Passage
Romans 3
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Doctrine
Faith
Jewish emunah is generally praxis-oriented (faithfulness expressed through mitzvot); must be anchored as personal trust in Messiah specifically, not implicitly bundled with continued Torah observance as its necessary expression.
ROM.3.22-28
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Glossary Term
Faith
Emunah (root א-מ-ן, same as 'amen') is generally understood in Jewish usage as faithfulness demonstrated through observance of mitzvot - praxis-oriented, not primarily propositional.
ROM.3.22-28
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Doctrine
Fulfillment of Prophecy
Requires careful handling of contested messianic prooftexts with a long history of divergent Jewish and Christian exegesis (see Messianic Promise); fulfillment claims should engage rather than assume away that interpretive history.
ROM.3.21
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Glossary Term
Gentiles
Biblically neutral (even used of Israel itself, 'goy kadosh,' Exodus 19:6) but has acquired a mildly to strongly pejorative colloquial shade in everyday Modern Hebrew/Yiddish-inflected usage.
ROM.3.29-30
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Doctrine
Grace
Chesed is a genuine positive OT resource (Exodus 34:6) but does not, in ordinary Jewish usage, exclude covenant obligation; must be sharpened to convey favor given wholly apart from Torah-observance.
ROM.3.24
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Glossary Term
Grace
חן (chen) has drifted in Modern Hebrew toward 'charm/cuteness' (a person or object can 'have chen'), too thin for Paul's weighty unmerited favor.
ROM.3.24
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Glossary Term
Israel
CRITICAL: unlike other target languages, this is not merely politically live but names the reader's own nation and central ethnic-religious-national identity.
ROM.3.29-30
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Glossary Term
Law
CRITICAL: Torah is not, in Jewish self-understanding, a negative burden but the central, beloved gift of covenant relationship (Psalm 119; the holiday of Simchat Torah).
ROM.3.21
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Glossary Term
Prophecy
Shares root with navi; low independent risk.
ROM.3.21
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Glossary Term
Sin
Correct and well-established (root ח-ט-א, 'to miss the mark').
ROM.3.23
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Doctrine
Unity of Jews and Gentiles
CRITICAL: this is the crux of Romans 9-11 for a Hebrew-speaking reader specifically.
ROM.3.29-30
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Doctrine
Universal Human Accountability
Mainstream Jewish anthropology (yetzer hatov and yetzer hara in tension, real freedom to choose good) does not default to an inherited corrupted nature from Adam; Romans 5's federal-headship argument must be taught deliberately against this default.
ROM.3.23