā’s veil, which resolves an apparent, not actual, separation |
| 2 | To reconcile (verb) | καταλλάσσω / katallassō | संधानं करोति / संधापयति | sandhānaṃ karoti / sandhāpayati | Critical | Reconciliation with God | — | Verbal form of #1; God is always the grammatical subject/initiator in 2 Cor 5:18-19, never the human party — this asymmetry must be preserved in translation, unlike a mutual peace treaty between equal sovereign parties |
| 3 | New Creation | καινὴ κτίσις / kainē ktisis | नवसृष्टिः | navasṛṣṭiḥ | Critical | New Creation in Christ | नूतनं जगत्, नवजन्म | नवजन्म REJECTED as too close to “new birth/rebirth” language that could suggest reincarnation; नवसृष्टिः is unavoidably tied to Purāṇic cyclical cosmology (sṛṣṭi-sthiti-pralaya, Brahmā’s kalpa-cycles) but is the standard, comprehensible word for “creation,” so — exactly like धार्मिकता — must be used with mandatory redefinition every occurrence: a once-for-all, non-repeating transformation of the believer’s status in Christ, not a new turn of an ongoing cosmic cycle |
| 4 | World (in “reconciling the world,” 5:19) | κόσμος / kosmos | जगत् | jagat | High | Reconciliation with God | संसारः, लोकः | संसारः REJECTED absolutely: it is the fully theorized technical term for the transmigratory cycle of rebirth in Vedānta and Sāṃkhya-Yoga, exactly the class of error the baseline forbids for “resurrection” (पुनर्जन्म). जगत् (the ordered created world/humanity) is the safe standard choice |
| 5 | Conscience | συνείδησις / syneidēsis | अन्तर्बोधः | antarbodhaḥ | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | अन्तःकरणम्, विवेकः | Both rejected alternatives are already fully theorized technical categories (Sāṃkhya/Vedānta’s fourfold internal instrument; the liberating Self/not-Self discrimination). अन्तर्बोधः is a transparent, minimally-loaded coined compound requiring explicit definition as “the moral faculty aware of right and wrong before God” |
| 6 | Love | ἀγάπη / agapē | प्रीतिः | prītiḥ | High | (undergirds Reconciliation, Ministry doctrines) | प्रेम, कामः | प्रेम REJECTED: Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism’s fully systematized prema-bhakti-rasa theology (Rūpa Gosvāmī) risks a romantic/aesthetic-devotional reading (madhura-rasa) inappropriate to Christ’s self-giving love. कामः REJECTED: names desire/pleasure, one of the four puruṣārthas, wrong register entirely. प्रीतिः is comparatively less technically systematized |
| 7 | Ambassador | πρεσβεύω / presbeuō | राजदूतः | rājadūtaḥ | High | Reconciliation with God; Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | गुरुः, ऋषिः | गुरुः/ऋषिः rejected for the same reasons already established under “apostle” in the baseline (guru-lineage transmission; Vedic seer-perception model). राजदूतः is a genuine classical diplomatic office (cf. dūta in Arthaśāstra statecraft); note the Mahābhārata’s Kṛṣṇa-as-peace-envoy episode (Udyoga Parva) as a possibly illuminating but non-doctrinal resonance |
| 8 | Veil | κάλυμμα / kalymma | आवरणम् | āvaraṇam | Critical | New Covenant versus Old | तिरस्करिणी | तिरस्करिणी (a magical concealing curtain from epic/dramatic literature) considered but rejected as too whimsical/mythological for this context. आवरणम् is retained because it is the best available word for “veil/covering,” but it directly names Advaita Vedānta’s own technical term for avidyā’s veiling power (āvaraṇa-śakti) that conceals the Ātman-Brahman identity. This is the closest collision in this curriculum to the baseline’s single highest-stakes Holy Spirit/ātman-Brahman risk and requires the same mandatory note: the veil here is removed relationally, by turning to Christ and receiving the Spirit, not epistemically, by jñāna revealing a pre-existing non-dual identity |
| 9 | The Letter (written code) | γράμμα / gramma | लिखितं वचनम् | likhitaṃ vacanam | High | New Covenant versus Old | अक्षरम् | अक्षरम् REJECTED: names the eternal, imperishable syllable (esp. Oṃ as akṣara-brahman, Gītā 8:3,8:13); would wrongly sacralize “the letter that kills” |
| 10 | Comfort | παράκλησις / paraklēsis | सान्त्वना | sāntvanā | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | उत्तेजनम् (reserved), आश्वासनम् | उत्तेजनम् is reserved by the baseline for the “building up/encouragement” sense of παρακαλέω; सान्त्वना is chosen for the distinct “consolation amid affliction” sense central to 2 Cor 1. Must be taught as a relational gift from a personal God, not yogic self-generated equanimity (samatva, titikṣā) |
| 11 | Affliction / Tribulation | θλῖψις / thlipsis | पीडा | pīḍā | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | क्लेशः | क्लेशः REJECTED: Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtra 2.3 catalogues five kleśas as the systematized causes of bondage to be eliminated through yogic discipline — incompatible with affliction as a normal, God-permitted feature of gospel ministry |
| 12 | Suffering (esp. “sufferings of Christ”) | πάθημα / pathēma | दुःखम् | duḥkham | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | — (retained despite weight; no lighter alternative exists) | दुःखम् is the foundational term of Sāṃkhya’s tripartite suffering-doctrine (resolved via viveka/jñāna leading to kaivalya) and the Buddhist First Noble Truth; unavoidable as the ordinary word for “suffering,” so must be explicitly distinguished each occurrence: suffering shared with Christ is embraced and redemptive, not a problem dissolved by right knowledge |
| 13 | Weakness | ἀσθένεια / astheneia | दुर्बलता | durbalatā | Medium | Power in Weakness | — | Plain, non-technical term; the doctrinal weight sits in the contrast with तपस्, not in दुर्बलता itself |
| 14 | Power (made perfect in weakness) | δύναμις / dynamis | सामर्थ्यम् [baseline reuse] | sāmarthyam | Critical | Power in Weakness | शक्तिः [forbidden per baseline] | Per baseline “power_of_god” entry; 2 Cor 12:9 additionally requires an explicit contrast with तपस् (tapas — ascetic power self-generated through voluntary disciplined suffering, e.g. Bhagīratha, Viśvāmitra), since Paul’s point is the theological inverse: grace-given power resting on acknowledged insufficiency, not earned ascetic attainment |
| 15 | Repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | पश्चात्तापः | paścāttāpaḥ | High | (undergirds Reconciliation and Suffering/Comfort doctrines) | प्रायश्चित्तम् | प्रायश्चित्तम् REJECTED: names the dharmaśāstra system of prescribed ritual penances for catalogued sins (cf. baseline’s “sin” entry); biblical repentance is an inward change of heart producing faith, not a ritual expiation formula |
| 16 | Grief / Sorrow | λύπη / lypē | शोकः | śokaḥ | High | (Repentance) | विषादः | विषादः (Arjuna’s specific despondency, Gītā 1:47; 2:1) considered but शोकः chosen as the more general term; either way, must distinguish Paul’s two-track moral grief (godly grief → repentance vs. worldly grief → death) from the Gītā’s resolution of grief through metaphysical knowledge that grief itself is founded on error (Gītā 2:11-30) |
| 17 | Generosity / Liberality | ἁπλότης / haplotēs | उदारता | udāratā | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | — | Must be distinguished from dāna as a meritorious, puṇya-generating religious duty within dharmaśāstra’s dāna-dharma system; Corinthian giving flows from grace already received |
| 18 | Gift / Giving | δωρεά, δόσις, δῶρον | दानम् | dānam | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | — | Unavoidable ordinary word for “gift”; activates the dāna-dharma merit framework and must be paired with अनुग्रहः-grounded teaching that giving here is grace-response, not merit-seeking |
| 19 | Equality / Fair Distribution | ἰσότης / isotēs | समविभागः | samavibhāgaḥ | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | समता, साम्यम् | समता REJECTED: the Gītā’s own technical definition of yoga as “evenness of mind” (2:48). साम्यम् REJECTED: Sāṃkhya’s guṇa-equilibrium state of unmanifest prakṛti. समविभागः keeps the sense concretely economic |
| 20 | Cheerful Giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης / hilaros dotēs | हृष्टः दाता | hṛṣṭaḥ dātā | Low | Generosity and Grace in Giving | — | Plain descriptive phrase, no doctrinal collision |
| 21 | Boasting | καύχησις, καύχημα | श्लाघा | ślāghā | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority; Genuine vs. False Apostleship | दर्पः, अहंकारः | अहंकारः REJECTED: names Sāṃkhya’s technical “I-maker” faculty (one of the 25 tattvas), an entirely different (psychological-metaphysical) category from rhetorical self-praise. श्लाघा is the correct classical rhetorical term for self-praise/boasting |
| 22 | Super-Apostles | ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι | अतिश्रेष्ठाः प्रेषिताः | atiśreṣṭhāḥ preṣitāḥ | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | — | Ironic/sarcastic coinage of Paul’s; reuses प्रेषितः [baseline reuse] |
| 23 | False Apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι | मिथ्याप्रेषिताः | mithyāpreṣitāḥ | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | — | Reuses प्रेषितः + मिथ्या; central term distinguishing authentic commissioned apostleship from self-appointed rivals |
| 24 | Sincerity | εἰλικρίνεια / eilikrineia | सरलता | saralatā | Low | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | — | Plain, non-technical term |
| 25 | Outer Man / Inner Man | ὁ ἔξω / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος | बाह्यः जनः / आन्तरिकः जनः | bāhyaḥ janaḥ / āntarikaḥ janaḥ | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry; New Creation in Christ | आत्मन् (rejected), पुरुषः (rejected) | आत्मन् REJECTED as it would trigger the baseline’s central ātman-Brahman collision. पुरुषः REJECTED: Sāṃkhya’s technical unchanging witness-consciousness, which by definition cannot be “renewed” — the opposite of Paul’s point that the inner person IS being progressively renewed |
| 26 | Transformation | μεταμορφόω / metamorphoō | रूपान्तरम् | rūpāntaram | Medium-High | New Covenant versus Old; New Creation in Christ | अवतारः (rejected, unrelated sense) | Must be explicitly contrasted with Advaita’s view that the Self does not actually change but has a pre-existing identity unveiled; Paul describes real, progressive, Spirit-wrought change over time |
| 27 | Condemnation | κατάκρισις / katakrisis | दोषनिर्णयः | doṣanirṇayaḥ | Medium | New Covenant versus Old | — | Deliberately parallels निर्णयः already fixed for “justification” (धर्मीति निर्णयः), giving old/new covenant contrast a consistent forensic register |
| 28 | Judgment Seat (of Christ) | βῆμα / bēma | न्यायासनम् | nyāyāsanam | Medium | (Eschatological accountability) | — | Concrete forensic compound (“seat of judgment”); flagged only for mild resonance with the Nyāya darśana’s proper name, mitigated by the compound’s concrete sense |
| 29 | Guarantee / Pledge (of the Spirit) | ἀρραβών / arrabōn | प्रतिभूतिः | pratibhūtiḥ | Medium | (undergirds Holy Spirit doctrine) | — | Legal/commercial surety term; low doctrinal collision; must be paired with पवित्र आत्मा’s mandatory personhood note |
| 30 | Mercies / Compassion | οἰκτιρμός / oiktirmos | करुणा | karuṇā | Medium | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | — | Ordinary broad compassion-word; also a Nāṭyaśāstra rasa and a Buddhist brahmavihāra, but these are aesthetic/ethical, not competing soteriological categories |
| 31 | Temple (of the living God) | ναός / naos | मन्दिरम् | mandiram | High | (Church as God’s People, applied) | — | Correct HERE for the literal/metaphorical indwelling-image; must never be substituted for “church” (मण्डली), per the baseline’s explicit rejection of मन्दिरम् for that term |
| 32 | Satan | Σατανᾶς / Satanas | शैतानः | śaitānaḥ | Critical | (undergirds several doctrines) | असुरः, राक्षसः | असुरः/राक्षसः REJECTED: these name classes of being within Purāṇic cosmology’s mythological hierarchy, ultimately subordinate to and part of the same cosmic order as the devas — a fundamentally different structure from Satan as a judged, temporarily-permitted adversary opposed to the one true सर्वेश्वरः |
| 33 | Belial | Βελιάρ / Beliar | बेलियालः | beliyālaḥ | Critical | (Unity/purity contrast, 6:14-15) | — | Treated as a proper name exactly like शैतानः; no common-noun substitute |
| 34 | God of This Age | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου | अस्य युगस्य अधिपतिः | asya yugasya adhipatiḥ | Critical | (Satan’s usurped authority) | एतत्कालस्य देवः | The literal “god” rendering risks affirming a real second देव; “ruler of this age” preserves the sense of usurped, limited, temporary authority without granting ultimate-reality status |
| 35 | Third Heaven | τρίτος οὐρανός | तृतीयं स्वर्गम् | tṛtīyaṃ svargam | High | (Apostolic authentication) | परमधाम | स्वर्ग is retained as the standard word for “heaven” but must be explicitly distinguished from Purāṇic/Gītā svarga-loka, a temporary, karma-merit-dependent heavenly realm exhausted when puṇya runs out (Gītā 9:20-21) |
| 36 | Paradise | παράδεισος / paradeisos | स्वर्गोद्यानम् | svargodyānam | Medium | (Apostolic authentication) | — | Same non-karmic clarification as “third heaven” applies |
| 37 | Thorn in the Flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί | शरीरे कण्टकः | śarīre kaṇṭakaḥ | Low | Power in Weakness | — | Vivid cultural metaphor; flagged for cultural-metaphor review only, not doctrinal collision |
| 38 | According to the Flesh (epistemic sense) | κατὰ σάρκα / kata sarka | लौकिकदृष्ट्या | laukikadṛṣṭyā | High | New Creation in Christ | देहतः, शरीरतः | Rejected literal body-based renderings would wrongly suggest Sāṃkhya’s technical sthūla/sūkṣma/kāraṇa-śarīra body-hierarchy; this idiom names a mode of worldly judgment, not a body-type |
| 39 | Aroma / Fragrance (of Christ) | ὀσμή, εὐωδία | सुगन्धः | sugandhaḥ | Medium | (Gospel proclamation) | — | Mild resonance with Vedic yajña offering-aroma imagery; may aid comprehension but must not imply a literal ritual sacrifice performed by apostles |
| 40 | Triumphal Procession | θριαμβεύω / thriambeuō | विजययात्रा | vijayayātrā | Low | (Christ’s victory) | — | Roman military-cultural metaphor; no doctrinal collision |
| 41 | Unequal Yoke | ἑτεροζυγέω / heterozygeō | विषमयुगम् | viṣamayugam | Medium | (Purity/separation ethics) | — | युग is homonymous with the Purāṇic “cosmic age” (yuga); context disambiguates, but a translator note is advisable given this curriculum’s other references to linear vs. cyclical time |
| 42 | New Covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | नवीना संविद् | navīnā saṃvid | High | The New Covenant versus the Old | — | Reuses संविद् [baseline reuse]; Mīmāṃsā’s doctrine of the eternal, unauthored Veda has no native concept of covenant-supersession, requiring explicit background explanation beyond translation alone |
3. Cross-Reference: Doctrine → Primary New Terms
| Doctrine (per curriculum parameters) | Primary new Sanskrit terms |
|---|---|
| Reconciliation with God | सन्धिः, संधानम्, जगत् |
| New Creation in Christ | नवसृष्टिः, रूपान्तरम्, लौकिकदृष्ट्या |
| Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | सान्त्वना, पीडा, दुःखम्, करुणा, अन्तर्बोधः |
| The New Covenant versus the Old | नवीना संविद्, लिखितं वचनम्, आवरणम्, दोषनिर्णयः |
| Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | सरलता, राजदूतः, अन्तर्बोधः, श्लाघा |
| Generosity and Grace in Giving | उदारता, दानम्, समविभागः, हृष्टः दाता |
| Power in Weakness | दुर्बलता, सामर्थ्यम् [reuse], (तपस्-contrast) |
| Genuine versus False Apostleship | अतिश्रेष्ठाः प्रेषिताः, मिथ्याप्रेषिताः, ज्योतिषः दिव्यदूतः |
This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins, with all 42 new entries assigned version-incremented records and risk-tier review routing per doctrine_risk_registry.json’s existing methodology (Critical/High → human theologian; Medium → Sanskrit-philosophically-literate scholar; Low → automated review).
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्मः, न्यायः, पुण्यम्
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mandatory redefinition at every occurrence. 2 Corinthians 5:21 is the rhetorical climax of the core passage (‘that we might become the righteousness of God’); must be read together with आरोपिता धार्मिकता. 11:15’s ironic use (false ministers appropriating this term for themselves) must preserve the irony, not flatten it.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपिता धार्मिकता
Transliteration: āropitā dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: अर्जिता धार्मिकता
Original: ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptual root; 2 Cor 5:19’s μὴ λογιζόμενος is its negative counterpart)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:19’s ‘not counting their trespasses against them’ (न आरोपयन्) is the negative counterpart to this positive imputation term, deliberately reusing the same आरोपित root to give both statements one consistent forensic vocabulary.
Salvation
Approved rendering: त्राणम्
Transliteration: trāṇam
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मोक्षः, मुक्तिः, निर्वाणम्
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER मोक्षः/मुक्तिः/निर्वाणम्. 2 Corinthians 6:2’s ‘day of salvation’ must be read as the present appointed moment of a personal God’s saving initiative, not a karmically auspicious time (śubha muhūrta). Also 1:6; 7:10.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थानम्
Transliteration: punarutthānam
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER पुनर्जन्म. Grounds the believer’s hope (4:14) and is presupposed by 5:15’s ‘him who died and was raised.‘
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभुः
Transliteration: prabhuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, स्वामी
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ईश्वरः as primary rendering. Used throughout 2 Corinthians of Christ, and in 5:11 of the ‘fear of the Lord’ (भयम्) motivating Paul’s ministry.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य पुत्रः
Transliteration: parameśvarasya putraḥ
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरांशः, देवपुरुषः
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required; never अंशः. Occurs 2 Corinthians 1:19: ‘the Son of God, Jesus Christ.‘
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारणम्
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇam
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतारः
Original: conceptual anchor (cf. 8:9, “though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor”)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER अवतारः; every occurrence must reference Bhagavad Gita 4:7-8. Conceptually presupposed by 5:16’s ‘Christ according to the flesh’ and 8:9’s ‘though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor.‘
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीहः
Transliteration: masīhaḥ
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अवतारपुरुषः
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for explicit messianic-title contexts; ख्रीष्टः (see new ‘christ’ entry below) is the default proper-name form used throughout 2 Corinthians.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशुः
Transliteration: yīśuḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, per the Serampore Sanskrit New Testament (1808) precedent. Occurs throughout 2 Corinthians.
God
Approved rendering: सर्वेश्वरः
Transliteration: sarveśvaraḥ
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वरः, ब्रह्मन्, भगवान्, देवः
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, per Roberto de Nobili’s precedent. Used of ‘the God of all comfort’ (1:3) and the God ‘reconciling the world’ (5:19); never bare ईश्वरः/ब्रह्मन्/भगवान्/देवः. परमेश्वरः is used interchangeably in genitive compounds per baseline usage.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: pavitra ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मन्, परमात्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package — THE SINGLE HIGHEST-STAKES TERM IN THIS PACKAGE. Every occurrence carries the mandatory Atman-Brahman personhood note, with heightened severity in 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 where the Spirit is named in the same breath as the removal of the veil (आवरणम्); see the ‘veil’ entry below and the doctrine ‘veil_removed_in_christ.’ Also named in the Trinitarian benediction (13:14) and as the guarantee (प्रतिभूतिः, 1:22; 5:5).
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, प्रजापतिः
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs 1:2-3; 6:18; 11:31. Never ब्रह्मा or प्रजापतिः.
Christ
Approved rendering: ख्रीष्टः
Transliteration: khrīṣṭaḥ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
NEW ENTRY, consistent with baseline’s transliteration standard (12_ai_translation_requirements.md, Romans package) which names ख्रीष्टः as the established Serampore form but did not give it its own translation_memory record. Used as Christ’s default proper-name form throughout 2 Corinthians (constant occurrence); मसीहः (see ‘messiah’ above) is reserved for explicit messianic-title contexts. Never rendered so as to suggest one avatara among Vishnu’s dashavatara.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: सन्धिः
Transliteration: sandhiḥ
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: मेलनम्, ऐक्यम्
Original: καταλλαγή
Category: Reconciliation
Deliberately borrowed from Kautilya’s Arthashastra shadgunya (six-fold foreign policy), where sandhi names a formal treaty ending hostility between two parties — giving ‘reconciliation’ genuine technical weight. Must be explicitly distinguished from Advaita Vedanta’s jnana-based removal of avidya’s veil, which dispels a merely apparent, not actual, separation. 2 Corinthians 5:18-19 presupposes a real, culpable breach (sin, enmity) really overcome by God’s own initiative and at his own cost, while humanity was the offending party — NOT a mutual negotiated peace between equals, the parity assumption sandhi ordinarily carries. Core passage term (5:18-20); also 6:2’s ‘day of salvation’ is thematically adjacent.
Reconcile
Approved rendering: संधानं करोति / संधापयति
Transliteration: sandhānaṃ karoti / sandhāpayati
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
Verbal form of सन्धिः. God is always the grammatical subject/initiator in 2 Corinthians 5:18-19 (never the human party) — this asymmetry must be preserved. The causative संधापयति (‘causes to be reconciled’) exploits Sanskrit’s grammar to mirror the Greek’s God-as-agent structure in 5:18. The imperative appeal ‘be reconciled to God’ (5:20, καταλλάγητε τῷ θεῷ) uses the causee/passive-sense form (परमेश्वरेण सह सन्धिं कुरुत) and must not be read as implying the human party achieves reconciliation by their own effort; the imperative is a call to accept, not achieve, what God has already done.
New Creation
Approved rendering: नवसृष्टिः
Transliteration: navasṛṣṭiḥ
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: नवजन्म, नूतनं जगत्
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
CRITICAL AND UNAVOIDABLE, parallel in structure to धार्मिकता in the baseline: सृष्टि is the technical first term of Puranic sristi-sthiti-pralaya (creation-preservation-dissolution) cosmology and Brahma’s recurring kalpa-cycles — an inherently cyclical, repeating framework. नवजन्म is explicitly REJECTED as too close to reincarnation/rebirth language (parallel to the baseline’s rejection of punarjanma for resurrection). नवसृष्टिः must carry mandatory redefinition at every occurrence: a once-for-all, non-repeating transformation of the believer’s status in Christ, NOT a new turn of an ongoing cosmic cycle, and NOT the Advaitic unveiling of a pre-existent identity. Core passage term, 5:17.
Veil
Approved rendering: आवरणम्
Transliteration: āvaraṇam
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: तिरस्करिणी
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
तिरस्करिणी (a magical concealing curtain from epic/dramatic literature) rejected as too whimsical/mythological. आवरणम् is retained because it is the best available word for ‘veil/covering,’ but it directly names Advaita Vedanta’s OWN technical term for avidya’s veiling power (avarana-shakti), which conceals the Atman-Brahman identity, removed by jnana. This is the closest collision in this curriculum to the baseline’s single highest-stakes Holy Spirit/Atman-Brahman risk, and 2 Corinthians 3:17-18 places the veil and the Holy Spirit in the same two verses, so the two risks stack. MANDATORY DOUBLE NOTE at every occurrence within 3:13-18: the veil here is removed relationally, by turning to the Lord and receiving the Spirit, never epistemically, by knowledge unveiling a pre-existing non-dual identity.
Power Perfected In Weakness
Approved rendering: दुर्बलतायां सामर्थ्यं सिद्धिं गच्छति
Transliteration: durbalatāyāṃ sāmarthyaṃ siddhiṃ gacchati
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελειοῦται
Category: Power in Weakness
Application of baseline power_of_god (सामर्थ्यम् mandatory, never शक्तिः). 2 Corinthians 12:9, the doctrine’s central verse, additionally requires explicit, repeated contrast with तपस् (tapas) — the well-attested classical doctrine (Puranic Bhagiratha, Vishvamitra narratives) in which supernatural power is self-generated by the practitioner through voluntary ascetic discipline and hardship. Paul’s point is the theological inverse: Christ’s power freely resting on acknowledged human insufficiency, a gift given precisely where self-sufficiency has run out, not power earned through disciplined suffering. Mandatory standing translator-note template required at every occurrence, not left to per-segment discretion.
Satan
Approved rendering: शैतानः
Transliteration: śaitānaḥ
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Satan’s Deception
Rejected alternatives: असुरः, राक्षसः
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Transliterated proper name. असुरः/राक्षसः REJECTED: these name classes of being within Puranic cosmology’s mythological hierarchy, ultimately subordinate to and part of the same cosmic order as the devas — a fundamentally different structure from Satan as a created, judged, temporarily-permitted adversary opposed to सर्वेश्वरः alone, not a cosmic dualistic counterpart to God. 2:11; 11:14 (disguised as an angel of light); 12:7.
Belial
Approved rendering: बेलियालः
Transliteration: beliyālaḥ
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Satan’s Deception
Original: Βελιάρ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Transliterated proper name, treated exactly like शैतानः; no common-noun substitute that would suggest a distinct Puranic deity or demon-figure. 6:15, set in direct antithesis to Christ.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: अस्य युगस्य अधिपतिः
Transliteration: asya yugasya adhipatiḥ
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Satan’s Deception
Rejected alternatives: एतत्कालस्य देवः
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: Spiritual Warfare
The literal ‘god’ rendering is rejected: it risks affirming a real second देव on par with सर्वेश्वरः. ‘Ruler of this age’ preserves the sense of usurped, limited, temporary authority without granting ultimate-reality status. 4:4: Satan’s usurped, blinding authority over unbelief.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचारः
Transliteration: susamācāraḥ
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: शुभवार्ता
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Corinthians occurs at 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7. Must be distinguished from the aroma/fragrance metaphor of 2:14-16 (सुगन्धः) as the content proclaimed, not merely its sensory effect.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रहः
Transliteration: anugrahaḥ
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, प्रसादः, पुण्यम्
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in 2 Corinthians to the grace that produces generosity (8:1,9; 9:8,14) and closes the Trinitarian benediction (13:14). In chs. 8-9 must be kept distinct from दानम्’s puṇya-generating dāna-dharma framework: giving flows FROM grace received, is not itself a merit-earning act.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वासः
Transliteration: viśvāsaḥ
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, भक्तिः
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 5:7 (‘we walk by faith, not by sight’) must not be rendered so as to suggest jnana-marga’s contrast of knowledge versus ignorance; the contrast is trust versus present sight. Also occurs 1:24; 4:13; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5.
Called
Approved rendering: आहूतः
Transliteration: āhūtaḥ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: निमन्त्रितः
Inherited from Romans package. Thematically present in Paul’s apostolic commissioning (1:1) though not a frequent lexical item in 2 Corinthians.
Calling
Approved rendering: आह्वानम्
Transliteration: āhvānam
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: निमन्त्रणम्
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form sharing its root with ‘called’; its ordinary Vedic sense (human ritual invocation of a deity) reversed here for God’s initiative.
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्रम्
Transliteration: pavitram
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्धम्
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 7:1’s call to ‘perfect holiness’ requires the same moral/relational (not ritual-mechanical) redefinition as in the baseline.
Saints
Approved rendering: पवित्राः जनाः
Transliteration: pavitrāḥ janāḥ
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ऋषयः, संन्यासिनः
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Recipients of the Jerusalem collection (8:4; 9:1,12) and the greeting-recipients of 13:12; not an inspired rishi-elite or renunciate class.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: पवित्रीकरणम्
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇam
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्धिः
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 7:1’s ‘perfecting holiness’; distinguished from Vedic ritual-purification śuddhi and yogic self-purification.
Law
Approved rendering: विधिः
Transliteration: vidhiḥ
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्मः, धर्मशास्त्रम्
Original: νόμος (implicit in 3:6-7’s “letter”/old covenant ministry)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit in 2 Corinthians 3:6-7’s ‘old covenant’ ministry, whose written form (लिखितं वचनम्) ‘kills,’ contrasted with the Spirit’s life-giving ministry.
Sin
Approved rendering: पापम्
Transliteration: pāpam
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्मः
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Central to 5:19,21 (God not counting trespasses; Christ made to be sin); also 11:7; 12:21 of specific wrongdoing. Guard against a prayashcitta ritual-penance reading.
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: तेजस्
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER तेजस्. Central to the New Covenant’s unveiled, increasing glory (3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,17).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य सामर्थ्यम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya sāmarthyam
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्तिः
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER शक्तिः. Displayed through the fragile ‘jars of clay’ (मृण्मयं पात्रम्, 4:7) and sustaining Paul in weakness (12:9; 13:4). 12:9 additionally requires the mandatory tapas-contrast; see power_perfected_in_weakness below.
Covenant
Approved rendering: संविद्
Transliteration: saṃvid
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: वाचा, नियमः
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Root of नवीना संविद् (‘new covenant’) below. Carries no inherent covenantal weight in classical usage on its own and requires explicit teaching; occurs 3:6,14 of the old covenant.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य वरणम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya varaṇam
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्यम्, दैवम्
Original: conceptually present in Paul’s apostolic commissioning “by the will of God” (1:1)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually present in Paul’s apostolic commissioning ‘by the will of God’ (1:1); never bhagyam/daivam.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वरस्य विधानम्
Transliteration: parameśvarasya vidhānam
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्यम्, दैवम्, कर्मफलम्
Original: conceptually present in God’s sustaining purpose amid affliction (1:9-10; 4:7-11)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God’s sustaining purpose amid affliction (1:9-10; 4:7-11), so that reliance rests on God, not self (1:9); not karmaphala or daiva/purushakara fate-language.
World Kosmos
Approved rendering: जगत्
Transliteration: jagat
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: संसारः, लोकः
Original: κόσμος
Category: Reconciliation
NEVER संसारः, the fully theorized technical term for the transmigratory cycle of rebirth in Vedanta and Samkhya-Yoga — the same class of error the baseline forbids for पुनर्जन्म. जगत् (the ordered created world/humanity) is the safe standard rendering. Core passage term, 5:19: God reconciling ‘the world’ to himself.
Conscience
Approved rendering: अन्तर्बोधः
Transliteration: antarbodhaḥ
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: अन्तःकरणम्, विवेकः
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sincerity
Classical Sanskrit has no untheorized word for ‘conscience.’ अन्तःकरणम् (Samkhya/Vedanta’s fourfold internal instrument: manas-buddhi-ahamkara-citta) and विवेकः (the Advaita/Samkhya liberating discrimination faculty between Self and not-Self) are both already fully theorized psychological-soteriological categories and are REJECTED. अन्तर्बोधः is a transparent, deliberately coined, minimally-loaded compound requiring mandatory first-occurrence definition: ‘the moral faculty by which a person is aware of right and wrong before God.’ Core passage term, 5:11; also 1:12; 4:2.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: प्रीतिः
Transliteration: prītiḥ
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: प्रेम, कामः
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: God
NEVER प्रेम, which in Gaudiya Vaishnava theology (Rupa Gosvami’s Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu) names a fully systematized devotional-aesthetic category (prema-bhakti, madhura-rasa, the Radha-Krishna romantic-devotional ideal). NEVER कामः, one of the four purusharthas (desire/pleasure), the wrong register entirely. प्रीतिः is the least technically encumbered available term but must still be defined as Christ’s self-giving, sacrificial love, not devotional sentiment. Core passage term, 5:14 (‘the love of Christ controls us’); also named in the Trinitarian benediction (13:14).
Ambassador
Approved rendering: राजदूतः
Transliteration: rājadūtaḥ
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, ऋषिः
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Sincerity
गुरुः/ऋषिः rejected for the same reasons already established under ‘apostle’ in the baseline (guru-lineage transmission model; Vedic-seer eternal-perception model). राजदूतः is a genuine classical diplomatic office (cf. duta in Arthashastra statecraft). Note the Mahabharata’s Udyoga Parva episode of Krishna’s own peace embassy to the Kauravas as a possibly illuminating but non-doctrinal resonance — must not be taught as an avatara-parallel. Core passage term, 5:20: ‘we are ambassadors for Christ.‘
The Letter
Approved rendering: लिखितं वचनम्
Transliteration: likhitaṃ vacanam
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: अक्षरम्
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant
NEVER अक्षरम्, which in Vedantic usage names the imperishable, eternal syllable (especially Om as akshara-brahman, Bhagavad Gita 8:3, 8:13); using it here would wrongly sacralize exactly what Paul contrasts unfavorably with the life-giving Spirit. 3:6: ‘the letter kills, but the Spirit gives life.‘
Comfort
Approved rendering: सान्त्वना
Transliteration: sāntvanā
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: उत्तेजनम् (reserved), आश्वासनम्
Original: παράκλησις / παρακαλέω
Category: Suffering and Comfort
उत्तेजनम् is reserved by the baseline for the ‘building up/encouragement’ sense of parakaleo; सान्त्वना is chosen for the distinct ‘consolation amid affliction’ sense central to 1:3-7. Must be taught as a relational gift actively given by a personal God amid real affliction, not yogic self-generated equanimity (samatva, titiksha, Gita 2:14-15).
Suffering
Approved rendering: दुःखम्
Transliteration: duḥkham
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: πάθημα
Category: Suffering and Comfort
Unavoidable as the ordinary word for suffering; no lighter alternative exists. दुःखम् is the foundational term of Samkhya’s tripartite suffering-doctrine (adhyatmika/adhibhautika/adhidaivika, resolved via viveka/jnana toward kaivalya) and the Buddhist First Noble Truth. Must be explicitly distinguished each occurrence: suffering shared with Christ (1:5-7; 4:10-11) is embraced and redemptive, not a metaphysical problem dissolved by right knowledge.
Repentance
Approved rendering: पश्चात्तापः
Transliteration: paścāttāpaḥ
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: प्रायश्चित्तम्
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Godly Grief and Repentance
NEVER प्रायश्चित्तम्, the dharmashastra system of prescribed ritual penances for catalogued sins (cf. baseline’s caution under ‘sin’). Biblical repentance is an inward change of heart producing faith-response, not a ritual expiation formula. 7:9-10: godly grief produces repentance leading to salvation.
Grief
Approved rendering: शोकः
Transliteration: śokaḥ
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: विषादः
Original: λύπη
Category: Godly Grief and Repentance
Must be distinguished from the Bhagavad Gita’s resolution of Arjuna’s grief (shoka/vishada, 1:47-2:1) through metaphysical knowledge that grief is founded on a misapprehension of the Self’s eternal, unslayable nature (Gita 2:11-30, ‘you should not grieve’). Paul’s two-track distinction (7:8-11: grief producing repentance and life vs. grief producing death) is moral and relational, not epistemic.
Generosity
Approved rendering: उदारता
Transliteration: udāratā
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Must be distinguished from dana as a meritorious ritual-religious duty within dharmashastra’s dana-dharma system (a well-developed doctrine in which prescribed gifts to Brahmins/priests generate punya/merit for the giver). Corinthian giving flows from grace already received, not from merit-generating religious obligation. Occurs 8:2; 9:11,13.
Gift Giving
Approved rendering: दानम्
Transliteration: dānam
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: δωρεά / δόσις / δῶρον
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Unavoidable ordinary word for ‘gift’; activates dana-dharma’s entire merit-generating framework. Every occurrence in chs. 8-9 must be paired with अनुग्रहः-grounded teaching that Christian giving flows from grace already received, not merit sought.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: मिथ्याप्रेषिताः
Transliteration: mithyāpreṣitāḥ
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Compound of baseline प्रेषितः + मिथ्या. Central term distinguishing authentic, commissioned apostolic authority from self-appointed rivals, disguised as Christ’s servants. 11:13.
Temple Of Living God
Approved rendering: मन्दिरम्
Transliteration: mandiram
Doctrine: Temple of the Living God
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
मन्दिरम् is correctly used HERE for the literal/metaphorical image of a sacred indwelling-place, but must NEVER be substituted for ‘church’ (मण्डली) elsewhere, per the baseline’s explicit rejection of मन्दिरम् for that term. This entry is the deliberate, contextually limited exception that proves that rule. 6:16: believers as God’s indwelling dwelling-place.
Third Heaven
Approved rendering: तृतीयं स्वर्गम्
Transliteration: tṛtīyaṃ svargam
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: परमधाम
Original: τρίτος οὐρανός
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship
स्वर्ग is retained as the standard word for ‘heaven’ but must be explicitly distinguished from Puranic/Gita svarga-loka, a temporary, karma-merit-dependent heavenly realm exhausted when accumulated punya runs out (Gita 9:20-21: ‘kshine punye martyalokam vishanti’). Paul’s vision (12:2) is of God’s own eternal presence, not a temporary merit-based heavenly waystation.
According To The Flesh
Approved rendering: लौकिकदृष्ट्या
Transliteration: laukikadṛṣṭyā
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: देहतः, शरीरतः
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: New Creation
Rejected literal body-based renderings (देहतः, शरीरतः) would wrongly suggest Samkhya’s technical sthula/sukshma/karana-sharira body-hierarchy; this idiom (5:16) names a mode of worldly judgment, not a body-type, and must be kept distinct from sarira as ‘human nature assumed in the incarnation.‘
New Covenant
Approved rendering: नवीना संविद्
Transliteration: navīnā saṃvid
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Compound of baseline संविद्. Mimamsa’s doctrine of the eternal, unauthored (apaurusheya, nitya) Veda has no native concept of a covenant becoming obsolete and superseded, so the very idea of ‘new’ replacing ‘old’ covenant requires explicit background explanation, not just translation. 3:6,14.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेषितः
Transliteration: preṣitaḥ
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: गुरुः, ऋषिः
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Root of अतिश्रेष्ठाः प्रेषिताः (‘super-apostles’) and मिथ्याप्रेषिताः (‘false apostles’) below, central to chs. 10-12’s Genuine versus False Apostleship doctrine. Also 1:1; 8:23; 12:11-12.
Peace
Approved rendering: शान्तिः
Transliteration: śāntiḥ
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: निर्वृत्तिः
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 2 Corinthians 13:11’s closing exhortation; distinguish from yogic citta-vritti-nirodha.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: आत्मिकं वरदानम्
Transliteration: ātmikaṃ varadānam
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: वरदानम्, सिद्धिः
Original: χάρισμα (conceptually present in the grace-gift of generosity, chs. 8-9)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not the yogic ashtasiddhi. Conceptually present in the grace-gift language of generous giving in chs. 8-9.
Church
Approved rendering: मण्डली
Transliteration: maṇḍalī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: मन्दिरम्, मठः
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never मन्दिरम् or मठः for this term. Contrast with the deliberate, contextually limited exception at 6:16 (‘temple of the living God’), where मन्दिरम् is used precisely because that verse names God’s indwelling presence, not the congregation.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजातीयाः
Transliteration: anyajātīyāḥ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: म्लेच्छाः
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not lexically prominent in 2 Corinthians but thematically present in the universal scope of 5:19’s reconciliation of ‘the world’ (जगत्).
Intercession
Approved rendering: मध्यस्थता
Transliteration: madhyasthatā
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: conceptually present in mutual prayer requests (1:11; 9:14; 13:7,9)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Present in mutual prayer requests: 1:11; 9:14; 13:7,9.
Mission
Approved rendering: सुसमाचारप्रचारः
Transliteration: susamācāraprachāraḥ
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: conceptually present in 2:12-13; 10:14-16
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Present in 2:12-13; 10:14-16, including Paul’s planned advance beyond Corinth. Tone descriptive, non-triumphalist.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएलः
Transliteration: isrāelaḥ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Referenced at 3:7,13 (Moses’ veil) and 11:22 (Paul’s own Israelite identity).
Affliction
Approved rendering: पीडा
Transliteration: pīḍā
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: क्लेशः
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
क्लेशः is REJECTED: Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra 2.3 systematically catalogues five kleshas (avidya, asmita, raga, dvesha, abhinivesha) as the causes of bondage to be eliminated through yogic discipline — incompatible with affliction as a normal, God-permitted feature of gospel ministry. Occurs 1:4,8; 4:8-9; 6:4; 7:4; 8:2.
Weakness
Approved rendering: दुर्बलता
Transliteration: durbalatā
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power in Weakness
Plain, non-technical term. The doctrinal weight sits entirely in its contrast with tapas, not in दुर्बलता itself. Occurs 11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4.
Equality Fair Distribution
Approved rendering: समविभागः
Transliteration: samavibhāgaḥ
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: समता, साम्यम्
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving
समता REJECTED: the Bhagavad Gita’s own technical definition of yoga as ‘evenness of mind toward success and failure’ (Gita 2:48). साम्यम् REJECTED: Samkhya’s guna-equilibrium state of unmanifest prakriti (guna-samyavastha). समविभागः keeps the sense concretely economic. 8:13-14: no church should have abundance while another lacks.
Boasting
Approved rendering: श्लाघा
Transliteration: ślāghā
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: दर्पः, अहंकारः
Original: καύχησις / καύχημα / καυχάομαι
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship
अहंकारः REJECTED: names Samkhya’s technical ‘I-maker’ faculty (one of the 25 tattvas), an entirely different psychological-metaphysical category from rhetorical self-praise. श्लाघा is the correct classical rhetorical term for self-praise/boasting. Introduced at 5:12, developed through the sustained irony of chs. 10-12.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: अतिश्रेष्ठाः प्रेषिताः
Transliteration: atiśreṣṭhāḥ preṣitāḥ
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Compound of baseline प्रेषितः. Ironic/sarcastic register (Paul’s term for rival teachers claiming superior authority) must be preserved by context, not flattened into a literal honorific. 11:5; 12:11.
Outer Man
Approved rendering: बाह्यः जनः
Transliteration: bāhyaḥ janaḥ
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: आत्मन्, पुरुषः
Original: ὁ ἔξω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Suffering and Comfort
Deliberately renders anthropos (‘person’) rather than आत्मन् (would trigger the baseline’s central Atman-Brahman collision) or पुरुषः (Samkhya’s technical unchanging witness-consciousness, which by definition cannot ‘decay’ — the opposite of Paul’s point). 4:16: the visible, decaying body/self.
Inner Man
Approved rendering: आन्तरिकः जनः
Transliteration: āntarikaḥ janaḥ
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: आत्मन्, पुरुषः
Original: ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Suffering and Comfort
Same reasoning as ‘outer man’; NEVER आत्मन् or पुरुषः, since Puरुष cannot logically be ‘renewed’ (it is, by Samkhya definition, unchanging). 4:16: the believer’s inner self, being renewed daily despite outward decay.
Transformation
Approved rendering: रूपान्तरम्
Transliteration: rūpāntaram
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: अवतारः (unrelated sense)
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: New Covenant
Must be explicitly contrasted with Advaita’s view that the Self does not actually change but merely has a pre-existing identity with Brahman unveiled by removing ignorance (avidya-nivritti). Paul describes real, ongoing, progressive moral-spiritual transformation over time, ‘from glory to glory’ (3:18), not a static realization.
Condemnation
Approved rendering: दोषनिर्णयः
Transliteration: doṣanirṇayaḥ
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: κατάκρισις
Category: New Covenant
Deliberately parallels निर्णयः already fixed for ‘justification’ (धर्मीति निर्णयः) in the baseline, giving the old/new covenant contrast a consistent forensic register: a ‘guilt-verdict’ (3:9, old covenant’s ministry) versus a ‘righteousness-verdict.‘
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: न्यायासनम्
Transliteration: nyāyāsanam
Doctrine: Judgment Seat of Christ
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
Concrete forensic compound (‘seat of judgment’) consistent with the Nyaya/Mimamsa judicial register already used for justification/condemnation vocabulary. Risk limited to mild resonance with the Nyaya darshana’s proper name, mitigated by the compound’s concrete tribunal sense. 5:10.
Guarantee Of Spirit
Approved rendering: प्रतिभूतिः
Transliteration: pratibhūtiḥ
Doctrine: Holy Spirit as Guarantee
Original: ἀρραβὼν τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: God
Legal/commercial surety term; low doctrinal collision in itself, but must always be paired with पवित्र आत्मा’s mandatory personhood note. 1:22; 5:5.
Mercies Compassion
Approved rendering: करुणा
Transliteration: karuṇā
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: οἰκτιρμός
Category: Suffering and Comfort
The ordinary broad compassion-word; also a Natyashastra rasa (karuna-rasa, pathos) and a Buddhist brahmavihara, but these are aesthetic/ethical categories, not a competing soteriology, so collision risk is lower than most Critical/High entries. 1:3: ‘the Father of mercies.‘
Paradise
Approved rendering: स्वर्गोद्यानम्
Transliteration: svargodyānam
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Less loaded than svarga alone, but should still carry the same non-karmic clarification as ‘third heaven.’ 12:4.
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: सुगन्धः
Transliteration: sugandhaḥ
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: ὀσμή / εὐωδία Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
Mildly resonant with Vedic yajna’s offering-aroma imagery (an offering whose fragrance ascends to and pleases the gods), which may aid comprehension but must not be taught as implying a literal ritual sacrifice performed by the apostles. 2:14-16.
Unequal Yoke
Approved rendering: विषमयुगम्
Transliteration: viṣamayugam
Doctrine: Temple of the Living God
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Church
युग (‘yoke’) is homonymous with युग as ‘cosmic age’ (the four Puranic yugas discussed under Fulfillment of Prophecy in the Romans baseline). Context (the agricultural mismatched-draft-animals image) disambiguates clearly, but a translator note is advisable given this curriculum’s other discussions of linear versus cyclical time. 6:14.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: भयम्
Transliteration: bhayam
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: φόβος τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Sincerity
Must be glossed as reverence/awe before Christ as Judge, not servile terror or generic anxiety. Paul’s motive for ministry (5:11) and holy living (7:1).
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: धन्यवादः
Transliteration: dhanyavādaḥ
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent in 2 Corinthians: 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 8:16; 9:11-12,15.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: सहभागिता
Transliteration: sahabhāgitā
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: सत्सङ्गः
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Used of the Jerusalem collection (8:4; 9:13) and named in the closing benediction (13:14); distinct from satsanga’s specific devotional-gathering practice.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: हृष्टः दाता
Transliteration: hṛṣṭaḥ dātā
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Plain descriptive phrase, no doctrinal collision. 9:7: ‘God loves a cheerful giver.‘
Sincerity
Approved rendering: सरलता
Transliteration: saralatā
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Sincerity
Plain, non-technical term. Paul’s conduct marked by purity of motive, not worldly cunning. 1:12; 2:17.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: शरीरे कण्टकः
Transliteration: śarīre kaṇṭakaḥ
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness
Vivid cultural metaphor; flagged for cultural-metaphor review per the AI system prompt’s category, not doctrinal collision. 12:7: Paul’s persistent affliction, given to keep him humble.
Triumphal Procession
Approved rendering: विजययात्रा
Transliteration: vijayayātrā
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Church
Roman military-cultural metaphor, not a doctrinal collision. 2:14: Christ’s decisive victory displayed through the apostles’ ministry.
Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: मृण्मयं पात्रम्
Transliteration: mṛṇmayaṃ pātram
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκεῦος ὀστράκινον
Category: Power in Weakness
Vivid cultural metaphor with no doctrinal collision; reinforces the Power in Weakness doctrine. 4:7: the fragile human vessels carrying the surpassing treasure of the gospel.
Referenced passages