Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians 1-6 (English/Greek → Turkish)
Conventions: Risk tiers follow the baseline registry (Critical / High / Medium / Low; Critical+High → human theologian review, Medium → native speaker review, Low → automated). Source = TM means the rendering is reused exactly from the Romans translation_memory.json v1 and must not be altered. Source = NEW means the term is introduced by this curriculum and must be added to translation memory (with version increment) before Phase 2 segment processing. Chapter citations show every Galatians chapter in which the term is load-bearing; all six chapters are represented in this glossary.
Tier 1 — Critical Risk
| # | Term | Greek (translit.) | Galatians refs | Turkish rendering | Source | Risk notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | justification / justified | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | 2:16-17, 21; 3:8, 11, 24; 5:4 | Aklanma / aklanmak | TM | Forensic acquittal, compound phrase mandatory. Never günahların affı (mere pardon) or a mizan/sevap-scale “outweighing” reading. Core-passage anchor term. |
| 2 | righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | 2:21; 3:6, 21; 5:5 | Doğruluk | TM | NEVER salih amel (Islamic righteous-deeds category). Standing received by faith, not performed duty. |
| 3 | imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην (elogisthē eis dikaiosynēn) | 3:6 (Gen 15:6) | Sayılan doğruluk | TM | Credited, not earned (kazanılmış rejected). Must match Romans 4:3 rendering verbatim. |
| 4 | works of the law | ἔργα νόμου (erga nomou) | 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10 | Kutsal Yasa’nın işleri | NEW | NEVER amel/ameller — the Islamic category of religious deeds/acts of worship weighed toward Judgment Day standing. Historically anchored to Mosaic Torah-observance only. |
| 5 | crucified with Christ | συνεσταύρωμαι (synestaurōmai) | 2:20; cf. 5:24; 6:14 | Mesih’le birlikte çarmıha gerildim | NEW | Critical: perfect tense’s abiding result must survive; done to the believer in union with Christ — never nefis mücahedesi (Sufi ascetic self-discipline); no cyclical death/rebirth framing. |
| 6 | ”no longer I, but Christ lives in me” | ζῇ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός (zē en emoi Christos) | 2:20 | Artık ben yaşamıyorum, Mesih bende yaşıyor | NEW | Critical: maximal Sufi-mystical-absorption hazard (fena/vahdet-i vücud; cf. Hallâc-ı Mansûr’s “Ene’l-Hak”). Indwelling of a distinct personal Christ in a believer who remains a real “ben” (I) — never dissolution of the self into the divine. Translator note mandatory. |
| 7 | freedom (in Christ) | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | 2:4; 4:26, 31; 5:1, 13 | Özgürlük | NEW | Critical: must not be heard as rejecting devout submission (kulluk) to God, nor flattened into secular din ve vicdan özgürlüğü, nor treated as tacit endorsement of leaving Islam without pastoral/safety framing. Given by Christ, exercised through love-service (5:13, hizmet — not kul olmak). |
| 8 | different/false gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον (heteron euangelion) | 1:6-9 | Başka bir müjde — ki gerçekte müjde bile değildir | NEW | Critical: the ἕτερος/ἄλλος denial must be explicit; must not read as a superseded-but-once-valid predecessor stage (guard against the naskh/abrogation framing). |
| 9 | seed of Abraham / sons of Abraham | σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ / υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ | 3:7, 9, 16, 19, 29 | İbrahim’in soyu / İbrahim’in oğulları | NEW | Critical: directly engages millet-i İbrahim (Islam’s self-understanding as restored Abrahamic monotheism). Spiritual sonship is through faith in Christ, not lineage, law-observance, or a later revelation’s claim to Abrahamic inheritance. Singular/plural argument of 3:16 must survive translation. |
| 10 | circumcision | περιτομή (peritomē) | 2:3, 7-9, 12; 5:2-3, 6, 11; 6:12-15 | Sünnet | NEW | Critical, full-book term. Sünnet is the only natural Turkish word for the rite, but is identically spelled to Sünnet (the Prophet’s normative example/Sunnah) and names a major communal celebration (sünnet düğünü). Qualify as “bedensel sünnet” on first use per lesson or pair with a translator note; unique collision, no parallel guardrail exists in the Romans baseline. |
| 11 | new creation | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | 6:15 | Yeni yaratılış | NEW | God’s own creative act; never tövbe (moral course-correction) alone, never Sufi fena/self-annihilation imagery; must not be heard as erasing the real cost of visible identity change (apostasy sensitivity). |
| 12 | Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ (huios theou) | 2:20; 4:4, 6 | Tanrı’nın Oğlu | TM | Full phrase required; eternal unique Sonship; never a servant/prophet euphemism. |
| 13 | sending of the Son / incarnation | ἐξαπέστειλεν… γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός (4:4) | 4:4-5 | Tanrı Oğlu’nu gönderdi… Beden alma system | TM | NEVER tecessüm as a bare philosophical term, never a temporary appearance. Permanent assumption of human nature; “fullness of time” = linear fulfillment. |
| 14 | curse / cursed (Christ became a curse) | κατάρα / ἐπικατάρατος (katara / epikataratos) | 3:10, 13 | Lanet / lanetli | NEW | Judicial curse-sanction of the Law; Christ’s substitutionary curse-bearing (3:13). Must read as legal substitution, not transferable ritual curse (guard against a folk-curse/counter-ritual reading). Theologian review every occurrence. |
| 15 | God | θεός (theos) | all chapters (1:1 - 6:18) | Tanrı | TM | Never Allah in this curriculum’s running text, per the established Kitabı Mukaddes convention. |
| 16 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | all chapters | İsa | TM | Always paired with Mesih (İsa Mesih); never bare İsa in doctrinally significant contexts. |
| 17 | Christ / Messiah | Χριστός (Christos) | all chapters | Mesih | TM | The Anointed One, exclusively fulfilled in Jesus — full OT-fulfillment content, not a bare honorific. |
| 18 | Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | 1:3, 19; 5:10; 6:14, 18 | Rab | TM | Exclusive supreme Lordship, never efendi. |
| 19 | Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) (pneuma) | 3:2-5, 14; 4:6, 29; 5:5, 16-25; 6:8 | Kutsal Ruh | TM | NEVER Cebrail (Gabriel); personal third Person of the Trinity — never the believer’s own ruh in Spirit-walk contexts. |
| 20 | Father | πατήρ (patēr) | 1:1, 3-4; 4:2, 6 | Baba | TM | Personal Father; never Yaratıcı as a substitute to avoid relational language. |
Tier 2 — High Risk
| # | Term | Greek (translit.) | Galatians refs | Turkish rendering | Source | Risk notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | 1:6-11; 2:2, 5, 7, 14; 3:8; 4:13 | Müjde | TM | Authoritative announcement; never bare İncil for the message. |
| 22 | grace | χάρις (charis) | 1:3, 6, 15; 2:9, 21; 5:4; 6:18 | Lütuf | TM | Unmerited favor apart from amel. Rahmet only in non-contrastive contexts. Grace/works contrasts (2:21; 5:4) auto-escalate. |
| 23 | faith / believe | πίστις / πιστεύω (pistis / pisteuō) | 1:23; 2:16, 20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6; 6:10 | İman / iman etmek | TM | Object of faith always explicit; never bare iman as generic six-pillars assent. Objective genitive for πίστις Χριστοῦ (İsa Mesih’e iman); subjective-genitive alternative recorded, not used. |
| 24 | law | νόμος (nomos) | 2:16-21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5, 21; 5:3-4, 14, 18, 23; 6:2, 13 | Kutsal Yasa | TM | The Mosaic Law. NEVER şeriat. Highest-frequency reused term in the book. |
| 25 | law of Christ | ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (ho nomos tou Christou) | 6:2 | Mesih’in Yasası | NEW | Love-command of 5:14, not a new Torah-code and never “Mesih’in şeriatı.” Gloss on first use. |
| 26 | sin / sinner | ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός (hamartia / hamartōlos) | 1:4; 2:15, 17; 3:22 | Günah / günahkâr | TM | Moral transgression before a personal God; not a deed later outweighed on a mizan scale. |
| 27 | promise | ἐπαγγελία (epangelia) | 3:14-29; 4:23, 28 | Vaat | NEW | God’s unilateral covenant pledge. Never reframed as a sevap-earned reward. |
| 28 | anathema | ἀνάθεμα (anathema) | 1:8-9 | Lanetli olsun | NEW | God’s judicial sentence; distinct from folk-curse/counter-ritual (nazar, muska) categories, though lanet is itself a genuine Qur’anic theological term (cf. Şeytan as lanetlenmiş) — a point of contact, not only collision. |
| 29 | redeem / redemption | ἐξαγοράζω (exagorazō) | 3:13; 4:5 | Kurtarmak / bedelini ödeyerek satın almak | NEW | Deliverance at a price; consistent with TM Kurtuluş; not merely a hoped-for future outcome. |
| 30 | seed (of Abraham, singular argument) | σπέρμα (sperma) | 3:16, 19, 29 | Soy | TM-consistent (seed_of_david pattern) | Singular/plural argument of 3:16 must survive Turkish grammar; flag for dual review. |
| 31 | covenant | διαθήκη (diathēkē) | 3:15, 17; 4:24 | Antlaşma | TM | Relational bond; never sözleşme. Two-covenant allegory (4:24) uses same term. |
| 32 | guardian/tutor (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός (paidagōgos) | 3:24-25 | Gözetmen (Mesih’e ulaştırmak için) | NEW | Temporary custodian until Christ — must not read as a permanent mürşid (Sufi spiritual master) or a lifelong şeriat-as-guide model; the “no longer under” clause (3:25) is load-bearing. |
| 33 | adoption / sonship | υἱοθεσία (huiothesia) | 4:5 | Evlatlığa alınma | TM | Full son-status with inheritance rights; not a reduced-status reading. |
| 34 | Abba | Αββα (Abba) | 4:6 | Abba | TM | Transliteration preserved; filial intimacy. |
| 35 | flesh (sarx, technical) | σάρξ (sarx) | 3:3; 4:23, 29; 5:13-24; 6:8, 12-13 | Benlik (sinful-desire contexts: benliğin istekleri) | NEW | Self-reliant fallen nature, not the physical body (beden) — never body-negation/asceticism. Parallels but must be kept distinct from Sufi nefis-mücahede vocabulary. Idiomatic πᾶσα σάρξ (2:16) = hiçbir insan/hiç kimse. |
| 36 | slavery / slave | δουλεία / δοῦλος (douleia / doulos) | 2:4; 4:1-9, 22-31; 5:1 | Kölelik / köle | NEW | NEVER kul (the positive Turkish-Islamic servant-of-God self-designation) — köle keeps the negative bondage sense distinct from devout submission to God. |
| 37 | fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος (karpos tou pneumatos) | 5:22-23 | Ruh’un meyvesi | NEW | Meyve must not read as sevap (merit-points earned by pious deeds): the Spirit’s own produce, not merit. Singular meyve preserved. Component list uses TM esenlik (peace); πίστις-in-list = güvenilirlik (faithfulness), reserving İman for saving faith. |
| 38 | faith working through love | πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη (5:6) | 5:6 | Sevgiyle etkin olan iman | NEW | Love is faith’s mode/fruit, never a merit-supplement; İman must remain the operative subject. |
| 39 | sowing and reaping | σπείρω / θερίζω (speirō / therizō) | 6:7-9 | Ekmek / biçmek | NEW | Familiar Turkish proverb (“ne ekersen onu biçersin”) risks a fatalistic kader/kısmet reading. Personal God is the judge (Tanrı alaya alınmaz); eternal life reaped from the Spirit, not accumulated sevap. Translator note mandatory. |
| 40 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | 6:8 | Sonsuz yaşam | NEW | Gift-harvest from the Spirit; never a deeds-scale (mizan) reward. |
| 41 | truth of the gospel | ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | 2:5, 14 | Müjdenin gerçeği | NEW | Objective, standing truth; guard against the naskh/abrogation framing that would present it as a corrected-and-superseded predecessor message. |
| 42 | died to the law | νόμῳ ἀπέθανον (nomō apethanon) | 2:19 | Kutsal Yasa için Kutsal Yasa’ya öldüm (Tanrı için yaşayayım diye) | NEW | Jurisdiction transfer, not lawlessness or a renunciation-of-religion reading; purpose clause must stay attached. |
| 43 | gave himself for me | παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ (2:20) | 1:4; 2:20 | Kendini (benim için) feda etti | NEW | Substitutionary self-giving; not kurban (offering-to-God) direction-of-gift vocabulary without qualification. |
| 44 | nullify the grace of God | ἀθετῶ τὴν χάριν (athetō tēn charin) | 2:21; cf. 5:4 | Tanrı’nın lütfunu geçersiz saymak | NEW | Grace/works antithesis — auto-escalation to theologian review. |
| 45 | one in Christ (3:28) | εἷς ἐν Χριστῷ (heis en Christō) | 3:26-28 | Hepiniz Mesih İsa’da birsiniz | NEW | All three pairs (Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female) retained unqualified. |
| 46 | known by God | γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ θεοῦ (4:9) | 4:9 | Tanrı tarafından tanınmak | NEW | Divine relational initiative; not the believer’s own attainment of marifetullah/irfan (Sufi gnosis of God). |
| 47 | called / calling | καλέω (kaleō) | 1:6, 15; 5:8, 13 | Çağrılmış / Çağrı / çağırdı | TM | Sovereign summons; not kader/kısmet fatalism or self-initiated seeking. |
| 48 | glory (doxology 1:5) | δόξα (doxa) | 1:5 | Yücelik | TM | Doxology form available per TM. |
| 49 | idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία (eidōlolatria) | 5:20 | Putperestlik | NEW | Pastoral handling, no softening. |
| 50 | in Christ (union) | ἐν Χριστῷ (en Christō) | 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26-28; 5:6 | Mesih’te | TM-consistent | Personal union/incorporation; never mystical absorption. |
| 51 | elemental principles of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου (stoicheia tou kosmou) | 4:3, 9 | Dünyanın temel ilkeleri | NEW | Enslaving pre-Christ religious systems including calendar-observance (4:10); handle pastorally given the surface parallel to Islamic ritual calendar — target is reliance-on-law-systems, not religious observance itself. |
| 52 | truth-claim exclusivity (naskh-adjacent) | see ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | 1:6-9; 2:5, 14 | (see #8, #41) | NEW | Cross-reference entry: both terms above must be read together against the naskh/abrogation frame. |
Tier 3 — Medium Risk
| # | Term | Greek (translit.) | Galatians refs | Turkish rendering | Source | Risk notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 53 | apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | 1:1, 17, 19 | Elçi | TM | Divinely commissioned; guard against resul/peygamber reduction. Preserve 1:1 double negation. |
| 54 | revelation | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | 1:12, 16; 2:2 | Tanrı’nın açıklaması (vahiy only with clarifying teaching) | NEW | Bare vahiy risks implying Paul claims Qur’an-parallel prophethood; default to açıklama. |
| 55 | church | ἐκκλησία (ekklēsia) | 1:2, 13, 22 | Kilise | TM | Never cami-adjacent vocabulary; avoid cemaat given its loaded political connotations. |
| 56 | uncircumcision | ἀκροβυστία (akrobystia) | 2:3, 7-9; 5:6; 6:15 | Sünnetsizlik / sünnetsizler | NEW | Same homonym caution as circumcision (#10); metonymic use for Gentiles. |
| 57 | hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) | 2:13 | İkiyüzlülük | NEW | Table-fellowship withdrawal; do not blunt the confrontation (2:11). |
| 58 | God shows no partiality | πρόσωπον οὐ λαμβάνει (2:6) | 2:6 | Tanrı kimseye ayrıcalık tanımaz | NEW | Divine impartiality; retain unqualified. |
| 59 | servant of sin | ἁμαρτίας διάκονος | 2:17 | Günahın hizmetkârı | NEW | Keep rhetorical-question form intact. |
| 60 | transgressor | παραβάτης (parabatēs) | 2:18 | Suçlu / yasayı çiğneyen | NEW | Covenant/Law transgressor before God, not merely civil offender. |
| 61 | died in vain | δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν | 2:21 | Mesih boş yere öldü | NEW | Full rhetorical force of boş yere. |
| 62 | bewitched | βασκαίνω (baskainō) | 3:1 | Büyülemek | NEW | Rhetorical, not nazar (evil-eye)-affirming. |
| 63 | blessing (of Abraham) | εὐλογία (eulogia) | 3:8-9, 14 | Bereket | NEW | Genuine point of resonance with existing devotional usage (“Allah bereket versin”); keep personal, not impersonal fortune. |
| 64 | mediator | μεσίτης (mesitēs) | 3:19-20 | Aracı | TM-consistent (Aracılık) | Never şefaat; Law mediated, promise given directly by God. |
| 65 | baptized into Christ | βαπτίζω (baptizō) | 3:27 | Vaftiz | TM | Never abdest-adjacent ritual-ablution vocabulary. |
| 66 | heir | κληρονόμος (klēronomos) | 3:29; 4:1, 7 | Mirasçı | NEW | Full inheritance by promise/adoption; never merit-earned. |
| 67 | allegory (Hagar/Sarah) | ἀλληγορούμενα (allēgoroumena) | 4:21-31 | Bunlar bir benzetmedir | NEW | Figure/illustration; must not license a general esoteric-allegory hermeneutic; theologian review given the parallel İsmail/İshak lineage question in Islamic tradition. |
| 68 | offense of the cross | σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ | 5:11 | Çarmıhın sebep olduğu sürtüşme | TM-consistent (çarmıh) | The offense stays offensive. |
| 69 | cross | σταυρός (stauros) | 5:11; 6:12, 14 | Çarmıh | TM | Established term. |
| 70 | sorcery | φαρμακεία (pharmakeia) | 5:20 | Büyücülük | NEW | Names live occult practice (büyü, muska); descriptive, not sensationalized. |
| 71 | kingdom of God | βασιλεία θεοῦ (basileia theou) | 5:21 | Tanrı’nın Egemenliği | TM | Inheritance warning (5:21) not softened. |
| 72 | zeal / zealous | ζηλωτής (zēlōtēs) | 1:14; 4:17-18 | Gayret / gayretli | NEW | Sincere religious energy that cannot itself save. |
| 73 | walk by the Spirit | πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε (5:16) | 5:16, 25 | Ruh’un yönetiminde yaşamak | NEW | Spirit-empowered obedience; never a nefis-discipline technique performed by self-effort. |
| 74 | gentleness / restore | πραΰτης / καταρτίζω (6:1) | 5:23; 6:1 | Yumuşak huyluluk / yola getirmek | NEW | Restorative tone. |
| 75 | Israel of God | ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | 6:16 | Tanrı’nın İsraili | TM (İsrail) | Exegetically contested referent; render literally, log alternatives_considered. |
| 76 | marks of Jesus | στίγματα (stigmata) | 6:17 | İsa’nın izleri | NEW | Persecution scars as ownership-marks; not devotional-tattoo analogy. |
| 77 | make a good showing in the flesh | εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί | 6:12 | Bedensel görünüşte iyi görünmek | NEW | Honor/shame and persecution-avoidance dynamics; native speaker review. |
| 78 | Gentiles / nations | ἔθνη (ethnē) | 1:16; 2:2, 8-9, 12, 14-15; 3:8, 14 | Uluslar | TM | Per baseline usage rule. |
| 79 | bearing one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε | 6:2, 5 | Birbirinizin ağır yüklerini taşıyın / kendi yükü | NEW | Keep βάρος (ağır yük, shared) distinct from φορτίον (kendi yük, one’s own) so vv. 2 and 5 read as complementary, not contradictory. |
Tier 4 — Low Risk
| # | Term | Greek (translit.) | Galatians refs | Turkish rendering | Source | Risk notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | by no means! | μὴ γένοιτο (mē genoito) | 2:17; 6:14 | Asla olmasın! / Hiçbir zaman! | NEW | Full negative force; never a weak hayır. |
| 81 | Jews by birth | φύσει Ἰουδαῖοι | 2:15 | Doğuştan Yahudi | NEW | Low as vocabulary; the anti-birth-status argument is not softened. |
| 82 | Judaism / ancestral traditions | Ἰουδαϊσμός / παραδόσεις | 1:13-14 | Yahudilik / atalarının gelenekleri | NEW | Descriptive, not pejorative. |
| 83 | false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | 2:4 | Sahte kardeşler | NEW | — |
| 84 | right hand of fellowship | δεξιὰς κοινωνίας | 2:9 | Paydaşlığın işareti olarak sağ ellerini uzattılar | TM (Paydaşlık) | Gesture kept literal. |
| 85 | tear down / rebuild | καταλύω / οἰκοδομέω | 2:18 | Yıkmak / yeniden kurmak | NEW | — |
| 86 | walk straight (with the gospel) | ὀρθοποδέω | 2:14 | Dürüst davranmak | NEW | Translate meaning, not the foot-idiom. |
| 87 | guardians and stewards | ἐπίτροποι καὶ οἰκονόμοι | 4:1-2 | Vasiler ve kâhyalar | NEW | — |
| 88 | not grow weary in doing good | μὴ ἐγκακῶμεν | 6:9-10 | İyilik yapmaktan usanmamak | NEW | — |
| 89 | household of faith | οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως | 6:10 | İman ailesi | NEW | Consistent with TM Paydaşlık and fellowship conventions. |
| 90 | boasting | καυχάομαι (kauchaomai) | 6:4, 13-14 | Övünmek | NEW | Only in the cross (6:14); clause governed by #5-#6 rules. |
| 91 | Amen | ἀμήν (amēn) | 1:5; 6:18 | Amin | TM (baseline transliteration standard) | — |
| 92 | peace (greeting/fruit) | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | 1:3; 5:22; 6:16 | Esenlik | TM | TM term enforced including in the fruit list. |
| 93 | mercy (6:16) | ἔλεος (eleos) | 6:16 | Merhamet | NEW | Distinct from Lütuf (grace) per TM convention; shares a root register with rahmet but used here as ordinary mercy vocabulary, not the merit-and-mercy Islamic soteriological frame. |
Proper Names (Kitabı Mukaddes forms — Low risk, mandatory forms)
| Name | Greek | Turkish | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul | Παῦλος | Pavlus | 1:1; 5:2 |
| Peter / Cephas | Πέτρος / Κηφᾶς | Petrus / Kefas | 1:18; 2:7-14 |
| James | Ἰάκωβος | Yakup | 1:19; 2:9, 12 |
| John | Ἰωάννης | Yuhanna | 2:9 |
| Barnabas | Βαρναβᾶς | Barnaba | 2:1, 9, 13 |
| Titus | Τίτος | Titus | 2:1, 3 |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | İbrahim | 3:6-29; 4:22 |
| Hagar | Ἁγάρ | Hacer | 4:24-25 |
| Sarah | Σάρρα | Sara | 4:22-31 (implied) |
| Isaac | Ἰσαάκ | İshak | 4:28 |
| Sinai | Σινᾶ | Sina | 4:24-25 |
| Jerusalem | Ἱερουσαλήμ | Yeruşalim | 1:17-18; 2:1; 4:25-26 |
| Arabia | Ἀραβία | Arabistan | 1:17 |
| Damascus | Δαμασκός | Şam | 1:17 |
| Cilicia | Κιλικία | Kilikya | 1:21 |
| Syria | Συρία | Suriye | 1:21 |
| Galatia | Γαλατία | Galatya | 1:2 |
| Antioch | Ἀντιόχεια | Antakya | 2:11 |
Coverage Statement
This glossary consolidates 93 individually risk-tiered terms plus 17 proper names, drawn from every chapter of Galatians (1-6). Fifteen terms carry Critical risk (up from the Romans baseline’s proportion), reflecting Galatians’ unusually dense concentration of Turkish-specific collision points: the sünnet/Sünnet homonym (unique to this language), the İbrahim/millet-i İbrahim lineage claim, and the Sufi mystical-absorption risk at 2:20, none of which have a direct parallel already addressed in the Romans Language Package.
See 07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter exegetical support.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Doğruluk
Transliteration: doh-roo-LOOK
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: salih amel (righteous deeds), adalet (justice, generic)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never salih amel. Right standing received by faith, not performed duty. Galatians 2:21; 3:6, 21; 5:5.
Justification
Approved rendering: Aklanma
Transliteration: ahk-lahn-MAH
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: günahların affı (forgiveness alone), temize çıkma (colloquial)
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Forensic acquittal, compound phrase mandatory. Never a mizan/sevap-scale reading. Galatians 2:16 (three occurrences, core-passage anchor term), 2:17, 21; 3:8, 11, 24; 5:4.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Kurtuluş
Transliteration: koor-too-LOOSH
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: cennete girmek (entering paradise, as the whole content), necat (Ottoman/Arabic register)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Present, Christ-secured deliverance, not a deferred hope. Underlies Kurtarmak/redemption entries below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Diriliş
Transliteration: dee-ree-LEESH
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: göğe yükseliş (ascension, alone), ruhsal diriliş (spiritual-only revival)
Inherited from Romans package. Real bodily death followed by bodily resurrection, contra Qur’an 4:157. Background to Galatians 1:1 (‘God, who raised him from the dead’).
Lord
Approved rendering: Rab
Transliteration: RAHB
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: efendi (master, non-divine), üstat (teacher/master)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Exclusive, supreme Lordship. Galatians 1:3, 19; 5:10; 6:14, 18.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın Oğlu
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn oh-LOO
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı’nın sevgili kulu (God’s beloved servant), kutsal kişi (holy person)
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: full phrase required, never softened, given Qur’an 112:3. Galatians 2:20; 4:4, 6.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Beden alma
Transliteration: beh-DEN ahl-MAH
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı’nın insan kılığına girmesi (God disguising himself), tecessüm (bare philosophical term, theologically forbidden in Islam)
Original: ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Permanent assumption of human nature, not a temporary appearance. Galatians 4:4.
Father
Approved rendering: Baba
Transliteration: bah-BAH
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: Yaratıcı (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Personal, relational Father; never retreat to Yaratıcı. Galatians 4:6.
God
Approved rendering: Tanrı
Transliteration: tahn-RUH
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: Allah (theologically usable but not this package’s convention)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Consistent Kitabı Mukaddes convention. Occurs throughout Galatians.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Kutsal Ruh
Transliteration: koot-SAHL ROOH
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: Cebrail (the archangel Gabriel)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Personal third Person of the Trinity, never Cebrail. Galatians 3:2-5, 14; 4:6, 29; 5:5, 16-25; 6:8.
Jesus
Approved rendering: İsa
Transliteration: ee-SAH
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘İsa Peygamber’ (Prophet Jesus, without Mesih)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Always paired with Mesih. Occurs throughout Galatians.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesih
Transliteration: meh-SEEH
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sadece bir peygamber (merely a prophet)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full OT-fulfillment content, not a bare honorific. Occurs throughout Galatians.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Sayılan doğruluk
Transliteration: sah-yuh-LAHN doh-roo-LOOK
Doctrine: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: kazanılmış doğruluk (earned righteousness)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Credited, not earned. Galatians 3:6 must match Romans 4:3 verbatim (Genesis 15:6 citation).
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa’nın işleri
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH-nuhn eesh-leh-REE
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: amel/ameller (Islamic religious deeds/acts of worship weighed at Judgment), salih amel
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Deeds prescribed by Mosaic Torah specifically — circumcision, food laws, calendar. NEVER amel; would import the Islamic deeds-and-mercy soteriology. Galatians 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10.
False Gospel
Approved rendering: Başka bir müjde (gerçekte müjde bile değil)
Transliteration: bahsh-KAH beer myooj-DEH
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: bir önceki aşama / eski ama geçerli bir müjde (an earlier-but-valid stage, naskh-adjacent)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
NEW. The ἕτερος/ἄλλος denial must be explicit; guard against the naskh/abrogation frame that would present it as a superseded-but-once-valid predecessor. Galatians 1:6-9.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa’nın laneti
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH-nuhn lah-neh-TEE
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: büyü/nazar-transferable curse framing
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου / ἐπικατάρατος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Judicial curse-sanction (Deut 27:26; 21:23); Christ’s substitutionary curse-bearing must read as legal substitution, never curse-magic absorption. Galatians 3:10, 13.
Atonement Curse Bearing
Approved rendering: Kendini feda etti
Transliteration: ken-dee-NEE feh-DAH et-TEE
Doctrine: Atonement and Christ’s Curse-Bearing
Rejected alternatives: kurban etti (offered as a Kurban-Bayramı-style sacrifice TO God, direction reversed)
Original: παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ / γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα
Category: Salvation
NEW. Substitutionary self-giving; direction of gift runs from God to the sinner, not the reverse. Galatians 1:4; 2:20; 3:13.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: Sünnet
Transliteration: soon-NET
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: no viable alternative word exists; risk is mitigated by mandatory qualification, not substitution
Original: περιτομή
Category: Law and Grace
NEW, full-book Critical term. Sünnet is identically spelled to Sünnet (the Prophet’s normative example) and names a major communal celebration (sünnet düğünü). Qualify as ‘bedensel sünnet’ on first use per lesson or pair with a mandatory translator note. Galatians 2:3-12; 5:2-11; 6:12-15.
Circumcision And New Creation
Approved rendering: Yeni yaratılış
Transliteration: yeh-NEE yah-rah-tuh-LUSH
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: tövbe (repentance/moral course-correction alone), fena/self-annihilation imagery
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. God’s own creative act; must not trivialize the real cost of visible religious-identity change. Galatians 6:15.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: Mesih’le birlikte çarmıha gerilmek
Transliteration: meh-SEEH-leh beer-LEEK-teh char-muh-HAH geh-reel-MEK
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: nefis mücahedesi (Sufi ascetic self-discipline) framing
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Salvation
NEW. Perfect tense’s abiding result must survive; done TO the believer in union with Christ, never a repeatable ascetic exercise. Galatians 2:20; cf. 5:24; 6:14.
Christ Lives In Me
Approved rendering: Mesih bende yaşıyor
Transliteration: meh-SEEH ben-DEH yah-shuh-YOR
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: fena/vahdet-i vücud absorption framing (cf. Hallâc-ı Mansûr’s ‘Ene’l-Hak’)
Original: ζῇ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός
Category: Salvation
NEW. Maximal Sufi-mystical-absorption hazard. Christ personal and distinct; believer remains a real ‘ben’ (I). Galatians 2:20. Translator note mandatory.
Freedom In Christ
Approved rendering: Özgürlük
Transliteration: urz-goor-LOOK
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: kulluktan kurtulmak (freedom FROM being God’s servant, wrong valence), din ve vicdan özgürlüğü alone (flattened to a secular civil-rights category)
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Salvation
NEW. Highest-stakes term in the curriculum. Must not read as rejecting devout submission (kulluk) to God, nor be presented as casual endorsement of leaving Islam without pastoral/safety framing. Paired with hizmet (5:13), not kul. Galatians 2:4; 4:26, 31; 5:1, 13.
Abrahamic Covenant And Promise
Approved rendering: Vaat
Transliteration: vah-AHT
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: sevap-earned reward framing
Original: ἐπαγγελία / σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. God’s unilateral covenant pledge, preceding and independent of law-performance (3:17). Galatians 3:14-29; 4:23, 28.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: İbrahim’in soyu
Transliteration: ee-brah-HEEM-in soy-OO
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: a rendering that collapses the singular/plural argument of 3:16
NEW. Directly engages millet-i İbrahim. Singular/plural argument of 3:16 (soy, not soylar) must survive translation. Galatians 3:7, 9, 16, 19, 29.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Müjde
Transliteration: MYUZH-deh
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: İncil (bare, unqualified), iyi haber (generic)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Established Turkish Bible term. Avoid bare İncil, which primarily names the book Muslims regard as historically corrupted (tahrif). Occurs throughout Galatians 1-4.
Grace
Approved rendering: Lütuf
Transliteration: lyoo-TOOF
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: rahmet, keramet, bağış
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Unmerited favor apart from amel (Islamic religious deeds). Rahmet is compatible with a merit-and-mercy soteriology and must never be used in a grace/works contrast. Every grace/works contrast in Galatians (2:21; 3:1-14; 5:4) is a mandatory theologian-review trigger.
Faith
Approved rendering: İman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: inanç (generic belief)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in Christ specifically; object of faith always explicit (e.g. İsa Mesih’e iman, Galatians 2:16). Never bare six-pillars assent.
Called
Approved rendering: Çağrılmış
Transliteration: chah-ruhl-MUSH
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: davet edilmiş (invited)
Inherited from Romans package. Sovereign divine summons, never kader/kısmet fatalism or self-initiated seeking. Galatians 1:6, 15; 5:8, 13.
Calling
Approved rendering: Çağrı
Transliteration: chah-RUH
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: davet
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form for the act/state of being called. Available if Galatians Phase 2 segments require the noun form.
Law
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: şeriat (Islamic religious law), Tevrat Yasası (bare ‘Torah law’)
Original: νόμος
Category: Law and Grace
Inherited from Romans package (as Kutsal Yasa). NEVER şeriat. Time-bound, purpose-limited Mosaic Law. Highest-frequency reused term in Galatians (2:16-21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5, 21; 5:3-4, 14, 18, 23; 6:2, 13).
Sin
Approved rendering: Günah
Transliteration: goo-NAH
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: hata (mistake/error), kusur (flaw/defect)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Moral transgression before a personal God, not a deed later outweighed on a mizan scale. Galatians 1:4; 2:15, 17; 3:22.
Glory
Approved rendering: Yücelik
Transliteration: yoo-jeh-LEEK
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, Sufi Nur Muhammad association)
Inherited from Romans package. Doxology form, Galatians 1:5.
Adoption
Approved rendering: Evlatlığa alınma
Transliteration: ev-laht-luh-AH ah-luhn-MAH
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: evlat edinme (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Inherited from Romans package. Full legal sonship with inheritance rights. Galatians 3:26; 4:5-7.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Αββα ὁ πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Aramaic transliteration preserved. Galatians 4:6, matching Romans 8:15 verbatim.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: Mesih’in Yasası
Transliteration: meh-SEE-hin yah-sah-SUH
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: Mesih’in şeriatı (Christ’s Sharia)
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. The love-command of 5:14, not a new Torah-code. Galatians 6:2. Gloss on first use.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: Müjdenin gerçeği
Transliteration: myooj-deh-NEEN gher-cheh-EE
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: Hristiyan bakış açısı (the Christian perspective, one among many)
Original: ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel
NEW. Objective, standing truth, not one perspective among many. Galatians 2:5, 14.
Anathema
Approved rendering: Lanetli olsun
Transliteration: lah-net-LEE ohl-SOON
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: beddua (interpersonal ill-wishing, register mismatch)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. God’s fixed judicial verdict; distinguish from folk-curse/counter-ritual categories (nazar, muska). Galatians 1:8-9.
Redemption
Approved rendering: Kurtarmak
Transliteration: koor-tahr-MAHK
Doctrine: Atonement and Christ’s Curse-Bearing
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW (construction; consistent with TM Kurtuluş). Deliverance at a price, an accomplished transaction. Galatians 3:13; 4:5.
Uncircumcision
Approved rendering: Sünnetsizlik
Transliteration: soon-net-siz-LEEK
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW. Same homonym caution as circumcision. Galatians 2:3, 7-9; 5:6; 6:15.
Slavery
Approved rendering: Kölelik
Transliteration: kur-leh-LEEK
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: kul/kulluk (the positive Islamic servant-of-God self-designation)
Original: δουλεία / δοῦλος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Deliberately distinct from kul to preserve the negative bondage sense. Galatians 2:4; 4:1-9, 22-31; 5:1.
Law As Guardian
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa’nın gözetmenliği
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH-nuhn gur-zet-men-lee-EE
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: a permanent-guide reading echoing mürşid or şeriat-as-life-guide
NEW. Temporary custodian until Christ; ‘no longer under’ (3:25) is load-bearing. Galatians 3:24-25.
Known By God
Approved rendering: Tanrı tarafından tanınmak
Transliteration: tahn-RUH tah-rah-fun-DAHN tah-nuhn-MAHK
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: marifetullah/irfan (Sufi gnosis attained through spiritual progression)
Original: γνωσθέντες ὑπὸ θεοῦ
Category: Faith
NEW. Divine relational initiative, not the believer’s own attainment. Galatians 4:9.
Elemental Principles
Approved rendering: Dünyanın temel ilkeleri
Transliteration: dyoo-nyah-NUHN teh-mel eel-keh-leh-REE
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Covenant
NEW. Enslaving pre-Christ religious systems, including calendar-observance (4:10); requires pastoral care given the surface parallel to the Islamic ritual calendar. Galatians 4:3, 9.
Flesh
Approved rendering: Benlik
Transliteration: ben-LEEK
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: beden (physical body, would imply body-negation)
NEW. Self-reliant fallen nature, not the physical body. Parallels but must be kept distinct from Sufi nefis-mücahede vocabulary. Idiomatic ‘all flesh’ (2:16) = hiçbir insan/hiç kimse. Galatians 3:3; 4:23, 29; 5:13-24; 6:8, 12-13.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruh’un meyvesi
Transliteration: roo-HOON mey-veh-SEE
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: sevap (merit-points earned by pious deeds)
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Mandatory inseparable genitive; singular meyve preserved. Galatians 5:22-23.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: Sevgiyle etkin olan iman
Transliteration: sev-GEEY-leh et-KEEN oh-LAHN ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: a rendering making love an independent merit-supplement to faith
Original: πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW. İman must remain the operative subject; love is faith’s mode/fruit. Galatians 5:6.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: Ne ekerse onu biçer
Transliteration: neh eh-KER-seh oh-NOO bee-CHER
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Moral Accountability
Rejected alternatives: a rendering left unglossed against the existing Turkish secular idiom of the same form
Original: ὃ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Familiar Turkish proverb risks a fatalistic kader/kısmet reading; personal God is judge, eternal life reaped from the Spirit. Galatians 6:7-9. Translator note mandatory.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: Sonsuz yaşam
Transliteration: son-SOOZ yah-SHAHM
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Moral Accountability
Rejected alternatives: a deeds-scale (mizan) reward framing
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Gift-harvest from the Spirit. Galatians 6:8.
Unity In Christ
Approved rendering: Hepiniz Mesih İsa’da birsiniz
Transliteration: heh-PEE-neez meh-SEEH ee-SAH-dah beer-SEE-neez
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: a rendering that softens, qualifies, or omits any one of the three pairs
NEW. All three pairs (Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female) retained unqualified. Galatians 3:26-28.
Revelation
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın açıklaması
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn ah-chuk-lah-mah-SUH
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: bare vahiy without clarifying teaching (precise Islamic term for prophetic scripture-revelation)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Church
NEW. Default to açıklama; pair vahiy only with explicit clarifying teaching if used. Galatians 1:12, 16; 2:2.
Died To The Law
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa için Kutsal Yasa’ya öldüm
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH ee-CHEEN koot-SAHL yah-sah-YAH url-DOOM
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: a lawlessness or religion-renunciation reading
NEW. Jurisdiction transfer; purpose clause (‘so that I might live to God’) must stay attached. Galatians 2:19.
Nullify The Grace Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın lütfunu geçersiz saymak
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn loot-foo-NOO gech-er-SEEZ sie-MAHK
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἀθετῶ τὴν χάριν τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Grace/works antithesis; auto-escalation to theologian review. Galatians 2:21; cf. 5:4.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: Putperestlik
Transliteration: poot-peh-rest-LEEK
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
NEW. Handle pastorally but do not soften. Galatians 5:20.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: Elçi
Transliteration: el-CHEE
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: resul / peygamber (prophet-messenger)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Divinely commissioned, not a human-appointed messenger. Preserve the double negation of Galatians 1:1.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Uluslar
Transliteration: oo-loos-LAHR
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafirler (unbelievers/infidels, Islamic religious-legal category)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Ethnically neutral ‘nations.’ Galatians 1:16; 2:2, 8-9, 12, 14-15; 3:8, 14.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Antlaşma
Transliteration: ahnt-lahsh-MAH
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: sözleşme (bare contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Relational-covenant term. Galatians 3:15, 17; 4:24 (two-covenant allegory).
Church
Approved rendering: Kilise
Transliteration: kee-lee-SEH
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: cemaat (loaded contemporary political connotations)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:2, 13, 22.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın Egemenliği
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn eh-geh-men-lee-EE
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı’nın devleti (God’s state/nation)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:21’s inheritance warning must not be softened.
Peace
Approved rendering: Esenlik
Transliteration: eh-sen-LEEK
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: huzur (inner calm), barış (political/interpersonal peace)
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the greeting (1:3), the fruit list (5:22), and the closing blessing (6:16).
Israel
Approved rendering: İsrail
Transliteration: ees-rah-EEL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Used in the ‘Israel of God’ construction, Galatians 6:16; handle with geopolitical pastoral awareness.
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: Bereket
Transliteration: beh-reh-KET
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
NEW. Genuine point of resonance with existing devotional usage; keep personal, not impersonal fortune. Galatians 3:8-9, 14.
Mediator
Approved rendering: Aracı
Transliteration: ah-rah-JUH
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: şefaat (reserved for the Islamic Muhammad-intercession doctrine)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW (consistent with TM Aracılık). Moses as mediator of the Law; the Law’s mediated giving contrasts with the promise’s direct gift. Galatians 3:19-20.
Allegory
Approved rendering: Bunlar bir benzetmedir
Transliteration: ben-zet-meh-DEER
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
NEW. Must not license a general esoteric-allegory hermeneutic; theologian review given the İsmail/İshak lineage question. Galatians 4:21-31.
Impartiality Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı kimseye ayrıcalık tanımaz
Transliteration: tahn-RUH keem-seh-YEH ie-ruh-jah-LUHK tah-nuh-MAHZ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
NEW. Divine impartiality; retain unqualified. Galatians 2:6.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: İkiyüzlülük
Transliteration: ee-kee-yooz-loo-LOOK
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Sin
NEW. Peter’s table-fellowship withdrawal; do not blunt the confrontation of 2:11. Galatians 2:13.
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: Günahın hizmetkârı
Transliteration: goo-nah-HUHN heez-met-kyah-RUH
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
NEW. Keep rhetorical-question form intact. Galatians 2:17.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: Suçlu
Transliteration: sooch-LOO
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
NEW. Covenant/Law transgressor before God, not merely a civil offender. Galatians 2:18.
Died In Vain
Approved rendering: Mesih boş yere öldü
Transliteration: meh-SEEH bohsh yeh-REH url-DOO
Doctrine: Law and Grace
NEW. Keep the full rhetorical force of boş yere. Galatians 2:21.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: Büyülemek
Transliteration: boo-yoo-leh-MEK
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: a rendering affirming literal nazar (evil-eye) causation
NEW. Rhetorical, not nazar-affirming. Galatians 3:1.
Heir
Approved rendering: Mirasçı
Transliteration: mee-rahs-CHUH
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: a merit-earned-inheritance reading
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Full inheritance by promise/adoption, never merit-earned. Galatians 3:29; 4:1, 7.
Baptism
Approved rendering: Vaftiz
Transliteration: vahf-TEEZ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: abdest-adjacent ritual-ablution vocabulary
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW for this curriculum (consistent with general Turkish Bible usage). Galatians 3:27.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: Büyücülük
Transliteration: boo-yoo-joo-LOOK
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
NEW. Names live occult practice (büyü, muska); descriptive, not sensationalized. Galatians 5:20.
Zeal
Approved rendering: Gayret
Transliteration: guy-RET
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Faith
NEW. Sincere religious zeal that cannot itself save. Galatians 1:14; 4:17-18.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruh’un yönetiminde yaşamak
Transliteration: roo-HOON yur-neh-tee-meen-DEH yah-shah-MAHK
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: a nefis-discipline self-effort technique framing
NEW. Spirit-empowered obedience, not a self-effort discipline. Galatians 5:16, 25.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın İsraili
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn ees-rah-ee-LEE
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW (consistent with TM İsrail). Exegetically contested referent; render literally, log alternatives_considered. Galatians 6:16.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: İsa’nın izleri
Transliteration: ee-sah-NUHN eez-leh-REE
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: a devotional-tattoo/religious-marking analogy
NEW. Persecution scars as ownership-marks. Galatians 6:17.
Good Showing In Flesh
Approved rendering: Bedensel görünüşte iyi görünmek
Transliteration: beh-den-SEL gur-roo-noosh-TEH ee-YEE gur-roon-MEK
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW. Honor/shame and persecution-avoidance dynamics; native speaker review. Galatians 6:12.
Bearing One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: Birbirinin yükünü taşımak
Transliteration: beer-bee-ree-NEEN yoo-koo-NOO tah-shuh-MAHK
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε / τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον
Category: Church
NEW. Keep ‘ağır yük’ (6:2, shared burden) distinct from ‘kendi yükü’ (6:5, one’s own load). Galatians 6:1-5, 9-10.
Cross
Approved rendering: Çarmıh
Transliteration: char-MUH
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: sürgü/haç (less standard for this context)
Original: σταυρός
Category: Salvation
NEW for this curriculum (established general Turkish Bible term). Galatians 5:11; 6:12, 14.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Merhamet
Transliteration: mer-hah-MET
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: rahmet used in a grace-contrast context
NEW. Distinct from Lütuf (grace); ordinary mercy vocabulary, not the merit-and-mercy Islamic soteriological frame. Galatians 6:16.
Low Risk Terms
Amen
Approved rendering: Amin
Transliteration: ah-MEEN
Doctrine: Faith
NEW for this curriculum (baseline transliteration standard). Galatians 1:5; 6:18.
By No Means
Approved rendering: Asla olmasın!
Transliteration: ahs-LAH ohl-mah-SUHN
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: a weak ‘hayır’
NEW. Full negative force required. Galatians 2:17; 6:14.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: İman ailesi
Transliteration: ee-MAHN ie-leh-SEE
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
NEW. Consistent with TM Paydaşlık/fellowship conventions. Galatians 6:10.
Boasting
Approved rendering: Övünmek
Transliteration: ur-voon-MEK
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
NEW. Only legitimate in the cross (6:14); clause governed by the crucified_with_christ entry. Galatians 6:4, 13-14.
Referenced passages