Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16
English → Azerbaijani | Term-by-Term Risk Reference
Legend: [R] = Reused exactly from baseline Romans translation_memory.json (no deviation permitted). [N] = New term established for the Mark curriculum in this document. Risk tiers follow the baseline’s Critical / High / Medium / Low definitions (doctrine_risk_registry.json).
Christology & Titles
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | İsa | Critical | [R] | all | Always paired with Məsih in doctrinally significant contexts per baseline |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός | Məsih | Critical | [R] | 1, 8, 9, 12, 14 | Must carry full Davidic/atoning content, not bare Qur’anic al-Masih sense |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | Allahın Oğlu | Critical | [R] | 1, 3(κ), 14, 15 | Never soften to servant/prophet euphemism |
| Son of the Blessed | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ | Mübarəkin Oğlu | Critical | [N] | 14 | Jewish circumlocution for God; teach as functionally equivalent to Allahın Oğlu |
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | İnsan Oğlu | Critical | [N] | 2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14 | Risk: readers hear only “fully human” (already affirmed by Islam) and miss Daniel 7 authority/glory content; must be taught with both senses every occurrence |
| Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | Davudun Oğlu | High | [N] | 10, 12 | Reuses baseline Davud; ties to davidic_covenant doctrine |
| Lord | κύριος | Rəbb | Critical | [R] | 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12 | Never render as ağa (non-divine master) |
| “I am” (self-disclosure) | ἐγώ εἰμι | Mənəm | Critical | [N] | 6, 14 | Possible Exodus 3:14 echo; flag for theologian review every occurrence |
| King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | Yəhudilərin Padşahı | High | [N] | 15 | Political/Israel-sensitivity note per baseline israel entry |
Suffering, Cross, and Ransom
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross | σταυρός | Çarmıx | High | [N] | 8, 15 | REJECTED: xaç (Armenian-Christian ethnic-political association in Azerbaijani usage) |
| Crucify | σταυρόω | Çarmıxa çəkmək | High | [N] | 15 | Same xaç rejection applies |
| Necessity (Christ “must” suffer) | δεῖ | lazımdır / gərəkdir | High | [N] | 8, 9, 10 | Theological necessity, not fatalistic qismət-style inevitability |
| Cup (of suffering) | ποτήριον | Kasa | Medium | [N] | 10, 14 | Requires explicit OT “cup of wrath/suffering” background teaching |
| Ransom | λύτρον | Satınalma haqqı | Critical | [N] | 10 | REJECTED: fidyə (Islamic legal-compensatory payment category, e.g. missed-fast fidyə); REJECTED: kəffarə (similar legal-expiation loading) |
| In place of / instead of (substitution) | ἀντί | əvəzinə | High | [N] | 10 | Must preserve substitutionary force; do not weaken to generic üçün (“for”) |
| Deny himself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | özündən imtina etmək | High | [N] | 8 | Not generic Sufi-style asceticism; specifically precedes cross-bearing |
| Betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι | ələ vermək / satmaq | Medium-High | [N] | 14 | Same verb covers Judas’s culpable betrayal and God’s purposed “handing over”; do not collapse into determinism |
| Blood of the covenant | τὸ αἷμά … τῆς διαθήκης | Əhdimin qanı | Critical | [N] | 14 | Reuses baseline Əhd; pair with Passover/Exodus 24:8 background |
| Body (Lord’s Supper) | σῶμα | bədən | High | [N] | 14 | Teach within Passover-covenant frame; guard against literalistic revulsion |
| Passover | πάσχα | Pasxa bayramı (qualify: yəhudilərin Pasxa bayramı) | Medium | [N] | 14 | Risk of conflation with Russian-Orthodox-associated “Pasxa” = Christian Easter |
Servanthood and Greatness
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Servant | διάκονος | Xidmətçi | Medium-High | [N] | 10 | May carry menial domestic-staff connotation; useful shock value, name pastorally |
| Slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | Qul | Critical | [N] | 10 | CRITICAL COLLISION: Qul is the standard Islamic term for humanity’s relation to Allah (Allahın qulu); Mark 10:44 redirects the term horizontally, toward fellow humans — must be taught explicitly, never softened |
| Lord it over / dominate | κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω | hökmranlıq etmək / ağalıq etmək | Medium | [N] | 10 | Must retain pejorative, domineering force, not neutral “to rule” |
| Great(ness), first | μέγας, πρῶτος | böyük, birinci | Low | [N] | 10 | Ordinary vocabulary; risk is entirely conceptual (redefinition), not lexical |
Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authority | ἐξουσία | Səlahiyyət | High | [N] | 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13 | Distinguish from political authority and from derived clerical/mullah authority; Jesus’ authority is intrinsic |
| Unclean spirit / demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | Natəmiz ruh | High | [N] | 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 | REJECTED: cin (Islamic jinn — capricious, negotiable spirits managed via amulets/folk practice; NT demons are wholly subject to Christ’s command) |
| Clean / unclean (ritual) | καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος | Təmiz / Natəmiz | Medium | [N] | 1, 5, 14 | Distinguish 1st-century Jewish purity system from Islamic tahara/najasat without assuming equivalence |
| Defiled / to defile | κοινός / κοινόω | murdar / murdarlamaq | High | [N] | 7 | Direct collision with halal/haram dietary-purity categories; Jesus relocates defilement to the heart |
| Leprosy / leper | λέπρα / λεπρός | Cüzam(lı) | Low | [N] | 1, 14 | Established medical/Biblical loanword |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | Şənbə (günü) | Medium | [N] | 2, 3 | Distinguish from Cümə (Islamic Friday congregational prayer); reuses baseline Qanun for Mosaic Law background |
Kingdom, Faith, and Discipleship
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | Allahın Padşahlığı | High (elevated for Mark) | [R] | 1, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 | Baseline Medium risk elevated to High in this curriculum: inaugurated/breaking-in sense has no Islamic eschatological parallel (which is exclusively future/apocalyptic) |
| Mystery of the Kingdom | μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας | Padşahlığın sirri | Medium | [N] | 4 | Risk of Sufi/Batini esoteric-knowledge association; not gnosis reserved for initiates |
| Faith | πίστις | İman | High | [R] | 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 | Object of faith (Christ specifically) must remain explicit |
| Unbelief | ἀπιστία | imansızlıq | Medium | [N] | 9 | Faith and doubt coexist in genuine discipleship |
| Fear | φόβος | qorxu | Low | [N] | 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16 | Set in deliberate contrast with İman throughout Mark |
| Repentance / repent | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | Tövbə / tövbə etmək | Medium-High | [N] | 1 | Shared loanword with Islamic tövbə; teach as inseparable from faith in Christ specifically, not self-standing contrition |
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | Müjdə | High | [R] | 1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16 | Never bare İncil-as-book framing |
| Baptism / to baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | Vəftiz / vəftiz olunmaq | Medium | [N] | 1, 10 | Distinguish from Islamic ritual ablution (dəstəmaz/qüsl) |
| Fasting | νηστεύω | Oruc tutmaq | Medium | [N] | 2 | Shared loanword with Ramadan oruc; voluntary/Christ-centered, not obligatory-pillar/calendar-fixed |
Messianic Secret
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silencing/secrecy command | ἐπιτιμάω … μηδενὶ λέγωσιν | kimsəyə deməsinlər deyə xəbərdarlıq etdi | High | [N] | 1, 8, 9 | Not esoteric Sufi/Batini hidden-knowledge; strategic, pedagogical timing of disclosure |
| Transfiguration | μετεμορφώθη | görkəmi dəyişdi / cəlallandı | Medium-High | [N] | 9 | Pair with baseline Ehtişam (glory) |
| Blasphemy | βλασφημία | Küfr | High | [N] | 3, 14 | Carries heavy Islamic legal-cultural weight; address cultural sensitivity in teaching notes |
Scripture Fulfillment and Covenant
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | guşə daşı / bünövrə daşı | Medium-High | [N] | 12 | Ps 118:22 fulfillment; rejection/vindication motif |
| Abomination of desolation | βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | viranəliyin iyrənc şeyi | Medium | [N] | 13 | Requires Danielic OT background teaching |
| Elect / the elect | ἐκλεκτοί | Seçilmiş(lər) | High | [R] | 13 | Reuses baseline election entry; avoid qismət/fate framing |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | Əhd | Medium (High in ch.14 context) | [R] | 14 | Reuses baseline exactly |
| David | Δαυίδ | Davud | Medium | [R] | 10, 11, 12 | Reuses baseline exactly |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | İsrail | Medium | [R] | 12 (Shema) | Reuses baseline; contemporary political-sensitivity note applies |
| Law (Mosaic) | νόμος (implicit, ch.2 Sabbath/purity debates) | Qanun | High | [R] | 2, 7, 10, 12 | Never şəriət |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | Diriliş | Critical | [R] | 12, 16 | Ch.12 = general future resurrection debate; Ch.16 = Christ’s specific historical resurrection — distinguish referents in teaching |
| Prophet | προφήτης | Peyğəmbər | Low (per baseline) | [R] | 6, 9 (Elijah) | Elijah/İlyas shared with Islamic tradition — genuine bridge point |
God, Spirit, and Prayer
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | Allah | Critical | [R] | all | Never Tanrı |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | Müqəddəs Ruh | Critical | [R] | 1, 3, 13 | Never Cəbrail (archangel Gabriel) |
| Father | πατήρ | Ata | Critical | [R] | 8, 11, 13, 14 | Teach relational/adoptive sense directly |
| Abba | Ἀββά | Abba | High | [R] | 14 | Retain untranslated per baseline |
| Glory | δόξα | Ehtişam | High | [R] | 8, 9, 10, 13 | Never nur (Shia Light-of-the-Imams association) |
| Watch / be alert | γρηγορέω | ayıq olmaq | Low-Medium | [N] | 13, 14 | Eschatological vigilance; links apocalyptic and Gethsemane scenes |
Church, Mission, and Peoples
| Term (English) | Greek / Source | Azerbaijani Rendering | Risk | Status | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gentiles / nations | ἔθνη | Millətlər | Medium | [R] | 7, 10, 13 | Never kafirlər |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | Həvari | Medium | [R] | 3, 6 | Guard against Imamate-succession model per baseline |
| Compassion (Jesus’ inner reaction) | σπλαγχνίζομαι | ürəyi yandı / rəhmi gəldi | Low-Medium | [N] | 1, 6, 8, 9 | Do not conflate with baseline Lütf (grace) or rejected mərhəmət-as-grace-substitute; distinct emotional-reaction verb |
| Mission / sending | ἀποστέλλω-cluster | Müjdə yayma xidməti | Medium | [R] | 3, 6, 13 | Reuses baseline mission term; avoid təbliğ |
Terms Flagged for Mandatory Human Theologian Review (Critical/High, per baseline escalation rules)
Ransom (λύτρον), Son of Man (Danielic sense), Slave/qul (10:44), Cross/Çarmıx (all occurrences), “I am”/Mənəm (6:50, 14:62), Son of God/Allahın Oğlu (all occurrences), Son of the Blessed (14:61), Kingdom of God — inaugurated sense (1:15, and core-passage-adjacent occurrences), Blood of the covenant (14:24), Resurrection/Diriliş (12 and 16), Blasphemy/Küfr (3:28-29, 14:64), Authority/Səlahiyyət (Critical-adjacent contexts: 2:10 forgiveness of sins).
Terms Flagged for Native Speaker Review (Medium, per baseline routing)
Servant/Xidmətçi, Cup/Kasa, Baptism/Vəftiz, Unclean spirit/Natəmiz ruh, Defiled/murdar, Fasting/Oruc, Sabbath/Şənbə, Repentance/Tövbə, Mystery of the Kingdom/sirr, Passover/Pasxa bayramı, King of the Jews, Compassion.
Terms Requiring Only Automated Review (Low, per baseline routing)
Teacher/Müəllim, Parable/Məsəl, Leprosy/Cüzam, Fear/qorxu, Hosanna, Elijah/İlyas, Watch/ayıq olmaq (non-doctrinal-crisis contexts).
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: Xilas
Transliteration: khee-LAHS
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: nicat (Imamate-intercession framing), cənnətə girmək (entering paradise)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 8:35, 10:26, 13:13, 15:30-31. Must remain a present-tense reality secured through Christ’s death, not a deferred Judgment-Day outcome.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: Diriliş
Transliteration: dee-ree-LEESH
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: göyə qaldırılma (no-death ascension)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 12:18-27 (general future resurrection, debated with Sadducees) must be explicitly distinguished from Mark 16:1-8’s specific historical announcement of Christ’s own resurrection.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Məsih
Transliteration: mah-SEEKH
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: sadəcə bir peyğəmbər (merely a prophet)
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Object of Peter’s confession (8:29) and the high priest’s interrogation (14:61). Must always carry full Davidic-covenant, atoning-savior content, not the emptied Qur’anic al-Masih sense.
Jesus
Approved rendering: İsa
Transliteration: ee-SAH
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘İsa Peyğəmbər’ (Prophet Jesus, without Məsih)
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Must be consistently paired with Məsih in doctrinally significant references (e.g., 1:1, 8:29), since Mark’s narrative arc is precisely the unveiling of who this İsa truly is.
God
Approved rendering: Allah
Transliteration: ahl-LAHKH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Tanrı (Turkish convention, not settled Azerbaijani IBT usage)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never Tanrı.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Müqəddəs Ruh
Transliteration: myoo-kad-DASS ROOKH
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: Cəbrail (archangel Gabriel)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Subject of the unforgivable blasphemy warning (3:28-29). Never Cəbrail; must be taught as God himself on first occurrence in each Mark lesson.
Father
Approved rendering: Ata
Transliteration: ah-TAH
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: Yaradan (Creator, avoids relational language)
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed intimately by Jesus in Gethsemane (14:36) and invoked in 11:25, 8:38, 13:32. Teach the relational, non-biological sense directly.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: İnsan Oğlu
Transliteration: een-SAHN oh-loo
Doctrine: Son of Man Christology
Rejected alternatives: sadəcə insan (mere human, loses Daniel 7 authority sense)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term. Mark’s central self-designation for Jesus (2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 9:31, 10:33-45, 13:26, 14:62), fusing Daniel 7:13-14 apocalyptic authority with a suffering, dying figure. Risk: readers hear only ‘confirmed full humanity’ (already granted by Islam) and miss the Danielic glory content. Pair with Daniel 7 background at every occurrence.
Son Of The Blessed
Approved rendering: Mübarəkin Oğlu
Transliteration: moo-bah-rah-KEEN oh-loo
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Messianic Secret
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλογητοῦ
Category: Christology
New term. A Jewish reverential circumlocution for God, used by the high priest (14:61). Teach as functionally equivalent in force to Allahın Oğlu; Jesus’ unqualified ‘Mənəm’ in response is the theological climax of the Messianic Secret.
I Am Self Disclosure
Approved rendering: Mənəm
Transliteration: mah-NAHM
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bu mənəm (colloquial ‘it’s just me’, flattens possible Exodus 3:14 echo)
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’ self-identification walking on the sea (6:50) and his direct answer to the high priest (14:62). Flag every occurrence for mandatory human theologian review; do not overclaim the Exodus echo in the rendering itself, only in teaching notes.
Ransom
Approved rendering: Satınalma haqqı
Transliteration: sah-tuhn-al-MAH hahk-KUH
Doctrine: Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: fidyə (Islamic legal-compensatory payment, e.g. missed-fast fidyə), kəffarə (Islamic legal-expiation category)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
New term. Mark 10:45; the curriculum’s single most theologically loaded word. Preserves the commercial-redemption/manumission image without importing the Islamic legal-compensatory category. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: Əhdimin qanı
Transliteration: akh-dee-MEEN kah-NUH
Doctrine: Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
New term, reusing Əhd exactly. Jesus’ words over the cup (14:24, echoing Exodus 24:8). Frame within Passover covenant-ratification context to avoid literalistic revulsion.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: Qul
Transliteration: KOOL
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: xidmətçi (softer synonym that would collapse the deliberate escalation from v.43)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Servanthood
New term. CRITICAL COLLISION: Qul is the standard Islamic self-designation for humanity’s relation to Allah (Allahın qulu). Mark 10:44 redirects the term horizontally, toward fellow believers. Must be taught explicitly at every occurrence; never softened or avoided.
Shema
Approved rendering: Rəbb Allahımız yeganə Rəbdir
Transliteration: RAHBB ahl-lah-huh-MUHZ yeh-gah-NAH RAHBB-deer
Doctrine: Monotheism and the Shema
Original: Ἄκουε, Ἰσραήλ, Κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν Κύριος εἷς ἐστιν
Category: God
New term, reusing Rəbb and Allah exactly. Jesus’ affirmation of Deuteronomy 6:4 as ‘the first commandment’ (12:29-30); genuine common ground with tawhid, but Mark immediately uses it to raise, not resolve, the deity-of-Christ tension (12:35-37).
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: Müjdə
Transliteration: myuzh-DAH
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: İncil (bare, unqualified), yaxşı xəbər (generic good news)
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for Mark 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15. Mark’s opening word; keep distinct from bare İncil-as-disputed-book associations.
Faith
Approved rendering: İman
Transliteration: ee-MAHN
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: etiqad (doctrinal conviction/creed)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs across Mark’s faith/fear pairings (2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 9:24, 10:52, 11:22-24). Object of faith (Christ specifically) must remain explicit.
Called
Approved rendering: Çağırılmış
Transliteration: chah-guh-ruhl-MUSH
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dəvət olunmuş (invited)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the calling of the first disciples (1:16-20) and Jesus’ statement ‘I came not to call the righteous but sinners’ (2:17).
Calling
Approved rendering: Çağırış
Transliteration: chah-guh-RUHSH
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: dəvət
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; retained for consistency though less frequent in Mark than in Romans.
Holy
Approved rendering: Müqəddəs
Transliteration: myoo-kad-DASS
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: təmiz (ritually clean)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the unclean spirit’s confession, ‘the Holy One of God’ (Mark 1:24) and to Müqəddəs Ruh.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Allahın Padşahlığı
Transliteration: ahl-lah-HUHN pahd-shah-luh-UH
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: Allahın dövləti (God’s state/nation)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package; RISK TIER ELEVATED from Medium (Romans) to High for this Mark curriculum. Mark 1:15’s perfect-tense ‘has drawn near’ asserts an inaugurated, present reign with no Islamic eschatological parallel (exclusively future/apocalyptic; intensified by Shia Twelfth Imam expectation). Never render 1:15 with simple future tense.
Law
Approved rendering: Qanun
Transliteration: kah-NOON
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: şəriət (Islamic religious law)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Background to Mark’s Sabbath and purity controversies (2:23-28, 3:1-6, 7:1-13, 10:3-5, 12:28-31). Never şəriət.
Sin
Approved rendering: Günah
Transliteration: goo-NAHKH
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: xəta (mistake/error)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Object of Jesus’ forgiving authority (2:5-10) and named as what makes his death necessary for ‘many’ (10:45).
Glory
Approved rendering: Ehtişam
Transliteration: eh-htee-SHAHM
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Transfiguration
Rejected alternatives: nur (Shia ‘Light of the Imams’ association)
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Object of James and John’s misdirected request (10:37) and momentarily disclosed at the Transfiguration (9:2-8). Never nur.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Allahın qüdrəti
Transliteration: ahl-lah-HUHN kewd-rah-TEE
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: Allahın qəzəbi (God’s wrath, different concept)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark’s dynamis vocabulary (5:30, 6:2, 9:1, 12:24, 13:26).
Covenant
Approved rendering: Əhd
Transliteration: AKHD
Doctrine: Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: müqavilə (bare commercial contract)
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; RISK TIER ELEVATED from Medium (Romans) to High for Mark given direct fusion with atonement/ransom vocabulary at the Last Supper (14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant’).
Election
Approved rendering: Seçilmiş(lər)
Transliteration: say-cheel-MEESH(-LAIR)
Doctrine: Election and Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: qismət (fate/fortune), yazı (fatalistic decree)
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (baseline noun form Seçilmə); Mark uses the concrete plural ‘the elect’ (Seçilmiş(lər), 13:20, 13:22, 13:27). God’s personal, purposive choosing, not passive fate.
Providence
Approved rendering: Allahın tədbiri
Transliteration: ahl-lah-HUHN tad-bee-REE
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: qismət, alın yazısı (fate written on the forehead)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 10:40 (‘for those for whom it has been prepared’) and 13:20 (shortening the days for the elect’s sake).
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Davudun Oğlu
Transliteration: dah-voo-DOON oh-loo
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New term, reusing Davud exactly. Bartimaeus’s messianic cry (10:47-48), immediately following James and John’s status-seeking; a deliberate narrative contrast between clear-sighted messianic recognition and spiritual blindness.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: Yəhudilərin Padşahı
Transliteration: yah-hoo-dee-lah-REEN pahd-shah-HUH
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
New term. Mocking-yet-truthful title (15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26). Carries the same İsrail political-sensitivity note as the baseline israel entry.
Cross Crucifixion
Approved rendering: Çarmıx / Çarmıxa çəkmək
Transliteration: chahr-MUHKH / chahr-muh-KHAH chak-MAKH
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: xaç (Armenian Apostolic ethnic-political association in Azerbaijani usage)
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Suffering and Cross
New term. Required for all crucifixion vocabulary (8:34, 15:13-15, 15:20-27, 15:30-32). Xaç forbidden due to Nagorno-Karabakh-conflict associations.
Necessity Of Suffering
Approved rendering: lazımdır / gərəkdir
Transliteration: lah-zuhm-DUHR / gah-rak-DEER
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: qismət/alın yazısı (fatalistic decree)
Original: δεῖ
Category: Suffering and Cross
New term. Governs the first Passion prediction (8:31); theological necessity rooted in the Father’s redemptive plan and fulfilled Scripture (Isaiah 53), not fatalistic inevitability.
Substitution Anti
Approved rendering: əvəzinə
Transliteration: ah-vah-zee-NAH
Doctrine: Ransom for Many / Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: üçün (generic ‘for/on behalf of’, flattens substitution to mere benefit-for)
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
New term. Renders ἀντί in ‘a ransom for many’ (10:45); grammatically the strongest available Koine preposition for substitution. Must never be weakened to üçün.
Deny Himself
Approved rendering: özündən imtina etmək
Transliteration: oh-zewn-DAHN eem-tee-NAH et-MAKH
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: zahidlik (Sufi-style ascetic renunciation)
Original: ἀπαρνήσασθαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
New term. Paired with cross-bearing (8:34); embracing the shame of following a crucified Messiah, not generic asceticism.
Betray Hand Over
Approved rendering: ələ vermək / satmaq
Transliteration: ah-LAH ver-MAKH / saht-MAKH
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Suffering and Cross
New term. Describes both Judas’s culpable betrayal (14:10-11, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41-42) and the divinely-purposed ‘handing over’ of the Son of Man (9:31, 10:33). Must not collapse into determinism that removes Judas’s culpability.
Body Lords Supper
Approved rendering: bədən
Transliteration: bah-DAN
Doctrine: Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμά μου
Category: Covenant
New term. ‘This is my body’ (14:22); teach within the Passover-meal covenant frame, paired with blood_of_the_covenant.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: Xidmətçi
Transliteration: kheed-mat-CHEE
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Servanthood
New term. Positive redefinition of greatness (10:43), grounded Christologically in 10:45. May carry menial domestic-staff connotation; name this pastorally as intentional shock, not a flaw to avoid.
Authority
Approved rendering: Səlahiyyət
Transliteration: sah-lah-hee-YAHT
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: hakimiyyət (political/administrative authority)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
New term. Teaching (1:22), exorcisms (1:27), forgiveness of sins (2:10), the Twelve’s commission (3:15, 6:7), interrogation over its source (11:28-33). Distinguish from derived clerical authority; Jesus’ authority is intrinsic.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: Natəmiz ruh
Transliteration: nah-tah-MEEZ rookh
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: cin (Islamic jinn, capricious/negotiable spirits managed via amulets/folk practice)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Authority
New term. Direct calque avoiding cin’s folk-religious framework of manageable, semi-independent spirits. Recurs 1:23-27, 1:32-34, 3:11, 3:30, 5:1-20, 6:7, 7:25-30, 9:14-29. Cin must never be used.
Defiled
Approved rendering: murdar / murdarlamaq
Transliteration: moor-DAHR / moor-dahr-lah-MAKH
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Rejected alternatives: haram (would directly import Islamic legal-dietary category)
Original: κοινός / κοινόω
Category: Purity
New term. Jesus’ redefinition of defilement as heart-originating, not food-originating (7:2, 7:15, 7:18-23). Direct collision with the everyday-practiced halal/haram framework; must not be softened into a vague ‘attitude matters too’ statement.
Repentance
Approved rendering: Tövbə / tövbə etmək
Transliteration: tuv-BAH / tuv-BAH et-MAKH
Doctrine: Repentance and Faith
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Faith
New term. Shared loanword with Islamic vocabulary centered on turning from sin and appealing to Allah’s mercy, generally without a mediating substitutionary death. Must always appear paired with İman in Christ specifically (1:4-5, 1:14-15).
Secrecy Command
Approved rendering: kimsəyə deməsinlər deyə xəbərdarlıq etdi
Transliteration: keem-sah-YAH dah-mah-seen-LAIR dah-YAH khah-bar-dahr-LUHK et-DEE
Doctrine: Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: gizli sirr (esoteric secret, Sufi/Batini association)
Original: ἐπιτιμάω … μηδενὶ λέγωσιν / διαστείλατο μηδενὶ
Category: Messianic Secret
New term. Jesus’ repeated silencing commands (1:34, 1:44, 3:12, 8:30, 9:9). Strategic, pedagogical timing of disclosure, not concealment of doubtful or esoteric truth.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: görkəmi dəyişdi / cəlallandı
Transliteration: gyoor-kah-MEE dah-yeesh-DEE / jah-lahl-lahn-DUH
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Glory
Original: μετεμορφώθη
Category: Christology
New term. Jesus’ true, hidden glory momentarily disclosed (9:2-8); pair explicitly with Ehtişam.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: Küfr
Transliteration: KEWFR
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
New term. Küfr carries heavy Islamic legal-cultural weight; unforgivable sin against the Spirit (3:28-29) and the trial charge against Jesus (14:64). Address cultural weight without softening Mark’s severity.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: guşə daşı / bünövrə daşı
Transliteration: goo-SHAH dah-SHUH / boo-nyov-RAH dah-SHUH
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: κεφαλὴ γωνίας
Category: Covenant
New term. ‘The stone the builders rejected’ (12:10, quoting Ps 118:22); oblique messianic and passion-resurrection claim.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: əbədi həyat
Transliteration: ah-bah-DEE hah-YAHT
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: cənnətə girmək (paradise-entry framing, rejected under baseline salvation entry)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term. Sought by the rich young man (10:17) and promised to those who sacrifice for Christ’s sake (10:30). Teach as a quality/relationship of life beginning now, not solely a post-mortem destination.
Listen To Him
Approved rendering: Onu dinləyin
Transliteration: oh-NOO deen-lah-YEEN
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy / Transfiguration and Glory
Original: ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
New term. Divine voice’s command at the Transfiguration (9:7), echoing Deuteronomy 18:15; elevates Jesus above Moses and Elijah in the same scene.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: Həvari
Transliteration: heh-vah-REE
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: peyğəmbər (prophet-messenger), imam (Shia infallible successor sense)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to the Twelve’s naming and commission (Mark 3:14-19, 6:7-13). Guard against Imamate-succession associations.
Peace
Approved rendering: Sülh
Transliteration: SYULKH
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: rahatlıq (inner calm/comfort)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 4:39 (‘Peace, be still’), 5:34 (‘go in peace’), 9:50 (‘have peace with one another’).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Millətlər
Transliteration: mil-lat-LAIR
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: kafirlər (unbelievers/infidels), bütpərəstlər (idolaters, archaic)
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Represented narratively by the Syrophoenician woman (7:24-30), the Gerasene region (5:1-20), and named explicitly in 13:10.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: Peyğəmbərlik sözü
Transliteration: pay-gam-bair-LEEK suh-ZEW
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: falçılıq (divination/fortune-telling)
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark’s OT citations (1:2-3, 9:7, 13:14, 14:27, 15:28).
Mission
Approved rendering: Müjdə yayma xidməti
Transliteration: myuzh-DAH yai-MAH khee-dmah-TEE
Doctrine: Mission and the Universal Gospel
Rejected alternatives: təbliğ (regulated religious propaganda)
Original: ἀποστέλλω / κηρύσσω τὸ εὐαγγέλιον εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the Twelve’s sending (6:7-13) and the universal proclamation mandate (13:10, 16:15).
David
Approved rendering: Davud
Transliteration: dah-VOOD
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the Palm Sunday ‘father-kingdom’ acclamation (11:10) and the Ps 110:1 debate (12:35-37).
Israel
Approved rendering: İsrail
Transliteration: ees-rah-EEL
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed directly in the Shema quotation (12:29). Contemporary diplomatic/political sensitivity note applies as in Romans.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: AH-bah
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retained untranslated in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (14:36), paired with Ata.
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: Kasa
Transliteration: kah-SAH
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: sınaq (trial/test, loses OT judgment-cup image)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Suffering and Cross
New term. OT metaphor for an appointed portion of suffering/wrath (Ps 75:8, Isa 51:17, Jer 25:15), applied to Jesus’ coming death (10:38-39) and echoed in Gethsemane (14:36). Requires explicit OT background teaching.
Passover
Approved rendering: Pasxa bayramı
Transliteration: pahs-KHAH bai-rah-MUH
Doctrine: Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: unqualified Pasxa alone (risks conflation with Russian-Orthodox-associated Christian Easter)
Original: τὸ πάσχα
Category: Covenant
New term. Qualify on first use as ‘yəhudilərin Pasxa bayramı’ (14:1, 14:12-16) to anchor the Exodus-redemption background.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: hökmranlıq etmək / ağalıq etmək
Transliteration: hyook-mrahn-LUHK et-MAKH / ah-ah-luhk et-MAKH
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: idarə etmək (flat neutral ‘to manage/rule’, loses pejorative force)
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Servanthood
New term. Coercive Gentile-ruler pattern (10:42) Jesus overturns; must retain domineering, pejorative connotation.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: Təmiz / Natəmiz
Transliteration: tah-MEEZ / nah-tah-MEEZ
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Original: καθαρός / ἀκάθαρτος
Category: Purity
New term. Ritual purity engaged and reversed by Jesus’ touch of the leper (1:40-45) and the hemorrhaging woman (5:25-34). Distinct first-century Jewish system, not assumed equivalent to Islamic tahara/najasat.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Şənbə (günü)
Transliteration: shahn-BAH (gew-NEW)
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: Cümə (Islamic Friday congregational prayer day)
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term. Contested in grain-picking and healing controversies (2:23-28, 3:1-6); climaxed by the Son of Man’s lordship claim over it (2:28).
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: Padşahlığın sirri
Transliteration: pahd-shah-luh-UHN seer-REE
Doctrine: Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
New term, reusing Allahın Padşahlığı exactly. Sirr risks Sufi/Batini esoteric-knowledge assimilation (4:11); teach as disclosed-yet-veiled, not gnosis reserved for initiates.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: imansızlıq
Transliteration: ee-mahn-suhz-LUHK
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
New term. ‘I believe; help my unbelief’ (9:24); faith and doubt coexisting in genuine discipleship.
Baptism
Approved rendering: Vəftiz / vəftiz olunmaq
Transliteration: vahf-TEEZ / vahf-TEEZ oh-loon-MAKH
Doctrine: Repentance and Faith / Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: dəstəmaz/qüsl (Islamic ritual ablution)
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Faith
New term. John’s baptism of repentance (1:4-5, 1:8) and, metaphorically, Jesus’ own coming death (10:38-39). Clarify metaphorical sense in the latter context.
Fasting
Approved rendering: Oruc tutmaq
Transliteration: oh-ROOJ toot-MAKH
Doctrine: Repentance and Faith
Original: νηστεύω
Category: Faith
New term. Voluntary devotional abstention (2:18-20), governed by the bridegroom’s presence, not fixed Ramadan calendar timing shared with the loanword Oruc.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: viranəliyin iyrənc şeyi
Transliteration: vee-rah-nah-lee-YEEN eey-RANJ shay-EE
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
New term. Danielic phrase cited in the Olivet Discourse (13:14); requires explicit OT background teaching.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: ayıq olmaq
Transliteration: ah-YUHK ohl-MAKH
Doctrine: Eschatological Vigilance
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
New term. Eschatological vigilance (13:33-37), echoed in Gethsemane (14:34, 14:37-38).
Temple Curtain
Approved rendering: məbədin pərdəsi
Transliteration: mah-bah-DEEN par-dah-SEE
Doctrine: Temple Access and Atonement
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα
Category: Salvation
New term. Torn in two at the moment of Jesus’ death (15:38); symbolic marker of opened access to God’s presence.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: ağsaqqalların ənənəsi
Transliteration: ah-sahk-kahl-lah-RUHN ah-nah-nah-SEE
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Original: ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Purity
New term. Oral tradition supplementing the written Law, critiqued for displacing God’s command (7:3-13). Azerbaijani ağsaqqal (elder) respect provides an intelligibility bridge, but readers may sympathize with ‘honoring tradition’ and miss Jesus’ critique.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: Şükran
Transliteration: shook-RAHN
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to the giving of thanks before the feeding miracles (8:6) and at the Last Supper (14:23).
Prophet
Approved rendering: Peyğəmbər
Transliteration: pay-gam-BAIR
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: falçı (fortune-teller)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to John the Baptist/Elijah typology (9:11-13) and Jesus ‘without honor’ in his hometown (6:4).
Leprosy
Approved rendering: Cüzam(lı)
Transliteration: jew-ZAHM(-luh)
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Original: λέπρα / λεπρός
Category: Purity
New term. Established medical/Biblical loanword (1:40-45; Simon the leper, 14:3).
Fear
Approved rendering: qorxu
Transliteration: kor-KHOO
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος
Category: Discipleship
New term. Ordinary vocabulary; doctrinal weight lies entirely in its structural pairing with İman throughout Mark (4:40, 5:36, 6:50, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8).
Compassion
Approved rendering: ürəyi yandı / rəhmi gəldi
Transliteration: ew-rah-YEE yahn-DUH / rah-KHMEE gal-DEE
Doctrine: Compassion and Mercy of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Lütf (grace, distinct technical term), mərhəmət (as grace substitute, rejected elsewhere)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Discipleship
New term. Jesus’ visceral inward compassion (1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22); distinct emotional-reaction verb, not a soteriological term.
Teacher
Approved rendering: Müəllim
Transliteration: mew-al-LEEM
Doctrine: Messianic Secret
Original: Διδάσκαλε
Category: Christology
New term. Respectful address to Jesus (10:35 and throughout); distinguish from Rəbb, reserved for confessional contexts.
Parable
Approved rendering: Məsəl
Transliteration: mah-SAL
Doctrine: Teaching through Parables
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term. Doctrinally neutral literary term (4:2 and throughout; 3:23, 7:17, 12:1, 13:28).
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosanna
Transliteration: hoh-sahn-NAH
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: Ὡσαννά
Category: Christology
New term. Triumphal Entry acclamation (11:9-10); retained transliterated per baseline convention for liturgical Hebrew/Aramaic terms (cf. Abba).
Elijah
Approved rendering: İlyas
Transliteration: eel-YAHS
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: Ἠλίας
Category: Covenant
New term. Appears at the Transfiguration (9:4-5) and identified with John the Baptist’s forerunner role (9:11-13). Genuine bridge point: İlyas is also a recognized Islamic prophetic figure.
Legion
Approved rendering: Legion
Transliteration: leh-gee-OHN
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Authority
New term. Self-designation of the Gerasene demoniac’s unclean spirits (5:9); transliterated proper noun evoking Roman military scale.
Referenced passages