Passage

Romans 11

• Glossary Term

  Apostle

  A genuine asset: Jewish legal concept of shlichut ('a person's shaliach is as the person himself,' Mishnah Berakhot) captures delegated apostolic authority well.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Apostleship

  The Jewish legal concept of shlichut (a shaliach acts with the sender's full authority) is a genuine positive resource.

  ROM.11.13

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  Israel's corporate chosenness ('am hanivchar') is a robust existing category, but Romans 9 moves toward individual and remnant election alongside Gentile inclusion - a scope-shift from the automatically-corporate default that must be taught.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Israel's corporate chosenness ('am hanivchar,' the Chosen People) is a robust existing category - an asset here, not an absence.

  ROM.11.29

• Glossary Term

  Gentiles

  Biblically neutral (even used of Israel itself, 'goy kadosh,' Exodus 19:6) but has acquired a mildly to strongly pejorative colloquial shade in everyday Modern Hebrew/Yiddish-inflected usage.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Doctrine

  Grace

  Chesed is a genuine positive OT resource (Exodus 34:6) but does not, in ordinary Jewish usage, exclude covenant obligation; must be sharpened to convey favor given wholly apart from Torah-observance.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Grace

  חן (chen) has drifted in Modern Hebrew toward 'charm/cuteness' (a person or object can 'have chen'), too thin for Paul's weighty unmerited favor.

  ROM.11.5-6

• Glossary Term

  Israel

  CRITICAL: unlike other target languages, this is not merely politically live but names the reader's own nation and central ethnic-religious-national identity.

  ROM.11.17-24

• Glossary Term

  Justification

  CRITICAL: in ordinary Modern Hebrew, 'hatzdakah' commonly means justifying/rationalizing a decision (a secular excuse-making sense).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Providence

  Use the fuller phrase 'hashgachah pratit' to avoid the everyday kosher-supervision-label reading of hashgachah alone.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Providence

  השגחה alone is most commonly encountered in everyday Israeli life as kosher supervision certification on food packaging.

  ROM.11.33-36

• Glossary Term

  Righteousness

  CRITICAL: צְדָקָה (tzedakah) has narrowed in Modern Hebrew to mean specifically 'charity' (a tzedakah box is a charity box).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: Jewish thought defaults yeshu'ah toward corporate/national deliverance rather than Paul's individual, present, eternal deliverance from sin.

  ROM.11.11

• Glossary Term

  Salvation

  CRITICAL: shares its root (י-ש-ע) with the name Yeshua itself (Matthew 1:21's 'he will save/yoshia his people' - a real etymological pun worth teaching, not just a risk to manage).

  ROM.11.11

• Doctrine

  Unity of Jews and Gentiles

  CRITICAL: this is the crux of Romans 9-11 for a Hebrew-speaking reader specifically.

  ROM.11.17-24