Doctrine Analysis — 2 Peter 1–3

How to read this matrix

• Doctrine and Risk match doctrine_risk_registry.json exactly. Do not introduce new risk tiers here.
• Supporting passages are drawn only from 2 Peter (this curriculum), even where a doctrine is also treated in the Romans baseline.
• Translation risk summarizes the specific mistranslation danger for Gujarati, cross-referencing Gujarat’s dominant religious traditions (Vaishnav/Swaminarayan bhakti, Jainism) per the baseline’s established collision framework.
• Review routing matches the registry’s review_routing field: Human theologian (Critical/High), Native speaker review (Medium), Automated review (Low).

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Chapter 1

Section 1:1–2 — Salutation

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Apostleship	Medium	1:1	પ્રેરિત must retain Peter’s commissioned, sent office, not slide toward a generic acharya/guru role recognized for personal spiritual attainment.	Native speaker review
Deity of Christ	Critical	1:1 (“our God and Savior Jesus Christ”)	Single-referent Greek grammar (θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν) identifies Jesus as both God and Savior; must not be split into two figures, nor softened toward the Jain view of a perfected human teacher.	Human theologian
Faith	High	1:1 (“faith of equal standing”)	વિશ્વાસ must convey a non-graded trust equally granted to every believer, not the graded devotional attainment familiar from Gujarat’s bhakti and Jain progression frameworks.	Human theologian
Grace	High	1:2	કૃપા opens the letter; must be unmerited, received through “the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord,” not merit accumulated through devotion or ascetic effort.	Human theologian
Peace with God	Medium	1:2	શાંતિ is relational peace granted through knowledge of God, not meditative inner calm.	Native speaker review

Section 1:3–11 — Divine power, virtue chain, calling and election

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption	Critical	1:3–4	The single highest-collision phrase in the letter: “partakers of the divine nature” must never be read as Advaita ātman=Brahman identity or the Jain doctrine that every soul is a potential self-liberated siddha. Must be presented as a Spirit-given, promise-based, relational sharing in God’s moral character through Christ, never an inherent or self-actualized divine essence.	Human theologian
Growing in Christian Virtue	High	1:5–8 (virtue, knowledge, self-control, perseverance, godliness, brotherly love, love)	The virtue-chain must be grace-enabled growth, not self-directed advancement through graded ascetic stages (cf. Jain guṇasthāna) or Hindu jñāna-mārga self-realization. ઈશ્વરભક્તિ and જ્ઞાન require contextual anchoring to “our Lord Jesus Christ” in every occurrence.	Human theologian
Sanctification	High	1:9 (“cleansed from former sins”)	Forgetting one’s cleansing from past sin must be tied to Christ’s forgiveness, not ritual purification or tapa (ascetic self-purification).	Human theologian
Divine Calling and Election	High	1:10	”Make your calling and election sure” must be assurance expressed through growth in virtue, not status earned/verified through personal spiritual effort — distinct from Gujarat’s guru-diksha initiation culture.	Human theologian
Kingdom Mission (Eternal Kingdom)	Medium	1:11	”Eternal kingdom of our Lord” extends the baseline kingdom_of_god doctrine to Christ’s own everlasting reign; not a territorial or communal kingdom.	Native speaker review

Section 1:12–15 — Peter’s reminder and impending death

Reviewed — no new doctrine. This section (Peter’s intent to remind his readers and his awareness of his approaching death) contains no new theological terms beyond vocabulary already tracked (e.g., reused “Lord,” reminder/teaching language). Continuity with Sanctification and Growing in Christian Virtue (urgency of holy living) is present but adds no new risk item.

Section 1:16–18 — Eyewitness of the Transfiguration

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Reliability of Scripture	High	1:16, 1:18	Peter’s denial of “cleverly devised myths” and his eyewitness claim ground apostolic testimony in verified historical observation — directly countering any reading of the gospel accounts as devotional legend comparable to Krishna miracle-narratives associated with nearby Dwarka.	Human theologian
Deity of Christ	Critical	1:17 (voice from the Majestic Glory)	મહિમા/મહાનતા must retain undiminished divine glory, not generic light/radiance imagery that could merge with Hindu divine-light or Jain kevala-jnana associations (per baseline “glory” note).	Human theologian
Sonship of Christ	Critical	1:17 (“This is my beloved Son”)	The Father’s declaration must convey eternal, unique Sonship, not an honorific “beloved” title a guru or saint might receive from a deity in bhakti devotional speech without sharing divine essence.	Human theologian
Certainty of Christ’s Return	Critical	1:16 (introducing “the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ”)	આગમન (Parousia) here anchors the doctrine developed fully in ch. 3; must denote a single personal figure’s own future bodily return, not a repeatable avatar-descent.	Human theologian

Section 1:19–21 — The prophetic word and its origin

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Inspiration of Scripture	Critical	1:19–21	The letter’s central inspiration claim: prophecy never came from human will but from men carried along by the Holy Spirit. Must be distinguished from Hindu shruti (eternal truth ‘heard’ by ancient sages) and Jain Agamas (teaching preserved from a Tirthankara’s self-attained omniscience) — biblical inspiration is God’s own active, directing causation of specific human authors’ words.	Human theologian
Reliability of Scripture	High	1:19 (“more sure prophetic word”), 1:20 (“no prophecy… of private interpretation”)	“Private interpretation” concerns the divine origin of prophecy, not a rule restricting believers’ personal reading — a common mistranslation risk requiring careful phrasing.	Human theologian
Certainty of Christ’s Return	Critical	1:19 (“morning star”)	The morning-star image is a messianic sign of Christ’s certain future appearing; must not flatten into a generic astrological reference.	Human theologian

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Chapter 2

Section 2:1–3 — False teachers introduced

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
False Teachers and Their Judgment	High	2:1–3	ખોટા ઉપદેશકો must convey deliberate doctrinal deception, not innocent error; “destructive heresies” must avoid પાખંડ’s hypocrisy connotation.	Human theologian
Salvation	Critical	2:1 (“the Master who bought them”)	Redemption-purchase imagery (bought/redeemed) is adjacent to but distinct from ઉદ્ધાર; must not collapse into a generic transactional rescue devoid of the cross.	Human theologian
Lordship of Christ	Critical	2:1 (δεσπότης, “Master”)	માલિક (absolute Owner) must be kept distinct from the baseline-rejected સ્વામી (a guru/deity-authority term already flagged for κύριος), while still conveying total ownership consistent with Christ’s Lordship.	Human theologian

Section 2:4–10 — Precedent judgments: angels, the flood, Sodom

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment	Critical	2:4–9	The historical judgment precedents (fallen angels held for judgment, the flood, Sodom and Gomorrah) establish a pattern of real, personal, one-time divine reckonings — never assimilated to Hindu pralaya (periodic cosmic dissolution) or Jain cosmology’s beginningless, endless age-cycles. “Kept under punishment” (2:9) must be settled, ongoing, personally-administered punishment, not temporary, karma-purgeable hell-realms (naraka) from which a soul is eventually reborn out.	Human theologian
False Teachers and Their Judgment	High	2:4–10	The precedent judgments frame the certainty of judgment awaiting the false teachers specifically; continuity of doctrinal thread from 2:1–3.	Human theologian

Section 2:10–22 — Character and doom of the false teachers

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
False Teachers and Their Judgment	High	2:10–22	Sensuality, greed, angelic dominion/authority claims, and boastful speech; the false promise of “freedom” (2:19) must NEVER use મુક્તિ — the baseline’s explicitly forbidden term for salvation as liberation from samsara — since that would create a direct doctrinal collision inside the very verse warning against a counterfeit liberation.	Human theologian
Salvation	Critical	2:20–21 (“the way of righteousness,” “knowledge of the Lord and Savior”)	ન્યાયીપણાનો માર્ગ (built on baseline ન્યાયીપણું) must not be read as a self-attained ascetic path analogous to Jain samyak chāritrya; the abandoned “way” is abandonment of grace-given standing, not lost merit.	Human theologian

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Chapter 3

Section 3:1–2 — Reminder of prophets and apostles

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Inspiration of Scripture	Critical	3:2	Continuity with 1:19–21; “predicted by the holy prophets” and “commandment of the Lord and Savior through your apostles” jointly ground OT and apostolic authority in the same divine origin.	Human theologian
Reliability of Scripture	High	3:1–2	Peter’s “reminder” language reinforces the eyewitness/apostolic-testimony theme from ch. 1; no new risk beyond continuity.	Human theologian

Section 3:3–7 — Scoffers and the certainty of judgment against a “stable” cosmos claim

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Certainty of Christ’s Return	Critical	3:3–4	Last-days scoffers deny the Parousia (“Where is the promise of his coming?”); આગમન must remain a singular, personal, bodily return, never a repeatable avatar-descent (salient given Dwarka’s location in Gujarat) nor a Tirthankara’s independent future arising.	Human theologian
The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment	Critical	3:5–7	The scoffers’ denial rests on an assumed uniformity of nature; Peter counters with the historical flood and the coming fire, both singular divine acts. “Kept for the day of judgment” (3:7) must be a singular, future, divinely-appointed day, not recurring cosmic dissolution/renewal.	Human theologian

Section 3:8–10 — God’s timing, patience, and the Day of the Lord

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Patience of God’s Timing	High	3:8–9	”A day with the Lord is as a thousand years” affirms a personal God’s sovereign relationship to linear, historical time that will decisively conclude — not the cyclical yuga-ages of Hindu cosmology or the Jain beginningless-endless time-wheel. God’s patience aims at repentance toward himself, distinct from Jain pratikramaṇ (self-administered ritual confession for shedding karmic matter).	Human theologian
The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment	Critical	3:10	”The Day of the Lord will come like a thief” — પ્રભુનો દિવસ must remain singular and unrepeatable; “as a thief” must retain sudden, unannounced force, not merely “sneaky.”	Human theologian

Section 3:11–13 — Holy living in light of the new creation

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment	Critical	3:12–13 (“new heavens and new earth”)	A one-time, linear act of new creation — not another turn of a yuga-cycle or Jain beginningless-endless cosmic alternation.	Human theologian
Growing in Christian Virtue	High	3:11 (“lives of holiness and godliness”)	Ethical exhortation flowing from eschatological hope, continuing the grace-enabled growth theme from 1:5–8.	Human theologian

Section 3:14–18 — Closing exhortation and doxology

Doctrine	Risk	Supporting passages	Translation risk	Review routing
Sanctification	High	3:14 (“spotless and blameless”)	Standard moral-purity vocabulary tied to hope of Christ’s return, not ascetic self-purification.	Human theologian
Patience of God’s Timing	High	3:15	Paul’s writings confirm that “the patience of our Lord is salvation” — continuity with 3:8–9.	Human theologian
Salvation	Critical	3:15	ઉદ્ધાર (reused) must remain God’s saving deliverance through Christ, not a this-worldly notion of relief.	Human theologian
False Teachers and Their Judgment	High	3:16–17 (twisting Scripture, “error”)	3:16’s “twist… to their own destruction” concerns deliberate/careless doctrinal distortion of a fixed, reliable text, not legitimate interpretive variety; ભ્રમ (error) must be kept as specific moral/doctrinal error, not drift toward Hindu māyā (“illusion”) as a metaphysical claim.	Human theologian
Growing in Christian Virtue	High	3:18 (“grow in grace and knowledge”)	The closing charge must be grace-and-knowledge-fueled growth in relationship with Christ, not self-directed advancement through graded ascetic stages.	Human theologian
Grace	High	3:18	Closes the letter’s grace inclusio with 1:2; unmerited favor, never merit.	Human theologian
Deity of Christ / Lordship of Christ	Critical	3:18 (doxology “to him be the glory… forever”)	The doxology directed to Christ himself is a strong deity marker; મહિમા must retain undiminished divine honor.	Human theologian
Christian Fellowship	Low	1:7 (cross-referenced; addressed to “brothers” throughout)	Love within the believing community as family; minor risk of flattening into everyday પ્રેમ’s broad romantic/affectionate range without contextual anchoring.	Automated review

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Consolidated Doctrine Summary (matches doctrine_risk_registry.json)

Doctrine	Risk	Review routing
Apostleship	Medium	Native speaker review
Deity of Christ	Critical	Human theologian
Sonship of Christ	Critical	Human theologian
Lordship of Christ	Critical	Human theologian
Grace	High	Human theologian
Peace with God	Medium	Native speaker review
Faith	High	Human theologian
Salvation	Critical	Human theologian
Divine Calling and Election	High	Human theologian
Kingdom Mission (Eternal Kingdom)	Medium	Native speaker review
Growing in Christian Virtue	High	Human theologian
Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption	Critical	Human theologian
Sanctification	High	Human theologian
Reliability of Scripture	High	Human theologian
Inspiration of Scripture	Critical	Human theologian
False Teachers and Their Judgment	High	Human theologian
The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment	Critical	Human theologian
The Certainty of Christ’s Return	Critical	Human theologian
Patience of God’s Timing	High	Human theologian
Christian Fellowship	Low	Automated review

Totals: Critical: 8 · High: 8 · Medium: 3 · Low: 1 — identical to doctrine_risk_registry.json risk_summary.

Full-Book Coverage Confirmation

Every chapter of 2 Peter (1, 2, 3) and every major section within each chapter has been reviewed above. Sections contributing no new doctrinal load (1:12–15) are explicitly marked “Reviewed — no new doctrine” rather than omitted. The core passage (2 Peter 1:16–21) sits within this full-book matrix as the theological anchor for the Reliability/Inspiration of Scripture, Deity/Sonship of Christ, and Certainty of Christ’s Return doctrines, but scope is the entire letter.

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Critical Risk Doctrines

Deity of Christ

Gujarati name: ખ્રિસ્તનું ઈશ્વરત્વ
Key terms: god_and_savior, savior, glory, majesty, master
Review routing: Human theologian

2 Peter 1:1’s grammar identifies Jesus Christ as “our God and Savior” in a single referent, structurally parallel to Romans 9:5 already flagged Critical in the baseline; must not be split into two separate figures nor softened toward the Jain view of the Tirthankaras as perfected humans rather than an eternal creator-God.

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Sonship of Christ

Gujarati name: ખ્રિસ્તનું પુત્રત્વ
Key terms: beloved_son, father, holy_mountain
Review routing: Human theologian

The Father’s declaration “This is my beloved Son” at the Transfiguration (1:17) must convey eternal, unique Sonship, not an honorific title bestowed on an unusually devoted human figure — the closest available category in Gujarat’s bhakti traditions, where a guru or saint may be called ‘beloved’ of a deity without sharing divine essence.

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Lordship of Christ

Gujarati name: ખ્રિસ્તનું પ્રભુત્વ
Key terms: lord, master, parousia
Review routing: Human theologian

પ્રભુ (reused from baseline) must convey a living, presently reigning, and personally returning sovereign throughout the letter; the Parousia doctrine in ch.1 and ch.3 depends on this remaining a single individual’s own promised bodily return, not a Jain siddha’s permanent, non-interactive withdrawal nor a repeatable Vaishnav avatar-descent.

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Salvation

Gujarati name: ઉદ્ધાર
Key terms: salvation, savior, righteousness, way_of_righteousness, bought_redeemed
Review routing: Human theologian

ઉદ્ધાર and ન્યાયીપણું (both reused) anchor 2 Peter’s repeated Savior title and “the way of righteousness” (2:21); must never be rendered with મોક્ષ, મુક્તિ, કેવલજ્ઞાન, or સિદ્ધત્વ, and the abandoned “way” in ch.2 must not be read as a self-attained ascetic path analogous to Jain samyak chāritrya.

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Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption

Gujarati name: પરમેશ્વરીય સ્વભાવ અને ભ્રષ્ટતામાંથી છુટકારો
Key terms: divine_nature, corruption, divine_power, promises, lust
Review routing: Human theologian

CRITICAL: “partakers of the divine nature” (1:4) is the single highest-collision phrase in 2 Peter for a Gujarati audience — it must be explicitly distinguished from the Advaita Hindu teaching that the individual soul (ātman) is already identical with Brahman, and from the Jain doctrine that every soul possesses inherent potential to become a self-liberated, omniscient siddha. The doctrine must be taught as a Spirit-given, promise-based moral and relational sharing in God’s character, granted through Christ, never an inherent or self-actualized divine essence of the soul.

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Inspiration of Scripture

Gujarati name: પવિત્રશાસ્ત્રની પ્રેરણા
Key terms: more_sure_prophetic_word, private_interpretation, carried_by_holy_spirit, scripture, prophecy, prophet
Review routing: Human theologian

CRITICAL: 2 Peter 1:20-21’s statement that prophecy never came from human will but from men carried along by the Holy Spirit is the letter’s central inspiration claim; it must be distinguished from the Hindu concept of shruti (eternal truth ‘heard’ by ancient sages in meditative insight) and from the Jain Agamas, which preserve teaching from a Tirthankara’s own self-attained omniscience — biblical inspiration is God’s own active, directing causation of specific human authors’ words.

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The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment

Gujarati name: પ્રભુનો દિવસ અને અંતિમ ન્યાય
Key terms: judgment, tartarus, flood, destruction, rescue, kept_under_punishment, kept_for_day_of_judgment, ungodly, day_of_the_lord, as_a_thief, elements, new_heavens_and_new_earth
Review routing: Human theologian

CRITICAL: the singular, future, personally-executed “day of the Lord” (3:10) and the historical judgment precedents of the flood and Sodom (2:5-9) must never be assimilated to the Hindu pralaya (the periodic dissolution of the universe at the end of a kalpa) or to Jain cosmology’s beginningless, endless alternation of rising and falling ages, both of which lack any final, once-for-all reckoning; સજા હેઠળ રખાયેલા (2:9) likewise must be read as settled, ongoing, personally-administered punishment, not the temporary, karma-purgeable hell-realms (naraka) from which a soul is eventually reborn out.

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The Certainty of Christ’s Return

Gujarati name: ખ્રિસ્તના પુનરાગમનની નિશ્ચિતતા
Key terms: parousia, scoffers, creation, morning_star
Review routing: Human theologian

CRITICAL: against the last-days scoffers who deny the Parousia (3:3-4), આગમન must denote Christ’s own singular, personal, bodily return — never a repeatable avatar-descent within Vaishnav devotional theology (especially salient given Dwarka’s location in Gujarat) nor the future independent arising of a new Tirthankara within Jain cosmology, each entirely unconnected to any prior teacher’s ‘return.‘

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High Risk Doctrines

Grace

Gujarati name: કૃપા
Key terms: grace
Review routing: Human theologian

કૃપા (reused) opens and closes the letter; the grace-multiplication of 1:2 and the closing charge to “grow in grace” (3:18) must both preserve unmerited favor against the karma-merit economy of popular Hindu devotion and the Jain nirjara doctrine of self-effort karmic shedding.

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Faith

Gujarati name: વિશ્વાસ
Key terms: faith
Review routing: Human theologian

1:1’s “faith of equal standing” stresses that all believers, regardless of background, receive the same non-graded trust in Christ; વિશ્વાસ (reused) must not be read as the graded devotional attainment (bhakti/shraddha) that in Gujarat’s bhakti and Jain traditions can vary by a devotee’s spiritual progress.

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Divine Calling and Election

Gujarati name: તેડું અને પરમેશ્વરની પસંદગી
Key terms: calling, election
Review routing: Human theologian

The exhortation to “make your calling and election sure” (1:10) must be read as assurance expressed through growth in virtue, not as status earned or verified through personal spiritual effort — a distinction sharpened against Gujarat’s guru-diksha initiation culture already flagged in the baseline’s divine_calling doctrine note.

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Growing in Christian Virtue

Gujarati name: ખ્રિસ્તી સદ્‌ગુણમાં વૃદ્ધિ
Key terms: virtue, full_knowledge, self_control, perseverance, godliness, agape_love, brotherly_love, grow_imperative, knowledge_general
Review routing: Human theologian

The virtue-chain (1:5-7) and the closing charge to “grow in grace and knowledge” (3:18) must be presented as grace-enabled, Spirit-produced maturing in relationship with Christ, not the self-directed advancement through graded stages of ascetic attainment found in the Jain guṇasthāna framework or Hindu jñāna-mārga self-realization; ઈશ્વરભક્તિ and જ્ઞાન especially require contextual anchoring to avoid drifting toward generic devotional or gnostic self-cultivation.

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Sanctification

Gujarati name: પવિત્રીકરણ
Key terms: holy, purification_from_past_sins, spotless_and_blameless
Review routing: Human theologian

The believer’s forgotten “cleansing from former sins” (1:9) and the call to be found “spotless and blameless” (3:14) must be tied to forgiveness and Spirit-worked holiness through Christ, not read as ritual purification or tapa (ascetic self-purification), consistent with the baseline’s sanctification doctrine note.

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Reliability of Scripture

Gujarati name: પવિત્રશાસ્ત્રની વિશ્વસનીયતા
Key terms: eyewitness, cleverly_devised_myths, majesty, holy_mountain, twist_scripture
Review routing: Human theologian

Peter’s explicit denial of “cleverly devised myths” (1:16) and his eyewitness claim at the Transfiguration ground apostolic testimony in verified historical observation, not legend; this directly counters any reading of the gospel accounts as devotional legend comparable to the many miracle-narratives surrounding Krishna at nearby Dwarka.

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False Teachers and Their Judgment

Gujarati name: ખોટા ઉપદેશકો અને તેમનો ન્યાય
Key terms: false_teachers, false_prophets, destructive_heresies, master, bought_redeemed, sensuality, greed, angelic_dominion, false_freedom, error
Review routing: Human theologian

Chapter 2’s extended warning depends on ખોટા ઉપદેશકો conveying deliberate doctrinal deception (not innocent error), and on સ્વતંત્રતા for their false promise of freedom (2:19) never being rendered મુક્તિ — the baseline’s own forbidden term for salvation understood as liberation from samsara — since that would create a direct doctrinal collision inside the very verse warning against a false liberation-promise.

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Patience of God’s Timing

Gujarati name: પરમેશ્વરની ધીરજભરી સમયમર્યાદા
Key terms: day_as_thousand_years, divine_patience, repentance
Review routing: Human theologian

3:8’s “a day with the Lord is as a thousand years” affirms a personal God’s sovereign relationship to linear, historical time that will decisively conclude, not the cyclical yuga-ages of Hindu cosmology or the Jain beginningless-endless time-wheel; God’s patience (3:9) aims at repentance toward himself, which must be distinguished from Jain pratikramaṇ, a self-administered ritual confession for shedding karmic matter through the practitioner’s own discipline.

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Medium Risk Doctrines

Apostleship

Gujarati name: પ્રેરિતપણું
Key terms: apostle
Review routing: Native speaker review

Peter’s self-designation as પ્રેરિત risks collapsing into a generic acharya/guru role recognized for personal spiritual attainment in Gujarat’s bhakti and Jain monastic traditions, rather than a commissioned, sent office; must retain the delegated-authority sense carried over from the Romans baseline.

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Peace with God

Gujarati name: પરમેશ્વર સાથે શાંતિ
Key terms: peace
Review routing: Native speaker review

Relational peace granted through knowledge of God and Christ, not the inner tranquility cultivated through ahimsa-based meditation prominent in Gujarati culture, consistent with the baseline’s peace_with_god doctrine note.

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Kingdom Mission (Eternal Kingdom)

Gujarati name: પ્રભુનું અનંત રાજ્ય
Key terms: kingdom_of_god
Review routing: Native speaker review

The “eternal kingdom of our Lord” (1:11) extends the baseline kingdom_of_god doctrine to Christ’s own everlasting reign entered at the end; must not be read as a territorial or communal kingdom.

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Low Risk Doctrines

Christian Fellowship

Gujarati name: ખ્રિસ્તી ભાઈચારો
Key terms: brotherly_love, agape_love
Review routing: Automated review

Love within the believing community as family, distinguished from generic social affection; minor risk of flattening into everyday પ્રેમ’s broad romantic/affectionate range without contextual anchoring.