Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Czech)
Purpose and Scope
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the whole book of Mark, chapters 1–16, plus the verse-by-verse treatment of the core passage, Mark 10:35-45. It extends, and does not override, the baseline Romans Language Package. Terms already recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json are marked “Baseline — LOCKED” and their Czech rendering and risk tier are reused exactly, with only a Mark-specific contextual note added where relevant. Terms newly required for the Mark curriculum are marked “New for Mark” and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the same risk-tier discipline established by the baseline.
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — Mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine; mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
- High — Mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or comprehension failure; human theologian review required.
- Medium — Mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding or imprecision; automated review sufficient.
Master Glossary Table
| Term (English) | Original Greek/Aramaic | Czech Rendering | Risk | Status | Doctrine(s) | Primary Mark References | Risk Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | evangelium | High | Baseline — LOCKED | Gospel | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Reused exactly; Mark 1:1 uses it as the book’s title-word, raising the stakes of first-use definition. |
| repentance | μετάνοια, μετανοέω | pokání | High | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:4, 1:15, 6:12 | Established Bible-tradition word, but ordinary Czech usage is weakened/semi-ironic; must be taught as decisive reorientation, not mere regret. |
| baptism / baptize | βάπτισμα, βαπτίζω | křest / křtít | High (Critical in metaphorical use, 10:38-39) | New for Mark | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Necessity of the Cross | 1:4-11, 10:38-39 | Culturally secularized as a family “christening” custom; also carries a second, non-ritual metaphorical sense (suffering) within Mark itself requiring active disambiguation. |
| Holy Spirit | τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον | Duch svatý | Critical | Baseline — LOCKED | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | No new Mark-specific risk beyond baseline’s Trinitarian-background caution. |
| Son of God / beloved Son | υἱὸς θεοῦ | Syn Boží | Critical | Baseline — LOCKED | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61-62, 15:39 | Disclosed progressively to different hearers across the book — a distinctive Mark-specific literary/theological structure (Messianic Secret) layered onto the baseline term. |
| unclean spirit | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | nečistý duch | Medium | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23-27, 3:11, 3:30, 5:2-13, 7:25, 9:25 | Transparent compound, low secular-drift risk. |
| demon | δαιμόνιον | démon | High | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:34, 1:39, 3:22, 6:13, 7:26-30, 9:38 | Contemporary Czech pop-culture usage (film, games, fantasy fiction) risks trivializing a serious theological category. |
| authority | ἐξουσία | moc / pravomoc | High | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 2:28, 6:7, 10:42, 11:28-33 | Distinct Greek root from baseline’s δύναμις (“moc Boží”); Czech “moc” defaults to political/coercive power, risking conflation between Jesus’s intrinsic authority (positive) and the world’s domineering authority (negative, explicitly named in 10:42). |
| leprosy / cleanse | λέπρα, καθαρίζω | malomocenství / očistit, čistý | Medium | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:40-45, 7:15-23 | Low competing cultural meaning but low pre-existing recognition of the social-exclusion dimension. |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | hřích | High | Baseline — LOCKED | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; The Necessity of the Cross | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29 | Reused exactly; Mark 2’s forgiveness-of-sins narrative gives this baseline term a fresh concrete narrative anchor. |
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | Syn člověka | Critical | New for Mark | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33-34, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | Fuses a humble idiom (“a human being”) with Daniel 7’s exalted dominion-figure; the linguistic engine of the Messianic Secret; must be kept visibly distinct from the baseline’s “Syn Boží.” |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sobota | High | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2:23-3:6, 6:2 | Ordinary Czech word for “Saturday” carries zero residual holiness/covenant-rest connotation, a drift pattern structurally identical to baseline’s “povolání.” |
| blasphemy (against the Holy Spirit / at trial) | βλασφημία | rouhání | High | New for Mark | The Messianic Secret; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 3:28-29, 14:64 | Rare, literary-register Czech word competing against casual profanity associations noted in the baseline for “Ježíš.” |
| parable | παραβολή | podobenství | Medium | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret | 4:2-34, 12:1-12 | Unfamiliar biblical-register term whose deliberate dual function (reveal/conceal) needs active teaching. |
| mystery | μυστήριον | tajemství | High | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret | 4:11 | Ordinary Czech usage evokes secular suspense/detective genres (a puzzle to solve), the reverse framing from the intended sense (a gracious divine disclosure). |
| your faith has saved/healed you | σῴζω (πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε) | zachránila tě / uzdravila tě | High | New for Mark (extends baseline σωτηρία/“spasení”) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Ransom for Many | 5:34, 10:26, 10:52, 13:13, 13:20 | Czech lacks one verb spanning both “heal” and “save” as Greek σῴζω does; deliberate double-sense is a key narrative vehicle for teaching “spasení” concretely, per baseline’s own instruction to teach salvation narratively. |
| faith amid fear | πίστις; μὴ φοβοῦ | víra; neboj se | High | Baseline — LOCKED (víra) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 5:36, 9:23-24, 11:22-24 | Reused exactly; Mark’s narratives (Jairus, epileptic boy’s father) supply concrete illustrations of faith coexisting with fear/doubt, reinforcing baseline’s object-of-faith specification requirement. |
| unbelief / hardened heart | ἀπιστία; καρδία πεπωρωμένη | nevěra; zatvrzelé srdce | Medium | New for Mark | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 6:6, 6:52, 8:17 | ”Nevěra” primarily denotes marital infidelity in ordinary Czech, requiring active disambiguation from spiritual unbelief. |
| ”I am” (Ego eimi) | ἐγώ εἰμι | Já jsem | Critical | New for Mark | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 6:50, 14:62 | Ordinary colloquial rendering fully obscures the Exodus 3:14 divine-name echo; requires formal phrasing and explicit teaching note at both occurrences. |
| tradition | παράδοσις | tradice | Medium | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7:3-13 | Ordinary word matching intended sense; the doctrinal point (tradition vs. God’s command) needs explicit framing, not lexical correction. |
| clean / unclean (defilement) | κοινός, καθαρός | nečistý / čistý | Medium | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7:15-23 | Relocates defilement from external/ritual to internal/moral; default Czech association is hygienic, not moral. |
| Christ / Messiah | ὁ Χριστός | Kristus / Mesiáš | Critical | Baseline — LOCKED | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61, 15:32 | Reused exactly; Mark 8:29-33 is the ideal teaching location for the baseline’s required OT messianic-background explanation, since the passage itself dramatizes right title / wrong content. |
| cross / deny self | σταυρός; ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | kříž; zapřít sebe | Critical (kříž); Medium (zapřít sebe) | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 8:34, 10:21, 15:21-32 | Existing Czech idiom (“nést svůj kříž”) flattens a specific, brutal execution instrument into generic hardship-endurance language; must be re-anchored to its literal, fatal stakes. |
| life / soul | ψυχή | život (physical life) / duše (inner self) — sense-dependent | High | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | 8:35-37, 10:45 | Czech requires two distinct words where Greek uses one; wrong choice (e.g. “duše” at 10:45) introduces a false body/soul dualism foreign to the text. |
| glory | δόξα | sláva | Medium (High in 10:37; elevated further at 8:38, 9:2-8, 13:26) | Baseline — LOCKED | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 8:38, 9:2-8, 10:37, 13:26 | Reused exactly; James and John’s request in the core passage makes the baseline’s noted secular “worldly fame” drift risk especially acute, since their request literally is for worldly-style glory. |
| Transfiguration | μετεμορφώθη | proměnil se | Medium | New for Mark (verb form; concept tied to baseline sláva) | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret | 9:2-8 | Momentary lifting of the Messianic Secret’s veil for three disciples, immediately re-veiled by a silence command (9:9). |
| Gehenna / hell | γέεννα | Gehenna / peklo | Critical | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 9:43-48 | Ordinary Czech idiom (“to je peklo”) flattens final judgment into casual hyperbole for unpleasantness, parallel to baseline’s “hřích” idiom-drift pattern; requires transliteration + gloss at first use. |
| Son of David | υἱὲ Δαυίδ | Syn Davidův | Medium | New for Mark (related to but distinct from baseline “potomek Davidův”) | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 10:47-48, 12:35-37 | Distinguish from baseline’s genealogical “potomek Davidův” (Romans 1:3); both refer to the Davidic covenant but in different rhetorical registers — keep terminologically distinguishable across curricula. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | věčný život | High | New for Mark | The Ransom for Many; The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 10:17, 10:30 | Risks a purely quantitative “live forever” folk reading rather than the qualitatively renewed life of the Kingdom. |
| cup (suffering / Last Supper) | ποτήριον | kalich | Critical | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many | 10:38-39, 14:23-24, 14:36 | Unique Czech historical-national collision: “kalich” is the enduring symbol of the Hussite movement’s communion-in-both-kinds controversy; both the OT wrath-cup background and this specific Czech historical resonance must be actively managed, in the opposite direction from the baseline’s usual “no framework at all” risk. |
| baptism (metaphorical, suffering) | βάπτισμα | křest (figurative use) | Critical (in this specific use) | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 10:38-39 | Same word as the ch.1 literal water rite but with an unrelated figurative meaning (being plunged into suffering); must be actively distinguished, not assumed. |
| indignant | ἀγανακτέω | rozhořčili se | Low | New for Mark | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:41 | Ordinary vocabulary; teaching note should clarify this is rivalry, not righteous objection. |
| rulers / nations (Gentile rulers) | οἱ δοκοῦντες ἄρχειν; τὰ ἔθνη | vládcové; národy | Low / Medium | New for Mark (ἔθνη reuses baseline “pohané/národy” distinction) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Baseline’s “pohané” vs. “národy” distinction applies: the neutral descriptive sense here calls for “národy,” per baseline guidance. |
| lord it over | κατακυριεύω | panovat nad | High | New for Mark | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Kristovo panství (Lordship of Christ, baseline) | 10:42 | Built on the same root as baseline’s Critical term “Pán”; must preserve the lexical echo so the contrast with Christ’s true Lordship is audible, not lost to a disconnected verb choice. |
| exercise authority over | κατεξουσιάζω | uplatňovat moc nad | High | New for Mark (extends ἐξουσία entry) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Same underlying word (moc) used for Jesus’s own positive authority elsewhere risks conflating intrinsic, life-giving authority with worldly domination unless context-managed. |
| servant | διάκονος | služebník | High | New for Mark | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; The Ransom for Many | 9:35, 10:43, 10:45 | Recognizable biblical-register word (low secular-drift risk) but the doctrine (greatness through lowly service) has no cultural analogue and must be actively taught. |
| slave | δοῦλος | otrok | Medium | New for Mark | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; The Ransom for Many | 10:44 | Retains full historical weight in Czech (no softened idiomatic drift); must remain lexically distinct from “služebník” (διάκονος) to preserve Mark’s deliberate escalation. |
| ransom | λύτρον | výkupné | Critical | New for Mark | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Highest-priority risk in this curriculum: ordinary Czech word for a kidnapping/hostage ransom (crime-news usage); requires extensive scaffolding to affirm the captivity-price-release structure while clarifying that the “captor” is sin/death, not a literal extortionist being paid by God. |
| for / instead of (substitution) | ἀντί | za (substitutionary sense) | High | New for Mark | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Czech “za” can mean either strict substitution or looser benefit; the weaker reading would quietly erode substitutionary atonement without an obvious mistranslation appearing. |
| many (Isaiah 53 echo) | πολλῶν | mnohé / za mnohé | Medium | New for Mark | The Ransom for Many; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 10:45; cf. 14:24 | The Isaiah 53 Suffering-Servant echo is invisible in Czech without an explicit cross-reference note. |
| Hosanna | Ὡσαννά | Hosana | Medium | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 11:9-10 | Hebrew/Aramaic meaning (“save now!”) not recoverable from sound alone; requires first-use gloss, comparable to baseline’s “Abba.” |
| house of prayer / temple cleansing | οἶκος προσευχῆς | dům modlitby | Medium | New for Mark | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 11:15-17 | Needs OT background (Isaiah 56, Jeremiah 7) for full meaning. |
| cornerstone | κεφαλὴ γωνίας | kámen úhelný | Medium | New for Mark | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 12:10 | Construction metaphor not intuitive to a contemporary urban reader; needs brief practical explanation. |
| love | ἀγάπη, ἀγαπάω | láska / milovat | High | New for Mark | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 12:29-31 | Dominant Czech secular sense is romantic/sentimental; the willed, covenantal, self-giving sense central to this passage (and to 10:43-45) must be actively distinguished. |
| Lord (Psalm 110 argument) | κύριος | Pán | Critical | Baseline — LOCKED | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; Kristovo panství (baseline) | 12:35-37 | Reused exactly; strong teaching opportunity connecting Christ’s Lordship to its own OT scriptural grounding. |
| elect | ἐκλεκτοί | vyvolení | High | Baseline — LOCKED | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Reused exactly; extends baseline’s election doctrine into Mark’s eschatological framework. |
| abomination of desolation | βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως | ohavnost zpustošení | Medium | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:14 | Transparent phrase, opaque reference without Daniel 9/11/12 background. |
| watch / stay alert | γρηγορέω | bdít | Medium | New for Mark | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 13:33-37 | Formal/literary register verb needing a plainer accompanying gloss. |
| this is my body / blood poured out | σῶμα, αἷμα, ἐκχυννόμενον ὑπὲρ πολλῶν | tělo / krev / vylitá za mnohé | Critical | New for Mark | The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross | 14:22-24 | Sits atop a live Czech historical-religious fault line (Hussite communion-in-both-kinds controversy); render plainly without importing either transubstantiation or memorialist glosses not present in the text; mandatory theologian review. |
| covenant (new covenant) | διαθήκη | smlouva | High | Baseline — LOCKED | The Ransom for Many | 14:24 | Reused exactly (“nová smlouva”); baseline’s commercial-contract drift caution applies with full force. |
| Abba, Father | Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ | Abba, Otče | Medium | Baseline — LOCKED | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 14:36 | Reused exactly, paired with the cup (kalich) of Gethsemane. |
| betrayed / delivered up | παραδίδωμι | zradit / vydat | High | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross | 14:10-11, 14:18, 14:21, 14:41-44 | Single Greek verb spans treacherous betrayal and neutral/willing “handing over”; Czech requires two distinct words, with a note that both trace to one underlying term. |
| ”I am” (trial confession) | ἐγώ εἰμι | Já jsem | Critical | New for Mark | The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 14:62 | Doctrinal climax of the Messianic Secret arc; cross-reference to 6:50; mandatory theologian review. |
| King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | král Židovský | High | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret | 15:2-26 | Mocking title spoken in irony that is narratively true; historically sensitive given Czech lands’ Jewish history; handle with care while preserving full doctrinal force. |
| cry of dereliction | Ἐλωΐ ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανεί | Elói, Elói, lema sabachthani (+ gloss) | Critical | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | Doctrinally acute Godforsakenness statement quoting Psalm 22:1; retain Aramaic per Mark’s own practice, paired with Czech gloss; mandatory theologian review. |
| temple curtain torn | καταπέτασμα | chrámová opona | Medium | New for Mark | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:38 | Architectural detail whose significance (removed barrier to God’s presence) needs explicit teaching. |
| ”truly this man was the Son of God” | ἀληθῶς…υἱὸς θεοῦ ἦν | Syn Boží | Critical | Baseline — LOCKED | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret | 15:39 | Reused exactly; structural bookend to 1:1 and climactic human confession, textually parallel to 1:11 and 9:7. |
| resurrection | ἠγέρθη, ἀνάστασις | vzkříšení | Critical | Baseline — LOCKED | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Ransom for Many | 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6 | Reused exactly; baseline’s Easter/pomlázka folk-detachment risk applies with full force at the book’s climax. |
| angel | ἄγγελος | anděl | Medium | New for Mark | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 1:13, 8:38, 13:27, 16:5 | Contemporary Czech folk-cultural association (Christmas “andílek,” guardian-angel piety) functions as sentimental decoration rather than live doctrine; needs active correction toward the text’s solemn portrayal. |
| fear (post-resurrection) | ἐφοβοῦντο | bály se | Low | New for Mark | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 16:8 | Deliberately unresolved literary ending; preserve rather than smooth over; flag any use of the longer ending (16:9-20) as a textual-critical note. |
Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (no new Mark-specific entry required beyond contextual notes above)
gospel (evangelium) · faith (víra) · kingdom of God (království Boží) · sin (hřích) · glory (sláva) · Holy Spirit (Duch svatý) · Son of God (Syn Boží) · Lord (Pán) · Jesus (Ježíš) · God (Bůh) · Father (Otec) · Abba (Abba) · covenant (smlouva) · Christ/Messiah (Mesiáš) · Israel (Izrael) · apostle (apoštol) · prophet (prorok) · resurrection (vzkříšení) · election (vyvolení) · Gentiles/nations (pohané / národy) · salvation (spasení, extended via σῴζω’s healing/saving double-sense throughout Mark’s healing narratives)
All of the above MUST be rendered exactly as recorded in translation_memory.json (baseline version 1). No Mark-specific deviation is authorized for these terms; only additional contextual/teaching notes, as documented in 07_semantic_analysis.md, may be layered on top of the locked rendering.
Highest-Priority New Terms for Phase 2 Review Routing
The following eight new terms, all tiered Critical, require mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence in Phase 2 translation and must be added to translation memory before any segment containing them is processed:
- Syn člověka (Son of Man) — υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
- výkupné (ransom) — λύτρον
- kalich (cup) — ποτήριον
- kříž (cross) — σταυρός
- tělo / krev (Eucharistic body/blood) — σῶμα / αἷμα
- Gehenna / peklo (hell) — γέεννα
- Já jsem (I am) — ἐγώ εἰμι
- Elói, Elói, lema sabachthani (cry of dereliction) — Ἐλωΐ ἐλωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανεί
This glossary must be loaded alongside 07_semantic_analysis.md and the baseline Romans Language Package files (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json, 12_ai_translation_requirements.md) before any Phase 2 translation of Mark curriculum material. New terms listed here as “New for Mark” must be formally added to an updated translation_memory.json (version increment) prior to Phase 2 Step 16 processing.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: spasení
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: spasení chápané pouze jako archaický, literární výraz z Bible kralické bez skutečného obsahu pro čtenáře
Inherited from Romans package. Mark’s Greek verb σῴζω spans both ‘heal’ and ‘save’ in single occurrences (5:34, 10:52; cf. 13:13,20); Czech cannot carry this double sense in one word (uzdravit vs. zachránit) and must render sense-by-sense with an explicit note connecting back to spasení. Doctrinal payoff at 16:6.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: vzkříšení
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. The doctrinal payoff of the entire book (16:6), vindicating all three Passion predictions (8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34); the baseline’s Easter/pomlázka folk-detachment risk applies with full force at Mark’s narrative climax.
Lord
Approved rendering: Pán
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: pán s malým ‘p’ ve smyslu běžného zdvořilostního oslovení (‘pane’)
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus’s own Psalm 110 argument (12:35-37) presses the double-Lord question Paul later treats as settled doctrine in Romans 10:9 — an ideal teaching bridge; also the root behind the domineering ‘panovat nad’ (10:42) that Christ’s own true Lordship explicitly is not.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boží
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Disclosed progressively across the book (1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61-62, 15:39) — the linguistic backbone of the Messianic Secret. Must be kept visibly distinct from ‘Syn člověka’ (Son of Man), a different, complementary title.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Mesiáš
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession ‘Ty jsi Mesiáš’ (8:29), immediately followed by the first Passion prediction and Peter’s rebuke, is the ideal teaching location for the required Old Testament messianic-background explanation.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ježíš
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Ensure formal doctrinal material never echoes the casual exclamatory register of colloquial ‘Ježíšmarjá.‘
God
Approved rendering: Bůh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Register awareness for the colloquial exclamation ‘proboha’ applies identically here as in the Romans baseline.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch svatý
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Descends visibly on Jesus at his baptism (1:8-12); attributing the Spirit’s clearly good work to Satan is named the one unforgivable blasphemy (3:28-29), raising the doctrinal stakes considerably compared to its more background role in Romans. Always capitalize; never render as an impersonal force.
Father
Approved rendering: Otec
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Paired with the retained Aramaic ‘Abba’ in Jesus’s own anguished Gethsemane prayer (14:36), immediately preceding his prayer over ‘the cup’ — divine fatherhood is the relational ground of Jesus’s real human anguish, not sentimental abstraction.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Syn člověka
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: Syn člověka chápaný jako pouhé synonymum ‘Syna Božího’
New for Mark. The single most theologically load-bearing title in the book and the linguistic engine of the Messianic Secret, fusing the humble idiom ‘a human being’ with Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted dominion-figure. Must be kept visibly distinct from ‘Syn Boží’ throughout, since conflating the two titles blurs Christ’s humanity and his eternal divine Sonship. Occurs 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33-34, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62; requires active teaching of the Daniel 7 background, not recoverable from the words alone.
I Am
Approved rendering: Já jsem
Doctrine: “I Am” Divine Self-Disclosure; Deity of Christ; The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: to jsem já / jsem to já (hovorové ztotožnění zcela zakrývající ozvěnu Božího jména)
New for Mark. Ordinary colloquial Czech would fully obscure the Exodus 3:14 divine-name echo. Use the more formal, slightly marked ‘Já jsem,’ NEVER a colloquial equivalent, paired with a translator/teaching note at both occurrences: walking on water (6:50) and the trial confession (14:62), the doctrinal climax of the entire Messianic Secret arc. Mandatory theologian review both times.
Cross
Approved rendering: kříž
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; Self-Denial and Cross-Bearing
Rejected alternatives: kříž pouze ve smyslu obecného idiomu pro jakoukoli životní obtíž (‘nést svůj kříž’)
New for Mark. Contemporary Czech idiom ‘nést svůj kříž’ is used constantly for generic hardship, entirely detached from its meaning as a specific instrument of Roman capital execution; must be actively re-anchored to its literal, brutal, executionary stakes at first teaching use (8:34) and again at 15:21.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: Gehenna / peklo
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Warning and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: peklo výhradně jako běžný hovorový idiom pro nepříjemnost (‘to je peklo’)
New for Mark. Ordinary Czech ‘peklo’ is used constantly in secular idiom for any severe unpleasantness — a flattening drift pattern parallel to the baseline’s ‘hřích’ idiom risk. Transliterate ‘Gehenna’ at first occurrence (9:43-48) with an explanatory gloss of the Valley-of-Hinnom background (2 Kings 23:10) before or alongside using ‘peklo.‘
Cup
Approved rendering: kalich
Doctrine: The Cup of Suffering; The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: pohár (příliš plochý, ztrácí návaznost na starozákonní obraz a na ustanovenou biblickou tradici), kalich chápaný pouze jako odkaz na husitskou historii bez starozákonního pozadí
New for Mark. UNIQUE Czech collision: ‘kalich’ carries a specific, historically loaded religious-national association — the Hussite movement’s utraquist symbol (lay communion in both kinds). Use ‘kalich,’ universal across BK/ČEP/B21/NBK/JB, to preserve continuity with the Last Supper (14:23-24), but accompany first use (10:38) with a note clarifying this is primarily the Old Testament wrath/blessing-cup image (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Ps 23:5), not a reference to Hussite history. Recurs at Gethsemane (14:36).
Ransom
Approved rendering: výkupné
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: vykoupení / cena za vysvobození jako zjemňující náhradní parafráze nahrazující zavedený termín
New for Mark. HIGHEST-PRIORITY RISK IN THIS CURRICULUM. Ordinary contemporary Czech ‘výkupné’ is the exclusive word for a kidnapping/hostage ransom, reported regularly in crime news — an extremely vivid, specific, and NEARLY correct live association that risks flattening the doctrine into a literal crime-drama scenario unless actively shaped. Confirmed as the universal cross-tradition rendering (ČEP, B21, NBK, JB); do not substitute a softer invented paraphrase. The identity of the ‘captor’ (sin and death, not a literal extortionist) must be clarified explicitly at first use (10:45) and every accompanying teaching note. Mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: tělo / krev / vylitá za mnohé
Doctrine: Eucharistic Institution and the New Covenant; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: tělo/krev interpretované podle konkrétní transsubstanciační nebo memorialistické teologie nepřítomné v samotném textu
New for Mark. Beyond the ordinary-word secular-drift pattern, this passage (14:22-24) sits directly atop a live, historically significant Czech religious-national fault line: the Hussite movement’s demand for lay reception of the cup, fought over competing theologies of body and blood. Render plainly per the cross-tradition consensus (ČEP, B21, universal agreement), importing neither a transubstantiation nor a memorialist gloss not present in the text. Mandatory human theologian review.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: Elói, Elói, lema sabachthani (+ gloss)
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction
New for Mark. Among the most theologically weighty statements in the curriculum (15:34), a direct Aramaic quotation of Psalm 22:1. Retain the Aramaic transliteration exactly as Mark himself preserves it, paired with the Czech gloss ‘Bože můj, Bože můj, proč jsi mě opustil?’ Standardize spelling as fixed here for internal consistency across all curriculum documents (existing Czech translations vary: BK ‘Eli, Eli, lama zabachtani’; ČEP/B21 ‘Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachtani’; NBK ‘Elói, Elói, lama zabachtani’). Mandatory human theologian review.
Suffering Servant
Approved rendering: trpící Služebník
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: ponechání pojmu bez jakéhokoli ustáleného českého ekvivalentu, spoléhající pouze na anglický popisný název
New for Mark; COINED COMPOUND TERM. No established Czech Bible-tradition title exists for Isaiah 53’s ‘Suffering Servant.’ Introduce ‘trpící Služebník’ consistently, glossed at first pedagogical use, tied to Mark 8:31, 9:12, 10:45. Must not be confused lexically with ‘služebník’ (διάκονος, Mark 10:43) even though the same root noun is used; teaching notes should clarify the relationship without collapsing the Isaiah 53 title into the ordinary-service term.
Messianic Secret
Approved rendering: mesiášské tajemství
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: tajemství samotné, bez popisného zpřesnění, ponechané k domýšlení pouze z detektivně-napínavého rámce
New for Mark; COINED PEDAGOGICAL LABEL. No popular Czech equivalent exists for this scholarly category naming Mark’s own literary pattern of progressive concealment and revelation of Jesus’s identity (1:24-25, 3:11-12, 8:29-30, 9:9, 14:61-62, 15:39). Introduce descriptively, explicitly explaining that this names Mark’s narrative STRUCTURE, not a term the reader is assumed to recognize; must be actively distinguished from the secular detective/suspense-genre framing that ‘tajemství’ alone would suggest.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelium
Doctrine: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1 uses this word as the title of the entire book, so its first, undefined occurrence carries even greater weight than in Romans; the mandatory first-use gloss applies to the book’s opening verse itself. Recurs 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: víra
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: víra v obecném slova smyslu (např. ‘víra v sebe sama’, víra ve výsledek)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark’s healing narratives (5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52) and the father’s cry ‘Věřím, pomoz mé nedověře’ (9:24) give this term a concrete narrative anchor showing faith coexisting with fear and doubt, useful for teaching víra as lived trust rather than doctrinal certainty.
Calling
Approved rendering: povolání
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: povolání výhradně ve smyslu civilního zaměstnání či profese
Inherited from Romans package. The disciples’ call to leave their nets or tax booth (1:16-20; 2:14) must be read as sovereign summons, not career change, guarding against the ‘what’s your job’ secular default the baseline documents.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: vtělení
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 10:45’s ‘came’ (ἦλθεν) presupposes pre-existence consistent with, though less explicit than, this doctrine; relevant background for the humanity-of-Christ material throughout the book.
Law
Approved rendering: zákon
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the Sabbath controversy (2:23-3:6) and the tradition-vs-command teaching (7:8-9); keep Paul’s Mosaic-law argument distinct from Mark’s narrative conflicts over legal interpretation.
Sin
Approved rendering: hřích
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: hřích s oslabeným, žertovným významem (např. ‘to je hřích nechat to jídlo vyhodit’)
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:1-12 grounds forgiveness of sin in Jesus’s own divine prerogative (‘kdo může odpouštět hříchy než Bůh sám’, 2:7), giving this term a vivid narrative corrective to its colloquial ‘shame/pity’ drift.
Covenant
Approved rendering: smlouva
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: smlouva výhradně jako běžná obchodní nebo právní smlouva
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Nová smlouva’ at the Last Supper (14:24) directly echoes Jeremiah 31:31 and sits beside the Czech-specific ‘kalich’ and ‘tělo/krev’ risks; the commercial-contract-reading caution applies with full force here.
Election
Approved rendering: vyvolení
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: vyvolení v běžném, sekulárním smyslu úspěchu nebo výběru (např. sportovní výběr, výběrové řízení)
Inherited from Romans package. Extends into Mark’s eschatological discourse — God shortens the tribulation ‘pro vyvolené’ and gathers ‘své vyvolené’ (13:20,22,27).
Repentance
Approved rendering: pokání
Doctrine: Repentance and the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: pokání pouze ve zeslabeném, polo-ironickém smyslu (‘dělat pokání’ jako dramatické gesto lítosti)
New for Mark. ‘Pokání’ survives in ordinary Czech mainly in a weakened, semi-ironic register or an institutional-legal one (a court-ordered act of penance is not a live category); John’s baptism ‘of repentance’ (1:4) and Jesus’s inaugural call (1:15, 6:12) pair it with faith as the Kingdom’s basic response pattern and must be taught as decisive personal reorientation, not assumed.
Baptism
Approved rendering: křest / křtít
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: křest chápaný pouze jako sekularizovaný rodinný obřad (‘křtiny’) bez duchovního obsahu
New for Mark. Literal water rite (1:4-11) secularized in contemporary Czech as a family ‘christenings’ custom; the SAME word is used metaphorically for Jesus’s coming suffering and death (10:38-39) — a second sense a reader primed only by chapter 1 will not automatically supply. Elevated to CRITICAL specifically at 10:38-39 and its Gethsemane echo (14:36 background); must be explicitly taught as figurative in that use.
Demon
Approved rendering: démon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
Rejected alternatives: démon jako obecný pop-kulturní monstrózní trop bez teologického obsahu
New for Mark. Contemporary Czech pop culture (film, video games, fantasy literature) uses ‘démon’ extremely frequently as a generic monster/villain trope; use only where the Greek itself has δαιμόνιον (1:34,39; 3:22; 6:13; 7:26-30; 9:38), paired with a note distinguishing the biblical category from popular fiction.
Authority
Approved rendering: moc / pravomoc
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: moc výhradně v politickém či donucovacím smyslu (‘u moci’)
New for Mark. ‘Moc’ defaults to political/coercive power in ordinary Czech; must be kept conceptually distinct from Jesus’s own positive, intrinsic authority (1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 2:28, 6:7, 11:28-33) and the domineering misuse of authority named negatively at 10:42.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: sobota
Doctrine: Sabbath and the Law
Rejected alternatives: sobota chápaná pouze jako běžný víkendový den bez vztahu k Zákonu
New for Mark. In ordinary Czech, ‘sobota’ means simply ‘Saturday,’ carrying zero residual holiness/covenant-rest connotation — structurally identical to the baseline’s documented ‘povolání’ (calling → job) drift pattern; the Sabbath controversy (2:23-3:6) depends on readers understanding a commanded, holy day of rest under the Law, which must be built up explicitly.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: rouhání
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit; The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: rouhání zaměňované s běžnou hovorovou profanitou (např. ‘Ježíšmarjá’)
New for Mark. Rare, literary-register Czech word competing against casual-profanity associations; needs explicit distinction between casual irreverence and the specific, sustained rejection of the Spirit’s testimony (3:28-29) or the trial charge against Jesus’s truthful self-disclosure (14:64).
Mystery
Approved rendering: tajemství
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: tajemství jako detektivní/napínavá hádanka řešitelná lidskou chytrostí
New for Mark. Ordinary Czech ‘tajemství’ overwhelmingly evokes secular detective/suspense genres — the REVERSE framing from the text’s sense at 4:11, a gracious divine disclosure given to some and withheld from others, not a puzzle solved by cleverness.
Saved Or Healed
Approved rendering: zachránila tě / uzdravila tě
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New for Mark, extends baseline σωτηρία/‘spasení’. Czech has no single verb spanning both ‘heal’ and ‘save’ as Greek σῴζω does (5:34; 10:52; cf. 13:13,20); translators must choose contextually but flag the connection to ‘spasení’ explicitly, since this double sense is Mark’s best narrative vehicle for teaching salvation concretely.
Life Soul
Approved rendering: život / duše (podle kontextu)
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: duše jako výhradní překlad ψυχή na všech místech, včetně 10:45
New for Mark. Czech requires two distinct words where Greek ψυχή uses one: ‘život’ (physical life) is correct at 10:45, where Jesus gives up his life in death; ‘duše’ (inner self) better fits 8:35-37’s ‘gain the whole world and lose his soul.’ Rendering 10:45 as ‘duše’ would import a false body/soul dualism foreign to the text; ČEP and B21 both use ‘život’ at 10:45, confirming this choice against BK/NBK’s ‘duši’ at that specific verse only.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: věčný život
Doctrine: Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: věčný život chápaný pouze jako kvantitativní nekonečné trvání (‘žít věčně’)
New for Mark. Grammatically transparent but risks a purely quantitative ‘living forever’ folk-afterlife reading (comparable to popular fantasy immortality) rather than the qualitatively renewed, relational life of the Kingdom (10:17, 30); needs explicit conceptual scaffolding, following the baseline’s model for ‘spasení.‘
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: panovat nad
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: vládnout nad (generický, zpřetrhá slovní ozvěnu s ‘Pán’)
New for Mark. Built directly on the root behind the Critical inherited term ‘Pán.’ Rendering as ‘panovat nad’ preserves the lexical echo so a Czech reader can perceive the deliberate contrast at 10:42: domineering, self-serving ‘panování’ is exactly what Christ’s own true ‘Pánství’ is not. Confirmed as the cross-tradition standard in BK/ČEP/NBK; B21’s ‘vládnou’ breaks the echo and must not be followed here.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: uplatňovat moc nad
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New for Mark. Same Czech word (‘moc’) used positively for Jesus’s own authority elsewhere (1:22, 1:27, 2:10) risks conflating intrinsic, life-giving authority with the world’s coercive domination named negatively at 10:42 unless context is actively managed.
Servant
Approved rendering: služebník
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; The Ransom for Many
New for Mark. Recognizable, low secular-drift biblical-register word, but the doctrine it encodes — Kingdom greatness achieved THROUGH lowly service (9:35; 10:43; 10:45) — has no ready cultural analogue in a status-conscious, achievement-oriented contemporary frame and must be actively taught.
Substitution Anti
Approved rendering: za (v substitučním smyslu)
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: za pouze ve slabším, prospěchovém smyslu (‘ve prospěch’, nikoli ‘místo’)
New for Mark. Czech ‘za’ can mean either strict substitution (‘in exchange for/in place of’) or a looser benefactive ‘for the sake of.’ Teaching notes must make explicit that ‘výkupné za mnohé’ (10:45) means a ransom paid IN THE PLACE OF many, not merely FOR THE BENEFIT OF many — the weaker reading would quietly erode substitutionary atonement without any obvious mistranslation appearing in the Czech word choice.
Love
Approved rendering: láska / milovat
Doctrine: Love of God and Neighbor; Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: láska výhradně v romantickém či sentimentálním smyslu
New for Mark. Ordinary contemporary Czech ‘láska’ is dominated by romantic and family-affection connotations; the deliberate, willed, covenantal, others-directed character of ἀγάπη central to the greatest-commandment teaching (12:29-31) and to the servanthood ethic of 10:43-45 must be actively distinguished from the sentimental default sense, structurally similar to the baseline’s treatment of ‘milost’ and ‘pokoj.‘
Betrayed Delivered Up
Approved rendering: zradit / vydat
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; Gethsemane and Betrayal
New for Mark. Czech distinguishes ‘zradit’ (to betray, morally culpable) from ‘vydat’ (to hand over, morally neutral or willingly submitted); the Greek’s deliberate single-verb ambiguity (Judas ‘delivers up,’ 14:10-11,18; Jesus is repeatedly ‘delivered up,’ 14:21,41-44) cannot be fully preserved by one Czech word. Use ‘vydat’ where the divine-plan sense is prominent, ‘zradit’ specifically of Judas’s personal act, with a translator note explaining both trace to one Greek term.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: král Židovský
Doctrine: King of the Jews and Royal Irony
New for Mark. A mocking title placed on Jesus by Roman soldiers (15:2,9,12,18,26), narratively true; carries distinct historical weight in the Czech context given the country’s complex Jewish history (pre-war Jewish communities, the Holocaust’s severe impact on Czech lands). Handle with historical sensitivity while preserving its full, ironic, doctrinally central force.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: povolaný
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:16-20, 2:14, 3:13-19 — the call of the disciples; context-sensitive as in Romans.
Holy
Approved rendering: svatý
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:24, the unclean spirit’s involuntary confession ‘Svatý Boží’ (Holy One of God) — an early correct identification within the Messianic Secret pattern.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokoj
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: pokoj ve smyslu pouhého klidu či nepřítomnosti hluku
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 5:34 ‘jdi v pokoji’ (go in peace) touches this term relationally; low curriculum weight in Mark relative to Romans but retained unchanged for cross-document consistency.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: království Boží
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Inherited from Romans package. Guard against the fairy-tale-kingdom association ‘království’ carries in Czech children’s/fantasy literature, especially near 10:14-15’s child-blessing scene, immediately preceding the core passage’s servanthood correction.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: pohané
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Use ‘národy’ where the neutral sense is intended (10:42, worldly Gentile rulers generally); the Syrophoenician woman narrative (7:24-30) demonstrates Gentile faith narratively rather than argumentatively.
Glory
Approved rendering: sláva
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sláva ve smyslu světské slávy či úspěchu
Inherited from Romans package. James and John’s request to sit in Jesus’s ‘sláva’ (10:37) makes the baseline’s worldly-fame drift risk especially acute — practical risk elevated to High at this specific occurrence, since their request literally IS for worldly-style glory, the very error the passage corrects. Also central to the Transfiguration (9:2-8) and the Son of Man’s promised return (8:38; 13:26).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: moc Boží
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. δύναμις (raw capability) is a distinct Greek root from Mark’s ἐξουσία (delegated right to act); keep the two conceptually separate even though ‘moc’ is the Czech word used for both.
Prophet
Approved rendering: prorok
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: prorok ve smyslu věštce nebo jasnovidce
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus applies the pattern of prophetic rejection to himself (6:4, ‘prorok není beze cti, jen ve své vlasti’).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: proroctví
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: proroctví jako věštba nebo předpověď budoucnosti
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:2-3 opens the book with an explicit prophetic citation (Isaiah/Malachi); recurs at 11:9-10, 12:10-11, 14:27, 15:34 with no verbal cue in Czech alone signaling the Old Testament quotation.
Mission
Approved rendering: misie
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus sends the Twelve out (ἀποστέλλω, 6:7) with delegated authority; also relevant to 13:10, ‘the gospel must first be preached to all nations.‘
Israel
Approved rendering: Izrael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the ironic ‘král Židovský’ title (15:2-26) and the Davidic-covenant background of ‘Syn Davidův’ (10:47-48; 12:35-37); the same caution against reading this as contemporary Middle East politics applies.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36 preserves Abba inside Jesus’s own prayer of anguish, a distinct and more intense pastoral use than Romans 8:15’s teaching statement about believers’ adoption. Retain transliteration paired with ‘Otče.‘
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: potomek Davidův
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from Mark’s own ‘Syn Davidův’ (Son of David, a title of petitionary address at 10:47-48 and 12:35-37); both refer to the same covenant reality in different rhetorical registers and must remain terminologically distinguishable across curricula.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: nečistý duch
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
New for Mark. Transparent compound with low secular-drift risk; preferred wherever the Greek uses the fuller phrase πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (1:23,26,27; 3:11,30; 5:2-13; 7:25; 9:25) rather than bare δαιμόνιον.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: malomocenství / očistit, čistý
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
New for Mark. Leprosy carries little contemporary Czech cultural resonance as lived social exclusion (1:40-45); ‘očistit/čistý’ risk a merely hygienic reading unless the ritual-purity/social-restoration dimension is made explicit.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: nečistý / čistý
Doctrine: Ritual versus Moral Purity
New for Mark. Jesus’s relocation of defilement from external/ritual to internal/moral (7:15-23, ‘what comes out of a person defiles him’) is a substantive theological move; a Czech reader’s default association with ‘čistota’ is hygienic, not moral-spiritual.
Parable
Approved rendering: podobenství
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret
New for Mark. Established literary/biblical-register word, unfamiliar in ordinary secular speech; the deliberate dual reveal/conceal function (4:11-12, citing Isaiah 6:9-10) needs active teaching since a modern reader defaults to thinking of parables as mere illustrative stories.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: nevěra
Doctrine: Faith Amid Doubt and Unbelief
Rejected alternatives: nevěra ve smyslu manželské nevěry
New for Mark. ‘Nevěra’ primarily denotes marital infidelity in ordinary Czech (6:6); requires active disambiguation from spiritual unbelief so readers do not mistake this for a statement about marriage.
Hardened Heart
Approved rendering: zatvrzelé srdce
Doctrine: Faith Amid Doubt and Unbelief
New for Mark. Transparent compound with low lexical risk, but the underlying spiritual diagnosis (6:52; 8:17) — a heart resistant to perceiving God’s work despite evidence — needs explicit teaching since it is not an idiom in ordinary Czech.
Tradition
Approved rendering: tradice
Doctrine: Ritual versus Moral Purity
New for Mark. Ordinary Czech word closely matching the intended sense; the doctrinal point at 7:3-13 (human tradition can nullify God’s actual command) needs explicit framing since the word carries no inherent negative charge on its own.
Deny Self
Approved rendering: zapřít sebe
Doctrine: Self-Denial and Cross-Bearing
New for Mark. Transparent Czech phrase, but the demanding content (renouncing self-interest, not merely practicing self-discipline) needs active teaching in connection with ‘kříž’ (8:34).
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: proměnil se / bylo proměněno
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Glory
New for Mark (verb form; concept tied to inherited ‘sláva’). The fullest visual disclosure of divine glory prior to the resurrection (9:2-8), momentarily lifting the Messianic Secret’s veil for three disciples before an immediate command to silence (9:9) reinstates concealment.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Syn Davidův
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Promise
New for Mark; distinct from inherited ‘potomek Davidův’ (Romans 1:3, genealogical descent). A messianic title of petitionary address (10:47-48, Bartimaeus) and scriptural argument (12:35-37, Psalm 110); keep terminologically distinguishable from the genealogical baseline term across curricula.
Nations
Approved rendering: národy
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; Unity of Jews and Gentiles
New for Mark (neutral sense of ἔθνη, extends the inherited ‘pohané/národy’ distinction). Per baseline guidance, use ‘národy’ rather than ‘pohané’ where the neutral, descriptive sense of worldly political rulers and their peoples in general is intended, as at 10:42.
Slave
Approved rendering: otrok
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness; The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: sluha (příliš měkké, umožňuje ironický/lehký tón)
New for Mark. Retains full historical weight in contemporary Czech (chattel slavery, forced labor, no legal personhood) with essentially no softened idiomatic drift; must remain lexically distinct from ‘služebník’ to preserve Mark’s deliberate escalation from servant (10:43) to slave (10:44).
Many
Approved rendering: mnohé / za mnohé
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
New for Mark. The Isaiah 53:11-12 Suffering Servant echo is invisible in Czech without an explicit cross-reference note connecting Mark 10:45 and 14:24 to the prophecy, since there is no verbal cue in Czech alone signaling the Old Testament quotation.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hosana
Doctrine: Triumphal Entry and Hosanna
New for Mark. Transliterate as ‘Hosana,’ following established Czech Bible tradition (BK, ČEP, B21, NBK all agree). The Hebrew/Aramaic meaning (‘save now, please!’, Psalm 118:25-26) is not recoverable from the sound alone and must be glossed at first use (11:9-10), comparable to ‘Abba.‘
House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: dům modlitby
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
New for Mark. Transparent Czech phrase requiring explicit Old Testament background (Isaiah 56:7; Jeremiah 7:11) at 11:15-17 to be fully meaningful; without it the temple-cleansing scene reads as generic anticlericalism rather than a specific prophetic and christological claim.
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: kámen úhelný
Doctrine: Cornerstone Rejection and Vindication
New for Mark. Established Czech Bible-tradition phrase (Psalm 118:22, cited at 12:10), but the construction metaphor is not immediately intuitive to a contemporary urban reader unfamiliar with traditional stone-building methods; needs brief practical explanation.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: ohavnost zpustošení
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Warning and Final Judgment
New for Mark. Transparent in Czech but entirely opaque in reference (13:14) without explicit Daniel 9:27/11:31/12:11 background; Jesus’s own aside (‘kdo čte, rozuměj’) signals its deliberate cryptic register.
Watch Alert
Approved rendering: bdít
Doctrine: Watchfulness and Eschatological Readiness
New for Mark. A somewhat formal/literary Czech verb (more common in liturgical/elevated register, e.g. ‘vigilie,’ ‘bdění’) than everyday speech; needs a plainer accompanying gloss (‘staying spiritually alert and ready’) at 13:33-37.
Temple Curtain Torn
Approved rendering: chrámová opona
Doctrine: Torn Curtain and Access to God
New for Mark. Transparent architectural phrase with low secular-drift risk, but its theological significance (15:38 — removal of the barrier to God’s presence, simultaneous with the centurion’s confession) needs explicit teaching, since the detail alone will not communicate its meaning to a reader unfamiliar with the temple’s layout.
Angel
Approved rendering: anděl
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; Angelic Testimony and the Empty Tomb
Rejected alternatives: anděl chápaný pouze jako sentimentální vánoční ‘andílek’
New for Mark. Contemporary Czech culture retains a strong folk-cultural association with angels (Christmas ‘andílek’ imagery, guardian-angel folk piety) that functions largely as sentimental decoration rather than live doctrine; needs active correction toward the text’s more solemn, purposeful portrayal (1:13; 8:38; 13:27; 16:5).
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apoštol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14, 6:7-13 (sending of the Twelve with delegated authority), 6:30. Distinguish from the noun’s later technical New Testament office.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: díkůvzdání
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:23, Jesus ‘having given thanks’ (εὐχαριστήσας) over the cup at the Last Supper; 8:6 uses related vocabulary over the loaves.
David
Approved rendering: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:25-26 (David and the shewbread), 11:10 (‘kingdom of our father David’), 12:35-37 (Psalm 110 argument).
Indignant
Approved rendering: rozhořčili se
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
New for Mark. The ten disciples’ indignation at James and John (10:41) is competitive jealousy, not righteous objection to injustice; teaching note should clarify this to prevent a sympathetic misreading.
Fear
Approved rendering: bály se
Doctrine: Fear and Faith at the Resurrection
New for Mark. Mark’s earliest-attested ending (16:8) closes on the women’s fear and silence rather than triumphant proclamation — a deliberately unresolved, unsettling conclusion that should be preserved rather than smoothed over; any use of the ‘longer ending’ (16:9-20) should be flagged as a textual-critical note.
Legion
Approved rendering: Legie
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
New for Mark. ‘Legie’ is an established transliteration already present in ordinary Czech (military-historical term); brief context (a legion = several thousand soldiers) helps convey the scale of oppressive bondage the name dramatizes (5:9,15).
Referenced passages