Passage

Romans 1

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  A genuine asset: Jewish legal concept of shlichut ('a person's shaliach is as the person himself,' Mishnah Berakhot) captures delegated apostolic authority well.

  ROM.1.1

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  The Jewish legal concept of shlichut (a shaliach acts with the sender's full authority) is a genuine positive resource.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form for the act/state of being called.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Doctrine

  Christian Fellowship

  Shared participation in the Messiah; low risk once kept distinct from 'kehilah' (church) to avoid conflating the two concepts.

  ROM.1.12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Unlike most target languages, this concept is not absent but extremely present and specific (Brit Milah, the Sinai covenant) - so tightly bound to Torah-observance and circumcision in Jewish self-understanding that 'new covenant' (ברית חדשה, itself Jeremiah 31:31's own phrase) extended to uncircumcised Gentiles apart from Torah observance is a live point of difficulty, not a foreign concept needing basic introduction.

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  David

  Beloved and entirely shared figure.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Rich, genuinely shared territory - not an absence but a contested application.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: sits directly against the Shema's 'Hashem Echad' (the LORD is One), arguably the single most central daily-recited affirmation in Jewish identity.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  Lower collision risk than in most Language Packages, since God's calling of individuals is well-established biblical territory (Samuel, the prophets); still context-sensitive across its several senses in Romans.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.6-7

• Glossary Term

  Exhort

  Context-sensitive: להוכיח (lehochiach, to admonish) for beseeching; לעודד (to encourage) for building up.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Faith

  Jewish emunah is generally praxis-oriented (faithfulness expressed through mitzvot); must be anchored as personal trust in Messiah specifically, not implicitly bundled with continued Torah observance as its necessary expression.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Faith

  Emunah (root א-מ-ן, same as 'amen') is generally understood in Jewish usage as faithfulness demonstrated through observance of mitzvot - praxis-oriented, not primarily propositional.

  ROM.1.17

• Glossary Term

  Fellowship

  קהילה is reserved for 'church' in this glossary and should not double as 'fellowship' to avoid conflating the two distinct NT concepts.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Fulfillment of Prophecy

  Requires careful handling of contested messianic prooftexts with a long history of divergent Jewish and Christian exegesis (see Messianic Promise); fulfillment claims should engage rather than assume away that interpretive history.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  Strong existing resource (the kavod YHWH filling the tabernacle/temple).

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: no viable alternative word; the risk is entirely in content.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Gospel

  Besorah is generic good-news vocabulary in everyday Hebrew; must be consistently qualified as the specific proclamation of salvation through the Messiah.

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Gospel

  Besorah is generic Hebrew for 'good news' of any kind (a birth, a victory).

  ROM.1.1, ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Humanity of Christ

  The least contested Christological doctrine in Jewish dialogue - Jesus's ordinary humanity has never been disputed by Jewish tradition.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: Hebrew has no long-settled native Christian theological term (no continuous native-Hebrew Christian community existed between the apostolic era and modern Hebrew's revival).

  ROM.1.3

• Glossary Term

  Incarnation

  CRITICAL: unlike languages with centuries of native Christian theological vocabulary, Modern Hebrew has no long-settled term - there was no continuous native-Hebrew-speaking Christian community between the apostolic era and Hebrew's 19th-20th century revival.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Inspiration of Scripture

  Judaism holds a tiered view - Torah as direct verbatim dictation to Moses (Torah min HaShamayim, one of Rambam's 13 principles), Prophets/Writings as a lesser but real inspiration.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Jesus

  CRITICAL: must always be spelled with the final ayin, ישוע.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: in ordinary Modern Hebrew, 'hatzdakah' commonly means justifying/rationalizing a decision (a secular excuse-making sense).

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Law

  CRITICAL: Torah is not, in Jewish self-understanding, a negative burden but the central, beloved gift of covenant relationship (Psalm 119; the holiday of Simchat Torah).

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Lord

  CRITICAL: אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) is the traditional spoken substitute for the unpronounced Tetragrammaton (YHWH) itself - the most sacred stand-in for God's own personal name.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Lordship of Christ

  CRITICAL: Adonai is the traditional spoken substitute for the unpronounced Tetragrammaton.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: the unavoidable and correct word, but Rabbinic Judaism holds a specific, developed messianic job description (Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings 11-12) - a Davidic king who rebuilds the Temple, ingathers all exiles, and establishes universal peace within his own reign.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Rabbinic Judaism holds a specific, developed messianic job description (Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings 11-12) completed within one reign.

  ROM.1.3-4

• Glossary Term

  Mission

  Shares its root with shaliach/apostle.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mission to the Nations

  Distinguish from the modern secular Israeli usage of shlichut as Jewish Agency emissary work.

  ROM.1.5, ROM.1.13-14

• Doctrine

  Mutual Edification

  Building one another up in faith; no significant doctrinal risk.

  ROM.1.12

• Doctrine

  Obedience of Faith

  Risks being heard as continued mitzvot-observance rather than a transformed life flowing from faith, without requiring Torah's ceremonial boundary-markers for Gentile believers specifically.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Obedience Of Faith

  Risk of being heard as 'faithfully observing the commandments' (mitzvot-observance as what faith produces or requires), rather than Paul's point that faith issues in a transformed, obedient life without requiring the ceremonial boundary-markers of Torah (circumcision, food laws) for Gentile believers specifically.

  ROM.1.5

• Glossary Term

  Power Of God

  גבורה (gevurah) is one of the ten Kabbalistic sefirot (divine emanations); using it risks importing a mystical-emanationist framework for readers familiar with Kabbalah.

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Power of God for Salvation

  Use koach rather than gevurah, to avoid Kabbalistic sefirot associations for readers familiar with Jewish mysticism.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Prophecy

  Shares root with navi; low independent risk.

  ROM.1.2-4

• Glossary Term

  Prophet

  Deuteronomy 18:15's 'a prophet like Moses' (cited messianically in Acts 3:22) is itself a long-disputed prooftext in Jewish-Christian polemics; mainstream Rabbinic reading treats it as describing the ongoing succession of prophets, not one final eschatological figure.

  ROM.1.2

• Glossary Term

  Resurrection

  CRITICAL: unlike other languages, Judaism itself affirms a future general resurrection (one of the 13 Principles of Faith, recited in the Amidah's 'mechayeh hametim' blessing) - so the word is not the problem.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Resurrection of Christ

  CRITICAL: Judaism affirms general future resurrection (one of the 13 Principles of Faith), so the concept itself is not foreign.

  ROM.1.4

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: צְדָקָה (tzedakah) has narrowed in Modern Hebrew to mean specifically 'charity' (a tzedakah box is a charity box).

  ROM.1.16

• Doctrine

  Sainthood (Called to be Holy)

  Echoes Leviticus 19's Kedoshim portion positively; must not imply an elite Torah-observant class rather than all believers set apart by God's calling.

  ROM.1.7

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Jewish thought defaults yeshu'ah toward corporate/national deliverance rather than Paul's individual, present, eternal deliverance from sin.

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: shares its root (י-ש-ע) with the name Yeshua itself (Matthew 1:21's 'he will save/yoshia his people' - a real etymological pun worth teaching, not just a risk to manage).

  ROM.1.16

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; resonates directly with Jeremiah 23:5's promised righteous Branch (tzemach) from David's line.

  ROM.1.3

• Doctrine

  Separation unto God's Service

  Judaism has an existing category of separation for service (Kohanim, Levi'im, the Nazirite vow), but it is priestly-class-specific; the NT extends this separation to all believers, a democratizing move that must be taught explicitly.

  ROM.1.1

• Glossary Term

  Sin

  Correct and well-established (root ח-ט-א, 'to miss the mark').

  ROM.1.18

• Glossary Term

  Son Of God

  CRITICAL: the Tanakh itself already uses 'sons of God' for two established senses - angelic beings (Genesis 6:2, Job 1:6) and Israel corporately (Exodus 4:22, 'Israel is my firstborn son') - never for an individual person sharing God's own essence.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Sonship of Christ

  CRITICAL: the Tanakh's own existing 'sons of God' usage (angelic beings, Genesis 6:2; Israel corporately, Exodus 4:22) never denotes an individual sharing God's own essence.

  ROM.1.4

• Doctrine

  Spiritual Gifts

  Must retain the 'spiritual' qualifier so matanah is not read as ordinary talent or a secular gift.

  ROM.1.11

• Glossary Term

  Spiritual Gifts

  מתנה (gift) alone is a neutral, secular word (birthday gifts, etc.); always retain רוחניות so the phrase is not read as ordinary talent.

  ROM.1.11

• Doctrine

  Thanksgiving

  Strong positive overlap with Jewish liturgy (the Hallel psalms).

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Glossary Term

  Thanksgiving

  Strong positive overlap with Jewish liturgy (the Hallel psalms' 'Hodu LaShem ki tov').

  ROM.1.8, ROM.1.21

• Doctrine

  Universal Human Accountability

  Mainstream Jewish anthropology (yetzer hatov and yetzer hara in tension, real freedom to choose good) does not default to an inherited corrupted nature from Adam; Romans 5's federal-headship argument must be taught deliberately against this default.

  ROM.1.18

• Doctrine

  Universal Scope of the Gospel

  Must hold together with Romans 1:16's own 'to the Jew first' priority language rather than flattening Israel's distinct redemptive-historical role into pure interchangeability with the nations.

  ROM.1.16