Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Telugu)
Curriculum: Mark Core passage: Mark 10:35–45
This glossary extends the Romans Language Package translation_memory.json for the Mark curriculum. Terms already present in the baseline are marked [Baseline — reuse exactly] and repeated here only for completeness/citation; their recorded Telugu rendering, risk tier, and rejected alternatives are unchanged. New terms required by Mark’s distinct vocabulary are marked [New] and proposed for addition to translation memory at the risk tier indicated, pending theologian sign-off per the baseline’s escalation rules.
Section 1 — Baseline Terms Reused in Mark (citation only, no changes)
| Term | Telugu | Risk | First Mark Occurrence | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | సువార్త | Medium | 1:1 | Reuse exactly |
| faith | విశ్వాసం | Medium | 2:5 | Reuse exactly; dual healing/salvation sense at 5:34, 10:52 — see 08 notes |
| grace | కృప | High | (implicit, not a frequent Markan lexeme) | Reserved for later NT curricula; note for consistency only |
| salvation / save / saved | రక్షణ / రక్షించు | Critical | 5:23, 8:35, 10:26, 13:13, 16:16 | Never మోక్షం/ముక్తి; dual sense with “heal” — see 08 notes |
| resurrection | పునరుత్థానం | Critical | 12:18–27, 16:6 | Never పునర్జన్మ |
| lord | ప్రభువు | Critical | 1:3, 2:28, 11:9, 12:36–37 | Distinguish from κατακυριεύω (10:42) illegitimate “lording over” |
| son_of_god | దేవుని కుమారుడు | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61, 15:39 | Locked, identical rendering at every occurrence |
| holy_spirit | పరిశుద్ధాత్మ | Critical | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Never పరమాత్మ |
| father | తండ్రి | Critical | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | — |
| abba | అబ్బా | High | 14:36 | Kept in exact combination అబ్బా తండ్రి |
| kingdom_of_god | దేవుని రాజ్యం | Medium | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26, 4:30, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14–15, 10:23–25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43 | Already/not-yet tension — see 08 Ch.1, Ch.4 |
| messiah | మెస్సీయ | Critical | 8:29 (conceptually), 14:61 | Paired with క్రీస్తు — see new entry “christ” below |
| gentiles | అన్యజనులు | Medium | 7:26, 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 | Note sociological (non-soteriological) use at 10:42 |
| glory | మహిమ | High | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | — |
| power_of_god | దేవుని సామర్థ్యం | High | 9:1, 13:26 (δύναμις) | Never శక్తి |
| sin | పాపం | High | 1:5, 2:5–10, 3:28 | — |
| prophet | ప్రవక్త | Low | 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28 | Compounded at 13:22 — see new entry “false prophet” |
| covenant | నిబంధన | High | 14:24 | Compounded — see new entry “blood of the covenant” |
| david | దావీదు | Medium | 2:25, 10:47–48, 11:10, 12:35–37 | — |
| israel | ఇశ్రాయేలు | Medium | 12:29, 15:32 | — |
| jesus | యేసు | Critical | throughout | — |
| god | దేవుడు | Critical | throughout | Never భగవంతుడు |
| seed_of_david | దావీదు వంశములో పుట్టినవాడు | High | (conceptually behind 10:47–48, 12:35–37) | — |
| exhort | ప్రోత్సహించడం | Low | (not a frequent Markan lexeme) | Reserved for consistency |
| election | దేవుని ఏర్పాటు | High | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 (οἱ ἐκλεκτοί, “the elect”) | New occurrence context — flag for theologian review at 13:20–27 |
| providence | దేవుని పరిపాలన | High | 10:40 (ἡτοίμασται), 14:36 (θέλημα) | Never విధి/కర్మ |
Section 2 — New Terms Required for Mark (proposed additions)
| # | English term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Telugu rendering | Risk | Doctrine | First occurrence | Rejected alternatives | Rationale / Syncretism note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Christ (as name/title) | Χριστός | Christos | క్రీస్తు | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1:1 | — | Established transliteration per baseline Transliteration Standards; distinct-use companion to మెస్సీయ (see baseline) |
| 2 | Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | ho huios tou anthrōpou | మనుష్యకుమారుడు | Critical | Suffering Servant/Son of God; Messianic Secret | 2:10 | మనిషి కుమారుడు (too generic, loses title force) | Must retain Daniel 7 divine-dominion background via catechesis; never flattened to mere “a man” |
| 3 | Ransom | λύτρον | lytron | విమోచన క్రయధనం | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | వెల (too generic/commercial) | Compound must be used whole; connects to Isaiah 53 substitutionary background |
| 4 | For many (substitutionary) | ἀντὶ πολλῶν | anti pollōn | అనేకుల కోసం / అనేకులకు ప్రతిగా | High | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | కేవలం “అందరి కోసం” (loses Isa. 53 “many” idiom and substitution force) | Preserve ἀντί’s “instead of” force alongside benefit sense |
| 5 | Cup (theological) | ποτήριον | potērion | పాత్రము | High | Necessity of the Cross | 10:38 | గిన్నె (too generic/domestic) | OT idiom for appointed portion of suffering/wrath |
| 6 | Baptism | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | బాప్తిస్మం | Medium | Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical sense); ritual sense throughout | 1:4 (ritual), 10:38–39 (metaphorical) | — | Established transliteration; ensure metaphorical suffering-sense is not flattened at 10:38–39 |
| 7 | Servant | διάκονος | diakonos | పరిచారకుడు | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 9:35, 10:43 | సేవకుడు (acceptable variant but less established) | — |
| 8 | Slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | దాసుడు | High | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness; Suffering Servant | 10:44 | — | Collides with Telugu bhakti-tradition devotional self-designation (e.g. రామదాసు); teaching material must clarify NT sense = self-giving service to people, not devotional feeling toward a deity |
| 9 | Lord it over / dominate | κατακυριεύω, κατεξουσιάζω | katakyrieuō, katexousiazō | అధికారం చేత అణచివేయడం / అధికారం చెలాయించడం | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | — | Must not be confused with Christ’s legitimate ప్రభువు lordship or Jesus’ legitimate ఎక్సౌసియా/అధికారం |
| 10 | Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | అధికారం | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22 | శక్తి (rejected — reserved sense per baseline “power of God” caution) | Positive divine/delegated authority; contrast negative sense at 10:42 |
| 11 | Demon | δαιμόνιον | daimonion | దయ్యం | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23 | — | Risk of assimilation to Telugu folk-ghost/exorcism belief; distinguish from ancestral-spirit folk framework |
| 12 | Unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | pneuma akatharton | అపవిత్రాత్మ | Critical | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23 | దయ్యపు ఆత్మ (less precise) | Distinct personal evil being, not an impersonal folk-ghost; never confused with పరిశుద్ధాత్మ root sense |
| 13 | Repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | metanoia / metanoeō | మారుమనస్సు | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:4 | పశ్చాత్తాపం (mere regret, rejected as insufficient) | Requires transformed direction of life, not only remorse |
| 14 | Kingdom has come near | ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία | ēngiken hē basileia | దేవుని రాజ్యం సమీపించింది | High | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:15 | వస్తుంది (future-only, rejected — loses already/not-yet tension) | Programmatic thesis verse; preserve perfect-tense “already arrived” force |
| 15 | Disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | శిష్యుడు | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:16–20 | — | Shares vocabulary with guru-śiṣya tradition; clarify honest depiction of fearful/failing followers restored by grace |
| 16 | Fear | φόβος / φοβέω | phobos / phobeō | భయం | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:41 | — | Track consistently across 4:41, 5:15, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:6, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8 |
| 17 | Save/heal (dual sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | రక్షించు (preferred) / స్వస్థపరచు (physical-only alt.) | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | 5:23 | — | Preserve deliberate physical+spiritual double meaning; footnote recommended |
| 18 | Parable | παραβολή | parabolē | ఉపమానం | Medium | The Messianic Secret | 4:2 | — | Note Mark 4:11–12’s own claim that parables can conceal as well as reveal |
| 19 | Rebuke / charge to silence | ἐπιτιμάω | epitimaō | గద్దించు / ఖండితంగా ఆజ్ఞాపించు | High | The Messianic Secret | 1:25 | — | Lock one consistent rendering across all 8 Messianic Secret occurrences |
| 20 | Necessity (divine “must”) | δεῖ | dei | తప్పనిసరిగా జరగవలెను | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:31 | విధి-based phrasing (rejected — fatalism risk) | Track consistently across 8:31, 9:31, 10:33–34, 14:21 |
| 21 | Cross | σταυρός | stauros | శిలువ | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34 | — | Established universal Telugu Christian term; hold identical in metaphorical (8:34) and literal (Ch.15) senses |
| 22 | Crucify | σταυρόω | stauroō | సిలువ వేయు | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:13 | — | — |
| 23 | Blasphemy (against the Spirit) | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | దూషణ | High | (Holy Spirit doctrine, extended) | 3:28–29 | అవమానం (too weak) | Unique unforgivable-sin category; convey full gravity |
| 24 | Defilement / unclean (moral) | κοινός / μιαίνω | koinos / miainō | మలినం / అపవిత్రం | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sin (extended); Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline) | 7:2, 7:15 | — | Direct resonance with caste ritual-purity (మైల) history in Telugu Dalit Christian communities; must not be softened |
| 25 | Tradition (human) | παράδοσις | paradosis | సాంప్రదాయం | Medium | (Law/Tradition contrast, extended from baseline “law”) | 7:3 | — | Contrast with దేవుని ఆజ్ఞ (God’s command), not tradition/custom as such |
| 26 | Transfiguration | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | రూపాంతరం చెందు | High | Jesus as Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:2 | అవతారం (rejected — avatar-transformation collision) | Temporary unveiling of ever-present divine glory, not a change into a different being |
| 27 | Unbelief | ἀπιστία | apistia | అవిశ్వాసం | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 9:24 | — | Direct antonym of baseline విశ్వాసం |
| 28 | Hardness of heart | σκληροκαρδία | sklērokardia | హృదయకాఠిన్యం | Medium | (Universal Human Accountability, extended) | 10:5 | — | — |
| 29 | Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | హోసన్నా | Medium | Messianic Promise (extended) | 11:9 | — | Established transliteration; gloss “save now” meaning |
| 30 | Temple (literal building) | ἱερόν / ναός | hieron / naos | దేవాలయం | Medium | (disambiguation note vs. Church) | 11:11 | సభామందిరం (unnecessary — దేవాలయం is correct here) | Acceptable ONLY for the literal Jerusalem temple; never for ἐκκλησία/church |
| 31 | Cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kephalē gōnias | మూలరాయి | Medium | Necessity of the Cross; Fulfillment of Prophecy | 12:10 | — | Direct Psalm 118 citation |
| 32 | Love (agapē) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | ప్రేమ | Medium-High | (foundational ethic underlying all doctrines) | 12:30–33 | — | Distinguish from romantic-register ప్రేమ common in popular Telugu usage; supply relational context |
| 33 | False christs / false prophets | ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται | pseudochristoi / pseudoprophētai | అబద్ధ క్రీస్తులు / అబద్ధ ప్రవక్తలు | High | The Messianic Secret | 13:22 | — | Protects uniqueness of true క్రీస్తు |
| 34 | Abomination of desolation | τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | to bdelygma tēs erēmōseōs | నాశనకరమైన హేయవస్తువు | High | (Fulfillment of Prophecy, extended) | 13:14 | — | Requires Daniel background explanation |
| 35 | Anointing (Bethany) | μύρον | myron | అభిషేకం | High | Necessity of the Cross; Messianic Promise (etymological link) | 14:3 | — | Collides with Hindu deity-consecration ritual (Tirupati abhiṣēkaṁ); clarify burial/death association absent from Hindu usage |
| 36 | Blood of the covenant | τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | to haima tēs diathēkēs | నిబంధన రక్తం | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 14:24 | — | Denominational-consistency lock needed for Lord’s Supper vocabulary, parallel to baseline’s సంఘము/పరిశుద్ధాత్మ locks |
| 37 | Body (Eucharistic) | τὸ σῶμα | to sōma | శరీరం | Medium-High | (Necessity of the Cross, extended) | 14:22 | — | Same denominational-consistency caution as #36 |
| 38 | Hand over / betray | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | అప్పగించు | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 9:31 | — | Single verb must carry both Judas’s culpable betrayal and the Father’s sovereign giving-over |
| 39 | King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | యూదుల రాజు | High | The Messianic Secret; Kingdom of God Breaking In | 15:2 | — | Preserve mocking surface tone while allowing deeper truth to be perceived |
| 40 | Forsaken | ἐγκαταλείπω | enkataleipō | విడిచిపెట్టు | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | దూరంగా ఉండు (too weak) | Must retain full weight of God-forsakenness; Aramaic preserved as ఏలీ ఏలీ లామా సబక్తానీ |
| 41 | Temple curtain torn | τὸ καταπέτασμα ἐσχίσθη | to katapetasma eschisthē | దేవాలయపు తెర చినిగిపోయింది | High | The Ransom for Many (visible sign of accomplished atonement) | 15:38 | — | Connect explicitly to completed ransom/atonement in teaching material |
| 42 | Great (contrastive) | μέγας | megas | గొప్పవాడు | Low-Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 10:43 | — | Ensure paradox (“great = servant”) is not flattened |
| 43 | Prepared (providence) | ἡτοιμασμένον | hētoimasmenon | సిద్ధపరచబడినది | Medium-High | Providence/Election (extended) | 10:40 | విధి-framing (rejected — fatalism) | God’s personal prior arrangement, not impersonal fate |
| 44 | Life/soul (embodied) | ψυχή | psychē | ప్రాణం (preferred) | High | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | ఆత్మ (rejected in this context — Vedantic ātman collision) | Whole embodied life given in death, not a detachable inner soul-fragment |
Section 3 — Risk Distribution Summary (New Terms Only)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 3 | Human theologian / native speaker joint review |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium | 1 | Native speaker review |
| Total new terms | 44 | — |
Escalation note: Per the baseline AI Translation Requirements’ escalation rules, all Critical and High risk new terms above — particularly #2 (Son of Man), #3 (Ransom), #21–22 (Cross/Crucify), #36 (Blood of the Covenant), and #40 (Forsaken) — must be routed to human theologian review before entering Phase 2 translation memory, consistent with the treatment already given to Incarnation, Deity of Christ, Resurrection, and Lordship of Christ in the Romans package.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: రక్షణ
Transliteration: rakshana
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: మోక్షం, ముక్తి
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER మోక్షం or ముక్తి. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (5:23, 8:35, 10:26, 13:13, 16:16), including the dual physical/spiritual sense of σῴζω (see ‘save_heal’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: పునరుత్థానం
Transliteration: punarutthānam
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: పునర్జన్మ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: NEVER పునర్జన్మ. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:33-34, 12:18-27, 16:6). At 16:6 preserve the passive verb form (‘has been raised’) to keep the Father’s active role visible.
Lord
Approved rendering: ప్రభువు
Transliteration: prabhuvu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: స్వామి
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: established, consistent term across denominational lines. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (1:3, 2:28, 11:9, 12:35-37). Must be kept lexically distinct from κατακυριεύω (‘to lord it over,’ 10:42), an unrelated negative sense describing illegitimate human domination.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: దేవుని కుమారుడు
Transliteration: Dēvuni Kumāruḍu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: అవతారపురుషుడు
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: full phrase required. Inherited from Romans package; reused identically at every Mark occurrence (1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61, 15:39) — Mark’s Christological thesis title bookending the whole Gospel.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: పరిశుద్ధాత్మ
Transliteration: pariśuddhātma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: పరమాత్మ, పవిత్రాత్మ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: never పరమాత్మ. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11).
Father
Approved rendering: తండ్రి
Transliteration: Tandri
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: సృష్టికర్త
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36).
Messiah
Approved rendering: మెస్సీయ
Transliteration: Messīya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: అవతారపురుషుడు
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: the unique OT-promised deliverer, not one of many avatar-descents. Inherited from Romans package; reused for Mark (8:29 conceptually, 14:61). Companion term to the new ‘christ’ entry — use మెస్సీయ when the OT-promised-deliverer concept is explicitly foregrounded; use క్రీస్తు when functioning as Jesus’ proper name/title in narrative.
Jesus
Approved rendering: యేసు
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly throughout Mark, shared across Telugu Protestant and Catholic usage alike.
God
Approved rendering: దేవుడు
Transliteration: Dēvuḍu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: భగవంతుడు
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: never భగవంతుడు. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly throughout Mark, including the cry of dereliction (15:34).
Christ
Approved rendering: క్రీస్తు
Transliteration: Krīstu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Established transliteration per the baseline Transliteration Standards. Jesus’ name/title throughout Mark’s narrative (1:1, 8:29, 14:61). Companion term to మెస్సీయ — use క్రీస్తు for narrative name/title use. Never conflated with an avatar-descent figure (Tirupati Venkateswara tradition remains a live cultural reference point in Telugu-speaking Andhra Pradesh).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: మనుష్యకుమారుడు
Transliteration: manuṣyakumāruḍu
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title
Rejected alternatives: మనిషి కుమారుడు, మనిషి
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Jesus’ preferred self-designation, drawn from Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted heavenly figure with everlasting dominion, deliberately ambiguous enough to veil identity from crowds while carrying full divine-dominion weight for attentive hearers. Surface reading is merely ‘a human being’s son’ — catechetical material must supply the Daniel 7 background explicitly at first occurrence (2:10). Recurs at 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:62 — must be rendered identically at every occurrence; never paraphrased to a generic ‘man.‘
Lord Of The Sabbath
Approved rendering: విశ్రాంతిదినానికి ప్రభువు
Transliteration: viśrāntidinaniki prabhuvu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος… τοῦ σαββάτου
Category: Christology
Mark 2:28. Combines baseline’s ప్రభువు (never diluted to a lesser claim of merely superior Sabbath interpretation) with విశ్రాంతిదినం. A veiled but unmistakable divine claim paralleling the forgiveness-of-sins claim at 2:5-10.
Ransom
Approved rendering: విమోచన క్రయధనం
Transliteration: vimōchana krayadhanaṁ
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: వెల
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
Mark 10:45. The theological center of the whole curriculum. Established Telugu Bible compound must be used whole — neither root alone suffices (విమోచన alone loses the costly-payment sense; క్రయధనం alone loses the liberating purpose). Never reduced to a generic ‘price’ (వెల), which reads as an ordinary commercial or modern secular kidnap-ransom transaction, not a costly, once-for-all substitutionary act.
Demon
Approved rendering: దయ్యం
Transliteration: dayyaṁ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
CRITICAL: Mark 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. Rural and semi-urban Telugu folk religion across coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema, and Telangana retains active belief in దయ్యాలు as restless ghosts of the dead requiring folk exorcism/పూజ rites (గ్రామదేవత worship) — a live, non-biblical framework distinct from Mark’s personal evil beings under a single defeated సాతాను opposed to the one true God. Human theologian review required for every exorcism narrative, not spot-checks.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: అపవిత్రాత్మ
Transliteration: apavitrātma
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: దయ్యపు ఆత్మ
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Mark 1:23-27 and throughout, synonymous with δαιμόνιον in Mark’s usage. CRITICAL: must never be confused with the shared ఆత్మ root of పరిశుద్ధాత్మ (Holy Spirit) despite the shared root morpheme; same folk-ghost-belief caution as ‘demon’ applies.
Cross
Approved rendering: శిలువ
Transliteration: śiluva
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρός
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 8:34 (metaphorical discipleship sense), Ch. 15 (literal). Long-established, universally shared Telugu Christian term with no syncretism risk; must be rendered identically in both metaphorical and literal senses, per baseline Doctrinal Preservation Rule 1.
Crucify
Approved rendering: సిలువ వేయు
Transliteration: siluva vēyu
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 15:13-15, 15:20-32; anticipated in the passion predictions. Same rationale as ‘cross’; must be rendered identically at every occurrence.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: నిబంధన రక్తం
Transliteration: nibandhana raktaṁ
Doctrine: Blood of the (New) Covenant
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Salvation
Mark 14:24. Combines baseline’s నిబంధన exactly with రక్తం. Must be rendered as a genuine sacrificial, covenant-sealing act, not a merely symbolic ritual gesture. Lord’s Supper/Communion vocabulary carrying denominational-variance sensitivities across Telugu Baptist, Lutheran, Anglican-descended, and Catholic sacramental traditions; this curriculum locks one consistent rendering throughout.
Forsaken
Approved rendering: విడిచిపెట్టు
Transliteration: viḍichipeṭṭu
Doctrine: The Forsakenness of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: దూరంగా ఉండు
Original: ἐγκατέλιπές με
Category: Salvation
Mark 15:34, citing Psalm 22:1. Among the most theologically weighty single statements in the Gospel; must not be softened to a lesser sense such as ‘be far from’ or ‘be quiet toward.’ Aramaic cry preserved as transliteration: ఏలీ ఏలీ లామా సబక్తానీ.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: కృప
Transliteration: kṛpa
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: పుణ్యం, కర్మఫలం
Unmerited favor apart from human merit. Inherited from Romans package; not a frequent standalone Markan lexeme but retained for cross-curriculum vocabulary consistency.
Abba
Approved rendering: అబ్బా
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Aramaic term of intimacy. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly in Mark 14:36 in the fixed combination అబ్బా తండ్రి, Gethsemane’s paradigm passage for both this doctrine and the Necessity of the Cross.
Glory
Approved rendering: మహిమ
Transliteration: mahima
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: తేజస్సు
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (8:38, 10:37, 13:26). At 10:37 James and John envision glory as this-worldly royal ambition rather than resurrection-glory achieved through suffering — flag for theologian review given proximity to the ransom saying (10:45).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: దేవుని సామర్థ్యం
Transliteration: Dēvuni Sāmarthyam
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: శక్తి
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Use సామర్థ్యం/పరాక్రమం; never శక్తి — Andhra Pradesh’s prominent Shakta tradition. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (9:1, 13:26, δύναμις).
Sin
Approved rendering: పాపం
Transliteration: pāpam
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: అధర్మం
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (1:5, 2:5-10, 3:28).
Covenant
Approved rendering: నిబంధన
Transliteration: nibandhana
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ఒప్పందం
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (14:24), compounded as ‘నిబంధన రక్తం’ — see ‘blood_of_the_covenant.‘
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: దావీదు వంశములో పుట్టినవాడు
Transliteration: Dāvīdu vamśamulō puṭṭinavāḍu
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; underlies the messianic-lineage debates in Mark (10:47-48, 12:35-37), though not a direct standalone Markan lexeme occurrence.
Election
Approved rendering: దేవుని ఏర్పాటు
Transliteration: Dēvuni Ērpāṭu
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: విధి, కర్మ
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; extended in Mark to ‘the elect’ (οἱ ἐκλεκτοί, 13:20, 13:22, 13:27) — flag for theologian review at this new occurrence context. Never fate (విధి) or karma.
Providence
Approved rendering: దేవుని పరిపాలన
Transliteration: Dēvuni Paripālana
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: విధి, కర్మసిద్ధాంతం
Original: ἡτοίμασται / θέλημα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; extended in Mark to ‘has been prepared’ (ἡτοίμασται, 10:40 — James and John’s request for seats prepared by the Father) and ‘will’ (θέλημα, 14:36 — Gethsemane). Never విధి/కర్మసిద్ధాంతం framing; render సిద్ధపరచబడినది for the 10:40 occurrence specifically.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: యూదుల రాజు
Transliteration: Yūdula rāju
Doctrine: The Irony of ‘King of the Jews’
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
Mark 15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26. A politically-charged royal title used mockingly by Pilate, soldiers, and the cross inscription, yet literally true — the passion narrative’s climactic inversion of the Messianic Secret. Must preserve the mocking surface tone of the human speakers while allowing the deeper truth to be perceptible; softening into simple reverence destroys the intended irony.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: దావీదు కుమారుడు
Transliteration: Dāvīdu Kumāruḍu
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
Mark 10:47-48, blind Bartimaeus’s messianic address. An explicit public messianic acclamation that Jesus notably does not silence — a deliberate exception to the Messianic Secret pattern as the passion approaches; must not be flattened into a generic honorific.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: రూపాంతరం చెందు
Transliteration: rūpāntaraṁ chendu
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Divine Glory
Rejected alternatives: అవతారం
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
Mark 9:2-8. A visible, temporary change in Jesus’ outward form unveiling his divine glory, confirmed by the Father’s voice. Must not be assimilated to Hindu avatar-transformation narratives (Tirupati Venkateswara tradition, already Critical for ‘incarnation’ in the baseline); this is a momentary unveiling of Christ’s always-present divine glory, not a claim about a change of fundamental nature.
Ego Eimi
Approved rendering: నేనే
Transliteration: nēnē
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
Mark 6:50 (walking on the sea), 14:62 (before the high priest). ‘It is I’ — possibly a deliberate echo of the divine name (Exodus 3:14 LXX). Flag for theologian review rather than treating as a routine self-identification formula, given the sea-mastery and trial contexts.
For Many
Approved rendering: అనేకుల కోసం / అనేకులకు ప్రతిగా
Transliteration: anēkula kōsam / anēkulaku pratigā
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: కేవలం అందరి కోసం
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
Mark 10:45. ἀντί is substitutionary (‘instead of/in place of’); ‘many’ echoes Isaiah 53:11-12’s Hebraism for the whole company of the redeemed, not ‘many but not all.’ Preserve the substitutionary ప్రతిగా force alongside the beneficiary sense (కోసం); must be translated and reviewed as a single theological unit with ‘ransom.‘
Cup Theological
Approved rendering: పాత్రము
Transliteration: pātramu
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: గిన్నె
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 10:38-39, 14:36. OT idiom (Isa. 51:17, Jer. 25:15) for an appointed portion of suffering/divine wrath, not a generic drinking vessel (గిన్నె, too domestic). Must be held identical at both occurrences.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: దాసుడు
Transliteration: dāsuḍu
Doctrine: Slavery/Bondservice as Total Self-Giving Service
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
Mark 10:44-45. దాసుడు is also the standard self-designation of a devotee in Telugu Vaishnava/Shaiva bhakti literature and common Telugu personal names (e.g. రామదాసు; the తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమయ్య devotional tradition’s ‘దాసుడను’). Retain దాసుడు as the only established, correct Telugu Bible term — do not invent a novel coinage — but require teaching material to make explicit that biblical δοῦλος describes total self-giving service to people, modeled on Christ’s own self-emptying (cf. Phil. 2:7), not devotional feeling toward a chosen deity.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: అధికారం
Transliteration: adhikāraṁ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: శక్తి
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Servanthood
Mark 1:22, 1:27 and throughout. Delegated or inherent right to act, distinct from mere brute force. Never శక్తి. Must be held distinct in context from the negative sense of illegitimate human domination flagged at 10:42 (κατεξουσιάζω) — same root, opposite moral valence.
Repentance
Approved rendering: మారుమనస్సు
Transliteration: māru manassu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: పశ్చాత్తాపం
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
Mark 1:4, 1:15, 6:12. Must be distinguished from పశ్చాత్తాపం, which in everyday Telugu register denotes mere regret/remorse without necessarily implying a transformed direction of life. A footnote distinguishing the two is recommended at first occurrence.
Kingdom Come Near
Approved rendering: దేవుని రాజ్యం సమీపించింది
Transliteration: Dēvuni Rājyaṁ samīpin̄chindi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: దేవుని రాజ్యం వస్తుంది
Original: ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Mark 1:15. Mark’s programmatic thesis statement, treated with the same cross-document consistency weight as Romans 1:16-17 in the baseline. The perfect tense signals decisive, present arrival with continuing effect, not a purely future ‘is coming’ — must preserve the already/not-yet tension central to this doctrine.
Disciple
Approved rendering: శిష్యుడు
Transliteration: śiṣyuḍu
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: μαθητής
Category: Faith
Mark 1:16-20 and throughout. శిష్యుడు is the identical term used in the Telugu guru-śిష్య (గురు-శిష్య పరంపర) devotional tradition. Because Mark’s discipleship material repeatedly stresses honest depiction of weak, fearful, even failing followers restored by grace — a dynamic atypical of guru-śిష్య literature — catechetical material must make this contrast explicit, especially at Peter’s denial (Ch. 14).
Fear
Approved rendering: భయం
Transliteration: bhayaṁ
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέω
Category: Faith
Mark 4:41, 5:15, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:6, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8. Ranges from ordinary fright to reverent awe before the divine. Must be tracked and rendered consistently across all major recurrences so the doctrine’s fear-to-faith arc across the whole book is traceable; disambiguate register by context, not by switching Telugu words.
Save Heal
Approved rendering: రక్షించు / స్వస్థపరచు
Transliteration: rakṣin̄chu / svasthaparachu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Mark 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 10:52. σῴζω deliberately holds physical healing and saving faith together. Prefer రక్షించు (baseline salvation verb) over స్వస్థపరచు alone, so the double meaning is not resolved into physical healing only — a resolution that could align uncomfortably with popular faith-healer expectations in some contemporary Telugu Pentecostal-adjacent settings. Footnote recommended at first occurrence (5:34).
Necessity Dei
Approved rendering: తప్పనిసరిగా జరగవలెను
Transliteration: tappanisarigā jaragavalenu
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: విధి-ఆధారిత భాష
Original: δεῖ
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34, 14:21. Impersonal verb of divine necessity governing all four passion predictions. Must convey divine ordination/purpose, not impersonal fate (విధి). Must be rendered consistently across all four occurrences to preserve the doctrine’s traceable structure.
Blasphemy Against Spirit
Approved rendering: దూషణ
Transliteration: dūṣaṇa
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: అవమానం
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
Mark 3:28-29. Must be rendered with sufficient gravity to convey a unique, unforgivable category of sin, not a generic ‘insult’ (అవమానం, too weak); directly tied to the Critical Holy Spirit doctrine (పరిశుద్ధాత్మ).
Defilement Unclean
Approved rendering: మలినం / అపవిత్రం
Transliteration: malinaṁ / apavitraṁ
Doctrine: Purity and Defilement (Heart versus External Contact)
Original: κοινός / μιαίνω
Category: Sin
Mark 7:2, 7:14-23. Ritual impurity through external contact versus moral impurity from the heart. Telugu-speaking Andhra Pradesh and Telangana carry a long, still-living social history of caste-based ritual-purity/pollution concepts (మైల). Because this region’s largest Christian communities trace directly to 19th-century Dalit (Madiga/Mala) mass movements seeking freedom from exactly this purity-pollution hierarchy, Jesus’ relocation of defilement to the heart must be translated with full clarity, never softened or reduced to a narrow dietary-law footnote.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: పాపములు క్షమించు
Transliteration: pāpamulu kṣaminchu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin (Forgiveness)
Original: ἁμαρτίας ἀφιέναι
Category: Sin
Mark 2:5-10. The scribes’ objection (‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’) is the theological crux — Jesus’ authority to forgive is a direct claim to deity and must not be softened into merely priestly-mediatorial forgiveness available through other intercessory figures.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ప్రేమ
Transliteration: prēma
Doctrine: Love of God and Neighbor
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Faith
Mark 12:28-34. ప్రేమ is the single most common Telugu word for ‘love’ across all registers, including heavy use in popular Telugu cinema and romantic contexts. Telugu lacks a widely used separate technical word for agapē distinct from romantic ప్రేమ; teaching material must supply sufficient context (దేవుని పట్ల / పొరుగువాని పట్ల) so ప్రేమ is understood in its committed, selfless, covenantal sense.
False Christs Prophets
Approved rendering: అబద్ధ క్రీస్తులు / అబద్ధ ప్రవక్తలు
Transliteration: abaddha krīstulu / abaddha pravaktalu
Doctrine: False Messiahs and Eschatological Warning
Original: ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Covenant
Mark 13:22. Must clearly compound ‘false’ (అబద్ధ) with the established Critical term క్రీస్తు and Low-risk ప్రవక్త; the compound as a whole carries High-tier doctrinal weight protecting the uniqueness of the true Messiah.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: నాశనకరమైన హేయవస్తువు
Transliteration: nāśanakaramaina hēyavastuvu
Doctrine: False Messiahs and Eschatological Warning
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Covenant
Mark 13:14, citing Daniel 9:27; 11:31; 12:11. Requires substantial OT (Daniel) background explanation for readers without deep OT narrative literacy, per baseline tone guidance.
Anointing Bethany
Approved rendering: అభిషేకం
Transliteration: abhiṣēkaṁ
Doctrine: Anointing as Burial Preparation
Original: μύρον
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 14:3-9. అభిషేకం is also the standard Telugu term for major Hindu ritual consecration of deity images, most prominently the Tirupati Venkateswara temple’s అభిషేకం rites. Nonetheless etymologically and doctrinally correct (root of ‘Anointed One’/Christos) and long-established in Telugu Christian usage. Retain it, but require teaching material to distinguish this woman’s prophetic, sacrificial preparation of Jesus’ body for burial from Hindu deity-consecration ritual, which carries no burial/death association.
Body Eucharistic
Approved rendering: శరీరం
Transliteration: śarīraṁ
Doctrine: Blood of the (New) Covenant
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου
Category: Salvation
Mark 14:22. Standard word for ‘body’ (shares a root with baseline’s incarnation term శరీరధారణ), flagged High for the same denominational-consistency caution as ‘blood of the covenant.‘
Hand Over Betray
Approved rendering: అప్పగించు
Transliteration: appaginchu
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 9:31, 10:33, 14:10, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41-44. A single Telugu verb carries both Judas’s culpable, treacherous betrayal and, simultaneously, the Father’s own sovereign giving-over of the Son (cf. Rom. 8:32) — teaching material must make explicit both registers so neither is lost.
Temple Curtain Torn
Approved rendering: దేవాలయపు తెర చినిగిపోయింది
Transliteration: dēvālayapu tera chinigipōyindi
Doctrine: The Temple and the Torn Curtain
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη
Category: Necessity of the Cross
Mark 15:38. The visible sign of accomplished, opened access to God, following directly on the forsakenness cry (v.34). Must be connected explicitly in teaching material to the doctrine of the Ransom for Many. దేవాలయపు here again correctly refers to the literal Jerusalem temple.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: ప్రాణం
Transliteration: prāṇaṁ
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ఆత్మ
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
Mark 10:45 (ψυχή). Jesus’ whole embodied life, given up in death as the ransom price — not merely an inner detachable ‘soul.’ Prefer ప్రాణం over ఆత్మ (ātma): ఆత్మ in Telugu religious register carries strong Vedantic associations with the individual self as ultimately identical with, or a spark of, universal Brahman/Paramatma — the same concern the baseline raises for పరమాత్మ as a forbidden rendering of Holy Spirit.
Medium Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: సువార్త
Transliteration: suvārta
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: వార్త
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Church
Long-established Telugu Christian term, settled across every denominational tradition since the 19th-century mission era. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (first occurrence 1:1, Mark’s opening thesis word; also 1:14-15, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15).
Faith
Approved rendering: విశ్వాసం
Transliteration: viswāsam
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: భక్తి
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Personal trust in Christ; భక్తి carries devotional-reverence connotations from regional Vaishnava bhakti practice. Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (first occurrence 2:5; central to the healing narratives 5:34, 10:52 and the closing commission 16:16). Dual healing/salvation sense of σῴζω tracked separately under ‘save_heal.‘
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: దేవుని రాజ్యం
Transliteration: Dēvuni Rājyam
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (1:15, 4:11, 4:26, 4:30, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43). See new term ‘kingdom_come_near’ for the 1:15 perfect-tense thesis phrase.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: అన్యజనులు
Transliteration: anyajanulu
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: విదేశీయులు
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (7:26, 11:17, 13:10). Note a distinct sociological (non-soteriological) use at 10:42 referring to worldly political structures generally, not the Jew/Gentile theological pairing — translators must not assume the Romans-doctrine weight applies to that occurrence.
David
Approved rendering: దావీదు
Transliteration: Dāvīdu
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37).
Israel
Approved rendering: ఇశ్రాయేలు
Transliteration: Iśrāyēlu
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (12:29, 15:32).
Apostle
Approved rendering: అపొస్తలుడు
Transliteration: apostaluḍu
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: గురువు
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (3:14, 6:30). Avoid గురువు (self-attained teaching authority).
Baptism
Approved rendering: బాప్తిస్మం
Transliteration: bāptismaṁ
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 1:4-11 (ritual sense), 10:38-39 (metaphorical sense — total immersion in suffering unto death). Established transliteration across Telugu Christian tradition. Ensure the metaphorical suffering-sense at 10:38-39 is not flattened to only the ritual sense familiar from Ch. 1; a short explanatory gloss is advisable.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: పరిచారకుడు
Transliteration: parichārakuḍu
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: సేవకుడు
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
Mark 9:35, 10:43. Established Telugu Christian term (root of పరిచర్య, ministry/service). Distinguish from the intensified దాసుడు (δοῦλος) in the following verse.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: అధికారం చేత అణచివేయడం / అధికారం చెలాయించడం
Transliteration: adhikāraṁ cheta aṇachivēyaḍaṁ / adhikāraṁ chelāyin̄chaḍaṁ
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
Mark 10:42 (κατακυριεύω/κατεξουσιάζω). Worldly rulers’ self-serving domination, explicitly forbidden among Jesus’ followers. Must not be confused with Christ’s rightful, legitimate ప్రభువు lordship, nor with Jesus’ own legitimate అధికారం over sickness/sin/nature — same root family, opposite moral valence; a single fixed Telugu gloss must not erase this contrast.
Parable
Approved rendering: ఉపమానం
Transliteration: upamānaṁ
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
Mark 4:2 and throughout. The term itself is settled and safe; the risk is pedagogical — teaching material must not present parables as simply ‘easy illustrative stories’ without noting Mark’s own claim (4:11-12) that they can also conceal, central to the Messianic Secret doctrine.
Tradition Paradosis
Approved rendering: సాంప్రదాయం
Transliteration: sāmpradāyaṁ
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Command
Original: παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 7:3-13. Inherited human religious custom, contrasted with ‘the commandment of God.’ Telugu culture carries its own strong, multi-generational సంప్రదాయం/ritual-observance traditions; teaching material must make clear Jesus critiques tradition that nullifies God’s command, not tradition/custom as such.
Hardness Of Heart
Approved rendering: హృదయకాఠిన్యం
Transliteration: hr̥dayakāṭhinyaṁ
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: σκληροκαρδία
Category: Sin
Mark 10:5. Explains why Moses permitted divorce despite the creation ideal; extends the baseline Romans doctrine of universal human accountability at Medium tier. No significant syncretism concern beyond clarity.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: అవిశ్వాసం
Transliteration: aviśvāsaṁ
Doctrine: Unbelief and Doubt within Faith
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
Mark 9:24. Direct antonym of baseline విశ్వాసం (faith). The father’s cry ‘I believe; help my unbelief’ models honest, struggling faith already well received in Telugu pastoral teaching.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: హోసన్నా
Transliteration: hōsannā
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Covenant
Mark 11:9-10. Liturgical messianic acclamation from Psalm 118:25-26, literally ‘save now.’ Established transliteration parallel to ఆమేన్, హల్లెలూయా already fixed in the baseline. Gloss recommended at first occurrence since the Hebrew meaning is not transparent from the transliteration alone, and connects directly to the baseline’s రక్షణ doctrine.
Temple Literal
Approved rendering: దేవాలయం
Transliteration: dēvālayaṁ
Doctrine: The Temple and the Torn Curtain
Rejected alternatives: సభామందిరం
Original: ἱερόν / ναός
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 11:11, 11:15-17; 13; 14; 15. The baseline forbids దేవాలయం as a rendering of ἐκκλησία (church) because of its primary Hindu-temple association; for the literal historical Jerusalem temple, however, దేవాలయం is the correct and unavoidable Telugu term. Apply contextually: acceptable and necessary here, never for the church community.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: మూలరాయి
Transliteration: mūlarāyi
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: κεφαλὴν γωνίας
Category: Covenant
Mark 12:10-11. Direct citation of Psalm 118:22-23 applied to the rejected-and-vindicated Messiah; standard OT-citation rendering.
Great Contrastive
Approved rendering: గొప్పవాడు
Transliteration: goppavāḍu
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: μέγας
Category: Servanthood
Mark 9:35, 10:43. Greatness in status or reputation, which Jesus redefines away from worldly rank toward humble service. Ensure the surrounding syntax makes the paradox (‘great = servant’) land clearly rather than reading as a mere platitude.
Passover
Approved rendering: పస్కా పండుగ
Transliteration: paskā panduga
Doctrine: Blood of the (New) Covenant
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
Mark 14:1, 14:12, 14:14, 14:16. The Exodus feast providing the setting for the Last Supper; requires OT background for full comprehension. Standard, established Telugu Bible term.
Fasting
Approved rendering: ఉపవాసం
Transliteration: upavāsaṁ
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: νηστεία / νηστεύω
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 2:18-20. ఉపవాసం is also the standard term for Hindu ritual fasting (vratam) tied to specific deities/festival observances, often understood as merit-generating or vow-fulfilling. Teaching material should clarify Jesus reframes fasting around his own presence/absence (the bridegroom saying), not calendrical ritual obligation or merit accumulation.
Leprosy Cleanse
Approved rendering: కుష్ఠురోగం / శుద్ధపరచు
Transliteration: kuṣṭharōgaṁ / śuddhaparachu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λέπρα / καθαρίζω
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 1:40-45. A skin disease and its ritual/physical cleansing; ties into both Jesus’ authority over sickness and the purity theme fully developed in Ch. 7. No new syncretism risk beyond that flagged at ‘defilement_unclean.‘
Watch Stay Alert
Approved rendering: మెలకువగా ఉండండి
Transliteration: melakuvagā uṇḍaṇḍi
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: γρηγορεῖτε
Category: Faith
Mark 13:33-37. Eschatological vigilance exhortation, thematically contrasted with the disciples’ literal falling asleep in Gethsemane. Standard vocabulary.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: ప్రవక్త
Transliteration: pravakta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: జ్యోతిష్కుడు
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28). Compounded with ‘false’ at 13:22 — see ‘false_christs_prophets,’ where the compound’s doctrinal weight is elevated above ప్రవక్త’s own Low tier.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ప్రోత్సహించడం
Transliteration: prōtsahin̄chaḍam
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package; not a frequent Markan lexeme, retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Mission
Approved rendering: మిషన్ / సువార్తా ప్రచారం
Transliteration: miṣan / suvārtā prachāram
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστέλλω / κηρύσσω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for Mark (6:7-13 sending of the Twelve, 13:10, 16:15). Telugu Christianity’s indigenous 19th-century mass-movement roots make this markedly less colonially loaded than in newer mission contexts.
Legion
Approved rendering: లెగియోను
Transliteration: legiyōnu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Mark 5:9. Military term denoting the vast number of unclean spirits possessing the Gerasene demoniac; transliterate only.
High Priest
Approved rendering: ప్రధాన యాజకుడు
Transliteration: pradhāna yājakuḍu
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Atonement
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 14:53ff. The Jewish high priest presiding over Jesus’ trial. Established, standard rendering.
Angels
Approved rendering: దూతలు / దేవదూతలు
Transliteration: dūtalu / dēvadūtalu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Ritual Practice
Mark 13:27, 13:32. Heavenly messengers gathering the elect at the Son of Man’s coming. Established, standard rendering.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: బెయెల్జెబూలు
Transliteration: Beyelzebūlu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Spiritual Warfare
Mark 3:22. Proper name for the prince of demons, used by scribes to accuse Jesus of demonic collusion. Transliterate only; low risk beyond correct transliteration.
Referenced passages