Holy Spirit

CRITICAL: a genuine, positive Tanakh phrase (God’s Spirit inspiring the prophets), but mainstream Rabbinic tradition holds two claims that must both be addressed: the Ruach HaKodesh functions as an impersonal divine influence rather than a distinct Person, and (per the Talmud, Yoma 9b) it ‘departed from Israel’ with the death of the last prophets. Romans 8’s permanent, personal, universal indwelling of believers must be taught against both defaults.