Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians | English → Azerbaijani
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Galatians 1–6 in full. Terms marked REUSE carry forward the exact rendering from the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must not be altered. New terms are proposed for addition to translation memory ahead of Phase 2, with a risk tier consistent with the baseline’s Critical/High/Medium/Low conventions.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation risks significant theological confusion/syncretism; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
A. REUSED Terms (from Romans Translation Memory — render exactly as recorded)
| Term (EN) | Azerbaijani | Risk | Doctrine (Galatians) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | Müjdə | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Reused unchanged; Galatians sharpens the “one true gospel” claim against rivals. |
| grace | Lütf | High | Law and Grace | Central to the whole letter’s works/grace antithesis. |
| faith | İman | High | Justification by Faith; Faith Working through Love | Object must always be named: İsa Məsihə iman. |
| righteousness | Salehlik | Critical | Justification by Faith | Never equated with saleh əməllər. |
| justification | Saleh sayılma | Critical | Justification by Faith | The core passage’s thesis term (Gal 2:16). |
| imputed_righteousness | Hesaba alınan salehlik | Critical | Justification by Faith; Abrahamic Covenant | Gal 3:6 quotes Genesis 15:6 directly. |
| salvation | Xilas | Critical | (background) | Distinct nuance from “redeemed from the curse” (new term, below). |
| apostle | Həvari | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Elevated attention in Gal 1-2; guard against Imamate-succession reading. |
| called / calling | Çağırılmış / Çağırış | High | Paul’s Apostleship; Adoption and Sonship | Gal 1:6, 1:15, 5:8, 5:13. |
| law | Qanun | High | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | NEVER şəriət. Foundational across the whole letter. |
| sin | Günah | High | Justification by Faith | Gal 2:17; 3:22. |
| gentiles | Millətlər | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant / unity | Gal 2:2, 2:8-9, 2:12, 2:14, 3:8. |
| covenant | Əhd | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Gal 3:15, 3:17, 4:24. |
| messiah / Christ | Məsih | Critical | throughout | Always paired with İsa (İsa Məsih). |
| jesus | İsa | Critical | throughout | Never bare; pair with Məsih in doctrinal content. |
| god | Allah | Critical | throughout | Consistent with IBT convention. |
| holy_spirit | Müqəddəs Ruh | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit | Must be distinguished from generic “ruh” throughout Gal 3-6; never Cəbrail. |
| father | Ata | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | Gal 1:1, 1:3, 4:2, 4:6. |
| abba | Abba | High | Adoption and Sonship | Gal 4:6; retain untransliterated, consistent with Romans 8:15. |
| son_of_god | Allahın Oğlu | Critical | Crucified with Christ; Adoption and Sonship | Gal 2:20, 4:4. |
| adoption | Övladlığa götürülmə | High | Adoption and Sonship | Gal 4:5. |
| kingdom_of_god | Allahın Padşahlığı | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit (warning context) | Gal 5:21. |
| election (root sense, “chose/set apart”) | Seçilmə / ayırma | High | Paul’s Apostleship | Cf. Gal 1:15 (“set apart… before I was born”). |
| seed_of_david (structural pattern) | (pattern reused for) İbrahimin nəslindən | Medium→High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Same grammatical pattern as Romans TM; new risk content, see Part B. |
| exhort | Nəsihət vermək | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | Gal 6:1’s restoration language, general encouragement register. |
| israel | İsrail | Medium | (background, Hagar/Sarah allegory context) | Gal 6:16 “Israel of God” not present in Galatians text itself; retained only as comparative note. |
B. NEW Terms Introduced by Galatians (proposed additions to translation memory)
| Term (EN) | Original (Greek) | Azerbaijani | Risk | Doctrine | Grounded risk reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | Qanunun əməlləri | Critical | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | Direct collision with the Islamic works-based judgment framework (əməllər) already flagged Critical for “righteousness” in the Romans baseline; must be taught as Torah-observance specifically, not “good deeds are worthless.” |
| another/different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | başqa bir müjdə | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Must convey categorical illegitimacy, not “an alternative valid version.” |
| distort/pervert (the gospel) | μεταστρέψαι | pozmaq (avoid: təhrif etmək) | High | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | ”Təhrif” is the standard Islamic term for alleged Bible corruption (tahrif); using it here risks reinforcing that very doctrine against the Bible’s own reliability. |
| accursed / let him be cursed | ἀνάθεμα | lənətlənsin (never: təkfir) | Critical | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Təkfir carries live sectarian/legal-safety weight in Shia contexts (formal apostasy/unbelief declaration); must not be used. |
| revelation | ἀποκάλυψις | vəhy | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Shared vocabulary with Qur’anic revelation to Muhammad; content differs (personal encounter with risen Christ, not a dictated text) — teach explicitly. |
| Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός | Yəhudilik | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Distinguish from İsrail (ethnic/covenant sense) and modern political categories. |
| zealous | ζηλωτής | qeyrətli | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Qeyrət carries strong honor-zeal connotations; clarify zeal itself isn’t condemned, only its former object. |
| truth of the gospel | ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | müjdənin həqiqəti | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Built on REUSE Müjdə; straightforward but doctrinally load-bearing. |
| circumcision | περιτομή | Sünnət | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | Sünnət is a major, joyfully celebrated Azerbaijani male rite of passage (sünnət toyu); Paul’s argument against it as a condition of standing is one of the highest-stakes cultural collisions in the curriculum. No alternative word exists; pastoral framing is essential in every occurrence. |
| false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | yalançı qardaşlar | Medium | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Straightforward compound. |
| compel | ἀναγκάζω | məcbur etmək | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | Coercive-legalism theme. |
| pillars (apostles) | στῦλοι | dirəklər | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Avoid Imamate-succession overtone; recognized, not infallible, leadership. |
| curse (of the Law) | κατάρα | lənət | Critical | The Law’s Purpose; Crucified with Christ | Grounds the claim that Christ “became a curse” (Gal 3:13) — a direct point of tension with the protected-prophet framework of Islamic tradition; closely tied to the existing Critical resurrection/crucifixion collision. |
| redeemed (from the curse) | ἐξηγόρασεν | satın aldı / azad etdi | Critical | Crucified with Christ; The Law’s Purpose | Distinct nuance from Xilas; slave-market ransom image; keep substitutionary curse-bearing explicit. |
| promise | ἐπαγγελία | vəd | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Distinct from Əhd (covenant); must be kept prior-in-time and grace-grounded vs. Qanun as later and works-grounded. |
| seed of Abraham | σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ | İbrahimin nəslindən | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | İbrahim is revered in Islamic tradition with descent claims running through Ishmael to the Muslim ümmə; Paul’s singular-seed argument (fulfilled in Christ, not ethnic descent) raises live comparative-religion sensitivities. |
| mediator | μεσίτης | vasitəçi | Critical | The Law’s Purpose | Sits directly on the baseline’s flagged şəfaət/təvəssül collision; must not legitimize an ongoing mediating-figure category parallel to the Imamate. |
| tutor/guardian (of the Law) | παιδαγωγός | tərbiyəçi | High | The Law’s Purpose | No exact cultural equivalent; risk of “müəllim” substitution losing the essential temporary-custodial, terminates-at-maturity sense. |
| heir | κληρονόμος | varis | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Adoption and Sonship | Standard term; ties promise and adoption doctrines together. |
| unity formula (neither Jew nor Greek…) | Gal 3:28 | (compositional; use REUSE terms per pairing) | High | Abrahamic Covenant / unity | Risk of over-reading as erasing all social distinction rather than affirming equal covenantal standing. |
| fullness of time | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | vaxtın tam yetişməsi | Medium | Adoption and Sonship (Incarnation) | Ties to Allahın tədbiri (providence); avoid qismət-style fatalism. |
| elements of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | dünyanın ibtidai qüvvələri | High | The Law’s Purpose | Risk of affirming, rather than dismissing, a live Azerbaijani folk-religious spirit-world framework (jinn, evil eye, cosmic forces). |
| Jerusalem above | ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ | yuxarıdakı Yerusəlim | Medium-High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Must be distinguished from the earthly city/modern state of Israel per Romans baseline note. |
| bondwoman / freewoman (Hagar-Sarah allegory) | παιδίσκη / ἐλευθέρα | kəniz / azad qadın | Critical | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Hagar and Ishmael (İsmail) are deeply revered in Islamic sacred history (Hajj rites, Zamzam); Paul’s allegory casting Hagar’s line as “cast out” risks being heard as a slight against these figures. Requires theologian review without exception. |
| child of promise | τέκνον ἐπαγγελίας | vəd övladı | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Built on vəd + adoption terms. |
| freedom | ἐλευθερία | Azadlıq | Critical | Freedom in Christ | Azadlıq is the central word of Azerbaijani national/political identity (independence narrative, Azadlıq meydanı); double risk of political-register misreading and license-misreading; both must be explicitly addressed in teaching. |
| yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας | köləlik boyunduruğu | Medium | Freedom in Christ | Vivid metaphor; may need brief explanation of the agricultural yoke image. |
| faith working through love | πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | sevgi ilə fəaliyyət göstərən iman | High | Faith Working through Love | Risk of reintroducing a works-based co-condition for justification if not clearly taught as faith’s fruit, not its partner-requirement. |
| flesh (ethical/moral sense) | σάρξ | cismani təbiət | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | Avoid nəfs (Sufi/Islamic devotional term for a disciplinable, improvable lower self) — Paul’s σάρξ is fundamentally hostile to God and must be crucified, not gradually refined. |
| works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | cismin işləri | High | Flesh versus Spirit | Use “işlər” (not “əməllər,” reserved for works of the Law) to keep Paul’s two distinct polemics visually/aurally distinct. |
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | Ruhun bəhrəsi | High | Fruit of the Spirit | Keep grammatically singular; pair with Müqəddəs Ruh on first use; distinguish absolutely from kəramət. |
| walk by / be led by the Spirit | περιπατεῖτε πνεύματι / πνεύματι ἄγεσθε | Ruhla addımlamaq / Ruhun rəhbərliyi ilə yaşamaq | Medium-High | Flesh versus Spirit | Same Holy-Spirit-clarity concern as fruit of the Spirit entry. |
| bear one another’s burdens | βαστάζετε ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη | bir-birinizin yükünü daşıyın | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | Genuine point of positive cultural resonance with existing communal-solidarity ethics. |
| law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | Məsihin qanunu | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace | Risk of being heard as a new şəriət-equivalent code; teach as the pattern of Christ’s self-giving love, not a new merit-earning list. |
| sow to the flesh / to the Spirit | σπείρειν εἰς τὴν σάρκα / εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα | cismə/Ruha əkmək | Low-Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | Positive resonance with agrarian imagery; keep Ruh = Holy Spirit clear in context. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | yeni yaradılış | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | ”Yaratmaq” (create) is exclusively Allah’s prerogative in Islamic theology (Xaliq); must teach God as sole Agent of this re-creation, not human self-transformation or a rival creative act. |
| boast | καυχάομαι | öyünmək / fəxr etmək | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | Honor/shame dynamic; native speaker review flag per baseline convention. |
| the cross of Christ | ὁ σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ | Məsihin çarmıxı | Critical | Crucified with Christ | Presupposes real historical death by crucifixion; direct collision with the mainstream reading of Qur’an 4:157. |
| crucified with Christ | Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι | Məsihlə birlikdə çarmıxa çəkildim | Critical | Crucified with Christ | New curriculum-defining doctrine; entails a real historical crucifixion-death; must not be flattened to symbolic “dying to old habits.” |
| Christ lives in me | ζῇ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός | Məsih məndə yaşayır | High | Crucified with Christ | Ontological indwelling of the resurrected Christ, not mere inspirational metaphor. |
| gave himself for me | παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ | Özünü mənim üçün təslim etdi | High | Crucified with Christ; Justification by Faith | Substitutionary atonement language; escalate per Romans baseline’s atonement-language rule. |
| Christ died in vain / for nothing | Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν | Məsih əbəs yerə öldü | High | Justification by Faith | Conditional/hypothetical structure (“if… then absurdly…”) must be visibly preserved, not read as flat assertion. |
| marks of Jesus | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | İsanın yara izləri | Low-Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | Distinguish from later Catholic devotional “stigmata” tradition. |
| by nature | φύσει | təbiətcə | Low | Justification by Faith | Transparent. |
| sinners | ἁμαρτωλοί | günahkarlar | Medium | Justification by Faith | Builds on REUSE Günah; Paul quotes, then overturns, this label. |
| minister of sin | ἁμαρτίας διάκονος | günahın xidmətçisi | Medium | Justification by Faith | Rhetorical-question context must be preserved. |
| God forbid / may it never be | μὴ γένοιτο | Əsla! / Qətiyyən yox! | Low | Justification by Faith | Idiom; retain full emphatic force. |
| transgressor | παραβάτης | qanunu pozan | Low | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | Transparent, built on REUSE Qanun. |
| I died to the Law through the Law | διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον | Qanun vasitəsilə Qanuna münasibətdə öldüm | High | Crucified with Christ; Law and Grace | Dense syntax; must convey a death-and-authority-transfer, not merely “I stopped obeying the law.” |
| in Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ | Məsihdə | Medium-High | Justification by Faith | Elevated stakes vs. Romans’ Medium usage due to direct justification context. |
| set aside / nullify (grace) | ἀθετῶ | puça çıxarmıram / rədd etmirəm | Medium | Law and Grace | Active nullifying-through-teaching sense, not mere personal disbelief. |
| all flesh (no one) | πᾶσα σάρξ | heç bir insan / bəşər | Medium | Justification by Faith | Hebraism meaning “no one at all”; keep distinct from the ethical “flesh” sense. |
C. Terms Flagged for Mandatory Human Theologian Review (Critical tier, full list)
- Works of the Law (Qanunun əməlləri)
- Circumcision (Sünnət)
- Curse / redeemed from the curse (lənət / satın aldı-azad etdi)
- Mediator (vasitəçi)
- Bondwoman/freewoman — Hagar-Sarah allegory (kəniz / azad qadın)
- Freedom (Azadlıq)
- Flesh, ethical sense (cismani təbiət)
- New creation (yeni yaradılış)
- The cross of Christ / crucified with Christ (Məsihin çarmıxı / Məsihlə birlikdə çarmıxa çəkildim)
- Accursed / anathema (lənətlənsin — with the təkfir forbidden-substitution flag)
- All REUSED Romans Critical terms recurring in Galatians: righteousness, justification, imputed righteousness, salvation, messiah, jesus, god, holy_spirit, father, son_of_god
D. Terms Flagged for Native Speaker Review (High/Medium tier, representative)
Another gospel; distort/pervert the gospel; revelation; Judaism; zealous; promise; seed of Abraham; tutor/guardian; elements of the world; Jerusalem above; faith working through love; works of the flesh; fruit of the Spirit; walk by the Spirit; law of Christ; boast; Christ lives in me; gave himself for me; Christ died in vain; in Christ; I died to the Law through the Law.
E. Terms Requiring Only Automated Review (Low tier)
By nature; God forbid; transgressor; marks of Jesus; sow to the flesh/Spirit; bear one another’s burdens; this rule; pillars (leadership metaphor, Medium borderline — recommend light native-speaker check given apostleship sensitivity).
Coverage Confirmation
This glossary consolidates load-bearing terms drawn from every chapter of Galatians (1–6), including the core passage (2:15–21) and its immediate narrative context (2:1–14). No chapter of Galatians is unrepresented. Terms are cross-referenced to analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for full field-by-field detail (original word, transliteration, literal meaning, semantic range, English variants, contextual theological meaning) and are staged for incorporation into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json ahead of Phase 2 segment translation.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Salehlik
Transliteration: sah-lehk-LEEK
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: saleh əməllər (righteous deeds, as the ground itself)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Never present as equivalent to saleh əməllər. Galatians intensifies this risk by explicitly naming ‘works of the Law’ as the rejected alternative in the same verses (2:16-21, 3:6, 3:21, 5:5).
Justification
Approved rendering: Saleh sayılma
Transliteration: sah-LEHKH sah-yuhl-MAH
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: günahların bağışlanması (forgiveness of sins, alone)
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. A forensic declaration, not merely forgiveness. This is the thesis verb of the core passage, occurring three times in Galatians 2:16-17 — the highest concentration in the Pauline corpus.
Salvation
Approved rendering: Xilas
Transliteration: khee-LAHS
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: nicat (Persian-influenced, Imamate-intercession framing), cənnətə girmək (entering paradise)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Keep distinct in nuance from the new term ‘redeemed_from_curse’ (satın aldı / azad etdi), which evokes a specific slave-market ransom image rather than the general deliverance term.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Məsih
Transliteration: mah-SEEKH
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: sadəcə bir peyğəmbər (merely a prophet)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs pervasively throughout Galatians; always paired with İsa.
Jesus
Approved rendering: İsa
Transliteration: ee-SAH
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘İsa Peyğəmbər’ (Prophet Jesus, without Məsih)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never used bare in doctrinally significant Galatians content; always İsa Məsih.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHKH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı (Turkish convention, not settled Azerbaijani IBT usage)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Consistent IBT usage across every Galatians reference to God the Father as agent.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Müqəddəs Ruh
Transliteration: myoo-kad-DASS ROOKH
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: Cəbrail (the archangel Gabriel)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never Cəbrail. Galatians 3-6 uses bare πνεῦμα frequently; pair explicitly with Müqəddəs Ruh at first occurrence per lesson so readers do not default to a generic ‘spirit/soul’ reading.
Father
Approved rendering: Ata
Transliteration: ah-TAH
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Yaradan (Creator, as a substitute to avoid relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Opens the letter (1:1, 1:3) and grounds the adoption argument of 4:2, 4:6.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Allahın Oğlu
Transliteration: ahl-lah-HUHN oh-loo
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Allahın sevimli qulu (God’s beloved servant), Allahın sevimli elçisi (God’s beloved messenger)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ / ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL. Central to Galatians 2:20 (‘the Son of God who loved me’) and 4:4 (‘God sent forth his Son’). Never a servant/messenger euphemism.
Lord
Approved rendering: Rəbb
Transliteration: RAHBB
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ağa (master, non-divine)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:3, 6:14, 6:18 (‘our Lord Jesus Christ’). Exclusive, supreme Lordship.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Diriliş
Transliteration: dee-ree-LEESH
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: göyə qaldırılma (being raised to heaven, without dying)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostleship in God ‘who raised him from the dead’; presupposes a real, historical death, directly relevant to the letter’s Crucified with Christ doctrine.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: Bədən alma
Transliteration: bah-DAN ahl-MAH
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: Allahın insan qiyafəsinə girməsi (God disguising himself in human form)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:4 (‘God sent forth his Son, born of a woman’) is the letter’s key incarnation text, compounding with the Sonship-of-Christ and Adoption-and-Sonship doctrines in the same short passage.
Intercession
Approved rendering: Vasitəçilik
Transliteration: vah-see-tah-chee-LEEK
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: şəfaət (Shia doctrine of Imam intercession), təvəssül (seeking mediated access to God through a saint or Imam)
Inherited from Romans package. Background concept underlying the new term ‘mediator’ (vasitəçi) used of Moses at Galatians 3:19-20; Christ’s unique sufficiency must never be presented as one mediating figure among an ongoing class parallel to the Imamate.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: Hesaba alınan salehlik
Transliteration: heh-sah-BAH ah-luh-NAHN sah-lehk-LEEK
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: qazanılmış salehlik (earned righteousness)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:6 quotes Genesis 15:6 directly, the scriptural anchor showing Abraham was justified centuries before the Law existed.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: Qanunun əməlləri
Transliteration: kah-NOO-noon ah-mel-LAIR-ee
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: yaxşı işlər (good deeds, generic — would blur Paul’s specific Torah-observance target with a wholesale dismissal of morality)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
New term. Built from Qanun + əməllər (works/deeds). Direct collision with the Islamic works-based judgment framework (əməl-tərəzi, deeds-scale) already flagged Critical for ‘righteousness’ in the Romans baseline. Occurs three times in Galatians 2:16 plus 3:2, 3:5, 3:10. Must be taught as Torah-observance specifically, never as ‘good deeds don’t matter.’ Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Accursed
Approved rendering: lənətlənsin
Transliteration: lah-nat-lan-SEEN
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: təkfir (formal Islamic-legal apostasy/unbelief declaration, live sectarian and legal-safety weight in Shia contexts)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
New term. Galatians 1:8-9. NEVER təkfir. Teach that Paul pronounces judgment on a message, not authorization for believers to declare individuals apostate.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: Sünnət
Transliteration: soon-NAT
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Law
New term. No alternative word exists. Sünnət is a major, joyfully celebrated Azerbaijani male rite of passage (sünnət toyu), independent of personal piety, appearing throughout Galatians 2:3-5, 2:7-9, 2:12, 5:2-6, 5:11, 6:12-15. Teaching material must repeatedly clarify Paul addresses circumcision as a required condition for right standing before God, never a verdict on the cultural rite itself. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Curse
Approved rendering: lənət
Transliteration: lah-NAT
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: qınaq (mere reproach/blame, too weak)
Original: κατάρα
Category: Law
New term. Galatians 3:10, 3:13. Grounds the claim that Christ ‘became a curse for us’ — theologically explosive given the Islamic protected-prophet framework, closely tied to the existing Critical resurrection/crucifixion collision (Qur’an 4:157). Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Redeemed From Curse
Approved rendering: satın aldı / azad etdi
Transliteration: sah-TUHN ahl-DUH / ah-ZAHD et-DEE
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: cəzasını çəkdi (took the punishment, too vague to preserve the specific curse-bearing legal frame)
Original: ἐξηγόρασεν
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 3:13. Distinct in nuance from Xilas: evokes a commercial slave-market ransom. Keep the substitutionary curse-bearing content explicit; never soften ‘became a curse’ into a vaguer ‘took our punishment.‘
Mediator
Approved rendering: vasitəçi
Transliteration: vah-see-tah-CHEE
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: şəfaətçi (Shia Imam-intercessor), təvəssül vasitəsi (saintly mediated-access figure)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
New term, root of the baseline’s Vasitəçilik (Critical, intercession). Galatians 3:19-20, of Moses as mediator of the Law, contrasted with ‘God is one.’ Must not legitimize an ongoing mediating-figure category parallel to the Imamate; 3:20’s argument in fact undercuts multiplied-mediator theology and should be taught as such. Mandatory theologian review.
Bondwoman Freewoman
Approved rendering: kəniz / azad qadın
Transliteration: kah-NEEZ / ah-ZAHD kah-DUHN
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: παιδίσκη / ἐλευθέρα
Category: Covenant
New term. Galatians 4:21-31. Hagar (Həcər) and Ishmael (İsmail) hold deeply revered status in Islamic sacred history (Hajj rites of sa’ee and the Zamzam well specifically commemorate them). Paul’s allegory casting Hagar’s line as ‘cast out’ (4:30) risks being heard as a slight against these revered figures. Must be taught as covenant-category symbolism, not a verdict on Hagar’s or Ishmael’s personal worth. Mandatory theologian review without exception.
Freedom
Approved rendering: Azadlıq
Transliteration: ah-zahd-LUHK
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: xilasedici azadlıq (saving freedom, awkward compound that does not resolve the political-register risk), köləlikdən qurtuluş (deliverance from slavery, loses the punchy repeated noun)
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
New term. Galatians 5:1, 5:13. Azadlıq is one of the most emotionally and politically loaded words in modern Azerbaijani vocabulary (Azadlıq meydanı, independence narrative). Double risk: political/national misreading, or license-misreading (which Paul’s own text warns against in the same verse). No viable substitute exists; mandatory two-part teaching note required at every occurrence. Mandatory theologian review.
Flesh Ethical
Approved rendering: cismani təbiət
Transliteration: jees-mah-NEE tah-bee-AHT
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: nəfs (Sufi/Islamic-devotional term for the disciplinable, improvable lower self)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
New term. Galatians 5:13, 5:16-24, 6:8. NEVER nəfs — Paul’s σάρξ is fundamentally hostile to God and must be crucified (5:24), not gradually refined through self-effort. Must be taught as a moral-spiritual category, not the mere physical body. Mandatory theologian review at first occurrence per lesson.
New Creation
Approved rendering: yeni yaradılış
Transliteration: yeh-NEE yah-rah-duh-LUHSH
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 6:15. Yaratmaq (create) is exclusively Allah’s prerogative (Xaliq) in Islamic theology; must teach God as sole Creative Agent of this re-creation, never human self-transformation or a rival creative act. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Cross Of Christ
Approved rendering: Məsihin çarmıxı
Transliteration: mah-see-HEEN char-muh-KHUH
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: ὁ σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Christology
New term. Galatians 6:12, 6:14. Presupposes a real, historical death by crucifixion, directly opposed by the mainstream Qur’anic reading of 4:157. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: Məsihlə birlikdə çarmıxa çəkildim
Transliteration: mah-seekh-LAH beer-leek-DAH char-muh-KHAH chah-keel-DEEM
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: köhnə vərdişlərə ölmək (dying to old habits, a symbolic-only softening)
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology
New curriculum-defining term. Galatians 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14. Must never be flattened into symbolic ‘dying to old habits’ disconnected from the historical crucifixion; entails a real death and the believer’s ontological union with it. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Müjdə
Transliteration: myuzh-DAH
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: İncil (bare, unqualified), yaxşı xəbər (generic good news)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Müjdə (‘glad tidings’) is the Institute for Bible Translation (IBT) Azerbaijani term for the living proclamation. Bare İncil primarily names the book, which Islamic doctrine treats as an originally-revealed-but-now-corrupted text; keep the proclaimed message distinct from that contested-book association. In Galatians this is intensified by the polemic against ‘a different gospel’ (1:6-9).
Grace
Approved rendering: Lütf
Transliteration: LYUTF
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: mərhəmət (mercy), kərəm (Persian-influenced ‘divine generosity’, often devotional/mystical)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Lütf conveys unearned favor apart from merit. Galatians 2:21 and 5:4 make grace and law-works mutually exclusive grounds; Lütf must never blur rhetorically with Qanun (Law), even in surrounding teaching prose.
Faith
Approved rendering: İman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: etiqad (doctrinal conviction/creed)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. İman is shared with Islamic vocabulary; the object of faith must always be named explicitly (İsa Məsihə iman), especially in Galatians 2:16’s dense justification argument.
Called
Approved rendering: Çağırılmış
Transliteration: chah-guh-ruhl-MUSH
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dəvət olunmuş (invited)
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across Galatians: apostolic call (1:15), call to grace/freedom (1:6, 5:8, 5:13).
Calling
Approved rendering: Çağırış
Transliteration: chah-guh-RUHSH
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dəvət
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Galatians 1:6 (‘the one who called you’).
Law
Approved rendering: Qanun
Transliteration: kah-NOON
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: şəriət (Islamic religious law)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER şəriət. The single most load-bearing term in Galatians after ‘faith’ and ‘righteousness’; discussed in nearly every chapter (2:16-21, 3:2-25, 4:4-5, 4:21, 5:3-4, 5:14, 5:18, 6:2, 6:13).
Sin
Approved rendering: Günah
Transliteration: goo-NAHKH
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: xəta (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:22 names sin as the condition Scripture ‘imprisons’ all under prior to faith; fitrə-based resistance to universal sinfulness still applies.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retain untransliterated at Galatians 4:6, verbally identical to Romans 8:15. Consistency across both books is required by the Theological Consistency Rules.
Adoption
Approved rendering: Övladlığa götürülmə
Transliteration: ohv-lahd-luh-AH gur-tuh-ryool-MAY
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: övladlıq (bare, without doctrinal qualifier)
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5, the letter’s central positive category alongside justification. Never implies God has literal offspring.
Election
Approved rendering: Seçilmə
Transliteration: say-cheel-MAY
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: qismət (fate/fortune), yazı (what is ‘written’, fatalistic decree)
Original: ἀφορίζω (cf. ἐκλογή)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Galatians 1:15 (‘God, who set me apart before I was born’); purposive, pre-natal divine election to a specific task, not fatalistic decree.
Glory
Approved rendering: Ehtişam
Transliteration: eh-htee-SHAHM
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: nur (divine light, Shia devotional ‘Light of the Imams’ association)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:5, 1:24. Avoid nur.
Providence
Approved rendering: Allahın tədbiri
Transliteration: ahl-lah-HUHN tad-bee-REE
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: qismət, alın yazısı (fate written on the forehead)
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the new term ‘fullness_of_time’ (Galatians 4:4); must avoid qismət/alın-yazısı fatalism — this is purposive divine timing tied to a specific redemptive act.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: başqa bir müjdə
Transliteration: bahsh-KAH beer myuzh-DAH
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ikinci bir müjdə (a second gospel, implying valid plurality)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
New term. Galatians 1:6-7. Must communicate categorical illegitimacy, not ‘an alternative valid version’; avoid wording implying religious pluralism.
Distort Gospel
Approved rendering: pozmaq
Transliteration: poz-MAKH
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: təhrif etmək (standard Islamic term for alleged Bible-text corruption/tahrif)
Original: μεταστρέψαι
Category: Gospel
New term. Galatians 1:7. NEVER təhrif etmək — using it would reinforce, by word-association, the Islamic doctrine of scriptural corruption against the Bible’s own reliability, the opposite of Paul’s point. Use pozmaq or yanlış təqdim etmək.
Promise
Approved rendering: vəd
Transliteration: vahd
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
New term, related to but distinct from Əhd (covenant). Galatians 3:14-29, 4:23, 4:28. Must be kept prior-in-time and grace-grounded, contrasted with Qanun as later-in-time and works-grounded (3:17).
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: İbrahimin nəslindən
Transliteration: eeb-rah-hee-MEEN nahs-leen-DAHN
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
New term, parallel in structure to the Romans baseline’s seed_of_david pattern. Galatians 3:16, 3:29. İbrahim is deeply revered in Islamic tradition with descent claims through Ishmael to the Muslim ümmə; Paul’s singular-seed argument (fulfilled in Christ, not ethnic descent) raises live comparative-religion sensitivities.
Tutor Guardian
Approved rendering: tərbiyəçi
Transliteration: tar-bee-yah-CHEE
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: müəllim (teacher, implying ongoing instructional authority)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
New term. Galatians 3:24-25. No exact cultural equivalent for the Greco-Roman παιδαγωγός custodial role. Must retain a mandatory ‘temporary, terminates at maturity’ gloss on first use; never müəllim.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: sevgi ilə fəaliyyət göstərən iman
Transliteration: sev-GEE ee-LAH fah-ah-lee-YAHT gus-tah-RAN ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: iman və məhəbbət (faith and love, reintroduces love as a co-requirement)
Original: πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
New term. Galatians 5:6. Real danger of being heard as love added as a supplementary condition alongside faith for justification. Must be taught as faith’s Spirit-empowered fruit, never a co-requirement.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: cismin işləri
Transliteration: jees-MEEN eesh-lah-REE
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: cismin əməlləri (would blur with Qanunun əməlləri, works of the Law)
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sin
New term. Galatians 5:19-21. Use işlər (not əməllər, reserved for works of the Law) so readers can visually/aurally distinguish Paul’s two distinct polemical targets.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruhun bəhrəsi
Transliteration: roo-HOON bah-rah-SEE
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: kəramət (Shia/Sufi saint-or-Imam miraculous endowment), Ruhun bəhrələri (incorrect plural, destroys Paul’s singular/plural contrast)
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
New term. Galatians 5:22-23. Keep grammatically singular without exception; pair with Müqəddəs Ruh at first occurrence. Never kəramət — this is universal, organic Spirit-formed character, not a miraculous sign or personal spiritual rank.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: Məsihin qanunu
Transliteration: mah-see-HEEN kah-noo-NOO
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Ethics
New term. Galatians 6:2. Real danger of being heard as a new şəriət-equivalent legal code, re-legalizing what the letter argues against. Teach as the pattern of Christ’s self-giving love, not a new merit-earning list, at every occurrence.
Christ Lives In Me
Approved rendering: Məsih məndə yaşayır
Transliteration: mah-SEEKH man-DAH yah-shah-YUHR
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: Məsih məni ruhlandırır (Christ inspires me, a devotional-metaphor softening)
Original: ζῇ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term. Galatians 2:20. Ontological indwelling of the resurrected Christ, not inspirational metaphor.
Gave Himself For Me
Approved rendering: Özünü mənim üçün təslim etdi
Transliteration: uh-zoo-NOO mah-NEEM oo-CHOON tas-LEEM et-DEE
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ
Category: Christology
New term. Galatians 2:20. Substitutionary atonement language, escalated per the Romans baseline’s atonement escalation rule; must preserve both the love-motive and the voluntary, substitutionary self-surrender.
Christ Died In Vain
Approved rendering: Məsih əbəs yerə öldü
Transliteration: mah-SEEKH ah-BAHS yeh-RAH ul-DOO
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 2:21. The conditional/hypothetical structure (‘if… then absurdly…’) must be visibly preserved in Azerbaijani syntax, never read as a flat assertion.
Died To Law Through Law
Approved rendering: Qanun vasitəsilə Qanuna münasibətdə öldüm
Transliteration: kah-NOON vah-see-tah-see-LAH kah-noo-NAH moo-nah-see-BAT-dah ul-DOOM
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: artıq qanuna əməl etmirəm (I no longer keep the law, a merely behavioral flattening)
Original: διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανον
Category: Christology
New term. Galatians 2:19. Syntactically dense; must not be simplified to a behavioral statement — the point is a death-and-authority-transfer feeding directly into ‘crucified with Christ.‘
In Christ
Approved rendering: Məsihdə
Transliteration: mah-seekh-DAH
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Salvation
New term (elevated from the Romans baseline’s Medium usage due to direct justification-context stakes in Galatians 2:17). Must never be read as mere social/communal identity but as the ground of a legal status.
Elements Of The World
Approved rendering: dünyanın ibtidai qüvvələri
Transliteration: dyoon-yah-NUHN eeb-tee-dah-EE koov-vah-lah-REE
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
New term. Galatians 4:3, 4:9. Risk of affirming, rather than dismissing, a live Azerbaijani folk-religious spirit-world framework (jinn, evil eye, cosmic forces); must be framed as Paul’s polemical label for any enslaving pre-Christ religious system, Torah-observance included.
Unity In Christ Formula
Approved rendering: Məsihdə birlik (Yəhudi yoxdur, Yunan yoxdur; kölə yoxdur, azad yoxdur; kişi və qadın yoxdur)
Transliteration: mah-seekh-DAH beer-LEEK
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: bütün adətlər aradan götürülür (all customs/traditions are abolished, an overreading found in some informal devotional pamphlets)
New term. Galatians 3:28. Composed of REUSE terms (Millətlər-adjacent for Greek/Gentile; standard kölə/azad for slave/free). Risk of being over-read as erasing all social distinctions rather than affirming equal covenantal standing in Christ; must not be sharpened beyond the plain Müqəddəs Kitab rendering.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: Həvari
Transliteration: heh-vah-REE
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: peyğəmbər (prophet-messenger), imam (in the Shia sense of an infallible spiritual-political successor)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1 makes the anti-Imamate point with unusual force: Paul’s apostleship is ‘not from men… but through Jesus Christ’ (1:1), a direct, unmediated commission, not a human or hereditary appointment.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Millətlər
Transliteration: mil-lat-LAIR
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafirlər (unbelievers/infidels), bütpərəstlər (idolaters, archaic)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never kafirlər. Central to Galatians 2 (vv.2, 8, 9, 12, 14) and 3:8.
Covenant
Approved rendering: Əhd
Transliteration: AKHD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: müqavilə (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In Galatians, specifically the Abrahamic covenant (3:15-17) and the allegorical two covenants of 4:24. Must be kept distinct from the new term ‘promise’ (vəd).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Allahın Padşahlığı
Transliteration: ahl-lah-HUHN pahd-shah-luh-UH
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: Allahın dövləti (God’s state/nation)
Original: βασιλεία θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 5:21, the inheritance those practicing ‘works of the flesh’ will not receive.
Israel
Approved rendering: İsrail
Transliteration: ees-rah-EEL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Retained as background/comparative term; not directly named in Galatians’ body but relevant to contrasting with ‘Jerusalem above’ (4:26).
Peace
Approved rendering: Sülh
Transliteration: SYULKH
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: rahatlıq (inner calm/comfort)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:3 greeting formula (‘Grace to you and peace’) and part of the fruit of the Spirit list (5:22).
Church
Approved rendering: Kilsə
Transliteration: keel-SAY
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: məscid-vari icma (mosque-like religious community)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:2, 1:13, 1:22.
Mission
Approved rendering: Müjdə yayma xidməti
Transliteration: myuzh-DAH yai-MAH khee-dmah-TEE
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: təbliğ (Islamic da’wah-style proselytizing, legally sensitive)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:16 (‘that I might preach him among the Gentiles’), 2:2, 2:7-9.
Revelation
Approved rendering: vəhy
Transliteration: vah-HEE
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
New term. Galatians 1:12. Shared vocabulary with the Qur’anic revelation to Muhammad; content differs sharply (personal encounter with the risen Christ, not a dictated text) and must be taught explicitly on first use.
Judaism
Approved rendering: Yəhudilik
Transliteration: yah-hoo-dee-LEEK
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Apostleship
New term. Galatians 1:13-14. Distinguish from İsrail (ethnic/covenant sense) and modern political categories.
Zealous
Approved rendering: qeyrətli
Transliteration: gay-rat-LEE
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Apostleship
New term. Galatians 1:14. Qeyrət carries strong honor-zeal connotations in Azerbaijani culture; clarify zeal itself is not condemned, only its former object.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: müjdənin həqiqəti
Transliteration: myuzh-dah-NEEN hah-gee-gah-TEE
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel
New term, built on the REUSE term Müjdə. Galatians 2:5, 2:14 — what Paul refused to compromise at Antioch and over Titus’s circumcision.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: yalançı qardaşlar
Transliteration: yah-lahn-CHUH kar-dahsh-LAR
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
New term. Galatians 2:4. Ensure ‘qardaş’ carries the specific in-community betrayal sense, not generic fraternal language.
Compel
Approved rendering: məcbur etmək
Transliteration: mahj-BOOR et-MAKH
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἀναγκάζω
Category: Church
New term. Galatians 2:3, 2:14, 6:12. Flags the coercive-legalism theme running through the letter.
Pillars
Approved rendering: dirəklər
Transliteration: dee-rak-LAIR
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Apostleship
New term. Galatians 2:9 (James, Peter, John). Architectural leadership metaphor; must not be read through an Imamate-succession lens — these are recognized, not infallible or hereditary, leaders.
Heir
Approved rendering: varis
Transliteration: vah-REES
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Covenant
New term. Galatians 3:29, 4:1, 4:7. Ties the Abrahamic covenant/promise doctrine to the adoption doctrine.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: vaxtın tam yetişməsi
Transliteration: vakh-TUHN tahm yeh-teesh-mah-SEE
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: God
New term. Galatians 4:4. Ties to Allahın tədbiri (providence); avoid qismət/alın-yazısı fatalistic overtones — purposive divine timing tied to a specific redemptive act, not an impersonal cosmic clock.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: yuxarıdakı Yerusəlim
Transliteration: yoo-khah-ruh-dah-KUH yeh-roo-sah-LEEM
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Covenant
New term. Galatians 4:26. Must be clearly taught as an eschatological-spiritual reality, categorically distinct from the earthly city or the modern state of Israel, per the Romans baseline note on ‘israel.‘
Child Of Promise
Approved rendering: vəd övladı
Transliteration: vahd ohv-lah-DUH
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: τέκνον ἐπαγγελίας
Category: Covenant
New term. Galatians 4:28. Ties to vəd (promise) and Övladlığa götürülmə (adoption).
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: köləlik boyunduruğu
Transliteration: kuh-lah-LEEK boh-yoon-doo-roo-OO
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
New term. Galatians 5:1. Vivid agricultural/livestock metaphor; the underlying concept of köləlik (slavery/serfdom) is well understood, but the yoke image may need brief explanation.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: Ruhla addımlamaq
Transliteration: rookh-LAH ahd-duhm-lah-MAHK
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: περιπατεῖτε πνεύματι / πνεύματι ἄγεσθε
Category: Sanctification
New term. Galatians 5:16, 5:18, 5:25. Ensure Ruh is unambiguously Müqəddəs Ruh in context, not a generic spirit/soul concept.
Boast
Approved rendering: öyünmək / fəxr etmək
Transliteration: uh-yoon-MAKH / fahkhr et-MAKH
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Ethics
New term. Galatians 6:13-14. Honor/shame dynamic; the contrast (boasting in achievement/status vs. boasting in Christ’s cross) should be preserved sharply.
Sinners
Approved rendering: günahkarlar
Transliteration: goo-nahkh-kahr-LAR
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Sin
New term, builds on REUSE Günah. Galatians 2:15. Must be read within Paul’s rhetorical setup — a premise he quotes in order to overturn its logic in 2:16 — not as a free-standing ethnic slur.
Minister Of Sin
Approved rendering: günahın xidmətçisi
Transliteration: goo-nah-HUHN kheed-mat-chee-SEE
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 2:17. The surrounding rhetorical-question structure (a hypothetical Paul denies) must be preserved, not flattened into a declarative statement.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: puça çıxarmıram / rədd etmirəm
Transliteration: poo-CHAH chuh-khahr-muh-RAHM / rad et-mee-RAHM
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἀθετῶ
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 2:21 and reprised at 5:4. Must retain the sense of an active nullifying-through-teaching, not merely personal disbelief.
All Flesh
Approved rendering: heç bir insan / bəşər
Transliteration: hech beer een-SAHN / bah-SHAR
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: bütün cismani təbiət (a literal rendering that would collapse the Hebraism into the ethical ‘flesh’ sense of chapter 5)
Original: πᾶσα σάρξ
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 2:16. Hebraism meaning ‘no one at all’; must be kept distinct from the ethical sense of ‘flesh’ dominant in Galatians 5.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: Nəsihət vermək
Transliteration: nah-see-HAHT ver-MAKH
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω / νουθετέω (cf. καταρτίζω, Gal 6:1)
Category: Ethics
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the restoration language of Galatians 6:1.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: Ünsiyyət
Transliteration: ewn-see-YAHT
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: qardaşlıq (brotherhood, generic/civic)
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:9, ‘the right hand of fellowship’ extended to Paul and Barnabas by the Jerusalem pillars.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: bir-birinizin yükünü daşıyın
Transliteration: beer-bee-ree-nee-ZEEN yoo-koo-NOO dah-shuh-YUHN
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: βαστάζετε ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη
Category: Ethics
New term. Galatians 6:2. Genuine point of positive cultural resonance with existing Azerbaijani communal-solidarity ethics (yardımlaşma).
Sow To Flesh Spirit
Approved rendering: cismə/Ruha əkmək
Transliteration: jees-MAH / roo-HAH ak-MAKH
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σπείρειν εἰς τὴν σάρκα / εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: Sanctification
New term. Galatians 6:7-8. Positive resonance with agrarian sowing/reaping imagery; keep Ruh clearly identified as the Holy Spirit in context.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: İsanın yara izləri
Transliteration: ee-sah-NUHN yah-RAH eez-lah-REE
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: stiqmata (transliteration, would import the later Catholic devotional-phenomenon association)
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
New term. Galatians 6:17. Distinct from later Catholic devotional ‘stigmata’ phenomena; a brief translator’s note prevents unintended import of that association.
By Nature
Approved rendering: təbiətcə
Transliteration: tah-bee-at-JAH
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: φύσει
Category: Salvation
New term. Galatians 2:15. Transparent, no collision.
God Forbid
Approved rendering: Əsla! / Qətiyyən yox!
Transliteration: as-LAH / gah-tee-YAN yohkh
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: μὴ γένοιτο
Category: Faith
New term. Galatians 2:17 (cf. Romans 3:31, 6:1-2, 6:15). Idiom, not literal; must retain full rhetorical force, not soften to a mild ‘no.‘
Transgressor
Approved rendering: qanunu pozan
Transliteration: kah-noo-NOO poh-ZAHN
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
New term, built on REUSE Qanun. Galatians 2:18. Direct and transparent.
Referenced passages