Core Glossary
Core Glossary — The Letter of James (Yakup Mektubu)
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by chapter of first/primary occurrence. Terms marked [REUSED] carry an exact, mandatory rendering already fixed in the baseline translation_memory.json and must not be altered. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed additions for this curriculum, pending formal entry into translation_memory.json in a subsequent Phase 1 step with an assigned risk tier matching this table.
| # | Term (English) | Greek (transliteration) | Turkish rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapter(s) | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Faith | πίστις (pistis) | İman | Critical | Faith and Works | 1, 2 (core), 5 | [REUSED] | Object/character of faith must be tracked per occurrence; James’s “dead faith” concept requires the extended crux note (see 07). |
| 2 | Works | ἔργα (erga) | İşler (contextually “iyi işler” when good/charitable deeds are meant) | Critical | Faith and Works | 2 (core) | [NEW] | NEVER amel/ameller. Pair with the Ephesians baseline “good_works” concept where James clearly means charitable/obedient deeds. |
| 3 | Justification / justified | δικαιόω (dikaioō) | Aklanma | Critical | Faith and Works | 2:21, 24, 25 (core) | [REUSED] | James’s use is demonstrative/vindicating (shown-genuine before observers), distinct from Paul’s initial-forensic sense; exact reuse of the term mandatory, extensive doctrinal note mandatory. |
| 4 | Imputed righteousness (credited as righteousness) | ἐλογίσθη…εἰς δικαιοσύνην | Sayılan doğruluk | Critical | Faith and Works / Abrahamic Covenant | 2:23 (core) | [REUSED] | Identical Genesis 15:6 citation to Romans 4:3 / Galatians 3:6; exact reuse is the strongest available cross-curriculum resolution tool for the faith/works crux. |
| 5 | Friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ (philos theou) | Tanrı’nın dostu | High | Faith and Works / Abrahamic Covenant | 2:23 (core) | [NEW] | Resonance point with the Islamic Halilullah/İbrahim honorific; requires theologian framing distinguishing the referent content, not the honor itself. |
| 6 | Save (rhetorical, professed faith) | σῷσαι / σώζω (sōzō) | Kurtarmak / Kurtuluş | Critical | Faith and Works | 2:14 (core) | [REUSED] | Rhetorical question; must not be read as “works save.” |
| 7 | Dead (of faith) | νεκρά (nekra) | Ölü | Critical | Faith and Works | 2:17, 20, 26 (core) | [NEW] | Consistent rendering required across all three occurrences. |
| 8 | Perfected / completed (of faith by works) | ἐτελειώθη (eteleiōthē) | (İman) olgunluğa eriştirildi / tamama erdi | Critical | Faith and Works | 2:22 (core) | [NEW] | Avoid a bare “tamamlandı” that suggests works complete an otherwise-insufficient faith from outside; sense is organic maturation. |
| 9 | Rahab the prostitute | Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη | Rahav, fahişe | Medium | Faith and Works | 2:25 (core) | [NEW] | Render plainly; pair with honor/shame sensitivity note per the Galatians baseline’s discipline. |
| 10 | Spirit/breath (of the body) | πνεῦμα (pneuma) | Can / nefes (hayat nefesi) | High | Faith and Works | 2:26 (core) | [NEW] | MUST NOT be rendered Kutsal Ruh/Ruh; physiological breath-of-life sense only, distinct from the Trinitarian Person. |
| 11 | Servant/slave of God (positive self-designation) | δοῦλος θεοῦ (doulos theou) | Tanrı’nın kulu / Tanrı’nın kölesi (open question) | High | (introductory) | 1:1 | [NEW — flagged, unresolved] | Tension with the established “never kul” rule; requires explicit theologian ruling. |
| 12 | Trial / testing | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | Sınav / deneme (trial sense) | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:2, 12 | [NEW] | Same Greek word also means “temptation” (1:13-14); the two senses must be rendered distinctly. |
| 13 | Temptation | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | Günaha çekilme / ayartma (temptation sense) | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:13-14 | [NEW] | See above; God is never the source (1:13). |
| 14 | Testing/proving (of genuineness) | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | Sınanma | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:3 | [NEW] | Refining-metal image. |
| 15 | Endurance / steadfastness | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | Dayanıklılık | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:3-4, 12; 5:11 | [NEW] | Kept lexically distinct from ch.5’s μακροθυμία (“sabır”). |
| 16 | Perfect / complete / mature | τέλειος (teleios) | Yetkin / olgun | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith / Wisdom | 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2 | [NEW] | Not sinless perfection; process-completed maturity. |
| 17 | Wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | Bilgelik | Medium | Wisdom from Above | 1:5; 3:13-17 | [NEW] | Full doctrine developed ch.3; genuine resonance with Islamic hikmet tradition, handled without conflation. |
| 18 | Double-minded | δίψυχος (dipsychos) | İki yüreklilik / kararsızlık | Medium | Wisdom from Above | 1:8; 4:8 | [NEW] | Inward instability, distinct from outward hypocrisy. |
| 19 | Blessed | μακάριος (makarios) | Ne mutlu | Critical | (Beatitude formula) | 1:12 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse from Matthew baseline. |
| 20 | Crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς (stephanos tēs zōēs) | Yaşam tacı | High | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:12 | [NEW] | Gift-outcome of Spirit-sustained endurance, not an independently earned wage; consistent with Galatians “eternal_life”/“sowing_and_reaping.” |
| 21 | Desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | Tutku / kötü istek | Medium | Trials and the Testing of Faith | 1:14-15; 4:2 | [NEW] | Root of the sin-genealogy metaphor. |
| 22 | Sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | Günah | High | (universal, cross-book) | 1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16, 20 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse from Romans baseline throughout. |
| 23 | Father of lights | πατὴρ τῶν φώτων (patēr tōn phōtōn) | Işıkların Babası | High | (God’s constancy; linked to Fatherhood doctrine) | 1:17 | [NEW] | Same doctrinal care as any Baba-language occurrence (Romans baseline Critical Father doctrine). |
| 24 | Word of truth | λόγος ἀληθείας (logos alētheias) | Gerçeğin sözü | Medium | (Gospel/new birth) | 1:18 | [NEW] | |
| 25 | Firstfruits | ἀπαρχή (aparchē) | Turfanda / ilk meyve | Medium | (new creation) | 1:18 | [NEW] | |
| 26 | Implanted word | ἔμφυτος λόγος (emphytos logos) | İçe ekilmiş söz | Medium | (Gospel reception) | 1:21 | [NEW] | |
| 27 | Perfect law of liberty | νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας | Özgürlüğün yetkin yasası | Critical | Worldliness versus Friendship with God / (Law and Grace, cross-ref) | 1:25; 2:12 | [NEW] | Must be harmonized with Galatians baseline “law_of_christ” (Mesih’in Yasası) and “freedom_in_christ” (Özgürlük); never şeriat, never Kutsal Yasa (not the Mosaic Law). |
| 28 | Religion (pure/true) | θρησκεία (thrēskeia) | Dindarlık / ibadet hayatı | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | 1:26-27 | [NEW] | Active, practical sense (orphans/widows), not abstract ritualism. |
| 29 | Orphan / widow | ὀρφανός / χήρα | Öksüz/yetim / dul | Low | Favoritism and the Poor | 1:27 | [NEW] | |
| 30 | World (negative, moral sense) | κόσμος (kosmos) | Dünya | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 1:27; 4:4 | [NEW] | Track per-occurrence whether neutral (created order) or negative (opposed-to-God system) sense is active. |
| 31 | Favoritism / partiality | προσωπολημψία (prosōpolēmpsia) | Ayrımcılık / kayırmacılık | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:1, 9 | [NEW] | Cross-reference baseline “impartiality_of_god” (Galatians 2:6). |
| 32 | Glory (of the Lord Jesus Christ) | δόξα (doxa) | Yücelik | Critical | Lordship/Deity of Christ | 2:1 | [REUSED] | Mandatory theologian review, standing Lordship escalation rule applies. |
| 33 | Synagogue/assembly | συναγωγή (synagōgē) | Toplantı / topluluk | Medium | (Church, early terminology) | 2:2 | [NEW] | Distinct from Kilise; reflects early Jewish-Christian setting. |
| 34 | Royal law | νόμος βασιλικός (nomos basilikos) | Kral yasası / en üstün yasa | Critical | Favoritism and the Poor / Law and Grace | 2:8 | [NEW] | Citation of Leviticus 19:18 — must match Romans 13:9 / Galatians 5:14 renderings exactly. |
| 35 | Transgressor | παραβάτης (parabatēs) | Suçlu | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:9, 11 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse from Galatians baseline (2:18). |
| 36 | Law of liberty | νόμος ἐλευθερίας (nomos eleutherias) | Özgürlüğün yasası | Critical | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 2:12 | [NEW] | Same term as #27; consistency required. |
| 37 | Mercy / merciless judgment | ἔλεος / κρίσις ἀνέλεος | Merhamet / merhametsiz yargı | High | Favoritism and the Poor | 2:13 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse of Merhamet from Romans/Galatians baseline. |
| 38 | Tongue | γλῶσσα (glōssa) | Dil | High | Taming the Tongue | 3:1-12 | [NEW] | Core doctrine term; extensive vivid imagery requires consistent idiom. |
| 39 | Bridle / bit | χαλινός (chalinos) | Gem | Low | Taming the Tongue | 3:2-3 | [NEW] | |
| 40 | Rudder | πηδάλιον (pēdalion) | Dümen | Low | Taming the Tongue | 3:4 | [NEW] | |
| 41 | Gehenna / hell | γέεννα (geenna) | Gehenna (cehennem ateşi, glossed) | High | Taming the Tongue | 3:6 | [NEW] | Transliterate + gloss; avoid silent default to Islamic cehennem’s distinct doctrinal system. |
| 42 | Deadly poison | ἰὸς θανατηφόρος | Öldürücü zehir | Low | Taming the Tongue | 3:8 | [NEW] | |
| 43 | Wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν (sophia anōthen) | Yukarıdan gelen bilgelik | High | Wisdom from Above | 3:15, 17 | [NEW] | Core doctrine term; keep structurally parallel to the false-wisdom triad for contrast. |
| 44 | Earthly / soulish / demonic (false wisdom) | ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης | Dünyasal / insani (Ruhsuz) / cinlerden gelen | High | Wisdom from Above | 3:15 | [NEW] | ψυχική needs a clarifying gloss (not modern “psychological”); δαιμονιώδης shares cin/şeytan resonance caution. |
| 45 | Bitter jealousy / selfish ambition | ζῆλος (πικρόν) / ἐριθεία | Kıskançlık / bencil tutku, çıkar kavgası | Medium | Wisdom from Above | 3:14, 16 | [NEW] | |
| 46 | Disorder | ἀκαταστασία (akatastasia) | Kargaşa / düzensizlik | Low | Wisdom from Above | 3:16 | [NEW] | |
| 47 | Fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | Doğruluğun meyvesi | High | Wisdom from Above | 3:18 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse of Doğruluk. |
| 48 | Friendship with the world / enmity with God | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ | Dünyayla dostluk / Tanrı’ya düşmanlık | Critical | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:4 | [NEW] | Central doctrine statement; pair explicitly with 2:23’s φίλος θεοῦ by contrast. |
| 49 | Grace | χάρις (charis) | Lütuf | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:6 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse from Romans/Galatians baseline. |
| 50 | Submit to God | ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ | Tanrı’ya boyun eğin / teslim olun | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:7 | [NEW] | Distinct doctrine and rendering from the Ephesians/Colossians household-code “submission” term; do not conflate. |
| 51 | Devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | Şeytan | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:7 | [NEW] | Standard shared vocabulary; same cin/şeytan resonance-without-conflation discipline as Ephesians armor_of_god. |
| 52 | Draw near to God | ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ | Tanrı’ya yaklaşın | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:8 | [NEW] | |
| 53 | Humble yourselves / he will exalt | ταπεινώθητε / ὑψώσει | Alçalın / yükseltecektir | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | 4:10 | [NEW] | Reversal-pattern link to Luke baseline’s economic-reversal doctrine. |
| 54 | Vapor / mist | ἀτμίς (atmis) | Buhar / sis | Low | (life’s brevity) | 4:14 | [NEW] | |
| 55 | If the Lord wills | ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ | Rab dilerse | High | Providence (cross-ref Romans baseline) | 4:15 | [NEW] | Genuine positive resonance with Turkish “inşallah”; ground explicitly in personal Providence (Tanrı’nın yönetimi), not kader. |
| 56 | Riches | πλοῦτος (ploutos) | Zenginlik | Low | Favoritism and the Poor | 5:1-3 | [NEW] | |
| 57 | Wages of laborers | μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν | İşçilerin ücreti | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | 5:4 | [NEW] | |
| 58 | Lord of Hosts / Sabaoth | κύριος σαβαώθ (kyrios sabaōth) | Rab Sabaot / Her Şeye Gücü Yeten Rab | High | (Divine title) | 5:4 | [NEW] | Rare transliterated Hebrew divine title; theologian review recommended for final form. |
| 59 | Be patient / patience (with people) | μακροθυμήσατε / μακροθυμία | Sabredin / sabır | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7-8, 10 | [NEW] | Kept lexically distinct from ch.1’s ὑπομονή (“dayanıklılık”). |
| 60 | Coming of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου | Rab’bin gelişi | Critical | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7-8 | [NEW] | Full eschatological, personal-return sense; mandatory theologian review. |
| 61 | Farmer / early and late rain | γεωργός / πρόϊμος καὶ ὄψιμος [ὑετός] | Çiftçi / ilk ve son yağmurlar | Low | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:7 | [NEW] | |
| 62 | Prophets | προφήτης (prophētēs) | Peygamber | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:10 | [REUSED] | Exact reuse; standing baseline caution about the shared Islamic prophetic category applies. |
| 63 | Endurance of Job | ὑπομονὴν Ἰώβ | Eyüp’ün dayanıklılığı | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:11 | [NEW] | Reuses ch.1’s ὑπομονή rendering, not ch.5’s μακροθυμία. |
| 64 | Very compassionate and merciful | πολύσπλαγχνος καὶ οἰκτίρμων | Çok şefkatli ve merhametli | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | 5:11 | [NEW] | Second element reuses Merhamet. |
| 65 | Do not swear; yes/no | ὄμνυμι / ναὶ ναὶ, οὒ οὔ | Ant içmeyin / “Evet”iniz evet, “hayır”ınız hayır olsun | Medium | (Truthful speech, cross-ref Matthew) | 5:12 | [NEW] | Cross-reference Matthew 5:33-37 antitheses_formula material. |
| 66 | Elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | Kilise ihtiyarları/önderleri | Medium | Prayer and Healing | 5:14 | [NEW] | ἐκκλησία reuses Kilise exactly. |
| 67 | Anointing with oil | ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ | Yağla meshederek | High | Prayer and Healing | 5:14 | [NEW] | Requires explicit distancing from folk-healing/occult practice; cf. Galatians “sorcery”/büyücülük caution. |
| 68 | Prayer of faith will heal (physical) | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει | İman duası…iyileştirecektir | Critical | Prayer and Healing | 5:15 | [NEW] | σῴζω in healing sense; must be disambiguated from soteriological σῴζω (cf. #71, 5:20). |
| 69 | Will be forgiven | ἀφεθήσεται (ἀφίημι) | Bağışlanacaktır | Medium | Prayer and Healing / Confession and Restoration | 5:15 | [NEW] | Avoid implying all sickness is direct punishment for personal sin. |
| 70 | Confess your sins to one another | ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας | Birbirinize günahlarınızı itiraf edin | Critical | Confession and Restoration | 5:16 | [NEW] | Mutual, non-clerical practice; no exact Catholic-sacramental or Sunni-tawba parallel — requires explicit cultural framing. |
| 71 | Save a soul from death (soteriological) | σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου | Ruhu ölümden kurtaracaktır | Critical | Confession and Restoration | 5:20 | [NEW] | σῴζω in full soteriological sense; contrast explicitly with #68’s healing-sense σῴζω in the same chapter. |
| 72 | Cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | Çok sayıda günahı örtecektir | Medium | Confession and Restoration | 5:20 | [NEW] |
Notes on Glossary Governance
- [REUSED] terms (14 of 72) are governed entirely by the existing
translation_memory.json; no new risk assessment is required, only cross-reference verification that James’s context does not silently alter the established sense (e.g., δικαιόω/Aklanma requires an added doctrinal note for James’s demonstrative usage, even though the lexical rendering itself is unchanged). - [NEW] terms (58 of 72) require formal entry into
translation_memory.jsonin the next Phase 1 step, each carrying the risk tier assigned in this table. - Terms flagged High or Critical in this glossary that also appear in
07_semantic_analysis.md’s “Summary of Cross-Cutting Doctrinal-Risk Notes” require mandatory human theologian review per the standing escalation rules in12_ai_translation_requirements.md; this will be formalized in the forthcoming James-specific additions to that document. - The single highest-priority open governance question flagged by this glossary is term #11 (δοῦλος as positive self-designation, James 1:1), which surfaces a genuine tension in the existing Language Package rule set not previously encountered in Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, or Colossians, and should be resolved by explicit theologian ruling before Phase 2 translation of James 1:1 proceeds.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Doğruluk
Transliteration: doh-roo-LOOK
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: salih amel
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies James’s ‘fruit of righteousness’ (3:18) and the Genesis 15:6 citation (2:23); never a deeds-ledger outcome.
Justification
Approved rendering: Aklanma
Transliteration: ahk-lahn-MAH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: günahların affı, temize çıkma
Original: δικαιόω / ἐδικαιώθη / δικαιοῦται
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package EXACTLY, lexically unchanged. James 2:21, 24, 25 reuse this identical word in its demonstrative/vindicating sense (faith shown genuine before observers), distinct from Paul’s initial-forensic sense (declared righteous before God, apart from works). See justification_demonstrative_sense below for the mandatory accompanying doctrinal note. Do not create a second Turkish word for James’s usage.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Kurtuluş
Transliteration: koor-too-LOOSH
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: cennete girmek, necat
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies save_soul_from_death (James 5:20) and must be kept lexically distinct from prayer_of_faith_healing’s physical-healing sense (James 5:15) within the same chapter.
Lord
Approved rendering: Rab
Transliteration: RAHB
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: efendi, üstat
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies glory_of_christ (James 2:1), coming_of_the_lord (5:7-8), and James 1:1’s greeting; standing Critical escalation rule applies without exception, regardless of the brevity of the reference.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın Oğlu
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn oh-LOO
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı’nın sevgili kulu, kutsal kişi
Inherited from Romans package. James does not use this exact phrase, but the full-title ‘Lord Jesus Christ’ references (1:1; 2:1) assume the same Christology; kept available for teaching cross-reference.
Father
Approved rendering: Baba
Transliteration: bah-BAH
Doctrine: Divine Constancy and Fatherhood
Rejected alternatives: Yaratıcı
Inherited from Romans package. James 1:17’s ‘Father of lights’ (father_of_lights, new entry below) is a poetic title for this same Tanrı; never a separate or lesser divine figure. Same Critical tawhid sensitivity applies.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Kutsal Ruh
Transliteration: koot-SAHL ROOH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Cebrail
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL CROSS-REFERENCE: James 2:26’s πνεῦμα (‘spirit/breath’ of a dead body) is NOT this term — see spirit_breath_of_body below. Kutsal Ruh/Ruh must never be used to render James 2:26’s ordinary physiological breath-of-life sense.
Jesus
Approved rendering: İsa
Transliteration: ee-SAH
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘İsa Peygamber’
Inherited from Romans package. James 1:1 and 2:1 pair İsa with Mesih and Rab; never used bare in these doctrinally significant references.
God
Approved rendering: Tanrı
Transliteration: tahn-RUH
Doctrine: Divine Constancy and Fatherhood
Rejected alternatives: Allah (theologically usable but not the settled convention)
Inherited from Romans package.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesih
Transliteration: meh-SEEH
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sadece bir peygamber
Inherited from Romans package. Used in James’s two full-title references to ‘the Lord Jesus Christ’ (1:1; 2:1).
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa’nın işleri
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH-nuhn eesh-leh-REE
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: amel, ameller, salih amel
Inherited from Galatians package. Kept for cross-reference: James’s ἔργα (‘works,’ see new entry below) is a DIFFERENT, broader category (any obedient/charitable deed a living faith produces) than this specific Torah-observance term, but both share the same forbidden-substitution discipline: NEVER amel/ameller.
Freedom In Christ
Approved rendering: Özgürlük
Transliteration: urz-goor-LOOK
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: kulluktan kurtulmak, din ve vicdan özgürlüğü alone
Inherited from Galatians package. Required cross-reference for James’s ‘law of liberty’ (νόμος ἐλευθερίας, 1:25; 2:12) — the same love-fulfilled, non-Torah-code freedom already defined in Galatians.
Good Works
Approved rendering: iyi işler
Transliteration: ee-YEE eesh-LEHR
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: salih amel
Inherited from Ephesians package. Required pairing partner for James’s ‘works’ (ἔργα, new entry below) wherever James clearly means charitable/obedient deeds, so İşler reads as this doctrine’s established ‘fruit, not ground, of salvation’ category rather than an independent amel-mizan ledger item.
Not Of Works
Approved rendering: iyi işlerin sonucu değildir
Transliteration: ee-YEE eesh-leh-REEN soh-noo-JOO deh-eel-DEER
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: salih amel değildir
Inherited from Ephesians package (2:9). Required interpretive key, together with good_works, for reconciling James 2:24 (‘justified by works, not by faith alone’) with this established ground/fruit pairing rather than letting it appear to contradict Ephesians 2:8-10.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Sayılan doğruluk
Transliteration: sah-yuh-LAHN doh-roo-LOOK
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: kazanılmış doğruluk
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package EXACTLY. James 2:23 quotes the IDENTICAL Genesis 15:6 text already cited at Romans 4:3 and Galatians 3:6. This shared citation is the single strongest cross-curriculum resolution tool for the James/Paul faith-and-works crux: both writers ground Abraham’s righteousness in this earlier act of trust, spoken years before Genesis 22’s altar test. Foreground this in teaching material; never relegate to a footnote.
Blessed
Approved rendering: Ne mutlu
Transliteration: neh moot-LOO
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: μακάριος
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Matthew package EXACTLY. James 1:12 (‘blessed is the one who endures trial’) reuses this established Beatitudes rendering; mandatory exact consistency.
Works
Approved rendering: İşler / iyi işler
Transliteration: eesh-LEHR / ee-YEE eesh-LEHR
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: amel, ameller
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:14-26 (throughout). Concrete deeds a living faith inevitably produces — evidence and completion, not the ground, of justification. NEVER amel/ameller (the Sunni deeds-and-mizan category weighed at Judgment). Pair contextually with the Ephesians baseline good_works term wherever charitable/obedient deeds are meant.
Justification Demonstrative Sense
Approved rendering: Aklanma (kanıtlanan/gösterilen anlamda)
Transliteration: ahk-lahn-MAH (kah-nuht-lah-NAHN ahn-lahm-DAH)
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: a second, distinct Turkish word for James’s sense (rejected — would sever the cross-curriculum Genesis 15:6 bridge)
NEW, mandatory companion note to the inherited justification entry. James 2:21, 24, 25 use Aklanma in its DEMONSTRATIVE/VINDICATING sense: a genuine, already-present faith SHOWN and vindicated as real before observers, by the fruit it inevitably produces — not the INITIAL FORENSIC sense (declared righteous before God, apart from works) that the same Turkish word carries in Romans 3-4/Galatians 2-3. Every occurrence in James 2 requires this two-sentence doctrinal gloss attached in accompanying teaching material, not silently folded into the translated text. This is the single highest-stakes translation decision in the James curriculum.
Save Rhetorical
Approved rendering: Kurtarmak
Transliteration: koor-tahr-MAHK
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: a positive-statement rendering implying works save
Original: σῷσαι (aor. inf. of σώζω)
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:14: ‘Can such a faith save him?’ — a rhetorical question challenging the authenticity of a merely professed faith, never a positive claim that ‘faith plus works together save.’ ‘Böyle bir iman’ (such/of this kind of faith) must not be dropped; it carries the qualifying doctrinal weight.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: Ölü
Transliteration: ur-LOO
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: eksik (deficient/incomplete)
Original: νεκρά
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:17, 20, 26 (identical rendering required at all three occurrences). A professed faith with no accompanying works is not a lesser faith but no living faith at all. NEVER soften to ‘eksik,’ which would wrongly imply works are an optional supplement rather than necessary evidence of life.
Faith Perfected
Approved rendering: İman işleriyle birlikte etkindi ve olgunluğa eriştirildi
Transliteration: ee-MAHN eesh-leh-ree-YLEH beer-LEEK-teh et-keen-DEE veh ohl-goon-loo-AH eh-reesh-tee-reel-DEE
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: iman işlerle tamamlandı (bare ‘completed,’ inviting a faith+works=finished-product misreading)
Original: συνήργει…ἐτελειώθη
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22 (συνήργει…ἐτελειώθη). Works are the organic maturation of an already-present faith, not an external addition. Avoid a bare ‘tamamlandı’ that could suggest a two-part sufficiency calculation resembling amel-mizan accounting.
Perfect Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: Özgürlüğün yetkin yasası
Transliteration: urz-goor-loo-YOON yeht-keen yah-sah-SUH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Kutsal Yasa (reserved for the Mosaic Law), şeriat
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God / Law and Grace
NEW. James 1:25 (νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας). NEVER rendered with Kutsal Yasa or şeriat — this is a DIFFERENT, grace-characterized law. MUST be harmonized explicitly with the Galatians baseline’s law_of_christ (Mesih’in Yasası) and freedom_in_christ (Özgürlük) doctrines so Turkish readers do not encounter this as a brand-new, unrelated legal system.
Glory Of Christ
Approved rendering: Yücelik
Transliteration: yoo-jeh-LEEK
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: a lesser honorific
Original: δόξα…τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW cross-reference entry. James 2:1, ‘the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ’ (τῆς δόξης τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ). Reuses Yücelik (glory) and Rab (Lord) EXACTLY. Standing Critical escalation rule for any Lordship/deity-of-Christ reference applies without exception.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: Kral yasası / en üstün yasa (Komşunu kendin gibi sev)
Transliteration: krahl yah-sah-SUH / ehn yoos-TYOON yah-SAH
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: any Leviticus 19:18 wording that diverges from the Romans 13:9 / Galatians 5:14 citations
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor / Law and Grace
NEW. James 2:8 (νόμος βασιλικός), citing Leviticus 19:18. The underlying love-command quotation (‘Komşunu kendin gibi sev’) MUST match the existing Romans 13:9 and Galatians 5:14 renderings EXACTLY for cross-curriculum citation consistency; only the qualifying phrase (‘kral yasası’) is newly coined for James.
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: Özgürlüğün yasası
Transliteration: urz-goor-loo-YOON yah-sah-SUH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Kutsal Yasa, şeriat
Original: νόμος ἐλευθερίας
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 2:12, repeating 1:25’s term (νόμος ἐλευθερίας) to bookend the chapter’s ethical argument. Same term and consistency requirement as perfect_law_of_liberty; never şeriat, never Kutsal Yasa.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: Dünyayla dostluk / Tanrı’ya düşmanlık
Transliteration: dyoon-yah-YLAH dohst-LOOK / tahn-RUH-yah dyoosh-mahn-LUHK
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: a rendering that softens the mutual-exclusivity claim into a mere lifestyle preference
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ). The book’s central doctrine statement: friendship with the world and friendship with God are mutually exclusive, covenant-relational categories. Deliberately echoes and contrasts with 2:23’s friend_of_god (φίλος θεοῦ) — pair the two entries explicitly in teaching material so the book’s structural argument survives translation.
Coming Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Rab’bin gelişi
Transliteration: rahb-BEEN geh-lee-SHEE
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: a vague ‘presence’ or influence rendering
Original: παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8 (παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου). Technical eschatological term for Christ’s PERSONAL, BODILY return; must retain full sense, consistent with the Critical Lordship-of-Christ and Resurrection doctrines. Note: the Islamic belief in Isa’s future eschatological role is a genuine, widely-known point of surface resonance requiring theologian framing that affirms full Lordship/deity content, since the Islamic narrative gives Isa a subordinate, non-divine role.
Prayer Of Faith Healing
Approved rendering: İman duası…iyileştirecektir
Transliteration: ee-MAHN doo-ah-SUH ee-yee-lesh-tee-reh-jek-TEER
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: kurtaracaktır (would import the Critical Kurtuluş/salvation doctrine into a healing-prayer context)
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15 (εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα). σῴζω here functions in its PHYSICAL-HEALING sense, not its soteriological sense. MUST use ‘iyileştirecektir’ (will heal/restore), NEVER a bare ‘kurtaracaktır,’ which belongs to save_soul_from_death (5:20) within the same chapter. Disambiguation is mandatory, with zero exceptions.
Confess Sins To One Another
Approved rendering: Birbirinize günahlarınızı itiraf edin
Transliteration: beer-bee-ree-nee-ZEH goo-nah-lah-ruh-nuh-ZUH ee-tee-RAHF eh-DEEN
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: günah çıkarma (the standard Turkish phrase for Catholic sacramental confession, wrongly implying a clerical/mediating structure)
Original: ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:16 (ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας). A distinctively MUTUAL, non-clerical practice with NO exact parallel in either the mediated, priest-administered Catholic sacrament or the direct-to-God-alone Sunni tawba/istighfar (no human confessor). Requires explicit cultural framing rather than assumed self-evidence; mandatory theologian/native-speaker review to calibrate the teaching note.
Save Soul From Death
Approved rendering: Ruhu ölümden kurtaracaktır
Transliteration: roo-HOO ur-lyoom-DEHN koor-tah-rah-jahk-TUHR
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: iyileştirecektir (belongs to prayer_of_faith_healing, 5:15, a different sense of σῴζω)
Original: σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20 (σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου). σῴζω here functions in its FULL SOTERIOLOGICAL sense — closes the letter on the same soteriological note that opened the core passage’s rhetorical question (2:14). Reuses Kurtuluş-family verb vocabulary; must be explicitly contrasted in teaching material with 5:15’s healing-sense σῴζω within the same chapter.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: İman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: inanç (generic belief)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans package. In James, the object of faith (God/Christ) must remain explicit in surrounding teaching so İman is not heard as generic assent to the six pillars, detached from the specific ‘faith that saves’ James interrogates in 2:14-26.
Grace
Approved rendering: Lütuf
Transliteration: lyoo-TOOF
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: rahmet, keramet
Original: χάρις
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Inherited from Romans package. James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34 (‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble’); reuse exactly.
Sin
Approved rendering: Günah
Transliteration: goo-NAH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: hata, kusur
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Tracked through James’s sin-genealogy (1:15), the royal-law violation (2:9), 4:17’s sin of omission, and the confession material (5:15-16, 20). Islamic fitrah theology (born sinless) needs the same explicit teaching support James inherits from the Romans package.
Glory
Approved rendering: Yücelik
Transliteration: yoo-jeh-LEEK
Doctrine: Lordship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies glory_of_christ (James 2:1, ‘our glorious Lord Jesus Christ’).
Law
Approved rendering: Kutsal Yasa
Transliteration: koot-SAHL yah-SAH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: şeriat, Tevrat Yasası
Inherited from Romans package. Refers to the Mosaic Law. James’s ‘perfect law of liberty’ (1:25; 2:12) is a DIFFERENT category and must never be rendered with this term — see perfect_law_of_liberty and law_of_liberty below.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: Mesih’in Yasası
Transliteration: meh-SEE-hin yah-sah-SUH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Mesih’in şeriatı
Inherited from Galatians package. Required cross-reference for harmonizing James’s ‘perfect law of liberty’ (1:25; 2:12) so it is not read as an unrelated, brand-new legal system.
Slavery
Approved rendering: Kölelik
Transliteration: kur-leh-LEEK
Doctrine: Servant of God Identity
Rejected alternatives: kul/kulluk
Inherited from Galatians package. Central to the James 1:1 open governance question (see servant_of_god_positive below): this rule was built to keep NEGATIVE bondage-to-sin/law contexts distinct from the positive Turkish-Islamic self-designation kul, but James 1:1 uses δοῦλος in exactly the positive sense this rule excludes.
Prophet
Approved rendering: Peygamber
Transliteration: pay-gahm-BEHR
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: kahin
Inherited from Romans package EXACTLY. James 5:10 cites the OT prophets as models of patient suffering; standing baseline caution (Peygamber is also the Islamic category for Jesus himself) applies — ensure teaching material distinguishes their pointing-role.
Providence
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın yönetimi
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn yur-neh-tee-MEE
Doctrine: Providence and Human Plans
Rejected alternatives: kader, alın yazısı
Inherited from Romans package. MANDATORY anchor for if_the_lord_wills (James 4:15): the personal, relational Providence doctrine, never impersonal kader/kısmet fatalism, even though 4:15’s formula closely resembles the popular Turkish ‘inşallah.‘
Intercession
Approved rendering: Aracılık
Transliteration: ah-rah-juh-LUHK
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: şefaat
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies James 5:16’s mutual intercessory prayer (‘pray for one another… the prayer of a righteous person is powerful’) and 5:17-18’s Elijah illustration; never şefaat.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: Sonsuz yaşam
Transliteration: son-SOOZ yah-SHAHM
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a deeds-scale (mizan) reward framing
Inherited from Galatians package. Required anti-merit anchor for crown_of_life (James 1:12): a Spirit-sustained gift-outcome, never an independently earned wage.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: Ne ekerse onu biçer
Transliteration: neh eh-KER-seh oh-NOO bee-CHER
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a rendering left unglossed against the existing Turkish secular idiom
Inherited from Galatians package. Same anti-merit, anti-kader gift-harvest discipline required for crown_of_life and for James 4:17’s sin-of-omission logic.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruh’un meyvesi
Transliteration: roo-HOON mey-veh-SEE
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: sevap
Inherited from Galatians package. Structural precedent for fruit_of_righteousness (James 3:18) and for keeping İşler/good works as organic Spirit-produce rather than an independent merit ledger.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın dostu
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn dohs-TOO
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:23. Genuine resonance point with the Islamic Halilullah/İbrahim honorific (‘Allah’ın dostu’), comparable to şükür or bereket elsewhere in this Language Package. Requires explicit theologian framing distinguishing the referent content — this friendship results from a specific narrated trust-then-obedience pattern (Genesis 15 then 22) and connects to this curriculum’s Baba/Tanrı’nın Oğlu content — without denying the genuine terminological overlap. Cross-reference friendship_with_the_world (James 4:4), which deliberately echoes this term by contrast.
Spirit Breath Of Body
Approved rendering: Can / hayat nefesi
Transliteration: JAHN / hah-YAHT neh-feh-SEE
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Kutsal Ruh, bare Ruh
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:26. Here πνεῦμα means the ordinary physiological breath/life-force that departs at death, NOT the Holy Spirit. MUST NEVER be rendered Kutsal Ruh or bare Ruh, since this Language Package reserves that vocabulary exclusively for the third Person of the Trinity; conflating the two implies a body dies whenever the Holy Spirit departs it — a category error.
Servant Of God Positive
Approved rendering: Tanrı’nın ve Rab İsa Mesih’in kulu
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-nuhn veh rahb ee-SAH meh-SEE-hin koo-LOO
Doctrine: Servant of God Identity
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı’nın ve Rab İsa Mesih’in kölesi (package-wide consistency option)
Original: δοῦλος θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Introductory / Self-Designation
PROVISIONAL RENDERING — MANDATORY THEOLOGIAN RULING REQUIRED BEFORE FINAL PHASE 2 USE OF JAMES 1:1. James 1:1 (like Romans 1:1) uses δοῦλος θεοῦ in its POSITIVE, honorific, self-humbling sense — precisely the sense the standing Galatians/Philippians baseline rule (never kul, always köle/kölelik) was built to EXCLUDE from negative bondage-to-sin/law contexts. This provisional entry recommends ‘kulu’ to preserve the warm, immediately recognized Turkish-Islamic resonance (‘Allah’ın kulu’ is the single most positive devotional self-designation in the destination culture), on the grounds that James’s usage is categorically distinct from every other δοῦλος-family passage in this curriculum. This is a DEVIATION from the package-wide köle rule and must not be treated as silently settled; do not extend this exception to any other δοῦλος occurrence without separate review.
Trial Testing
Approved rendering: Sınav / deneme
Transliteration: suh-NAHV / deh-neh-MEH
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a single Turkish word merging trial and temptation
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:2, 12. The same Greek word (πειρασμός) also means ‘temptation to sin’ (1:13-14); MUST be rendered with distinct Turkish vocabulary (see temptation below) or the translation risks making God the source of temptation to sin, directly contradicting 1:13.
Temptation
Approved rendering: Günaha çekilme / ayartma
Transliteration: goo-nah-HAH cheh-keel-MEH / ah-yahrt-MAH
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: reusing trial_testing’s vocabulary for this sense
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:13-15. Internal enticement toward sin, traced to a person’s own desire, NEVER to God. Must remain lexically distinct from trial_testing so ‘Tanrı kimseyi günaha çekmez’ (1:13) and ‘Ne mutlu, denemeye dayanan kişiye’ (1:12) do not collapse into one confusing term.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: Yaşam tacı
Transliteration: yah-SHAHM tah-JUH
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a rendering implying an independently earned wage
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:12. Eschatological reward-image; MUST be taught as the Spirit-sustained gift-outcome of genuine, God-given endurance (cf. eternal_life/sowing_and_reaping), never a merit-earned prize independent of grace — guards against an amel-mizan reading of ‘earning’ the crown.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: Işıkların Babası
Transliteration: uh-shuk-lah-RUHN bah-bah-SUH
Doctrine: Divine Constancy and Fatherhood
Rejected alternatives: a rendering presenting this as a separate/lesser divine figure
Original: πατὴρ τῶν φώτων
Category: God
NEW. James 1:17. A poetic title for the SAME Tanrı who is Baba throughout this Language Package, emphasizing constancy and the unchanging goodness of every gift he gives; carries the identical Critical tawhid sensitivity already documented for Baba (Qur’an 112:3).
World
Approved rendering: Dünya
Transliteration: dyoon-YAH
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 1:27; 4:4 (κόσμος, negative moral sense). Semantically bivalent exactly as κόσμος is in Greek; every occurrence requires a per-verse sense-tag (neutral created-order vs. negative opposed-to-God system) rather than assuming the bare word is self-evident. James’s usage is consistently the negative sense, reaching full statement at 4:4.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: Ayrımcılık / kayırmacılık
Transliteration: eye-ruhm-juh-LUHK / kah-yuhr-mah-juh-LUHK
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:1, 9 (προσωπολημψία). Cross-reference impartiality_of_god (Galatians 2:6) for vocabulary consistency; James applies the same divine-impartiality principle horizontally, to congregational treatment of rich and poor.
Tongue
Approved rendering: Dil
Transliteration: deel
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:1-12 (γλῶσσα, throughout). Plain rendering, no false-friend risk, but flagged High given the doctrine’s cumulative weight and extensive imagery requiring consistent idiom across the whole passage. Strong positive resonance with Turkish-Islamic gıybet (backbiting) ethical teaching.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: Gehenna (cehennem ateşi)
Transliteration: geh-heh-NAH (jeh-hen-NEHM ah-teh-SHEE)
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: bare cehennem (silent substitution)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue / Eschatology
NEW. James 3:6 (γέεννα). Transliterate + gloss; NEVER default silently to the standard Turkish Islamic term cehennem, which carries a fully developed, distinct Qur’anic eschatological doctrine (seven gates, specific wardens). This preserves continuity with Jewish/Second-Temple apocalyptic literature while flagging non-equivalence. Theologian review required.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: Yukarıdan gelen bilgelik
Transliteration: yoo-kah-ruh-DAHN geh-LEHN beel-geh-LEEK
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15, 17 (σοφία ἄνωθεν). Core doctrine term; must be kept structurally parallel to the false_wisdom triad and the seven/eight-quality character list (3:17) so the doctrinal contrast remains visually and theologically clear.
False Wisdom
Approved rendering: Dünyasal / insani (Ruhsuz) / cinlerden gelen
Transliteration: dyoon-yah-SAHL / een-sah-NEE (rooh-SOOZ) / jeen-lehr-DEHN geh-LEHN
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: psikolojik (for ψυχική — imports modern secular psychology, wrong sense)
Original: ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15 (ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης). ψυχική does NOT mean ‘psychological’ but ‘of the natural human soul, without the Spirit’; render as a compound gloss (‘insani, Ruh’suz’) since no single Turkish lexeme captures this. δαιμονιώδης shares the cin/şeytan resonance-without-conflation caution already established for the Ephesians armor_of_god and Mark Legion entries.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: Doğruluğun meyvesi
Transliteration: doh-roo-loo-oon mey-veh-SEE
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:18 (καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης). Reuses Doğruluk exactly; ties wisdom, peace, and righteousness together as the wisdom chapter’s summary statement, tying this doctrine back to the Critical Salvation/Righteousness doctrines.
Devil
Approved rendering: Şeytan
Transliteration: shey-TAHN
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7 (διάβολος). Standard, well-established vocabulary shared by Turkish Christian and Islamic tradition; low false-friend risk as a proper designation. Apply the same cin/şeytan resonance-without-conflation discipline used for the Ephesians armor_of_god and Mark Legion material.
If The Lord Wills
Approved rendering: Rab dilerse
Transliteration: rahb dee-lehr-SEH
Doctrine: Providence and Human Plans
Rejected alternatives: a rendering that silently equates this with impersonal kader/kısmet
Original: ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: Providence and Human Plans
NEW. James 4:15 (ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ). A genuine, RARE positive point-of-contact opportunity in this Language Package: functionally near-identical to the ubiquitous Turkish/Islamic daily formula ‘inşallah.’ Render literally and use deliberately as a teaching bridge, explicitly rooted in the personal Providence doctrine (Tanrı’nın yönetimi), never impersonal kader/kısmet fatalism.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Rab Sabaot
Transliteration: rahb sah-bah-OHT
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: Her Şeye Gücü Yeten Rab (available as an explanatory gloss only, not a substitute)
Original: κύριος σαβαώθ
Category: God
NEW. James 5:4 (κύριος σαβαώθ). A rare, weighty Hebrew military/royal divine title, transliterated even in James’s own Greek text; preserve as a transliterated title, consistent with how Abba/Amin/Haleluya are handled elsewhere in the baseline. Theologian review required for final form.
Patience
Approved rendering: Sabredin / sabır
Transliteration: sahb-reh-DEEN / sah-BUHR
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: dayanıklılık (reserved for endurance, ch.1)
Original: μακροθυμήσατε / μακροθυμία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8, 10 (μακροθυμήσατε / μακροθυμία). Patience specifically WITH PEOPLE, deliberately distinct from ch.1’s endurance-under-trial term. Strong positive resonance with the everyday Turkish-Islamic devotional virtue-word sabır (‘Allah sabır versin’); MUST remain permanently, non-interchangeably distinct from endurance/dayanıklılık throughout the whole book.
Anointing With Oil
Approved rendering: Yağla meshederek
Transliteration: yah-LAH meh-sheh-deh-REHK
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀλείψαντες [αὐτὸν] ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14 (ἀλείψαντες [αὐτὸν] ἐλαίῳ). MUST be taught as prayerful, faith-filled, elder-administered ministry accompanying (NEVER replacing) medical care, explicitly distinguished from Turkish folk-healing/occult practices (nazar-removal, muska) per the standing Galatians sorcery/büyücülük caution. Native-speaker and theologian review required.
Medium Risk Terms
Impartiality Of God
Approved rendering: Tanrı kimseye ayrıcalık tanımaz
Transliteration: tahn-RUH keem-seh-YEH ie-ruh-jah-LUHK tah-nuh-MAHZ
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Inherited from Galatians package (2:6). James applies this identical divine-impartiality principle horizontally, to how believers must treat rich and poor within the assembly (2:1-13); cross-reference exactly.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: Büyücülük
Transliteration: boo-yoo-joo-LOOK
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Inherited from Galatians package. Required cross-reference for anointing_with_oil (James 5:14): the same folk-occult (nazar, muska) resonance-fencing discipline established for this term applies to James’s healing-prayer practice.
Mercy
Approved rendering: Merhamet
Transliteration: mer-hah-MET
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: rahmet used in a grace-contrast context
Original: ἔλεος / κρίσις ἀνέλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
Inherited from Galatians package. James 2:13 (‘merciless judgment’/‘mercy triumphs over judgment’) gives Merhamet its fullest positive statement in James; also reused in compassionate_and_merciful (5:11).
Transgressor
Approved rendering: Suçlu
Transliteration: sooch-LOO
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
Inherited from Galatians package (2:18) EXACTLY. James 2:9, 11 reuses this term for one who violates the royal law of love.
Church
Approved rendering: Kilise
Transliteration: kee-lee-SEH
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: cemaat
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies elders_of_the_church (James 5:14); James’s own synagogue (συναγωγή, 2:2, new entry below) is a DIFFERENT, earlier-dated term and must not be merged with Kilise.
Rahab The Prostitute
Approved rendering: Rahav, fahişe
Transliteration: rah-AHV, fah-hee-SHEH
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: a euphemistic softening of πόρνη
Original: Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:25. Render plainly, without euphemism, so the deliberate contrast with the patriarch Abraham is not lost; pair with an honor/shame-sensitivity teaching note per the Galatians baseline’s discipline for socially loaded descriptors.
Testing Of Genuineness
Approved rendering: Sınanma
Transliteration: suh-nahn-MAH
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3 (δοκίμιον). The process/means of proving faith’s genuineness, evoking metal-refining; pair with that image in teaching material.
Endurance
Approved rendering: Dayanıklılık
Transliteration: dah-yah-nuhk-luh-LUHK
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: sabır (reserved for patience, ch.5)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3-4, 12; 5:11 (endurance_of_job). ὑπομονή, steadfast perseverance under trial. MUST be kept permanently, non-interchangeably distinct from patience/sabır (μακροθυμία, ch.5) throughout the whole book, including at 5:11’s ‘endurance of Job,’ which deliberately reuses THIS chapter-1 term, not chapter 5’s.
Perfect Mature
Approved rendering: Yetkin / olgun
Transliteration: yeht-KEEN / ohl-GOON
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: a rendering suggesting sinless moral perfection
Original: τέλειος
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith / Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:4, 17, 25; 3:2 (τέλειος). Process-completed spiritual maturity, not flawless performance; avoid any rendering inviting a legalistic misreading.
Desire
Approved rendering: Tutku / kötü istek
Transliteration: toot-KOO / kur-TOO ees-TEHK
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and the Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:14-15; 4:2 (ἐπιθυμία). Root of the sin-genealogy metaphor (desire conceives sin, sin gives birth to death); preserve the causal chain rather than flattening it into a single generic ‘temptation’ statement.
Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: Gerçeğin sözü
Transliteration: gehr-cheh-EEN sur-ZOO
Doctrine: The Word and New Birth
Original: λόγος ἀληθείας
Category: Gospel / New Birth
NEW. James 1:18. The gospel message as the instrument of new birth; low collision risk, note resonance with the John-baseline born_from_above/born_of_god doctrine.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: Turfanda / ilk meyve
Transliteration: toor-fahn-DAH / eelk mey-VEH
Doctrine: The Word and New Birth
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Gospel / New Birth
NEW. James 1:18 (ἀπαρχή). First portion of a harvest, a pledge of the whole; low doctrinal risk.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: İçe ekilmiş söz
Transliteration: ee-CHEH eh-keel-MEESH surz
Doctrine: The Word and New Birth
Original: ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Gospel / New Birth
NEW. James 1:21 (ἔμφυτος λόγος). The gospel-word rooted within a believer; keep consistent with word_of_truth.
Pure Religion
Approved rendering: Dindarlık / ibadet hayatı
Transliteration: deen-dahr-LUHK / ee-bah-DEHT hah-yah-TUH
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: a rendering that stands unqualified, allowing an abstract-ritual reading
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:26-27 (θρησκεία). MUST always be anchored to the concrete pairing ‘öksüzleri, dulları ziyaret etmek’ so the term cannot be heard as praise for ritual performance divorced from active compassion — this deliberately inverts the word’s ordinary cultural pull toward namaz/oruç/hac correctness.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: Toplantı / topluluk
Transliteration: tohp-lahn-TUH / tohp-loo-LOOK
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: cami, a bare untranslated loan ‘sinagog’
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church
NEW. James 2:2 (συναγωγή). James uses this early Jewish-Christian assembly term, not ἐκκλησία; distinct from, though not opposed to, the established Kilise (church) vocabulary elsewhere in this Language Package. Reflects the letter’s early date and Jewish-Christian audience.
Jealousy And Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: Kıskançlık / bencil tutku, çıkar kavgası
Transliteration: kuhs-kahnch-LUHK / behn-JEEL toot-KOO, chuh-KAHR kahv-gah-SUH
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος πικρόν / ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:14, 16 (ζῆλος πικρόν / ἐριθεία). Diagnostic markers distinguishing false wisdom’s fruit from wisdom from above’s fruit.
Submit To God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’ya boyun eğin / teslim olun
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-yah boy-oon eh-EEN / tehs-LEEM oh-LOON
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: birbirinize/eşinize bağımlı olun (the Ephesians/Colossians household-code term)
Original: ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7 (ὑποτάγητε τῷ θεῷ). MUST be rendered and taught as categorically DISTINCT from the Critical, spousal Ephesians/Colossians household-code submission doctrine — this is submission to God alone, with no bearing on marital or social hierarchy. Prefer ‘boyun eğin’ as PRIMARY rendering; reserve ‘teslim olun’ for secondary/explanatory use only, given its shared root with İslam (‘submission’), which risks a ‘submitting to God = converting to Islam’ false equivalence.
Draw Near To God
Approved rendering: Tanrı’ya yaklaşın
Transliteration: tahn-RUH-yah yahk-lah-SHUHN
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:8 (ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ). Reciprocal relational language, resonant with, though distinct from, the established Abba/Baba intimacy vocabulary.
Humble Yourselves
Approved rendering: Rab’bin önünde alçalın / sizi yükseltecektir
Transliteration: rahb-BEEN ur-nyoon-DEH ahl-chah-LUHN / see-ZEE yook-sel-teh-jek-TEER
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον κυρίου / ὑψώσει
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:10 (ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον κυρίου / ὑψώσει). Reversal-pattern promise linking to the established Luke-baseline economic/social reversal doctrine (Magnificat, Beatitudes and Woes).
Wages Of Laborers
Approved rendering: İşçilerin ücreti
Transliteration: eesh-chee-leh-REEN yoo-jreh-TEE
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:4 (μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν). Concrete social-justice indictment; withheld wages ‘cry out.‘
Endurance Of Job
Approved rendering: Eyüp’ün dayanıklılığı
Transliteration: ay-yoo-PYOON dah-yah-nuhk-luh-luh-UH
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: Eyüp’ün sabrı (would collapse the ch.1/ch.5 distinction)
Original: ὑπομονὴν Ἰώβ
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:11 (ὑπομονὴν Ἰώβ). Deliberately reuses ch.1’s endurance (dayanıklılık) rendering, NOT ch.5’s patience (sabır), since James is recalling the earlier endurance-under-trial term for this specific example.
Compassionate And Merciful
Approved rendering: Çok şefkatli ve merhametli
Transliteration: chohk shef-kaht-LEE veh mer-hah-meht-LEE
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: πολύσπλαγχνος καὶ οἰκτίρμων
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:11 (πολύσπλαγχνος καὶ οἰκτίρμων). Double, intensified descriptor of God’s character; second element reuses Merhamet exactly.
Do Not Swear
Approved rendering: Ant içmeyin / “Evet”iniz evet, “hayır”ınız hayır olsun
Transliteration: ahnt eech-meh-YEEN
Doctrine: Truthful Speech and Oaths
Rejected alternatives: a rendering framed as condemning the common Turkish idiom vallahi as such
Original: ὄμνυμι / ναὶ ναὶ, οὒ οὔ
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return / Ethics
NEW. James 5:12 (ὄμνυμι / ναὶ ναὶ, οὒ οὔ). Echoes Jesus’ own Sermon on the Mount teaching (Matthew 5:33-37, antitheses_formula); flag for consistency with that existing Matthew rendering. Do not present as condemning the specific Turkish idiom ‘vallahi’ as such; keep focus on the positive call to consistent truthfulness.
Elders Of The Church
Approved rendering: Kilise ihtiyarları / önderleri
Transliteration: kee-lee-SEH ee-hee-yahr-lah-RUH / urn-dehr-leh-REE
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14 (πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας). ἐκκλησία reuses Kilise exactly; πρεσβύτερος is established Turkish Protestant usage. Reflects a recognized, appointed office, not an informal designation.
Sins Forgiven
Approved rendering: Bağışlanacaktır
Transliteration: bah-uhsh-lahn-ah-jahk-TUHR
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: κἂν ἁμαρτίας ᾗ πεποιηκώς, ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ
Category: Prayer and Healing / Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:15 (κἂν ἁμαρτίας ᾗ πεποιηκώς, ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ). Requires pastoral care to avoid implying all sickness is direct divine punishment for personal sin (cf. John 9:1-3’s explicit resistance to that reading).
Cover Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: Çok sayıda günahı örtecektir
Transliteration: chohk sah-YUH-dah goo-nah-HUH ur-teh-jek-TEER
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20 (καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν). Closes the letter on a restorative, not merely disciplinary, note; low independent risk once paired correctly with save_soul_from_death.
Low Risk Terms
Orphan And Widow
Approved rendering: Öksüz/yetim / dul
Transliteration: urk-SYOOZ/yeh-TEEM / dool
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ὀρφανός / χήρα
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:27. Plain, established Turkish vocabulary; strong positive resonance with Islamic yetim/dul concern (zekat, sadaka traditions).
Bridle
Approved rendering: Gem
Transliteration: gehm
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: χαλινός / χαλιναγωγέω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:2-3 (χαλινός). Concrete equestrian image for self-control of speech.
Rudder
Approved rendering: Dümen
Transliteration: dyoo-MEHN
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: πηδάλιον
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:4 (πηδάλιον). A ship’s steering mechanism, imaging a small thing controlling something disproportionately large.
Deadly Poison
Approved rendering: Öldürücü zehir
Transliteration: ohl-dyoo-ryoo-JOO zeh-HEER
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ἰὸς θανατηφόρος
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:8 (ἰὸς θανατηφόρος). Image of the tongue’s capacity to kill relationally/spiritually.
Disorder
Approved rendering: Kargaşa / düzensizlik
Transliteration: kahr-gah-SHAH / dyoo-zehn-seez-LEEK
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἀκαταστασία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:16 (ἀκαταστασία). Social/relational chaos resulting from envy- and rivalry-driven false wisdom.
Vapor
Approved rendering: Buhar / sis
Transliteration: boo-HAHR / sees
Doctrine: Providence and Human Plans
Original: ἀτμίς
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:14 (ἀτμίς). Image for life’s brevity, grounding the warning against presumptuous planning.
Riches
Approved rendering: Zenginlik
Transliteration: zehn-geen-LEEK
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλοῦτος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:1-3 (πλοῦτος). Opens the prophetic denunciation of oppressive wealthy landowners.
Farmer And Rains
Approved rendering: Çiftçi / ilk ve son yağmurlar
Transliteration: cheeft-CHEE / eelk veh sohn yah-moor-LAHR
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: γεωργός / πρόϊμος καὶ ὄψιμος [ὑετός]
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7 (γεωργός / πρόϊμος καὶ ὄψιμος). Agricultural patience-image resonant with Anatolian farming realities.
Referenced passages