Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Luke (Koine Greek → Gujarati)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by the curriculum’s eight doctrines plus supporting Christological, cultural, and reused-baseline categories. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json are marked Reused and MUST use the exact recorded Gujarati rendering and risk tier — no deviation permitted. Terms new to Luke are marked New and are proposed here for adoption into the Phase 2 translation memory, consistent with the baseline’s established conventions.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) · High (human theologian review) · Medium (native speaker review) · Low (automated review).
1. Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People (Jew and Gentile, Rich and Poor)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | તારણહાર (tāraṇhār) | Critical | New | 1:47; 2:11 | Ties conceptually to baseline ઉદ્ધાર. Never allow drift toward a liberating-guru/avatar figure. |
| Salvation (noun) | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | ઉદ્ધાર (uddhār) | Critical | Reused | 1:69,77; 2:30; 19:9 | Baseline salvation; never મોક્ષ, મુક્તિ, કેવલજ્ઞાન, સિદ્ધત્વ. |
| To save / rescue / heal | σῴζω (sōzō) | ઉગારવું / બચાવવું (ugāravũ / bachāvavũ) | Critical | New (verb cognate of baseline noun) | 7:50; 8:12,36,48,50; 18:42; 19:10; 23:35,37,39 | Verb cognate of baseline salvation. Never render with મુક્ત કરવું in a way importing મુક્તિ/મોક્ષ associations. |
| Lost / perish | ἀπόλλυμι (apollymi) | ખોવાયેલો / નાશ પામવો (khovāyelo / nāś pāmavũ) | High | New | 9:24-25; 15:4,6,8-9,17,24,32; 17:33; 19:10 | Personal separation from a seeking God, not karmic drift correctable by self-effort. |
| Gentiles / nations | ἔθνη (ethnē) | અન્ય પ્રજાઓ (anya prajāo) | Medium | Reused | 2:32; 7:9; 21:24; 24:47 | Baseline gentiles. |
| Centurion | ἑκατοντάρχης (hekatontarchēs) | સૂબેદાર / શતાધિપતિ (śatādhipati) | Low | New | 7:2-9; 23:47 | Gentile officer of exemplary faith / righteous confession at the cross. |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης (Samaritēs) | સમરૂની (samarūnī) | Medium | New | 9:52-53; 10:33; 17:16 | Ethnic/religious outsider repeatedly cast as positive example; do not soften the boundary-crossing force. |
| Neighbor | πλησίον (plēsion) | પડોશી (paḍośī) | Medium | New | 10:27,29,36 | Radically expanded past ethnic/social/caste boundaries in the Good Samaritan. |
| Universal scope (“east and west,” “all who call”) | (various — cf. Rom. baseline universal_scope_of_gospel) | — | High | Reused doctrine framework | 13:29; 14:15-24 | Apply baseline universal_scope_of_gospel / unity_of_jews_and_gentiles risk notes; do not soften for caste sensitivity. |
| Poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | ગરીબ (garīb) | High | New | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20,22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3 | See doctrine 3 below; direct object of the gospel announcement, not a karmic-debt category. |
2. The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | પવિત્ર આત્મા (pavitra ātmā) | Critical | Reused | 1:15,35,41,67; 2:25-27; 3:16,22; 4:1,14,18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10,12; 24:49 | Baseline holy_spirit; never પરમાત્મા or બ્રહ્મ. |
| Spirit of the Lord | Πνεῦμα Κυρίου (Pneuma Kyriou) | પ્રભુનો પવિત્ર આત્મા (Prabhuno Pavitra Ātmā) | Critical | Reused compound | 4:18 | Combines baseline holy_spirit + lord exactly. |
| Anoint | χρίω (chriō) | અભિષેક કરવો (abhiṣek karavo) | Critical | New | 4:18 | Root of “Christ/Messiah”; distinguish from Hindu/Jain devotee-initiated idol/image anointing ritual — here God anoints Christ. |
| Power (of God/the Most High) | δύναμις (dynamis) | પરમેશ્વરનું સામર્થ્ય (Parmeśvarnũ Sāmarthya) | High | Reused | 1:35; 4:14,36; 5:17; 24:49 | Baseline power_of_god; never શક્તિ. |
| Prophecy / prophet | προφητεία / προφήτης | ભવિષ્યવાણી / ભવિષ્યવક્તા | Low | Reused | throughout, e.g. 1:67-79 (Zechariah); 2:36 (Anna); 4:24; 7:16,26-28; 24:25 | Baseline prophecy/prophet. |
3. Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | ગરીબ (garīb) | High | New | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20,22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3 | Must not be spiritualized away or read as karmic consequence. |
| Widow | χήρα (chēra) | વિધવા (vidhvā) | Low-Medium | New | 2:37; 4:25-26; 7:12; 18:3-5; 20:47; 21:2-3 | Draw out Gujarati/Indian widowhood-stigma resonance in teaching notes. |
| Tax collector | τελώνης (telōnēs) | દાણી (dāṇī) | Low | New | 3:12-13; 5:27-30; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-14; 19:2 | Socially stigmatized occupation; parallel to caste-based occupational stigma. |
| Leper | λεπρός (lepros) | કોઢિયો (koḍhiyo) | Low | New | 5:12-14; 7:22; 17:12-19 | Ritually “unclean”/socially quarantined; touched and restored by Jesus. |
| Crippled / lame | ἀνάπηρος / χωλός | અપંગ / પાંગળું | Low-Medium | New | 14:13,21 | Deliberate table-inclusion of the disabled. |
| Shepherd | ποιμήν (poimēn) | ઘેટાંપાળક / ભરવાડ | Low-Medium | New | 2:8,15,18,20 | Low-status first witnesses of the incarnation; check against unintended caste-name association. |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | પાપી (pāpī) | Medium | New (root reused from baseline sin) | 5:8,30,32; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7 | Cognate of baseline પાપ. |
| Fasting | νηστεία / νηστεύω | ઉપવાસ (upvās) | High | New | 2:37; 5:33-35; 18:12 | Must not read as Jain/Hindu merit-earning or karma-shedding austerity. |
4. Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repentance / repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | પસ્તાવો / પસ્તાવો કરવો | Critical | New | 3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 17:3-4; 24:47 | Never પ્રાયશ્ચિત્ત or તપ (self-effort ritual penance/austerity). |
| Forgiveness (of sins) | ἄφεσις [ἁμαρτιῶν] | માફી / ક્ષમા | Critical | New | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 17:3-4; 23:34; 24:47 | Never મુક્તિ — the same Greek root also renders “liberty/release” (see below), but both senses avoid the forbidden salvation-term. |
| Liberty / release (captives) | ἄφεσις | છુટકારો | Critical | New | 4:18 | Same Greek root as “forgiveness” above — flag the wordplay in teaching notes; never મુક્તિ. |
| Baptism / to baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | બાપ્તિસ્મા / બાપ્તિસ્મા આપવું | High | New | 3:3,7,12,16,21; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4 | Not ritual Hindu/Jain purificatory bathing; a one-time enacted sign of repentance/incorporation. |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | પાપ (pāp) | High | Reused | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 15:1-2; 17:3-4; 24:47 | Baseline sin. |
| Justification / justified | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | ન્યાયી ઠરાવવું | Critical | Reused | 18:14 | Baseline justification. |
5. Prayer and Dependence on God
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prayer / to pray | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | પ્રાર્થના / પ્રાર્થના કરવી | High | New | 1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12,28; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-14; 21:36; 22:32,40-46 | Not ritual puja or mantra-repetition; direct, confident address to a personal Father. |
| Father | πατήρ (patēr) | પિતા (pitā) | Critical | Reused | 1:32,73; 6:36; 10:21-22; 11:2,13; 15:12-32; 22:42; 23:34,46 | Baseline father. |
| Treasure | θησαυρός (thēsauros) | ખજાનો (khajāno) | Low | New | 12:21,33-34; 18:22 | Contrast with earthly security; not a merit-storehouse (પુણ્યસંચય). |
6. The Kingdom of God Present and Future
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | પરમેશ્વરનું રાજ્ય | Medium | Reused | 4:43; 6:20; 8:1,10; 9:2,60,62; 10:9,11; 11:20; 12:31-32; 13:18,20,28-29; 14:15; 17:20-21; 18:16-17,24-25,29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16,18; 23:42-43 (implicit) | Baseline kingdom_of_god; not territorial/political. |
| ”In your midst / within you” | ἐντός (entos) | તમારી મધ્યે (preferred) | High | New (exegetical crux) | 17:21 | Prefer “in your midst” over an interiorized rendering that risks assimilation to indwelling-Self (ātman) concepts. |
| Today / eschatological now | σήμερον (sēmeron) | આજે (āje) | Medium | New | 2:11; 4:21; 5:26; 19:5,9; 23:43 | Marks in-breaking of the promised future into the present. |
| Fulfilled | πληρόω (plēroō) | પૂર્ણ થયું છે (pūrṇa thayũ chhe) | High | New | 1:20; 4:21; 21:22,24; 22:16; 24:44 | One-time linear fulfillment, not cyclical yuga/samsara fulfillment. |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | પુનરુત્થાન | Critical | Reused | 14:14; 20:27-38; 24:1-46 | Baseline resurrection; never પુનર્જન્મ. |
| Divine necessity | δεῖ (dei) | જરૂરી હતું / આવશ્યક હતું | Medium-High | New | 2:49; 4:43; 9:22; 13:33; 17:25; 22:37; 24:7,26,44 | Personal purposive plan, not fate/destiny (નસીબ/નિયતિ). |
| Generation | γενεά (genea) | પેઢી (peḍhī) | Medium | New | 21:32 | Exegetical timing risk for Kingdom-present/future teaching. |
7. The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disciple | μαθητής (mathētēs) | શિષ્ય (śiṣya) | Critical | New | 5:30-33; 6:13,17,20,40; 9:1,14,16,18,40,54; 10:23; 11:1; 12:1,22; 14:26-27,33; 17:1,22; 18:15; 19:29,37,39; 20:45; 22:11,39,45; 24:9,13,18,33 | Guru-shishya collision risk (Swaminarayan/Jain); Jesus initiates the call, disciples receive rather than attain. |
| Follow (Jesus) | ἀκολουθέω (akoloutheō) | અનુસરવું / પાછળ ચાલવું | High | New | 5:11,27-28; 9:23,49,57,59,61-62; 18:22,28,43 | Living, present Lord followed — not merely a deceased teacher’s ethical path. |
| Cross | σταυρός (stauros) | ક્રૂસ (krūs) | Critical | New | 9:23; 14:27; 23:26 | Never softened to generic “hardship”; never assimilated to ascetic self-mortification (tapa). |
| Joy | χαρά (chara) | આનંદ (ānand) | High | New | 1:14; 2:10; 6:23; 8:13; 10:17,21; 15:7,10,32; 19:6,37; 24:41,52 | Relational, event-triggered joy over a person, not impersonal Vedantic bliss-nature (સચ્ચિદાનંદ). |
| Blessed | μακάριος (makarios) | ધન્ય (dhanya) | Medium | New | 1:45; 6:20-22; 7:23; 11:28; 12:37,43; 14:14-15; 23:29 | Pronouncement of favor, not merit-reward (પુણ્ય). |
| Woe | οὐαί (ouai) | અફસોસ / વિપત્તિ | Low-Medium | New | 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22 | Unsoftened accountability language. |
| Love (self-giving) | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη | પ્રેમ (prem) | High | New | 6:27,32,35; 7:42-47; 10:27; 11:42 | Distinguish from Vaishnav prem-bhakti romantic devotional longing. |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | પ્રેરિત | Medium | Reused | 6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Baseline apostle. |
8. Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compassion / moved with pity | σπλαγχνίζομαι (splanchnizomai) | કરુણા / દયાભાવ (karuṇā) | High | New | 7:13; 10:33; 15:20 | Jain-ahimsa-karuna collision — flows from God’s own character toward the specific person, not a self-cultivated universal ethic. |
| Mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | દયા (dayā) | Medium-High | New | 1:50,54,58,72,78; 10:37; 17:13; 18:38-39 | Covenant-faithful, not arbitrary devotee-petition favor. |
| Eat with / table fellowship | συνεσθίω (synesthiō) | સાથે ભોજન કરવું | High | New | 5:29-30; 7:34,36-50; 15:1-2; 19:5-7; 24:30 | Directly confronts caste-based commensality restrictions; must not be softened. |
| Sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | પાપી (pāpī) | Medium | New (see also §3) | 5:8,30,32; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7 | — |
| Parable | παραβολή (parabolē) | દ્રષ્ટાંત (dṣṭānt) | Medium | New | throughout, esp. 8:4-15; 10:30-37; 14:16-24; 15:3-32; 18:1-14 | Primary teaching form for kingdom mysteries; distinguish from generic didactic kathā-tradition storytelling. |
9. Christology & Titles (Supporting Terms)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | પ્રભુ (prabhu) | Critical | Reused | throughout | Baseline lord; living, reigning sovereign — not a withdrawn siddha/Tirthankara figure. |
| Messiah / Christ | Χριστός / Μεσσίας | મસીહા (Masīhā) | Critical | Reused | 2:11,26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2,35,39; 24:26,46 | Baseline messiah. |
| Son of God | υἱὸς Θεοῦ | પરમેશ્વરનો પુત્ર | Critical | Reused | 1:32,35; 3:22,38 (Adam); 4:3,9,41; 8:28; 22:70 | Baseline son_of_god. |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | માનવપુત્ર (mānavputra) | Critical | New | 5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,56,58; 11:30; 12:8,10,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7 | Daniel-7 divine-human titular claim; not a generic honorific, not an avatar. |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | દાઉદનો પુત્ર | High | New | 18:38-39; 20:41-44 | Fuses Davidic covenant with deity-of-Christ paradox (Ps. 110). |
| God | θεός | પરમેશ્વર | Critical | Reused | throughout | Baseline god; never ભગવાન. |
| David | Δαυίδ | દાઉદ | Medium | Reused | 1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38-39; 20:41-44 | Baseline david. |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | ઇઝરાયલ | Medium | Reused | 1:16,54,68,80; 2:25,32,34; 4:25,27; 22:30 | Baseline israel. |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | ઈસુ | Critical | Reused | throughout | Baseline jesus; never ઈસા. |
| Covenant / New Covenant | διαθήκη / καινὴ διαθήκη | કરાર / નવો કરાર | High | Reused / New compound | 1:72; 22:20 | Baseline covenant; new-covenant compound built on it exactly. |
| Redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις | છોડામણી (choḍāmaṇī) | Critical | New | 2:38; 21:28; 24:21 | Never મુક્તિ; ransom-based, costly deliverance. |
| Body (of Christ, Last Supper) | σῶμα | શરીર | Medium | New | 22:19 | — |
| Blood (of Christ) | αἷμα | રક્ત / લોહી | Medium | New | 22:20 | Not equivalent to Hindu bali sacrificial-offering logic. |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | અધિકાર | High | New | 4:32,36; 5:24; 9:1; 20:2,8 | Inherent, not merely delegated institutional office. |
10. Narrative, Cultural, and Cosmological Terms
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Gujarati Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synagogue | συναγωγή | સભાસ્થાન | Medium | New | 4:15-16,20,28,33,38 (par.); 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10 | Not મંદિર/દેરાસર (per baseline church note). |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | વિશ્રામવાર | Medium | New | 4:16,31; 6:1-9; 13:10-16; 14:1-6; 23:54,56 | — |
| Pharisee | Φαρισαῖος | ફરોશી | Low | New | 5:17,21,30,33; 6:2,7; 7:30,36-39; 11:37-53; 14:1,3; 15:2; 16:14; 18:10-11; 19:39 | — |
| Sadducee | Σαδδουκαῖος | સદૂકી | Low | New | 20:27 | — |
| Devil | διάβολος | શેતાન | Medium | New | 4:2-13; 8:12 | Not a folk-generic ghost (ભૂત). |
| Demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον | દુષ્ટાત્મા | Medium | New | 4:33-41; 8:2,27-38; 9:1,42,49; 10:17; 11:14-20; 13:32 | Personal malevolent agent, not a wandering human ghost. |
| Temptation / test | πειρασμός / πειράζω | પરીક્ષા | Medium | New | 4:1-13; 8:13; 11:4; 22:28,40,46 | — |
| Mammon | μαμωνᾶς | મામોન (transliteration) / ધન | Medium | New | 16:9,11,13 | Preserve transliteration in direct sayings to retain “rival power” force. |
| Hades | ᾍδης | હાદેસ (transliteration) | High | New | 10:15; 16:23 | Never નરક — avoid samsara/cyclical-punishment cosmology import. |
| Paradise | παράδεισος | પારાદેશ (transliteration) | High | New | 23:43 | Never plain સ્વર્ગ (temporary Hindu heaven-realm) without qualification. |
| Circumcision | περιτομή | સુન્નત | Medium | New | 1:59; 2:21 | Note contemporary Islamic-usage overlap in modern Gujarati. |
| Manger | φάτνη | ગમાણ | Low | New | 2:7,12,16 | Poverty of the incarnation. |
| Shepherd | ποιμήν | ઘેટાંપાળક / ભરવાડ | Low-Medium | New | 2:8,15,18,20 | See §3 above. |
| Scroll / book | βιβλίον | ઓળિયું / પુસ્તક | Low | New | 4:17,20 | — |
| Scripture | γραφή | પવિત્રશાસ્ત્ર | High | New | 4:21; 24:27,32,45 | Matches doctrine registry naming પવિત્રશાસ્ત્રની પ્રેરણા. |
| Genealogy | γενεαλογία | વંશાવળી | Low | New | 3:23-38 | Universalizes Jesus’ human ancestry (to Adam). |
| Witness | μάρτυς | સાક્ષી | High | New | 24:48 | Eyewitness testimony, not Vedantic witness-consciousness (sākṣī-chaitanya). |
| Ascension | ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνάληψις | સ્વર્ગારોહણ | Medium-High | New | 24:51 | Living, active, reigning Lord — not a siddha-like permanent withdrawal. |
| Breaking of bread | κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου | રોટલી ભાંગવી | Low-Medium | New | 24:30,35 | Continues table-fellowship theme into the resurrection narrative. |
| Betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι | પરસ્વાધીન કરવું | Medium | New | 22:4,6,21,48; 23:25 | Human treachery held together with divine sovereign plan. |
| Angel | ἄγγελος | દેવદૂત | Low-Medium | New | 1:11-38; 2:9-15; 22:43; 24:23 | — |
| Priest | ἱερεύς | યાજક | Low | New | 1:5,8; 6:4; 10:31 | — |
| Judge / condemn | κρίνω | ન્યાય કરવો / નિંદા કરવી | Medium | New | 6:37; 7:43; 12:57; 19:22 | Personal divine judgment, not self-executing karma. |
| Humble (oneself) | ταπεινόω | નમ્ર થવું | Medium | New | 14:11; 18:14 | Relational posture, not merit-earning austerity. |
| Prodigal / wasteful living | ἀσωτία | ઉડાઉપણું | Low | New | 15:13 | — |
11. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (Full Consistency Table)
The following terms occur in Luke and MUST use the identical Gujarati rendering, transliteration, and risk tier already recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json. No new entries are created for these; this table exists to confirm full-book coverage of the reuse rule.
| Term | Gujarati (Baseline) | Risk (Baseline) |
|---|---|---|
| gospel | સુવાર્તા | High |
| grace | કૃપા | Critical |
| faith | વિશ્વાસ | High |
| righteousness | ન્યાયીપણું | Critical |
| justification | ન્યાયી ઠરાવવું | Critical |
| salvation | ઉદ્ધાર | Critical |
| apostle | પ્રેરિત | Medium |
| called / calling | તેડાયેલા / તેડું | High |
| holy | પવિત્ર | High |
| saints | પવિત્ર જનો | High |
| resurrection | પુનરુત્થાન | Critical |
| lord | પ્રભુ | Critical |
| son_of_god | પરમેશ્વરનો પુત્ર | Critical |
| peace | શાંતિ | Medium |
| thanksgiving | આભારસ્તુતિ | Low |
| fellowship | સંગત | Low |
| church | મંડળી | Medium |
| kingdom_of_god | પરમેશ્વરનું રાજ્ય | Medium |
| law | નિયમશાસ્ત્ર | High |
| sin | પાપ | High |
| gentiles | અન્ય પ્રજાઓ | Medium |
| glory | મહિમા | High |
| power_of_god | પરમેશ્વરનું સામર્થ્ય | High |
| messiah | મસીહા | Critical |
| prophet | ભવિષ્યવક્તા | Low |
| prophecy | ભવિષ્યવાણી | Low |
| covenant | કરાર | High |
| intercession | મધ્યસ્થતા | Medium |
| providence | પરમેશ્વરનું વિધાન | High |
| mission | મિશન / સુવાર્તા પ્રચાર | Medium |
| david | દાઉદ | Medium/Low |
| israel | ઇઝરાયલ | Medium |
| jesus | ઈસુ | Critical |
| god | પરમેશ્વર | Critical |
| holy_spirit | પવિત્ર આત્મા | Critical |
| father | પિતા | Critical |
| exhort | પ્રોત્સાહન આપવું | Low |
| seed_of_david | દાઉદના વંશમાંથી | High |
This glossary is a Phase 1 deliverable feeding Phase 2 translation memory updates. All New entries above require formal addition to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json (with version increment) before Phase 2 segment translation of Luke begins, per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: કૃપા
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: મહેરબાની, કર્મફળ, પુણ્ય, નિર્જરા
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: કૃપા is the standard Gujarati Christian term, but in Gujarat’s bhakti devotional speech it also names a guru’s or deity’s favor cultivated through devotion, and Jain merit-language has no concept of unearned favor at all. Every occurrence must make explicit that grace is unearned and comes through Christ alone. Never use નિર્જરા or પુણ્ય. Underlies Luke 1:30 and the ‘acceptable year’ of 4:19.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ન્યાયીપણું
Transliteration: nyāyīpaṇũ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ધર્મ, પુણ્ય, સમ્યક્ ચારિત્ર્ય
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ધર્મ. Relevant to Luke 1:6 (Zechariah/Elizabeth ‘righteous’) and 18:9-14 (self-righteous Pharisee vs. justified tax collector).
Justification
Approved rendering: ન્યાયી ઠરાવવું
Transliteration: nyāyī ṭharāvavũ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: માફી મળવી, પુણ્ય કમાવું
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Forensic declaration, not felt forgiveness or accumulated merit. Luke 18:14: the tax collector ‘went down to his house justified’ — MUST use this exact rendering, not O.V.’s occasional ‘માફ કરાયો’ (forgiven-only) drift; see translation landscape entry #20.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ઉદ્ધાર
Transliteration: uddhār
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: મોક્ષ, મુક્તિ, કેવલજ્ઞાન, સિદ્ધત્વ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER મોક્ષ or મુક્તિ. Central to Luke 1:69,77; 2:30; 19:9 (Zacchaeus, ‘salvation has come to this house’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: પુનરુત્થાન
Transliteration: punarutthān
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: પુનર્જન્મ, ફરી અવતરવું
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER પુનર્જન્મ. Luke 14:14; 20:27-38 (Sadducee debate); 24:1-49 (resurrection narrative).
Lord
Approved rendering: પ્રભુ
Transliteration: prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: સ્વામી, તીર્થંકર
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: a living, presently reigning sovereign — contrast with the withdrawn Jain siddha. Luke 2:11 (‘Christ the Lord’); 6:46; 24:34,51.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: પરમેશ્વરનો પુત્ર
Transliteration: Parmeśvarno Putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: દેવપુરુષ, અવતારી પુરુષ
Original: υἱὸς Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required. Luke 1:32,35; 3:22,38 (Adam, contrastively); 4:3,9,41; 8:28; 22:70.
Messiah
Approved rendering: મસીહા
Transliteration: Masīhā
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: અવતારી પુરુષ
Original: Χριστός / Μεσσίας
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:11,26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2,35,39; 24:26,46.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ઈસુ
Transliteration: Īsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ઈસા
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. ઈસુ is the Gujarati Christian standard; ઈસા is associated with Muslim/Urdu usage and appears in Ahmadiyya apologetic tracts — never use ઈસા.
God
Approved rendering: પરમેશ્વર
Transliteration: Parmeśvar
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ઈશ્વર, ભગવાન
Original: Θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ભગવાન. Also never substitute યહોવા for પરમેશ્વર/પ્રભુ in New Testament text (Jehovah’s Witness New World Translation practice).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: પવિત્ર આત્મા
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: પરમાત્મા, બ્રહ્મ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never પરમાત્મા or બ્રહ્મ. Luke 1:15,35,41,67; 2:25-27; 3:16,22; 4:1,14,18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10,12; 24:49.
Father
Approved rendering: પિતા
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: સૃષ્ટિકર્તા
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:32,73; 6:36; 10:21-22; 11:2,13; 15:12-32; 22:42; 23:34,46.
Savior
Approved rendering: તારણહાર
Transliteration: tāraṇhār
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: ગુરુ મુક્તિદાતા, અવતાર
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
σωτήρ. First attested Luke 1:47; crystallizes at 2:11 into Christ’s own title. Ties conceptually to baseline ઉદ્ધાર; must never collapse into a liberating-guru or one-of-many-avatars figure, given Gujarat’s Vaishnav devotional culture centered on nearby Dwarka.
Save Heal Rescue
Approved rendering: ઉગારવું / બચાવવું
Transliteration: ugāravũ / bachāvavũ
Doctrine: Faith and Healing/Salvation
Rejected alternatives: મુક્ત કરવું
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
σῴζω. Verb cognate of baseline noun ઉદ્ધાર. Luke deliberately uses one verb for both physical healing/rescue and spiritual salvation (7:50; 8:12,36,48,50; 18:42; 19:10; 23:35,37,39). Never render as મુક્ત કરવું, which imports મુક્તિ/મોક્ષ associations.
Repentance
Approved rendering: પસ્તાવો
Transliteration: pastāvo
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: પ્રાયશ્ચિત્ત, તપ
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Sin
μετάνοια / μετανοέω. Luke 3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 17:3-4; 24:47. Must never be rendered or taught as self-administered ritual penance or austerity — forgiveness is received, not earned.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: માફી / ક્ષમા
Transliteration: māfī / kṣamā
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: કર્મ ક્ષય, મુક્તિ
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sin
ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν. Luke 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 17:3-4; 23:34; 24:47. Same Greek root also renders ‘liberty/release’ in 4:18 — flag this wordplay in teaching notes. Never મુક્તિ or કર્મ ક્ષય.
Liberty Release
Approved rendering: છુટકારો
Transliteration: chutkāro
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: મુક્તિ
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Salvation
ἄφεσις. Core passage (Luke 4:18, ‘proclaim liberty to the captives’). Never મુક્તિ, which would collapse this into Hindu liberation-from-samsara theology.
Disciple
Approved rendering: શિષ્ય
Transliteration: śiṣya
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
μαθητής. Extremely frequent throughout Luke 5-24. શિષ્ય is the exact term for guru-devotee status in Swaminarayan/Vaishnav bhakti and Jain monastic tradition, typically self-initiated. Must be taught as Jesus-initiated; the disciple receives rather than attains equal status.
Cross
Approved rendering: ક્રૂસ
Transliteration: krūs
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: બોજ (સામાન્ય કષ્ટ)
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
σταυρός. Luke 9:23; 14:27; 23:26. Never softened to generic hardship; never assimilated to Jain ascetic self-mortification (tapa) as a merit-producing practice.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: માનવપુત્ર
Transliteration: mānavputra
Doctrine: Messianic Identity as the Son of Man
Rejected alternatives: અવતાર, સામાન્ય માનવ
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Luke 5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,56,58; 11:30; 12:8,10,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7. Daniel-7 specific eschatological divine-human title, never a generic honorific nor an avatar.
Redemption
Approved rendering: છોડામણી
Transliteration: choḍāmaṇī
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: મુક્તિ
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
ἀπολύτρωσις. Luke 2:38; 21:28; 24:21. Never મુક્તિ. A paid deliverance, not liberation attained through self-effort or merit.
Anoint
Approved rendering: અભિષેક કરવો
Transliteration: abhiṣek karavo
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: મૂર્તિ-અભિષેક (દેવતાની પૂજા વિધિ)
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology
χρίω. Core passage (Luke 4:18). Root of Χριστός/Messiah; God is the anointing agent, never confused with Hindu/Jain devotee-initiated ritual anointing of an idol/Tirthankara image.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: પ્રભુનો પવિત્ર આત્મા
Transliteration: Prabhuno Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Πνεῦμα Κυρίου. Core passage (Luke 4:18). Combines baseline holy_spirit + lord exactly; never પરમાત્મા/બ્રહ્મ for Spirit, never સ્વામી/તીર્થંકર for Lord.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: સુવાર્તા
Transliteration: suvārtā
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ખબર, શુભ સંદેશ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established Gujarati Christian term (su- ‘good’ + vārtā ‘news’). Avoid generic ખબર (news), which lacks the technical sense of the single saving proclamation. In Luke also underlies the verb εὐαγγελίζομαι, rendered સુવાર્તા પ્રગટ કરવી/જાહેર કરવી (core passage, 4:18).
Faith
Approved rendering: વિશ્વાસ
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: શ્રદ્ધા, ભક્તિ
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in Christ; શ્રદ્ધા and ભક્તિ both carry devotional-reverence connotations from Gujarat’s bhakti tradition. Central to Luke’s healing narratives (‘your faith has saved you,’ 7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42) and 7:9’s Gentile centurion.
Called
Approved rendering: તેડાયેલા
Transliteration: tedāyelā
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: આમંત્રિત
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across Luke’s naming scenes (1:13,31,60-63) and the calling of the disciples (5:1-11,27-28).
Calling
Approved rendering: તેડું
Transliteration: teḍũ
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: આહ્વાન
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form for the act/state of being called; supports the disciple-calling narratives of Luke 5-9.
Holy
Approved rendering: પવિત્ર
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: શુદ્ધ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:35,49,70,72; 2:23. Not ritual-purity-only purity.
Saints
Approved rendering: પવિત્ર જનો
Transliteration: pavitra jano
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: સંતો, મુનિ
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not an ascetic elite. The corporate category underlies Luke’s discipleship material; becomes explicit vocabulary in Acts, Luke’s sequel.
Law
Approved rendering: નિયમશાસ્ત્ર
Transliteration: niyamśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ધર્મ, શરિયત
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never ધર્મ. Luke 2:22-24,27,39; 10:26; 16:16-17; 24:44.
Sin
Approved rendering: પાપ
Transliteration: pāp
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: અધર્મ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 15:1-2; 17:3-4; 24:47.
Glory
Approved rendering: મહિમા
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: તેજ, પ્રકાશ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:9,14,32; 9:31-32.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: પરમેશ્વરનું સામર્થ્ય
Transliteration: Parmeśvarnũ Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: શક્તિ
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never શક્તિ. Luke 1:35; 4:14,36; 5:17; 24:49.
Covenant
Approved rendering: કરાર
Transliteration: karār
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: સમજૂતી
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:72 (Abrahamic covenant remembered).
Providence
Approved rendering: પરમેશ્વરનું વિધાન
Transliteration: Parmeśvarnũ Vidhān
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: નસીબ, કર્મનો નિયમ
Original: πρόνοια (cf. δεῖ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Supports Luke’s δεῖ (‘it is necessary’) sayings — see divine_necessity.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: દાઉદના વંશમાંથી
Transliteration: Dāūdnā Vanśmāṅthī
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα / οἴκος Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:27,32,69; 2:4 (‘house and lineage of David’).
Favored With Grace
Approved rendering: કૃપા પામેલી
Transliteration: kṛpā pāmelī
Doctrine: Grace (Mary’s Favored Status)
Rejected alternatives: કૃપાળુ દેવી, વરદાનવાળી
Original: κεχαριτωμένη
Category: Salvation
κεχαριτωμένη — Gabriel’s greeting to Mary (Luke 1:28). Built on baseline કૃપા root. Must not cast Mary as a semi-divine grace-dispensing figure, given Gujarat’s active goddess-devotion tradition (e.g., Ambaji) where a favored female figure often becomes an object of petition.
Lost Perish
Approved rendering: ખોવાયેલો / નાશ પામવો
Transliteration: khovāyelo / nāś pāmavũ
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: કર્મનું ફળ ભોગવવું
Original: ἀπόλλυμι
Category: Salvation
ἀπόλλυμι (Luke 9:24-25; 15:4,6,8-9,17,24,32; 17:33; 19:10). Personal separation from a seeking, personal God, recoverable only by his initiative and the sinner’s turning — not karmic drift correctable by the individual’s own future good deeds.
Kingdom In Your Midst
Approved rendering: તમારી મધ્યે
Transliteration: tamārī madhye
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: તમારી અંદર
Original: ἐντός
Category: Kingdom
ἐντός — Luke 17:21 exegetical crux. Prefer ‘in your midst’ (Jesus’ own bodily presence) over an interiorized ‘within you,’ which risks assimilation to Hindu/Jain indwelling divine-spark (ātman) concepts realized through meditation.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: નવો કરાર
Transliteration: navo karār
Doctrine: The New Covenant in Christ’s Blood
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
καινὴ διαθήκη. Built exactly on baseline કરાર. Luke 22:20: ‘This cup…is the new covenant in my blood.‘
Son Of David
Approved rendering: દાઉદનો પુત્ર
Transliteration: Dāūdno Putra
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
υἱὸς Δαυίδ. Built on baseline seed_of_david. Luke 18:38-39 (blind beggar’s cry); 20:41-44 (Psalm 110 riddle).
Poor
Approved rendering: ગરીબ
Transliteration: garīb
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: આધ્યાત્મિક રીતે ગરીબ (સ્પષ્ટતા વિના)
Original: πτωχός
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
πτωχός. Core passage (4:18); also 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20,22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3. Must not be spiritualized away, nor read as a person paying a karmic debt from a past life — the poor are objects of God’s favor here.
Fasting
Approved rendering: ઉપવાસ
Transliteration: upvās
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: તપ
Original: νηστεία / νηστεύω
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
νηστεία / νηστεύω. Luke 2:37; 5:33-35; 18:12. Also the load-bearing Jain/Hindu ascetic-austerity term generating merit; Christian fasting here is relational and occasion-tied, never merit-earning.
Baptism
Approved rendering: બાપ્તિસ્મા
Transliteration: bāptismā
Doctrine: Baptism as a Sign of Repentance
Rejected alternatives: સ્નાન
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sin
βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω. Luke 3:3,7,12,16,21; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4. Not Hindu ritual river-bathing or Jain purification rites; a one-time enacted sign, not repeatable ritual.
Prayer
Approved rendering: પ્રાર્થના
Transliteration: prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: પૂજા, મંત્રજાપ
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
προσευχή / προσεύχομαι. Luke 1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12,28; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-14; 21:36; 22:32,40-46. Direct, confident address to a personal Father, not ritual puja or mantra-repetition.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: પૂર્ણ થયું છે
Transliteration: pūrṇa thayũ chhe
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: πληρόω
Category: Prophecy
πληρόω. Core passage (Luke 4:21); also 1:20; 21:22,24; 22:16; 24:44. One-time, linear, historical completion — never cyclical yuga/samsara fulfillment.
Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: જરૂરી હતું / આવશ્યક હતું
Transliteration: jarūrī hatũ / āvaśyak hatũ
Doctrine: Divine Providence and Necessity
Rejected alternatives: નસીબ, નિયતિ
Original: δεῖ
Category: God
δεῖ. Luke 2:49; 4:43; 9:22; 13:33; 17:25; 22:37; 24:7,26,44. Personal, purposive plan of a sovereign God, never impersonal fate/destiny.
Follow
Approved rendering: અનુસરવું / પાછળ ચાલવું
Transliteration: anusaravũ / pāchhaḷ chālavũ
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
ἀκολουθέω. Luke 5:11,27-28; 9:23,49,57,59,61-62; 18:22,28,43. Following a living, present Lord, not merely adopting a deceased teacher’s ethical path.
Joy
Approved rendering: આનંદ
Transliteration: ānand
Doctrine: The Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
χαρά. Luke 1:14; 2:10; 6:23; 8:13; 10:17,21; 15:7,10,32; 19:6,37; 24:41,52. God’s own relational, event-triggered joy over a specific person, never self-realized Vedantic bliss-nature (સચ્ચિદાનંદ).
Love Agape
Approved rendering: પ્રેમ
Transliteration: prem
Doctrine: Love of Enemies as Kingdom Ethic
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Discipleship
ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη. Luke 6:27,32,35; 7:42-47; 10:27; 11:42. Self-giving, ethical, even enemy-directed love, not prem-bhakti devotional/romantic longing toward a chosen deity.
Compassion
Approved rendering: કરુણા / દયાભાવ
Transliteration: karuṇā / dayābhāv
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion
σπλαγχνίζομαι. Luke 7:13; 10:33; 15:20. Flows spontaneously from the Father’s/Christ’s own character toward a specific person, not a self-cultivated Jain ascetic virtue earning merit.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: સાથે ભોજન કરવું
Transliteration: sāthe bhojan karavũ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: συνεσθίω
Category: Compassion
συνεσθίω. Luke 5:29-30; 7:34,36-50; 15:1-2; 19:5-7; 24:30. Directly confronts Gujarati caste-based commensality customs (‘roti-beti vyavahar’); must not be softened.
Authority
Approved rendering: અધિકાર
Transliteration: adhikār
Doctrine: The Authority of Christ
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
ἐξουσία. Luke 4:32,36; 5:24; 9:1; 20:2,8. Inherent, divine authority, not delegated institutional office or a guru’s transmitted authority.
Hades
Approved rendering: હાદેસ
Transliteration: hādes
Doctrine: Fixed Post-Mortem Destiny (Hades and Paradise)
Rejected alternatives: નરક
Original: ᾍδης
Category: Eschatology
ᾍδης. Luke 10:15; 16:23. Prefer transliteration over નરક, which carries Hindu/Jain cyclical-cosmology freight. Luke’s Hades is fixed and uncrossable.
Paradise
Approved rendering: પારાદેશ
Transliteration: pārādeś
Doctrine: Fixed Post-Mortem Destiny (Hades and Paradise)
Rejected alternatives: સ્વર્ગ
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
παράδεισος. Luke 23:43. Prefer transliteration over સ્વર્ગ (temporary Hindu heaven-realm). CRITICAL: preserve comma placement ‘આજે તું મારી સાથે પારાદેશમાં હશે’ (comma before ‘today’); never follow the Jehovah’s Witness New World Translation comma-after-‘today’ rendering, which defers the promise.
Scripture
Approved rendering: પવિત્રશાસ્ત્ર
Transliteration: pavitraśāstra
Doctrine: Eyewitness Testimony and the Inspiration of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Prophecy
γραφή. Core passage (Luke 4:21); also 24:27,32,45. Distinguish from Hindu shruti and Jain Agamas.
Witness
Approved rendering: સાક્ષી
Transliteration: sākṣī
Doctrine: Eyewitness Testimony and the Inspiration of Scripture
Original: μάρτυς
Category: Prophecy
μάρτυς. Luke 24:48. Ordinary eyewitness legal-style testimony, not Vedantic witness-consciousness (sākṣī-chaitanya).
Ascension
Approved rendering: સ્વર્ગારોહણ
Transliteration: svargārohaṇ
Doctrine: Ascension of Christ
Original: ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνάληψις
Category: Eschatology
ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνάληψις. Luke 24:51. Distinguish from a Jain-siddha-like permanent, non-interactive withdrawal — the ascended Christ remains living, active, reigning પ્રભુ.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: પ્રેરિત
Transliteration: prerit
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ગુરુ, સંદેશવાહક
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid ગુરુ. Luke 6:13 (the Twelve named apostles); 9:10; 22:14; 24:10.
Peace
Approved rendering: શાંતિ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: મનની શાંતિ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:79; 2:14; 7:50; 19:38,42.
Church
Approved rendering: મંડળી
Transliteration: maṇḍaḷī
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: મંદિર, દેરાસર
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not present as a term in Luke’s Gospel itself (prominent in Acts) but retained for terminological continuity, since Luke is Acts’ first volume.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: પરમેશ્વરનું રાજ્ય
Transliteration: Parmeśvarnũ Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ઈશ્વરનું રાષ્ટ્ર
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. One of Luke’s most frequent phrases (4:43; 6:20; 8:1,10; 9:2,60,62; 10:9,11; 11:20; 12:31-32; 13:18,20,28-29; 14:15; 17:20-21; 18:16-17,24-25,29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16,18).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: અન્ય પ્રજાઓ
Transliteration: anya prajāo
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: વિદેશીઓ
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 2:32; 21:24; 24:47.
Intercession
Approved rendering: મધ્યસ્થતા
Transliteration: madhyasthatā
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἐντυγχάνω (cf. Rom. usage)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually present in Jesus’ prayer for Peter (22:32) and his intercession from the cross (23:34).
Mission
Approved rendering: મિશન / સુવાર્તા પ્રચાર
Transliteration: miśan / suvārtā prachār
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστέλλω / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 9:1-6 (Twelve sent); 10:1-12 (Seventy-two sent); 24:47-49.
David
Approved rendering: દાઉદ
Transliteration: Dāūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38-39; 20:41-44.
Israel
Approved rendering: ઇઝરાયલ
Transliteration: Izrāyal
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:16,54,68,80; 2:25,32,34; 4:25,27; 22:30.
Sinner
Approved rendering: પાપી
Transliteration: pāpī
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
ἁμαρτωλός. Built on baseline પાપ. Luke 5:8,30,32; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7 — Jesus’ table companions.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: સમરૂની
Transliteration: samarūnī
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Insiders and Outsiders
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Culture
Σαμαρίτης. Luke 9:52-53; 10:33; 17:16. Ethnic/religious outsider repeatedly cast as positive example; must not be softened.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: પડોશી
Transliteration: paḍośī
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Insiders and Outsiders
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion
πλησίον. Luke 10:27,29,36. Radically expanded past ethnic/religious/social boundaries in the Good Samaritan; must not be softened for caste-sensitivity.
Widow
Approved rendering: વિધવા
Transliteration: vidhvā
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: χήρα
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
χήρα. Luke 2:37; 4:25-26; 7:12; 18:3-5; 20:47; 21:2-3. Gujarati/Indian widowhood carries acute historical stigma; teaching notes should draw this out.
Crippled Lame
Approved rendering: અપંગ / પાંગળું
Transliteration: apaṅg / pāṅgḷũ
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἀνάπηρος / χωλός
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
ἀνάπηρος / χωλός. Luke 14:13,21. Deliberate table-inclusion of the disabled at God’s banquet.
Shepherd
Approved rendering: ઘેટાંપાળક / ભરવાડ
Transliteration: gheṭāṅpāḷak / bharvāḍ
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ποιμήν
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
ποιμήν. Luke 2:8,15,18,20. ભરવાડ also names a specific Gujarati pastoral community/caste; ensure the term reads as occupational description only.
Today Eschatological
Approved rendering: આજે
Transliteration: āje
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: σήμερον
Category: Kingdom
σήμερον. Luke 2:11; 4:21; 5:26; 19:5,9; 23:43. Marks the in-breaking of the promised future into the present.
Generation
Approved rendering: પેઢી
Transliteration: peḍhī
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: γενεά
Category: Kingdom
γενεά. Luke 21:32. Primarily an exegetical timing risk.
Blessed
Approved rendering: ધન્ય
Transliteration: dhanya
Doctrine: Rich and Poor Standing Equally Before God
Original: μακάριος
Category: Discipleship
μακάριος. Luke 1:45; 6:20-22; 7:23; 11:28; 12:37,43; 14:14-15; 23:29. Not a reward for accumulated merit (પુણ્ય).
Mercy
Approved rendering: દયા
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Mercy as Covenant Faithfulness
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Compassion
ἔλεος. Luke 1:50,54,58,72,78; 10:37; 17:13; 18:38-39. Tied to covenant faithfulness, not arbitrary bhakti-petition favor.
Parable
Approved rendering: દ્રષ્ટાંત
Transliteration: dṣṭānt
Doctrine: Parables as Kingdom Teaching
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
παραβολή. Throughout Luke, e.g. 8:4-15; 10:30-37; 14:16-24; 15:3-32; 18:1-14. Context must clarify Jesus’ revelation/concealment purpose, distinct from Hindu/Jain kathā-tradition storytelling.
Body Of Christ Supper
Approved rendering: શરીર
Transliteration: śarīr
Doctrine: The New Covenant in Christ’s Blood
Original: σῶμα
Category: Christology
σῶμα. Luke 22:19: ‘This is my body, given for you.‘
Blood Of Christ
Approved rendering: રક્ત / લોહી
Transliteration: rakta / lohī
Doctrine: The New Covenant in Christ’s Blood
Original: αἷμα
Category: Christology
αἷμα. Luke 22:20. Not equivalent to Hindu bali (ritual animal blood sacrifice) as a merit-generating or deity-appeasing offering.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: સભાસ્થાન
Transliteration: sabhāsthān
Doctrine: Sabbath Observance and the Law Fulfilled in Christ
Rejected alternatives: મંદિર, દેરાસર
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Culture
συναγωγή. Core passage (Luke 4:15-16,20); also 4:28,33,38; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10. Not મંદિર/દેરાસર.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: વિશ્રામવાર
Transliteration: viśrāmvār
Doctrine: Sabbath Observance and the Law Fulfilled in Christ
Original: σάββατον
Category: Culture
σάββατον. Core passage (Luke 4:16); also 4:31; 6:1-9; 13:10-16; 14:1-6; 23:54,56. Do not substitute a generic ‘holiday’ word.
Devil
Approved rendering: શેતાન
Transliteration: śetān
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ભૂત
Original: διάβολος
Category: Sin
διάβολος. Luke 4:2-13; 8:12. A personal malevolent being, not a folk-generic ‘bad spirit.‘
Demon
Approved rendering: દુષ્ટાત્મા
Transliteration: duṣṭātmā
Doctrine: The Authority of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ભૂત, પ્રેત
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Sin
δαιμόνιον. Luke 4:33-41; 8:2,27-38; 9:1,42,49; 10:17; 11:14-20; 13:32. Distinguish from folk-belief ‘bhoot/pret’ (ghosts).
Temptation
Approved rendering: પરીક્ષા
Transliteration: parīkṣā
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω
Category: Discipleship
πειρασμός / πειράζω. Luke 4:1-13; 8:13; 11:4; 22:28,40,46. Context must indicate spiritual testing, not academic ‘exam.‘
Mammon
Approved rendering: મામોન
Transliteration: māmon
Doctrine: Rich and Poor Standing Equally Before God
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
μαμωνᾶς. Luke 16:9,11,13. Preserve transliteration in direct sayings; use ધન for ordinary narrative wealth references.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: સુન્નત
Transliteration: sunnat
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
περιτομή. Luke 1:59; 2:21. Strongly associated with Islamic practice in contemporary Gujarati usage; clarify the OT covenantal referent.
Breaking Of Bread
Approved rendering: રોટલી ભાંગવી
Transliteration: roṭlī bhāṅgavī
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου
Category: Compassion
κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου. Luke 24:30-31,35. Continues the table-fellowship theme into the resurrection narrative.
Betray
Approved rendering: પરસ્વાધીન કરવું
Transliteration: parasvādhīn karavũ
Doctrine: Divine Providence and Necessity
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Sin
παραδίδωμι. Luke 22:4,6,21,48; 23:25. Holds human treachery and divine sovereign plan together without excusing the former.
Angel
Approved rendering: દેવદૂત
Transliteration: devdūt
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
ἄγγελος. Luke 1:11-38; 2:9-15; 22:43; 24:23. Context (sent by પરમેશ્વર, not a demigod) should be clear.
Judge Condemn
Approved rendering: ન્યાય કરવો / નિંદા કરવી
Transliteration: nyāya karavo / nindā karavī
Doctrine: Love of Enemies as Kingdom Ethic
Original: κρίνω
Category: Discipleship
κρίνω. Luke 6:37; 7:43; 12:57; 19:22. A personal God who alone rightly judges, not automatic karmic return.
Humble
Approved rendering: નમ્ર થવું
Transliteration: namra thavũ
Doctrine: Humility and the Reversal of Status
Original: ταπεινόω
Category: Discipleship
ταπεινόω. Luke 14:11; 18:14. A relational posture before God, not merit-generating ascetic self-mortification.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: આભારસ્તુતિ
Transliteration: ābhārstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term; Luke 17:16 (the healed leper who returns).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: સંગત
Transliteration: saṅgat
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: મિત્રતા
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the shared-life dimension of Luke’s table-fellowship scenes, though Luke’s own preferred vocabulary is συνεσθίω (see table_fellowship).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ભવિષ્યવક્તા
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavaktā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: જ્યોતિષી
Original: προφήτης
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package. Luke 1:76; 4:24; 7:16,26-28; 24:25.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ભવિષ્યવાણી
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavāṇī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ભવિષ્યફળ
Original: προφητεία
Category: Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Luke 1:67-79 (Zechariah); 4:17-21 (Isaiah, core passage).
Exhort
Approved rendering: પ્રોત્સાહન આપવું
Transliteration: protsāhan āpavũ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive as in Romans usage.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: દાણી
Transliteration: dāṇī
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τελώνης
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
τελώνης. Luke 3:12-13; 5:27-30; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-14; 19:2.
Leper
Approved rendering: કોઢિયો
Transliteration: koḍhiyo
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: λεπρός
Category: PoorAndMarginalized
λεπρός. Luke 5:12-14; 7:22; 17:12-19. Connects to purity/untouchability dynamics resonant with caste-based untouchability history in Gujarat.
Treasure
Approved rendering: ખજાનો
Transliteration: khajāno
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: θησαυρός
Category: Faith
θησαυρός. Luke 12:21,33-34; 18:22. Not a merit-storehouse (પુણ્યસંચય) concept.
Woe
Approved rendering: અફસોસ / વિપત્તિ
Transliteration: afsos / vipatti
Doctrine: Rich and Poor Standing Equally Before God
Original: οὐαί
Category: Discipleship
οὐαί. Luke 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22. Unsoftened accountability language.
Pharisee
Approved rendering: ફરોશી
Transliteration: pharoshī
Doctrine: Sabbath Observance and the Law Fulfilled in Christ
Original: Φαρισαῖος
Category: Culture
Φαρισαῖος. Luke 5:17,21,30,33; 6:2,7; 7:30,36-39; 11:37-53; 14:1,3; 15:2; 16:14; 18:10-11; 19:39.
Sadducee
Approved rendering: સદૂકી
Transliteration: sadūkī
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: Σαδδουκαῖος
Category: Culture
Σαδδουκαῖος. Luke 20:27. પુનરુત્થાન must never be rendered પુનર્જન્મ in this debate.
Manger
Approved rendering: ગમાણ
Transliteration: gamāṇ
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: φάτνη
Category: Culture
φάτνη. Luke 2:7,12,16. Carries the doctrinal freight of the incarnation’s total material poverty.
Scroll
Approved rendering: ઓળિયું / પુસ્તક
Transliteration: oḷiyũ / pustak
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: βιβλίον
Category: Culture
βιβλίον. Core passage (Luke 4:17,20).
Genealogy
Approved rendering: વંશાવળી
Transliteration: vanśāvaḷī
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Universal Humanity of Christ
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Culture
γενεαλογία. Luke 3:23-38, traced through David to Adam.
Priest
Approved rendering: યાજક
Transliteration: yājak
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ἱερεύς
Category: Culture
ἱερεύς. Luke 1:5,8; 6:4; 10:31.
Prodigal Living
Approved rendering: ઉડાઉપણું
Transliteration: uḍāupaṇũ
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀσωτία
Category: Sin
ἀσωτία. Luke 15:13.
Eudokia Favor
Approved rendering: પ્રસન્નતા
Transliteration: prasannatā
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: εὐδοκία
Category: God
εὐδοκία. Luke 2:14. God’s sovereign favor, not universal automatic peace regardless of response.
Oath
Approved rendering: સમ / વચન
Transliteration: sam / vachan
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ὅρκος
Category: Covenant
ὅρκος. Luke 1:73.
Referenced passages