Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Luke (Lukáš), English → Czech
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json for the Luke curriculum. It never contradicts the baseline. Section A lists terms reused verbatim from the baseline (cited for completeness, since Luke’s narrative reactivates them in new contexts). Section B lists new terms introduced by Luke’s distinctive vocabulary and doctrines, each assigned a risk tier using the identical framework as doctrine_risk_registry.json (Critical/High/Medium/Low). All Critical and High risk terms require human theologian review per the baseline’s routing rules; Medium requires native speaker review; Low requires automated review only.
Section A — Terms Reused Verbatim from the Romans Baseline
| Term (EN) | Czech (fixed) | Risk (baseline) | Key Luke passages | Luke-specific note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelium | High | 4:18; 9:6; 20:1 | Must still be actively defined at first use; no change from baseline. |
| grace | milost | High | 1:30; 2:40; 4:22 | Distinguish carefully from new term “milosrdenství” (mercy) — see Section B. |
| faith | víra | High | 5:20; 7:50; 8:25, 48; 17:5–6, 19; 18:8, 42 | Object of faith (Jesus) must be explicit at every occurrence. |
| righteousness / righteous | spravedlnost / spravedlivý | Critical | 1:6, 17; 2:25; 23:47 | 23:47’s centurion confession carries a deliberate double sense (legal innocence + moral righteousness); flag for review. |
| justification / justified | ospravedlnění / ospravedlnil | Critical | 18:14 | Key pedagogical opportunity: Luke embeds the Romans-critical forensic concept inside a vivid, concrete parable (Pharisee and tax collector). |
| salvation / saved | spasení / spasit, zachránit | Critical | 1:69, 71, 77; 2:11, 30; 3:6; 19:9–10 | Luke’s sōzō frequently doubles as “healed” — see “healing/saving double sense” in Section B. |
| apostle | apoštol | Low | 6:13; 9:10; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Formal naming of the Twelve (6:13) is the first fixed usage. |
| called / calling | povolaný / povolání | High | 1:32, 35, 76; 6:46 | Reinforce distinction from ordinary “job/profession” sense per baseline. |
| holy | svatý | Medium | 1:35, 49, 70, 72; 2:23 | ”Svatý” applied to God’s name (1:49) and covenant (1:72). |
| saints | svatí | High | (implicit; corporate believer identity develops through Acts) | Limited direct Lukan occurrence; retain baseline caution for later curriculum use. |
| sanctification | posvěcení | High | (limited direct occurrence) | Retain baseline entry; minimal new Lukan development. |
| adoption | přijetí za syna | Medium | (not prominent in Luke; retained for consistency) | No new Lukan development; Luke’s sonship language centers on Jesus, not believer-adoption. |
| resurrection | vzkříšení | Critical | 20:27–40; 24:1–53 | Reinforced Easter/pomlázka secular-drift risk from baseline applies with full force to ch. 24. |
| lord | Pán | Critical | 1:43, 76; 2:11; 6:46; 19:31; 20:42–44 | 20:42–44’s “David calls him Lord” debate is a direct Lukan parallel to the baseline’s Romans 10:9 concern. |
| son of God | Syn Boží | Critical | 1:32, 35; 4:3, 9; 8:28; 22:70 | Reinforced by new term “Syn člověka” (Son of Man) — see Section B; the two titles must be kept distinct. |
| incarnation | vtělení | Critical | 1:26–38; 2:1–20 | Foundational to the entire Lukan birth narrative. |
| peace | pokoj | Medium | 1:79; 2:14, 29; 7:50; 19:38, 42; 24:36 | 19:42’s lament over Jerusalem’s failure to recognize “the things that make for peace” is a new poignant context. |
| spiritual gifts | duchovní dary | Medium | (limited direct occurrence; more prominent in Acts) | Retained for consistency. |
| thanksgiving | díkůvzdání | Low | 17:16; 18:11 (ironic use); 22:17, 19 | 18:11’s Pharisee thanks God self-righteously — an ironic/negative use worth a translator note. |
| fellowship | společenství | Low | 5:29–32; 15:1–2; 19:1–10 | Reframed in Luke specifically as table fellowship — see “table fellowship” in Section B. |
| church | církev | Medium | (not used in the Gospel itself; anticipatory) | Retained for Luke-Acts continuity; ekklēsia is an Acts-era term. |
| kingdom of God | království Boží | Medium | 4:43; 6:20; 8:1, 10; 9:2, 11, 60; 10:9; 11:20; 13:18–21; 17:20–21; 18:16–17; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16, 18; 23:42 | Luke’s single most frequent theological phrase; fairy-tale-kingdom caution from baseline applies at every occurrence. |
| law | zákon | High | 2:22–24, 27, 39; 10:26; 16:16–17; 24:44 | Reinforced by “Law and the Prophets” formula (24:44) tying to Scripture/prophecy doctrine. |
| sin | hřích | High | 3:3; 5:20–24, 30–32; 7:37–49; 11:4; 15:1–2, 7, 10, 18, 21; 17:3–4; 24:47 | Extremely frequent in Luke; colloquial-weakening risk from baseline applies throughout. |
| gentiles | pohané / národy | Medium | 2:32; 21:24; 24:47 | 24:47’s “all nations/gentiles” is the Gospel’s universal-mission climax. |
| glory | sláva | High | 2:9, 14, 32; 9:31–32; 21:27; 24:26 | Transfiguration (9:31–32) and resurrection glory (24:26) are new high-weight contexts. |
| power of God | moc Boží | Medium | 1:35; 4:14, 36; 5:17; 9:43; 24:49 | 24:49’s “power from on high” anticipates Pentecost. |
| messiah / christ | Mesiáš / Kristus | Critical | 2:11, 26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 22:67; 23:2, 35, 39; 24:26, 46 | Peter’s confession (9:20, “the Christ of God”) and the trial confession (22:67) are key new occurrences. |
| prophet | prorok | Low (baseline notes Medium; retained) | 1:76; 4:17, 24, 27; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 11:47–50; 13:33–34; 16:16, 29, 31; 20:6; 24:19, 25, 27 | Extremely frequent; Jesus is repeatedly identified as/greater than a prophet. |
| prophecy | proroctví | Medium | 1:67–79 (Zechariah); 2:36–38 (Anna) | New named prophetic figures at the Gospel’s opening. |
| covenant | smlouva | High | 1:72–73; 22:20 | 22:20’s “new covenant in my blood” is the highest-stakes new occurrence in the whole curriculum. |
| election | vyvolení | High | (limited direct occurrence; cf. 18:7 “elect”) | Retained for consistency; minor new development. |
| intercession | přímluva | Medium | (implicit in prayer emphasis; not a separate fixed term in Luke) | See new term “prayer/modlitba” in Section B for Luke’s primary prayer vocabulary. |
| providence | prozřetelnost Boží | Medium | 12:6–7, 22–31 (God’s care for sparrows/ravens/lilies) | New concrete imagery (birds, flowers) for an already-established doctrine. |
| mission | misie | Medium | 9:1–6; 10:1–12 | The sending of the Twelve and the Seventy-Two are Luke’s paradigmatic mission narratives. |
| david | David | Low | 1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38–39; 20:41–44 | Frequent; ties to Messianic Promise throughout. |
| israel | Izrael | Low | 1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34; 22:30; 24:21 | Retain baseline caution re: contemporary political sensitivity. |
| jesus | Ježíš | Critical | throughout | Retain baseline caution re: colloquial exclamatory use. |
| god | Bůh | Critical | throughout | Retain baseline caution re: “proboha” exclamatory use. |
| holy spirit | Duch svatý | Critical | 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25–27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12; 24:49 | The single most theologically load-bearing recurring term across all of Luke; central to “The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History.” |
| father | Otec | Critical | 2:49; 6:36; 10:21–22; 11:2, 13; 15:11–32; 22:42; 23:34, 46; 24:49 | The Prodigal Son (ch. 15) and Gethsemane (22:42) are new high-weight relational contexts. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | not present in Luke (22:42 uses “Otče,” not “Abba”) | Note for translator awareness: unlike Mark 14:36 and Romans 8:15, Luke’s Gethsemane account does not use the Aramaic “Abba” — do not insert it where the Greek text does not have it. |
| exhort | povzbuzovat | Low | 3:18 | John the Baptist’s preaching includes exhortation. |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Luke
| Term (EN) | Greek (translit.) | Czech rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key passages | Grounded risk reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| repentance | μετάνοια (metanoia) | pokání | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 24:47 | Competing association with the Catholic sacrament of penance/confession (“svátost pokání”) for readers with residual Catholic cultural background, risking a ritual/transactional reading instead of Luke’s whole-life reorientation. |
| forgiveness of sins | ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν (aphesis hamartiōn) | odpuštění hříchů | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1:77; 3:3; 5:20–24; 7:47–49; 11:4; 17:3–4; 24:47 | Compounds the existing baseline risk on “hřích” (colloquial weakening to “a shame/pity”) with the loss of Luke’s deliberate wordplay linking “release” (captives, 4:18) and “forgiveness” (sins) via the shared Greek root aphesis, which Czech cannot replicate. |
| poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | chudí / chudý | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:19–31; 18:22; 21:3 | Entirely ordinary secular Czech word for economic poverty; risk is flattening Luke’s theological claim (God’s saving initiative privileges the powerless) into a purely socioeconomic-policy statement. |
| disciple | μαθητής (mathētēs) | učedník | High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:30; 6:13, 17, 20, 40; 9:1, 14, 16, 18, 43, 54; 10:1, 23; 14:26–33; 19:29, 37, 39; 22:11, 39, 45 | Dominant secular Czech sense is a trade “apprentice” or generic “student” — a vocational/educational category lacking the total-life-commitment sense Luke intends. |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (huios tou anthrōpou) | Syn člověka | Critical | Cost and Joy of Discipleship; Kingdom of God Present and Future | 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7 | A literal Czech rendering reads on its own merely as “a human being” in the generic sense, completely obscuring the Daniel 7 messianic-authority background; must be taught, exactly paralleling the baseline’s treatment of “Syn Boží.” |
| Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | Spasitel | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 1:47; 2:11 | Directly parallels the baseline’s “spasení” (Critical): a genuine Kralice-tradition title that now registers to most secular readers as archaic/quasi-liturgical, without live conceptual force, rather than as a title with real content; must be explained narratively (savior from what, for whom, by what means), not merely announced. |
| compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι (splagchnizomai) | slitování / soucit | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 7:13; 10:33 (Good Samaritan); 15:20 (father of the prodigal) | The natural modern Czech term “soucit” (sympathy/empathy) risks flattening the visceral, action-producing force of the Greek into a merely emotional reaction; recommend “slitování” as primary rendering. |
| neighbor | πλησίον (plēsion) | bližní | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 6:27 (implicit); 10:27, 29, 36 | Retains unusual residual cultural traction via the familiar idiom “milovat bližního svého,” which paradoxically risks the term being received as an unexamined platitude rather than the Good Samaritan parable’s pointed, boundary-crossing redefinition. |
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | milosrdenství | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners; Good News to the Poor | 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37; 18:38–39 | Shares the root “milost-” with the baseline’s established “grace/milost,” risking collapse into a synonym; the doctrine requires mercy (compassion toward the suffering) to be held distinct from, though related to, grace (unmerited favor toward the guilty). |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | věčný život | Medium | The Kingdom of God Present and Future | 10:25; 18:18, 30 | Transparent phrase, but also used loosely in secular fantasy/marketing contexts (immortality tropes, cosmetic advertising), risking a thin, this-worldly-longevity reading rather than full resurrection-age content. |
| lost | ἀπόλλυμι / ἀπολωλός (apollymi / apolōlos) | ztracený | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Jesus’ Compassion | 15:4, 6, 8–9, 17, 24, 32; 19:10 | Entirely ordinary secular Czech word (a lost object, a lost person); the deep spiritual sense of alienation-yet-actively-sought-by-God must be built up from this mundane base word. |
| tax collector | τελώνης (telōnēs) | celník | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Table Fellowship with Sinners | 3:12; 5:27, 29–30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10–13; 19:2, 8 | The historical social stigma (comparable to a modern collaborator/extortionist) is invisible to a modern reader, for whom “celník” (customs officer) is simply a neutral civil-service job; must be actively taught. |
| sinner | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | hříšník | High | Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:8, 30, 32; 6:32–34; 7:34, 37, 39; 15:1–2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7 | Derived from “hřích,” inherits the baseline’s colloquial-weakening risk; casual Czech usage can render “hříšník” almost affectionately/jokingly, trivializing the serious social/theological boundary Jesus crosses at table. |
| synagogue | συναγωγή (synagōgē) | synagoga | Medium | (contextual background for core passage and ministry setting) | 4:15–16, 20, 28, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10; 20:46 | Stable transliterated loanword, but risks an architectural/historical-tourism association parallel to the baseline’s caution about “kostel” vs. “církev.” |
| Sabbath | σάββατον (sabbaton) | sobota | Critical | The Kingdom of God Present and Future; Law | 4:16, 31; 6:1–2, 5, 6–9; 13:10, 14–16; 14:1, 3, 5; 23:54, 56 | The ordinary modern Czech word for this day is simply “Saturday,” a fully secularized calendar term with zero residual religious content — unlike “neděle” (Sunday), which retains an etymological work-rest trace; requires full conceptual rebuilding from a completely secular base word. |
| blessed (beatitude) | μακάριος (makarios) | blahoslavený | Critical | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 1:45; 6:20–22; 7:23; 10:23; 11:27–28; 12:37–38, 43; 14:14–15; 23:29 | In Czech Catholic tradition, “blahoslavený/blahoslavená” is the official ecclesiastical title for a beatified person (one step below sainthood); risks the Beatitudes being read as a list of formal church honors rather than Jesus’ own startling present-tense pronouncement of favor on the poor and suffering. |
| woe | οὐαί (ouai) | běda | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 6:24–26; 10:13; 11:42–52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22 | Recognizable but archaic/literary register; risk of under-registering as genuine prophetic judgment rather than mild lament. |
| daily bread | ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ἐπιούσιος (ho artos ho epiousios) | chléb vezdejší | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 11:3 | Traditional phrase retained for cultural-memory recognition (fragmentary knowledge of the Lord’s Prayer persists even among secular Czechs), but the archaic word “vezdejší” is opaque outside this fixed phrase and needs a plain-language gloss. |
| prayer | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι (proseuchē / proseuchomai) | modlitba / modlit se | High | Prayer and Dependence on God | 1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18, 28–29; 11:1–13; 18:1, 9–14; 22:39–46 | Word itself unambiguous; risk is that the deeper posture of dependence Luke models (a personal Father, asked directly and persistently) cannot be assumed as background given low general religious practice — must be built as new content. |
| mammon | μαμωνᾶς (mamōnas) | mamon | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 16:9, 11, 13 | Comparatively lower risk than most terms here: modern Czech “mamon” already carries a mildly negative greed connotation aligned with the text; main risk is flattening to a neutral synonym for money, losing the personification-as-rival-master sense. |
| paradise | παράδεισος (paradeisos) | ráj | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People; Repentance and Forgiveness | 23:43 | Extremely common secular usage for any idyllic place (vacation marketing, “shopping paradise”); risks readers hearing generic bliss/vacation imagery rather than the specifically relational promise (“with me”). |
| Hades / realm of the dead | Ἅδης (Hadēs) | Hádes (transliterated; avoid “podsvětí”) | Medium-High | Repentance and Forgiveness; Good News to the Poor | 16:23 | ”Podsvětí,” the natural-sounding Czech alternative, is the standard contemporary term for the criminal underworld (organized crime) in Czech media usage — a serious genre-collision; recommend the transliterated, mythology-adjacent “Hádes” instead, with an explanatory gloss. |
| devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | ďábel (never čert) | High | The Kingdom of God Present and Future; humanity of Christ | 4:2–13; 8:12; 22:3 | Czech folk culture retains a vivid alternative devil-figure, “čert,” a comic folkloric trickster tied to the December Mikuláš tradition; must never be used for the New Testament’s real, personal spiritual adversary. |
| demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (daimonion / pneuma akatharton) | démon / nečistý duch | Medium | The Kingdom of God Present and Future | 4:33–36, 41; 6:18; 8:2, 27–33, 35–38; 9:1, 42; 10:17; 11:14–20; 13:32 | Contemporary Czech popular culture (film, gaming) uses “démon” loosely for any menacing supernatural creature, risking a fictionalized/genre reading rather than Luke’s concrete, historically real confrontations. |
| authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | moc / pravomoc | Medium | Deity of Christ (adjacent) | 4:32, 36; 5:24; 9:1; 10:19; 19:17; 20:2, 8, 20; 22:53; 23:7 | Neither “moc” (skews toward raw force) nor “pravomoc” (skews toward bureaucratic jurisdiction) precisely captures the personal, self-evident authority Luke describes; needs a brief clarifying note. |
| temptation | πειρασμός / πειράζω (peirasmos / peirazō) | pokušení | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship; humanity of Christ | 4:1–13; 8:13; 11:4; 22:28, 40, 46 | Everyday secular sense (dietary/shopping “temptation”) aligns reasonably well with the biblical sense in casual register, but the cosmic seriousness of Jesus’ wilderness contest with the devil must be actively taught, not assumed from the mild everyday connotation. |
| cross (discipleship) | σταυρός (stauros) | kříž | Medium-High | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23; 14:27; 23:26, 33 | Culturally present and stable term, but Czech colloquial usage includes “kříž” as the ordinary word for the lower back and appears in secular compounds (křížovka); the discipleship metaphor risks being flattened into a generic idiom for “bearing a burden,” detached from Jesus’ own literal crucifixion. |
| joy | χαρά (chara) | radost | Medium | The Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 1:14, 44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17, 21; 15:7, 10, 32; 19:6, 37; 24:41, 52 | Transparent, unambiguous word, but risk of theological flattening: a secular reader will read this as ordinary happiness/success rather than joy specifically tied to salvation and the defeat of evil. |
| kingdom “among/within” you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν (entos hymōn) | uprostřed vás / mezi vámi (not “ve vás”) | High | The Kingdom of God Present and Future | 17:21 | Genuinely debated phrase; an interior-psychological rendering (“ve vás,” “within you”) risks importing a foreign self-help “the kingdom is inside you” reading disconnected from Jesus’ own presence; flag for theologian review given the real translation choice involved. |
| table fellowship with sinners | (contextual: συνανάκειμαι / συνεσθίω, “to recline/eat together with”) | společenství u stolu / stolování s hříšníky | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners | 5:29–32; 7:36–50; 14:1, 12–24; 15:1–2; 19:1–10 | Not a single fixed lexical item but the theological name for a recurring, doctrinally central Lukan practice; must be actively taught as a deliberate act of solidarity and acceptance, since shared meals carry no equivalent social-boundary-crossing weight in ordinary contemporary Czech social life. |
| healing/saving double sense | σῴζω (sōzō) | zachránit / uzdravit / spasit (context-dependent) | High | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People | 7:50; 8:12, 36, 48, 50; 9:24; 17:19; 18:42; 19:10; 23:35, 37, 39 | Luke deliberately uses one Greek verb for both physical healing and spiritual salvation; Czech must choose between separate registers (“zachránit/uzdravit” vs. “spasit”) and risks prematurely collapsing Luke’s intentional double meaning into only one sense without an accompanying translator note. |
| redemption | λύτρωσις (lytrōsis) | vykoupení | High | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (adjacent); Jesus as Savior | 1:68; 2:38 | ”Vykoupit” is common in secular commercial usage (redeeming a coupon, retrieving an item from a pawnshop); risks flattening the costly, liberating theological image into a trivial transactional one. |
| Most High | Ὕψιστος (Hypsistos) | Nejvyšší | Medium | Deity of Christ (adjacent); Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 1:32, 35, 76; 6:35; 8:28 | Transparent divine title; needs anchoring to “Bůh” so as not to read as an abstract superlative rather than a personal divine title. |
| mercy-prayer / “have mercy” | ἐλέησόν με (eleēson me) | smiluj se nade mnou | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness; Table Fellowship with Sinners | 17:13; 18:38–39 | Related to “milosrdenství” above; the imperative prayer-form should be kept relationally warm, not legalistic, per the tone requirements established in the baseline. |
| acceptable year of the Lord (Jubilee) | ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν (eniauton Kyriou dekton) | milostivé léto Páně | Critical | The Kingdom of God Present and Future; Jesus as Savior for All Nations | 4:19 | The traditional Czech Jubilee phrase, “milostivé léto,” is also the official name of a real 2021–2022 Czech government debt-forgiveness program, widely covered in national media; a contemporary reader risks associating the phrase with recent secular civic policy rather than Jesus’ proclamation of eschatological restoration. Must be explicitly reclaimed and explained at first use. |
| release (captives) | ἄφεσις (aphesis, “release” sense) | propuštění / svoboda | High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Repentance and Forgiveness | 4:18 | Same Greek root as “forgiveness of sins” elsewhere in Luke (1:77; 3:3; 24:47); Czech cannot preserve this wordplay with a single shared root, risking the loss of Luke’s deliberate theological link between liberation and forgiveness — must be made explicit in a translator’s note. |
| oppressed / downtrodden | τεθραυσμένοι (tethrausmenoi) | utlačovaní | Medium | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18 | Carries a contemporary political/social-justice register in Czech usage that could either helpfully or distortingly color the reading; anchor firmly in the specific biblical mission, not a particular contemporary political program. |
| anointed | ἔχρισεν (echrisen) | pomazal (verb); pomazání (noun) | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People; Messianic Promise | 4:18 | Shares its root with “Christ/Messiah” in Greek, but this etymological link is invisible in Czech (“pomazání” and “Kristus/Mesiáš” share no root); must be made explicit in a translator’s note the first time this verse is taught. |
| fulfilled | πεπλήρωται (peplērōtai) | naplnilo se / je naplněno | Critical | Fulfillment of Prophecy; Messianic Promise | 4:21 | Perfect tense signals a fulfillment that “stands accomplished” with continuing present force; Czech’s simple past risks flattening this into a mere historical report with no ongoing force, paralleling the baseline’s treatment of resurrection and justification. |
Risk Summary (Luke-specific new terms, Section B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| High | 14 | Human theologian (mandatory) |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 0 | — |
| Total new terms | 32 |
Combined with Section A’s reused baseline terms (all retaining their original baseline risk tiers), this glossary brings the full Luke curriculum term inventory to over 70 tracked terms. Per the baseline’s escalation rules, any segment containing a Critical or High risk term from either section must be flagged for human theologian review before approval, and no Critical/High term may appear in translated material without an accompanying plain-language gloss on first substantive use in each document.
This glossary must be loaded together with 07_semantic_analysis.md, and both must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 translation of Luke curriculum material begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: spravedlnost
Transliteration: dikaiosynē / dikaios
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: spravedlnost výhradně v moderním občanském/právním smyslu
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 23:47’s centurion confession (‘certainly this was a righteous/innocent man’) carries a deliberate double sense (legal innocence and moral righteousness); flag for theologian review to preserve both registers rather than collapsing to one.
Justification
Approved rendering: ospravedlnění
Transliteration: dikaioō
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ospravedlnění pouze v běžném smyslu ‘obhájení’ jednání
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 18:14 (Pharisee and Tax Collector) embeds this identical forensic-declaration concept inside a vivid narrative parable, giving translators a key pedagogical opportunity to build the concept the baseline says otherwise carries no everyday theological content for Czech readers.
Salvation
Approved rendering: spasení
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: spasení chápané pouze jako archaický literární výraz
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent in Luke’s opening narrative (1:69, 71, 77; 2:11, 30; 3:6) and climaxes at 19:9-10; must be explained narratively (from what, to what, by whom), never presented as a bare archaic label.
Savior
Approved rendering: Spasitel
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: Spasitel jako pouhý čestný titul bez konkrétního obsahu, Zachránce (too generic/secular-rescue register)
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
NEW term. ‘Spasitel’ is a genuine Kralice-tradition title (Lukáš 1:47; 2:11) but registers to most secular readers as archaic/quasi-liturgical (heard perhaps only in a Christmas carol) rather than as a title with live conceptual force, exactly paralleling the baseline’s treatment of ‘spasení.’ Must be explained narratively (savior from what, for whom, by what means), never merely announced. Counters imperial-cult claims of the Roman emperor as universal savior/benefactor.
Repentance
Approved rendering: pokání
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: pokání jako pouhý rituální akt svátosti smíření, obrácení (too weak on its own without teaching)
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW term (Lukáš 3:3, 8; 5:32; 13:3, 5; 15:7, 10; 24:47). CRITICAL for a reason specific to Czech religious history: ‘pokání’ carries a genuine competing association with the Catholic sacrament of penance/confession for readers with residual Catholic cultural background, risking a ritual, priest-mediated transaction rather than Luke’s whole-life reorientation. Must be actively distinguished at every occurrence.
Jubilee Year
Approved rendering: milostivé léto Páně
Transliteration: eniauton Kyriou dekton
Doctrine: The Acceptable Year of the Lord (Jubilee)
Rejected alternatives: léto Hospodinovy přízně (ČEP’s safer but less traditional phrase, considered but rejected in favor of retaining and reclaiming the traditional phrase with mandatory disambiguation)
Original: ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν
Category: Kingdom
NEW term, core-passage climax (Lukáš 4:19). CRITICAL with an unusually precise, grounded reason: the traditional Czech phrase ‘milostivé léto’ is also the official name of a real 2021-2022 Czech government debt-forgiveness program, widely covered in national media. A contemporary reader is now more likely to associate the phrase with recent secular civic policy than with Jesus’ proclamation of eschatological restoration (Leviticus 25 Jubilee). ‘Páně’ must never be dropped from the phrase, and an explicit disambiguating note is required at every first use per document.
Anointed
Approved rendering: pomazal (verb); pomazání (noun)
Transliteration: chriō (echrisen)
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Its Fulfillment
Rejected alternatives: potřel olejem (overly literal/ritual-only reading with no messianic connection made)
Original: χρίω (ἔχρισεν)
Category: Christology
NEW term, core-passage hinge (Lukáš 4:18). Shares its root with ‘Christ/Messiah’ in Greek, but this etymological link is invisible in Czech (‘pomazání’ and ‘Kristus/Mesiáš’ share no root); must be made explicit in a translator’s note the first time this verse is taught, or the reader will miss that Jesus is claiming to be the Anointed One announced by Isaiah.
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: naplnilo se / je naplněno
Transliteration: plēroō (peplērōtai)
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Its Fulfillment
Rejected alternatives: stalo se (loses all perfective/durative force)
Original: πληρόω (πεπλήρωται)
Category: Fulfillment of Prophecy
NEW term, core-passage climax (Lukáš 4:21). Czech’s simple past risks flattening the Greek perfect tense’s ‘stands accomplished, and remains so’ nuance into a report of a completed historical event with no ongoing force, paralleling the baseline’s treatment of resurrection and justification. Recommend an accompanying explanatory clause at first teaching occurrence (e.g. ‘…a toto naplnění trvá dodnes’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: vzkříšení
Transliteration: anastasis
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Sadducees’ debate (Lukáš 20:27-40) and the empty tomb narrative (24:1-53); the Easter/pomlázka secular-drift risk documented in the baseline applies with full force across Luke’s extended chapter 24.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pán
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: pán s malým ‘p’ jako běžné zdvořilostní oslovení
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 20:42-44’s debate over David calling the Messiah ‘Lord’ is a direct Lukan parallel to the baseline’s Romans 10:9 concern; capitalization alone remains an insufficient signal for this exclusive divine claim. Note: in the direct Isaiah 61 quotation at 4:18, ČEP/Kralická render the underlying divine name as ‘Hospodinův,’ not ‘Pánův’ — retain ‘Duch Hospodinův’ in that specific quotation per landscape analysis, but bridge explicitly to ‘Pán’ so readers do not infer two different figures.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boží
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Must be actively distinguished from the new Lukan title ‘Syn člověka’ (Son of Man), which co-occurs throughout the Gospel and emphasizes a different (though related) dimension of Christ’s identity: eternal divine relation to the Father versus true humanity joined to hidden eschatological authority.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Syn člověka
Transliteration: huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: Son of Man
Rejected alternatives: Syn člověka bez vysvětlující poznámky (splývá s obecným ‘člověk’)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW term (Lukáš 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22-30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7). A literal Czech rendering reads on its own merely as ‘a human being,’ completely obscuring the Daniel 7:13 messianic-authority background. Requires a mandatory translator note at first substantive use in every document, exactly paralleling the baseline’s treatment of ‘Syn Boží.‘
Incarnation
Approved rendering: vtělení
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Virgin Birth of Christ
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Foundational to the entire Lukan birth narrative (Lukáš 1:26-38; 2:1-20).
Sabbath
Approved rendering: sobota
Transliteration: sabbaton
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: den odpočinku (loses the specific weekly-calendar identity Luke’s controversies depend on)
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
NEW term (Lukáš 4:16, 31; 6:1-9; 13:10-16; 14:1-5; 23:54, 56). CRITICAL: the ordinary modern Czech word for this day, ‘sobota,’ is simply the everyday name for Saturday — a fully secularized calendar term with zero residual religious content, unlike ‘neděle’ (Sunday), which retains an etymological work-rest trace. Requires full conceptual rebuilding of Torah rest-theology from a completely secular base word at every occurrence — the single highest lexical-secularization risk in this Language Package.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesiáš / Kristus
Transliteration: Christos / Mashiach
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Its Fulfillment
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (Lukáš 9:20, ‘the Christ of God’) and the trial confession (22:67) are key new Lukan occurrences; directly tied to the new ‘anointed’ term at 4:18.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ježíš
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Retain baseline caution re: colloquial exclamatory register (‘Ježíšmarjá’).
God
Approved rendering: Bůh
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retain baseline caution re: colloquial exclamatory usage (‘proboha’).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch svatý
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The single most theologically load-bearing recurring term across all of Luke (1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25-27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 14, 18; 10:21; 11:13; 12:10, 12; 24:49). Must never be rendered with impersonal-force vocabulary; always anchor with personal verbs (mluvil, sestoupil, naplnil) and explicit identification as God’s own personal presence, not a mood or ‘duch doby.‘
Father
Approved rendering: Otec
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Prodigal Son (Lukáš ch. 15) and Gethsemane (22:42) are new high-weight relational contexts. Note: Luke’s Gethsemane account uses ‘Otče,’ NOT the Aramaic ‘Abba’ — do not insert ‘Abba’ where Luke’s own Greek text does not have it (unlike Mark 14:36 / Romans 8:15).
Blessed Beatitude
Approved rendering: blahoslavený
Transliteration: makarios
Doctrine: The Beatitudes and the Reversal of Social Status
Rejected alternatives: šťastný (too weak, purely emotional, loses declarative force)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Poverty and Social Reversal
NEW term (Lukáš 1:45; 6:20-22; 7:23; 10:23; 11:27-28; 12:37-38, 43; 14:14-15; 23:29). CRITICAL: in Czech Catholic tradition, ‘blahoslavený/blahoslavená’ is the official ecclesiastical title for a beatified person (one step below canonized sainthood, e.g. ‘blahoslavená Zdislava’). Risks the Beatitudes being read as a list of formal church honors rather than Jesus’ own startling, present-tense pronouncement of favor on the poor and suffering. Must be explicitly distinguished at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelium
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; use exactly as recorded there. In Luke, tied to Jesus’ own programmatic self-description (Lukáš 4:18, ‘zvěstovat evangelium chudým’) and to the mission of the Twelve and the Seventy-Two (9:6; 10:1-16; 20:1). Must still be actively defined at first use in every Luke document; no inherited meaning may be assumed.
Grace
Approved rendering: milost
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package; use exactly as recorded there (Lukáš 1:30; 2:40; 4:22). Must be actively fenced from the new Luke term ‘milosrdenství’ (mercy), which shares the root ‘milost-’ and risks collapsing into a synonym; grace answers ‘what does the guilty person not deserve but receive,’ mercy answers ‘what does the suffering person receive from a moved heart.‘
Faith
Approved rendering: víra
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: víra v obecném slova smyslu
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Luke repeatedly ties faith to physical restoration (5:20; 7:50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:42), reinforcing the healing/salvation double-meaning risk documented under ‘healing_saving_double_sense’; the object of faith (Jesus) must remain explicit at every occurrence.
Redemption
Approved rendering: vykoupení
Transliteration: lytrōsis
Doctrine: Redemption and Liberation
Rejected alternatives: vykoupení pouze v běžném komerčním smyslu (kupón, zastavárna)
Original: λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
NEW term (Lukáš 1:68; 2:38). ‘Vykoupit’ is in extremely common secular commercial use in Czech (redeeming a coupon, retrieving an item from a pawnshop); this risks flattening the theological weight of a costly divine rescue into a trivial transactional image unless explicitly unpacked, paralleling the baseline’s treatment of grace and justification.
Healing Saving Double Sense
Approved rendering: zachránit / uzdravit / spasit (dle kontextu)
Transliteration: sōzō
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: kolaps na jediný význam bez překladatelské poznámky
Original: σῴζω
Category: Salvation
NEW term (Lukáš 7:50; 8:36, 48, 50; 17:19; 18:42; 19:10). Luke deliberately uses one Greek verb for both physical healing and spiritual salvation. Czech must choose between a healing register (‘zachránit/uzdravit’) and a salvation register (‘spasit’) and must not prematurely collapse Luke’s intentional double meaning into only one sense without an accompanying translator note.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: odpuštění hříchů
Transliteration: aphesis hamartiōn
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW compound term (Lukáš 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 17:3-4; 24:47). Compounds the baseline’s ‘hřích’ colloquial-weakening risk with the loss of Luke’s deliberate wordplay linking ‘release’ (4:18, captives) and ‘forgiveness’ (sins) via the shared Greek root aphesis, which Czech cannot replicate with a single word — requires an explicit translator’s note bridging 4:18 and 24:47.
Release Captives
Approved rendering: propuštění / svoboda
Transliteration: aphesis (aichmalōtois)
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: vězni jako výhradně trestněprávní kategorie
Original: ἄφεσις (αἰχμαλώτοις)
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW term, core-passage element (Lukáš 4:18). Same Greek root as ‘forgiveness of sins’ elsewhere in Luke (1:77; 3:3; 24:47); Czech cannot preserve this wordplay with a single shared root, risking the loss of Luke’s deliberate theological link between liberation and forgiveness unless made explicit in a translator’s note.
Called
Approved rendering: povolaný
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package (Lukáš 1:32, 35, 76; 6:46). Must be actively distinguished from the dominant secular sense of a job or profession.
Calling
Approved rendering: povolání
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: povolání výhradně ve smyslu civilního zaměstnání
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Limited direct Lukan occurrence as a fixed noun; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the calling of the Twelve (6:13-16) and Seventy-Two (10:1-20).
Saints
Approved rendering: svatí
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: svatí výhradně jako historické kanonizované osobnosti
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Limited direct Lukan occurrence (corporate believer identity develops more fully in Acts); retained for curriculum consistency and to guard against the Czech name-day-calendar folk association documented in the baseline.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: posvěcení
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: posvěcení výhradně jako rituální/symbolický akt (posvěcení stavby)
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct Lukan development; distinguish from ‘posvěcení’s’ ordinary Czech sense of the ceremonial blessing of a building.
Virgin
Approved rendering: panna
Transliteration: parthenos
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Virgin Birth of Christ
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW term (Lukáš 1:27, 34). ‘Panna’ is a stable, unambiguous Czech word, but the doctrinal weight of the virgin conception by the Holy Spirit’s direct agency needs foundational Trinitarian and Christological explanation, since basic categories cannot be assumed as background for a secular readership.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: společenství u stolu / stolování s hříšníky
Transliteration: synanakeimai / synesthiō
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: pouhé ‘společné jídlo’ bez zdůraznění společenské provokace
Original: συνανάκειμαι / συνεσθίω
Category: Church
NEW term, not a single fixed lexical item but the theological name for a recurring, doctrinally central Lukan practice (Lukáš 5:29-32; 7:36-50; 14:1, 12-24; 15:1-2; 19:1-10). Shared meals carry no equivalent social-boundary-crossing weight in ordinary contemporary Czech social life; must be actively taught as a deliberate act of solidarity and acceptance, not a logistical detail.
Kingdom Among You
Approved rendering: uprostřed vás / mezi vámi (nikdy ‘ve vás’)
Transliteration: hē basileia tou theou entos hymōn estin
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ve vás (importuje cizí, sebezdokonalovací výklad ‘království je uvnitř tebe’)
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν
Category: Kingdom
NEW term (Lukáš 17:21). A famously debated phrase. An interior-psychological rendering (‘ve vás’) risks importing a foreign self-help ‘the kingdom is inside you’ reading disconnected from Jesus’ own bodily presence among the community; recommend ‘uprostřed vás / mezi vámi’ per both ČEP and Bible21, and flag for human theologian review given the genuine translation choice involved.
Law
Approved rendering: zákon
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Reinforced by the ‘Law and the Prophets’ formula (Lukáš 24:44) tying to the Scripture/prophecy doctrine; also the ordinary Czech word for civil legislation.
Sin
Approved rendering: hřích
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Sin and Judgment)
Rejected alternatives: hřích s oslabeným žertovným významem (‘to je hřích’)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent in Luke (3:3; 5:20-24, 30-32; 7:37-49; 11:4; 15:1-2, 7, 10, 18, 21; 17:3-4; 24:47); the baseline’s colloquial-weakening risk applies throughout.
Sinner
Approved rendering: hříšník
Transliteration: hamartōlos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
NEW derived term (Lukáš 5:8, 30, 32; 6:32-34; 7:34, 37, 39; 15:1-2, 7, 10; 18:13; 19:7). Inherits the baseline’s ‘hřích’ colloquial-weakening risk; casual Czech usage can render ‘hříšník’ almost affectionately/jokingly (‘ty jsi ale hříšník’), trivializing the serious social and theological boundary Jesus crosses at table.
Wrath
Approved rendering: hněv
Transliteration: orgē
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Sin and Judgment)
Original: ὀργή
Category: Sin
NEW term (Lukáš 3:7, John the Baptist’s warning of ‘the coming wrath’). Ties to the doctrine of Universal Human Accountability; must be taught as serious, personal divine response to sin, not a generic emotional outburst.
Glory
Approved rendering: sláva
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sláva ve smyslu světské slávy či úspěchu
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The Transfiguration (Lukáš 9:31-32) and resurrection glory (24:26) are new high-weight Lukan contexts beyond the angelic doxology at 2:9, 14, 32.
Covenant
Approved rendering: smlouva
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: smlouva výhradně jako běžná obchodní nebo právní smlouva
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 22:20’s ‘new covenant in my blood’ at the Last Supper is the highest-stakes new occurrence in the whole curriculum; the baseline’s caution against a purely commercial-contract reading applies with even greater force given the meal’s centrality to ongoing Christian worship.
Election
Approved rendering: vyvolení
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: vyvolení v běžném sekulárním smyslu úspěchu nebo výběru
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Limited direct occurrence in Luke (cf. 18:7, ‘his elect’); retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Poor
Approved rendering: chudí / chudý
Transliteration: ptōchos
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: chudí výhradně jako sociálně-ekonomická kategorie bez teologického obsahu
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poverty and Social Reversal
NEW term (Lukáš 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13, 21; 16:19-31; 18:22; 21:3). Entirely ordinary secular Czech word for economic poverty with no theological resonance; risk is flattening Luke’s theological claim into a purely socioeconomic-policy statement rather than God’s saving initiative deliberately privileging the powerless.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: celník
Transliteration: telōnēs
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Poverty and Social Reversal
NEW term (Lukáš 3:12; 5:27, 29-30; 7:29, 34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2, 8). The historical social stigma (comparable to a modern collaborator/extortionist) is invisible to a modern reader, for whom ‘celník’ (customs officer) is simply a neutral civil-service job; must be actively taught.
Lost
Approved rendering: ztracený
Transliteration: apollymi / apolōlos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἀπόλλυμι / ἀπολωλός
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW term (Lukáš 15:4, 6, 8-9, 17, 24, 32; 19:10). Entirely ordinary secular Czech word (a lost object, a lost person in a crowd); the deep spiritual sense of alienation-yet-actively-sought-by-God must be built up from this mundane base word.
Disciple
Approved rendering: učedník
Transliteration: mathētēs
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: student/žák (too weak, purely academic register)
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW term (Lukáš 5:30; 6:13, 17, 20, 40; 9:1, 14, 16, 18, 43, 54; 10:1, 23; 14:26-33; 19:29, 37, 39; 22:11, 39, 45). Dominant secular Czech sense is a trade ‘apprentice’ or generic ‘student’ — a vocational/educational category lacking the total-life-commitment sense Luke intends.
Cross Discipleship
Approved rendering: kříž
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: kříž jako pouhá metafora pro obecnou zátěž bez spojení s ukřižováním
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW term (Lukáš 9:23; 14:27; 23:26, 33). Czech colloquial usage includes ‘kříž’ as the ordinary word for the lower back (‘bolí mě kříž’) and appears in secular compounds (‘křížovka’); the discipleship metaphor risks being flattened into a generic idiom for ‘bearing a burden,’ detached from Jesus’ own literal crucifixion narrated later in the same Gospel (23:26, 33) — the two senses must be explicitly reconnected.
Compassion
Approved rendering: slitování / soucit
Transliteration: splagchnizomai
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: soucit as the primary/sole rendering (too weak/purely emotional)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW term (Lukáš 7:13; 10:33; 15:20). The modern secular term ‘soucit’ (sympathy/empathy) risks flattening the visceral, action-producing force of the Greek into a merely emotional reaction; ‘slitování’ is recommended as the primary rendering, with ‘soucit’ available only as a supporting gloss.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: bližní
Transliteration: plēsion
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW term (Lukáš 10:27, 29, 36). Retains unusual residual cultural traction via the familiar idiom ‘milovat bližního svého jako sebe samého,’ which paradoxically risks the term being received as an unexamined platitude rather than the Good Samaritan parable’s pointed, boundary-crossing redefinition.
Mercy
Approved rendering: milosrdenství
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: milosrdenství jako pouhé synonymum milosti (grace)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
NEW term (Lukáš 1:50, 54, 58, 72, 78; 10:37; 18:38-39). Shares the root ‘milost-’ with the established ‘grace/milost,’ risking collapse into a synonym; the doctrine requires mercy (compassion toward the suffering) to be held distinct from grace (unmerited favor toward the guilty).
Prayer
Approved rendering: modlitba / modlit se
Transliteration: proseuchē / proseuchomai
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
NEW term (Lukáš 1:13; 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18, 28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1, 9-14; 22:39-46). Word itself unambiguous; risk is that the deeper posture of dependence Luke models — persistent, filial address to a personal Father — cannot be assumed as background given low general religious practice; must be built as genuinely new content.
Devil
Approved rendering: ďábel (nikdy čert)
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: čert (folkloric trickster figure tied to the December Mikuláš tradition — forbidden)
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW term (Lukáš 4:2-13; 8:12; 22:3). Czech folk culture retains a vivid alternative devil-figure, ‘čert,’ a comic folkloric trickster tied to the December Mikuláš tradition; must never be used for the New Testament’s real, personal spiritual adversary.
Baptism
Approved rendering: křest
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Sanctification
NEW term (Lukáš 3:3, 7, 12, 16, 21; 7:29; 12:50; 20:4). Most secular Czechs have either undergone or witnessed ‘křest’ as a family/cultural rite of passage (infant christening), often with minimal ongoing personal faith commitment; John’s adult baptism of repentance must be actively distinguished from this perfunctory cultural-custom association.
Paradise
Approved rendering: ráj
Transliteration: paradeisos
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Intermediate State
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term (Lukáš 23:43). ‘Ráj’ is in extremely common secular Czech usage for any idyllic place (‘nákupní ráj,’ vacation marketing); readers risk hearing generic bliss/vacation imagery rather than the specifically relational promise (‘with me’), not merely a locational one. Pair with ‘se mnou’ every time.
Hades
Approved rendering: Hádes (transliterováno; nikdy ‘podsvětí’)
Transliteration: Hadēs
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Intermediate State
Rejected alternatives: podsvětí (standard contemporary Czech term for the criminal underworld/organized crime — forbidden)
Original: Ἅδης
Category: Eschatology
NEW term (Lukáš 16:23). The natural-sounding Czech alternative, ‘podsvětí,’ is the standard contemporary term for the criminal underworld in Czech media usage — a serious genre-collision; recommend the transliterated, mythology-adjacent ‘Hádes’ instead, with an explanatory gloss, since Greek mythology is standard Czech general-education background.
Medium Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: svatý
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holiness
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to God’s name (Lukáš 1:49) and the covenant oath (1:70, 72), and to Simeon’s expectation of the temple (2:23).
Adoption
Approved rendering: přijetí za syna
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not prominent as a fixed term in Luke’s own vocabulary (the Gospel’s sonship language centers on Jesus, not believer-adoption); retained for cross-curriculum consistency only.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokoj
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: pokoj ve smyslu pouhého klidu či nepřítomnosti hluku
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 19:42’s lament over Jerusalem’s failure to recognize ‘the things that make for peace’ is a new, poignant context requiring the relational, covenantal sense to be distinguished from the everyday sense of mere quiet.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: duchovní dary
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Limited direct occurrence in the Gospel itself; retained for Luke-Acts continuity.
Church
Approved rendering: církev
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: kostel (budova) namísto společenství věřících
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not used in the Gospel itself (an Acts-era term); retained for Luke-Acts curriculum continuity.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: království Boží
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s single most frequent theological phrase (4:43; 6:20; 8:1, 10; 9:2; 10:9; 11:20; 13:18-21; 17:20-21; 18:16-17; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16, 18; 23:42); the baseline’s fairy-tale-kingdom caution applies at every occurrence given the strong association with Czech children’s/fantasy literature.
King
Approved rendering: Král
Transliteration: basileus
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: βασιλεύς
Category: Kingdom
NEW term (Lukáš 19:38; 23:2-3, 37-38). Must be understood as messianic kingship, not merely civic royalty. Note: unlike Matthew, Mark, and John, Luke’s triumphal-entry account does NOT include the crowd’s ‘Hosanna’ acclamation; translators must not import it.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: pohané / národy
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 24:47’s ‘all nations/gentiles’ is the Gospel’s universal-mission climax; use ‘národy’ where a more neutral sense is intended, per the baseline’s caution about ‘pohané’s’ stronger charge.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boží
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Lukáš 24:49’s ‘power from on high’ anticipates Pentecost; also present at 1:35, 4:14, 36, 5:17, 9:43.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: proroctví
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. New named prophetic figures at the Gospel’s opening: Zechariah (Lukáš 1:67-79) and Anna (2:36-38).
Word Of God
Approved rendering: slovo Boží
Transliteration: ho logos tou theou
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW term (Lukáš 8:4-15, 21; 5:1; 11:28). Stable, transparent phrase, needing the same foundational scaffolding as ‘Písmo’ regarding Scripture’s authority, since general background familiarity with the Bible cannot be assumed.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: obřízka
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Its Fulfillment
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW term (Lukáš 1:59; 2:21). The term itself is stable, but the covenantal significance requires the same Old Testament background-building the baseline flags for ‘covenant’ and the Davidic covenant.
Intercession
Approved rendering: přímluva
Transliteration: enteuxis
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: ἔντευξις (implicit)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Not a separately fixed term in Luke’s own vocabulary (subsumed under the broader ‘prayer’ entry); retained for cross-curriculum consistency only.
Providence
Approved rendering: prozřetelnost Boží
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: God’s Providence and Care
Rejected alternatives: prozřetelnost v obecném smyslu ‘osudu’ nebo ‘štěstí’
Original: πρόνοια (implicit)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. New concrete Lukan imagery (sparrows, ravens, lilies, Lukáš 12:6-7, 22-31) for an already-established doctrine; avoid the fatalistic folk-secular framing of ‘osud’ or ‘štěstí.‘
Mission
Approved rendering: misie
Transliteration: apostolē / pempō
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The sending of the Twelve (Lukáš 9:1-6) and the Seventy-Two (10:1-16) are Luke’s paradigmatic mission narratives; ‘misie’ may carry a mild colonial-era or NGO-humanitarian connotation in contemporary secular usage.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, retained for cross-curriculum consistency only. Luke’s own Gethsemane account (22:42) does NOT use ‘Abba’ — do not insert it into Lukan text where the Greek does not have it.
Oppressed
Approved rendering: utlačovaní
Transliteration: tethrausmenoi
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένοι
Category: Poverty and Social Reversal
NEW term (Lukáš 4:18). Carries a contemporary political/social-justice register in Czech usage that could either helpfully or distortingly color the reading; anchor firmly in the specific biblical mission, not a particular contemporary political program.
Mammon
Approved rendering: mamon
Transliteration: mamōnas
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: peníze (loses the personification-as-rival-master sense)
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Poverty and Social Reversal
NEW term (Lukáš 16:9, 11, 13). Modern Czech ‘mamon’ already carries a mildly negative greed connotation aligned with the text; main risk is flattening to a neutral synonym for money, losing the personification-as-rival-master sense.
Joy
Approved rendering: radost
Transliteration: chara
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
NEW term (Lukáš 1:14, 44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17, 21; 15:7, 10, 32; 19:6, 37; 24:41, 52). Transparent, unambiguous word, but risk of theological flattening: a secular reader will read this as ordinary happiness/success rather than joy specifically tied to salvation and the defeat of evil.
Mercy Prayer
Approved rendering: smiluj se nade mnou
Transliteration: eleēson me
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἐλέησόν με
Category: God
NEW term (Lukáš 17:13; 18:38-39). Related to ‘milosrdenství’; keep the imperative prayer-form relationally warm, not legalistic, per the tone requirements established in the baseline.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: věčný život
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Kingdom
NEW term (Lukáš 10:25; 18:18, 30). Transparent phrase, but also used loosely in secular fantasy/marketing contexts (immortality tropes, cosmetic advertising), risking a thin, this-worldly-longevity reading rather than full resurrection-age content.
Daily Bread
Approved rendering: chléb vezdejší
Transliteration: ho artos ho epiousios
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: denní chléb (modern but loses cultural-memory recognition value)
Original: ὁ ἄρτος ὁ ἐπιούσιος
Category: Prayer
NEW term (Lukáš 11:3). Traditional phrase retained for cultural-memory recognition (fragmentary knowledge of the Lord’s Prayer persists even among secular Czechs), but the archaic word ‘vezdejší’ is opaque outside this fixed phrase and needs a plain-language gloss.
Authority
Approved rendering: moc / pravomoc
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW term (Lukáš 4:32, 36; 5:24; 9:1; 10:19; 19:17; 20:2, 8, 20; 22:53; 23:7). Neither ‘moc’ (skews toward raw force) nor ‘pravomoc’ (skews toward bureaucratic jurisdiction) precisely captures the personal, self-evident authority Luke describes; needs a brief clarifying note.
Demon
Approved rendering: démon / nečistý duch
Transliteration: daimonion / pneuma akatharton
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
NEW term (Lukáš 4:33-36, 41; 6:18; 8:2, 27-33, 35-38; 9:1, 42; 10:17; 11:14-20; 13:32). Contemporary Czech popular culture (film, gaming) uses ‘démon’ loosely for any menacing supernatural creature, risking a fictionalized/genre reading rather than Luke’s concrete, historically real confrontations.
Temptation
Approved rendering: pokušení
Transliteration: peirasmos / peirazō
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW term (Lukáš 4:1-13; 8:13; 11:4; 22:28, 40, 46). Everyday secular sense (dietary/shopping ‘temptation’) aligns reasonably well with the biblical sense in casual register, but the cosmic seriousness of Jesus’ wilderness contest with the devil must be actively taught, not assumed.
Angel
Approved rendering: anděl
Transliteration: angelos
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Virgin Birth of Christ
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
NEW term (Lukáš 1:11-38; 2:9-15). Stable and recognized, but often flattened in secular Czech popular culture to a generic guardian-figure or greeting-card image (‘andílek’); distinguish biblical angelic messengers from folk/pop-culture imagery.
Most High
Approved rendering: Nejvyšší
Transliteration: Hypsistos
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Ὕψιστος
Category: God
NEW term (Lukáš 1:32, 35, 76; 6:35; 8:28). Transparent divine title; needs anchoring to ‘Bůh’ so as not to read as an abstract superlative rather than a personal divine title.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: synagoga
Transliteration: synagōgē
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Its Fulfillment
NEW term, core-passage setting (Lukáš 4:15-16, 20, 28, 33, 38, 44; 6:6; 7:5; 8:41; 13:10; 20:46). Stable transliterated loanword, but risks an architectural/historical-tourism association parallel to the baseline’s caution about ‘kostel’ vs. ‘církev’; the historical-religious function needs explicit explanation.
Temple
Approved rendering: chrám
Transliteration: hieron / naos
Doctrine: Sanctification and Holiness
Original: ἱερόν / ναός
Category: Sanctification
NEW term (Lukáš 1:9, 21-22; 2:27, 37, 46; 18:10; 19:45-47; 21:5, 37-38; 24:53). Risk of a purely historical/touristic association, paralleling the baseline’s note on ‘kostel’ vs. ‘církev’; many secular Czechs’ primary association with ‘chrám’ will be architectural/heritage-site rather than living worship center.
Woe
Approved rendering: běda
Transliteration: ouai
Doctrine: The Beatitudes and the Reversal of Social Status
Original: οὐαί
Category: Poverty and Social Reversal
NEW term (Lukáš 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22). Recognizable but archaic/literary register in Czech; risk of under-registering as genuine prophetic judgment rather than mild lament. Teach the Beatitudes/Woes (6:20-26) as one paired unit.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apoštol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Formal naming of the Twelve occurs at Lukáš 6:13-16; recurs at 9:10, 17:5, 22:14, 24:10.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: díkůvzdání
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Gratitude
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. The healed Samaritan leper’s return (Lukáš 17:16) and the Pharisee’s ironic self-righteous thanks (18:11) offer contrasting Lukan uses worth a brief translator note.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: společenství
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Reframed in Luke specifically as table fellowship — see the separate ‘table_fellowship’ entry.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prorok
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: prorok ve smyslu věštce
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Extremely frequent in Luke (1:76; 4:17, 24, 27; 7:16, 26, 39; 9:8, 19; 11:47-50; 13:33-34; 16:16, 29, 31; 20:6; 24:19, 25, 27); Jesus is repeatedly identified as, and shown to be greater than, a prophet.
David
Approved rendering: David
Transliteration: Dauid
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Its Fulfillment
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent throughout (Lukáš 1:27, 32, 69; 2:4, 11; 3:31; 6:3; 18:38-39; 20:41-44); ties to Messianic Promise throughout.
Israel
Approved rendering: Izrael
Transliteration: Israēl
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Retain baseline caution re: contemporary political sensitivity around this proper name (Lukáš 1:16, 54, 68, 80; 2:25, 32, 34; 22:30; 24:21).
Exhort
Approved rendering: povzbuzovat
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Discipleship
Inherited from Romans package. John the Baptist’s preaching includes exhortation (Lukáš 3:18).
Referenced passages