Passage

Romans 9

• Glossary Term

  Abba

  Unlike other target languages, Abba is simply the ordinary, unremarkable Modern Hebrew word every Israeli child uses for 'Dad.' The risk runs opposite to usual: because the word carries no special foreign register in Hebrew, Paul's radical point in Romans 8:15 - that all believers now use a small child's own intimate address for God - can be under-appreciated precisely because it sounds completely everyday rather than exotic.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Adoption

  Standard modern legal-adoption word, no direct doctrinal collision, but Israel's sonship in Jewish self-understanding is by birth-covenant (Deuteronomy 14:1), not adoption - risk that Gentile 'adoption' language reads as either redundant for Jewish believers or, if mishandled, as implying Israel's natural sonship has been superseded.

  ROM.9.4

• Doctrine

  Adoption into God's Family

  Israel's sonship in Jewish self-understanding is by birth-covenant (Deuteronomy 14:1), not adoption; Gentile adoption language must be taught alongside, not as replacing, that covenant framework.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Called

  Context-sensitive: in 1:1 = called to apostleship; in 1:7 = called to be saints; in 8:28-30 = effectual calling to salvation.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Calling

  Noun form for the act/state of being called.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Covenant

  Unlike most target languages, this concept is not absent but extremely present and specific (Brit Milah, the Sinai covenant) - so tightly bound to Torah-observance and circumcision in Jewish self-understanding that 'new covenant' (ברית חדשה, itself Jeremiah 31:31's own phrase) extended to uncircumcised Gentiles apart from Torah observance is a live point of difficulty, not a foreign concept needing basic introduction.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  David

  Beloved and entirely shared figure.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Davidic Covenant

  Rich, genuinely shared territory - not an absence but a contested application.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Deity of Christ

  CRITICAL: sits directly against the Shema's 'Hashem Echad' (the LORD is One), arguably the single most central daily-recited affirmation in Jewish identity.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Divine Calling

  Lower collision risk than in most Language Packages, since God's calling of individuals is well-established biblical territory (Samuel, the prophets); still context-sensitive across its several senses in Romans.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Doctrine

  Effectual Calling

  Israel's corporate chosenness ('am hanivchar') is a robust existing category, but Romans 9 moves toward individual and remnant election alongside Gentile inclusion - a scope-shift from the automatically-corporate default that must be taught.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Election

  Israel's corporate chosenness ('am hanivchar,' the Chosen People) is a robust existing category - an asset here, not an absence.

  ROM.9.11-12

• Glossary Term

  Father

  A genuine positive resource: 'Avinu Malkeinu' ('Our Father, Our King') is a cherished High Holy Day liturgical address.

  ROM.9.4

• Glossary Term

  Glory

  Strong existing resource (the kavod YHWH filling the tabernacle/temple).

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  God

  CRITICAL: no viable alternative word; the risk is entirely in content.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Messiah

  CRITICAL: the unavoidable and correct word, but Rabbinic Judaism holds a specific, developed messianic job description (Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings 11-12) - a Davidic king who rebuilds the Temple, ingathers all exiles, and establishes universal peace within his own reign.

  ROM.9.5

• Doctrine

  Messianic Promise

  CRITICAL: Rabbinic Judaism holds a specific, developed messianic job description (Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings 11-12) completed within one reign.

  ROM.9.5

• Glossary Term

  Seed Of David

  Romans 1:3; resonates directly with Jeremiah 23:5's promised righteous Branch (tzemach) from David's line.

  ROM.9.5