Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians (English → Czech)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of Galatians (chapters 1–6), for direct ingestion into the Phase 2 translation memory. Terms already fixed by the Romans baseline are marked “Reused — no deviation permitted” and carry forward their existing Czech rendering and risk tier unchanged. New terms introduced by Galatians are given full risk assessments consistent with the baseline’s risk-tier conventions and its central diagnostic for this Language Package: the dominant risk is the absence of a pre-existing conceptual framework, not the presence of a competing one — except where a term’s Czech surface form actively collides with a strong, unrelated secular or cultural association (flagged explicitly below in each such case).
Part 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Czech Rendering | Risk (Baseline) | Baseline Doctrine | Galatians Passages | Notes for This Curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangelium | High | Gospel | 1:6-11; 2:2,5,7,14; 4:13 | Now polemically contrasted with “a different gospel” (ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον) — see Part 2 |
| grace | milost | High | Grace | 1:3,6,15; 2:9,21; 5:4; 6:18 | Central to 2:21’s “I do not nullify the grace of God” |
| faith | víra | High | Faith | 1:23; 2:16,20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6,22 | Object must remain explicit throughout; genitive-construction ambiguity flagged at 2:16 |
| righteousness | spravedlnost | Critical | Salvation | 2:21; 3:6,21; 5:5 | Forensic sense must be preserved against civic/legal drift, per baseline |
| justification | ospravedlnění | Critical | Salvation | 2:16-17,21; 3:8,11,24; 5:4 | Doctrinal center of the entire letter and of the core passage |
| law | zákon | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy / Law and Grace | throughout chs. 2-5 | Must be actively distinguished from the new positive sense “law of Christ” (6:2) — see Part 2 |
| sin | hřích | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:4; 2:17; 3:22 | Root for new compound “servant of sin” (2:17) — see Part 2 |
| called / calling | povolaný / povolání | Medium / High | Divine Calling | 1:6,15; 5:8,13 | Baseline’s “job/profession” drift warning applies fully to Paul’s calling narrative in ch.1 |
| holy spirit / spirit | Duch svatý | Critical | Sanctification | 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 5:16-25; 6:8 | See note below on “Duch” alone vs. “Duch svatý” register |
| son of god | Syn Boží | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 2:20; 4:4 | Anchors the core passage’s “faith in the Son of God” |
| father | Otec | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 1:1,3,4; 4:2,6 | God the Father; also the human “fathers” (ancestral traditions, 1:14) — context-sensitive |
| abba | Abba | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | 4:6 | Must match Romans 8:15 rendering verbatim, per baseline consistency rule |
| adoption | přijetí za syna | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | 4:5 | Developed narratively via the minor-heir household metaphor (4:1-7) |
| covenant | smlouva | High | Davidic Covenant / Abrahamic Covenant | 3:15,17; 4:24 | Relational bond, not commercial contract; now paired with new term “promise” (ἐπαγγελία) — see Part 2 |
| gentiles | pohané | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1:16; 2:2,8-9,12,14-15; 3:8,14 | Also ἔθνη in the narrower “nations” sense at times; check context |
| glory | sláva | Medium | Deity of Christ | 1:5,24 | Doxological usage, same pattern as Romans |
| peace | pokoj | Medium | Peace with God | 1:3; 5:22; 6:16 | Standard epistolary greeting and fruit-of-the-Spirit list member |
| apostle | apoštol | Low | Apostleship | 1:1,17,19 | Galatians emphasizes direct divine (not human) commissioning — contextual note, not a rendering change |
| jesus / christ | Ježíš / Kristus | Critical | Lordship of Christ / Messianic Promise | throughout | Standard established forms per baseline transliteration standards |
| god | Bůh | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | Standard, unambiguous |
| david | David | Low | Davidic Covenant | (background only; not directly named in Galatians but relevant to promise/covenant background) | — |
| israel | Izrael | Low / Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 6:16 (“Israel of God”) | Watch for the same contemporary-politics distraction flagged in the baseline |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced by Galatians
| English Term | Czech Rendering | Original (Translit.) | Category / Doctrine | Risk | Primary Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Translation Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a different/false gospel | jiné evangelium | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον (heteron euangelion) | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Critical | 1:6-9 | ”jiná verze evangelia” (implies legitimate variant) | Must not read as a tolerable alternate “version”; a secular pluralistic-tolerance instinct risks flattening Paul’s exclusivity claim into “different denomination, equally valid.” Requires explicit accompanying note on every use |
| accursed | proklet / buď proklet | ἀνάθεμα (anathema) | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Critical | 1:8-9 | softened renderings implying mere disapproval | Severity must not be softened; repeated twice by Paul for emphasis; requires plain-language gloss on first use |
| revelation | zjevení | ἀποκάλυψις (apokalypsis) | Paul’s Apostleship | High | 1:12,16 | ”apokalypsa” (forbidden — see note) | NEVER use the loanword “apokalypsa,” which in secular Czech means catastrophe/disaster; must use “zjevení” and distinguish from the biblical book title of the same name |
| works of the law | skutky zákona | ἔργα νόμου (erga nomou) | Justification by Faith / Law and Grace | Critical | 2:16(x3); 3:2,5,10 | ”dobré skutky” (generic good deeds — forbidden, collapses Paul’s specific critique) | Must never be conflated with “dobré skutky” (charity/good deeds), a positive-valence everyday Czech idiom; this is specifically Torah-observance as a boundary marker/basis of standing |
| faith in/of Jesus Christ | víra v Ježíše Krista | πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (pistis Iēsou Christou) | Justification by Faith | High | 2:16(x2); 3:22 | ambiguous object-less “víra” | Object of faith (Christ) must always be made explicit; genitive construction resolved per established Protestant/ČEP objective-genitive tradition |
| all flesh (=all humanity) | žádný člověk / všechno tvorstvo | πᾶσα σάρξ (pasa sarx) | Justification by Faith | High | 2:16 | literal “všechno tělo” without disambiguating note | Hebraic idiom meaning “no human being”; must be distinguished by note from the moral/sinful-nature sense of σάρξ in ch.5 sharing the same underlying Czech lexeme “tělo” |
| servant of sin | služebník hříchu | ἁμαρτίας διάκονος (hamartias diakonos) | Law and Grace | Medium | 2:17 | — | Rhetorical hypothetical Paul immediately rejects; tone (rejection) must be preserved alongside literal meaning |
| transgressor | provinilec / přestupník proti Božímu zákonu | παραβάτης (parabatēs) | Law and Grace | High | 2:18 | bare “přestupník” (forbidden — see note) | NEVER use bare “přestupník” alone; in ordinary Czech this means a minor administrative/traffic offender, trivializing Paul’s serious covenantal sense, parallel to the baseline’s “hřích” flattening risk |
| crucified with Christ | byl jsem spolu s Kristem ukřižován | συνεσταύρωμαι (synestaurōmai) | Crucified with Christ | Critical | 2:19-20; 5:24 | mere “ukřižován” without the participatory “spolu s” | Central doctrine of the core passage; requires mandatory plain-language gloss on first use in every document; no pre-existing secular framework for the participatory/union sense |
| nullify | nezavrhuji / neznevažuji | ἀθετῶ (athetō) | Grace | Medium | 2:21 | mild “nesouhlasím” (too weak) | Must convey a decisive legal/relational act of rejection, not mere disagreement |
| in vain / to no purpose | nadarmo / zbytečně | δωρεὰν (dōrean) | Grace | High (context-sensitive false-friend) | 2:21 | ”zdarma” (freely, as a gift — CORRECT elsewhere but WRONG here) | Same Greek word elsewhere (e.g. Romans 3:24) means “freely given”; here it means “in vain.” Flag every occurrence for review to confirm correct sense selected |
| circumcision | obřízka | περιτομή (peritomē) | Circumcision and the New Creation | High | 2:3-12; 5:2-6,11; 6:12-15 | — | Lexically unambiguous but doctrinally opaque without narrative background (Genesis 17, Acts 15); requires foundational explanation, not correction of a wrong idea |
| freedom / liberty | svoboda | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | Freedom in Christ | High | 2:4; 5:1,13 | — | “Svoboda” is saturated with 1989/political-civic connotation in Czech; must be actively distinguished from political liberty and anchored to freedom from the law’s condemning claim |
| enslave | zotročit | καταδουλόω (katadoulōsousin) | Freedom in Christ | Medium | 2:4 | — | Metaphorical spiritual bondage under law; keep distinct from literal historical slavery discourse |
| false brothers | falešní bratři | ψευδάδελφος (pseudadelphos) | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Low | 2:4 | — | Transparent compound |
| hypocrisy | pokrytectví | ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | Low | 2:13 | — | Transfers accurately; well-understood secular moral term |
| promise | zaslíbení | ἐπαγγελία (epangelia) | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | High | 3:14-29; 4:23,28 | ”slib” (too casual/generic) | Literary/archaic register risk parallel to “spasení”; must be anchored concretely to the Abraham narrative on first use |
| seed / offspring | potomek (singular) | σπέρμα (sperma) | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | High | 3:16,19,29 | ”potomstvo” (collective plural — obscures Paul’s argument) | Paul’s argument depends on grammatical singularity pointing to Christ; requires an explicit translator’s note on the singular/plural distinction |
| curse | kletba | κατάρα (katara) | The Law’s Purpose | Medium | 3:10,13 | — | Risk of folk/fairy-tale-curse association; must be anchored to Deuteronomic covenant-curse background, not generic supernatural doom |
| redeemed | vykoupit | ἐξαγοράζω (exagorazō) | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise / Crucified with Christ | High | 3:13; 4:5 | bare “výkup” register (commercial pawnshop/recycling buy-back — forbidden) | Must not be read through the commercial “výkup” (buy-back) register; requires active unpacking of substitutionary self-giving, parallel to baseline’s “milost” judicial-drift warning |
| guardian / tutor | dozorce/vychovatel (descriptive phrase required) | παιδαγωγός (paidagōgos) | The Law’s Purpose | High | 3:24-25 | bare “dozorce” alone (forbidden — see note) | NEVER use bare “dozorce” alone; in modern Czech this overwhelmingly means “prison guard,” recasting the law as punitive incarceration rather than Paul’s temporary-childhood-guide image. Mandatory descriptive gloss required |
| heir | dědic | κληρονόμος (klēronomos) | Adoption and Sonship | Medium | 3:29; 4:1,7 | — | Civil/legal sense supports the metaphor well; specific inheritance content (full sonship in God’s family) still needs unpacking |
| baptized into Christ | pokřtěni v Krista | εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε (eis Christon ebaptisthēte) | Christian Identity in Christ | Medium | 3:27 | — | Recognizable term even secularly (christening custom); Pauline union-with-Christ sense needs teaching beyond ritual-initiation association |
| elements of the world | základní/elementární mocnosti tohoto světa | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου (stoicheia tou kosmou) | The Law’s Purpose | High | 4:3,9 | bare “živly” (forbidden — see note) | NEVER use bare “živly” alone; in modern Czech this overwhelmingly means weather/natural-disaster forces, importing a superstition-adjacent or nonsensical reading. Mandatory descriptive gloss required |
| slave (household) | otrok | δοῦλος (doulos) | Adoption and Sonship | Medium | 4:1,7; 5:1 | — | Historically resonant concept; keep tied to the household-legal metaphor |
| child / minor heir | dítě / nedospělý dědic | νήπιος (nēpios) | Adoption and Sonship | Low | 4:1,3 | — | Transparent within household-law metaphor |
| allegory | alegorie / v přeneseném smyslu | ἀλληγορούμενα (allēgoroumena) | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Low-Medium | 4:24 | — | Established literary loanword, well understood |
| slave woman | otrokyně | παιδίσκη (paidiskē) | Law and Grace | Medium | 4:22-31 | — | Distinct term from δοῦλος; minor but doctrinally load-bearing within the Hagar/Sarah allegory |
| faith working through love | víra působící skrze lásku | πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη (pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē) | Faith Working through Love | High | 5:6 | decomposing into separate “faith” + “love” | Compound doctrine parallel to baseline’s “obedience_of_faith”; must be taught and rendered as a single theological unit |
| love | láska | ἀγάπη (agapē) | Faith Working through Love / Fruit of the Spirit | High | 5:6,13-14,22; 2:20 (verb form) | unqualified bare “láska” without disambiguation | Czech “láska” is saturated with romantic-erotic secular connotation (pop culture, greeting-card marketing); must be actively distinguished from agapic self-giving love on first substantive use, parallel to baseline’s “milost”/“víra” secular-drift pattern |
| flesh (moral sense) | tělo (hříšná přirozenost/tělesnost) | σάρξ (sarx) | Flesh versus Spirit | Critical | 5:13,16-17,19,24; 6:8 | bare “tělo” without gloss (forbidden — see note) | Single most severe lexical-ambiguity risk in the letter: “tělo” is a completely neutral anatomical/physical word in secular Czech with zero inherited moral valence, and will actively supply the WRONG sense rather than none at all. Mandatory gloss required every occurrence in this doctrinal sense, explicitly distinguished from the neutral bodily sense at 2:20 |
| works of the flesh | skutky těla | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός (erga tēs sarkos) | Flesh versus Spirit | High | 5:19-21 | conflation with “skutky zákona” | Must be kept structurally distinct from “works of the law” (2:16) despite the shared word “skutky” — two entirely different Pauline arguments |
| fruit of the Spirit | ovoce Ducha | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος (karpos tou pneumatos) | Fruit of the Spirit | Medium | 5:22-23 | plural “ovoce” implying a checklist of separate virtues | Grammatically singular in Greek, signaling integrated character, not a self-improvement checklist; Spirit-produced, not self-achieved, per baseline’s “spiritual_gifts” pattern |
| bear one another’s burdens | neste břemena jedni druhých | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε (allēlōn ta barē bastazete) | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | Medium | 6:2 | — | Lexically transparent; doctrinal risk is generic-humanist flattening apart from Spirit-empowered, gospel-community-specific framing |
| law of Christ | zákon Kristův | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ (nomos tou Christou) | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Law and Grace | Medium-High | 6:2 | unmarked reuse of negative “zákon” sense | Positive ethical-pattern sense of νόμος, distinct from every prior negative use of “zákon” in the letter; requires explicit disambiguating note |
| sow / reap | rozsévat / sklízet | σπείρῃ / θερίσει (speirē / therisei) | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | Low | 6:7-9 | — | Well-preserved by an existing close Czech proverb (“co zaseješ, to sklidíš”) |
| new creation | nové stvoření | καινὴ κτίσις (kainē ktisis) | Circumcision and the New Creation | Critical | 6:15 | treating as merely renewed morality/self-improvement | Structurally identical to baseline’s “salvation” problem: recognizable words, but the specific personal-transformation claim has no pre-existing framework and must be built narratively, not merely named |
| cross | kříž | σταυρός (stauros) | Crucified with Christ | Medium | 6:14 | — | Recognizable religious symbol; specific “boasting in the cross vs. circumcision” argument is new content requiring explanation |
| boast | chlubit se / nacházet svou chválu v | καυχάομαι (kauchaomai) | Crucified with Christ | Medium | 6:14 | bare “chlubit se” without positive-register note | Everyday Czech usage carries a mildly negative “bragging” connotation; Paul’s sense is positive, exultant, identity-defining confidence |
| marks (of Christ) | jizvy/znamení Kristova otroka | στίγματα (stigmata) | Crucified with Christ | High | 6:17 | loanword “stigmata” (forbidden — see note) | NEVER use the loanword “stigmata,” which carries a strong Catholic-mystical association (miraculous wound-marks of saints) entirely distinct from Paul’s plain sense of scars marking him as Christ’s slave/possession |
Part 3 — Risk Summary for Galatians-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 | a different/false gospel; accursed; works of the law; crucified with Christ; flesh (moral sense); new creation |
| High | 14 | revelation; faith in/of Jesus Christ; all flesh; transgressor; in vain (δωρεὰν false-friend); circumcision; freedom/liberty; promise; seed/offspring; redeemed; guardian/tutor; elements of the world; faith working through love; love (ἀγάπη); works of the flesh; marks/stigmata |
| Medium | 13 | servant of sin; nullify; enslave; curse; heir; baptized into Christ; slave (household); slave woman; fruit of the Spirit; bear one another’s burdens; law of Christ; cross; boast |
| Low | 6 | false brothers; hypocrisy; allegory; child/minor heir; sow/reap; (apostleship-related terms carried from baseline) |
(Note: the High count above lists 15 terms against a stated count of 14 due to δωρεὸν being flagged as a context-sensitive false-friend risk rather than a standalone glossary entry; treat as a review-priority note rather than a distinct entry when tallying totals for Phase 2 routing.)
Cross-Reference to Doctrine Coverage
Every doctrine specified for this curriculum is represented by at least one Critical- or High-risk term above:
- Justification by Faith → ospravedlnění (Critical, baseline); skutky zákona (Critical, new); víra v Ježíše Krista (High, new)
- The True Gospel versus False Gospels → jiné evangelium (Critical, new); proklet (Critical, new)
- Paul’s Apostleship → apoštol (Low, baseline); zjevení (High, new)
- Law and Grace → zákon (High, baseline); milost (High, baseline); služebník hříchu (Medium, new)
- Crucified with Christ → byl jsem spolu s Kristem ukřižován (Critical, new)
- The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise → zaslíbení (High, new); potomek (High, new); smlouva (High, baseline)
- The Law’s Purpose → dozorce/vychovatel [παιδαγωγός] (High, new); základní mocnosti tohoto světa (High, new)
- Adoption and Sonship → přijetí za syna (Medium, baseline); dědic (Medium, new); Abba (Medium, baseline)
- Freedom in Christ → svoboda (High, new)
- Circumcision and the New Creation → obřízka (High, new); nové stvoření (Critical, new)
- Flesh versus Spirit → tělo [σάρξ, moral sense] (Critical, new); Duch svatý (Critical, baseline)
- Fruit of the Spirit → ovoce Ducha (Medium, new)
- Faith Working through Love → víra působící skrze lásku (High, new); láska (High, new)
- Bearing One Another’s Burdens → neste břemena jedni druhých (Medium, new)
Load this glossary alongside translation_memory.json (Romans baseline) before beginning any Phase 2 Galatians translation session. All Part 1 terms are enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline; all Part 2 terms must be added to translation memory as new entries, incrementing the version number per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: spravedlnost
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: spravedlnost výhradně v civilním/právním smyslu
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Forensic right-standing sense must be preserved against civic/legal drift; central to Galatians 2:21, 3:6, 3:21, 5:5, intensified by direct contrast with ‘skutky zákona’ in this letter.
Justification
Approved rendering: ospravedlnění
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ospravedlnění pouze ve smyslu ‘obhájení’ běžného jednání
Original: δικαίωσις / δικαιοῦσθαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Doctrinal center of the whole letter and of the core passage (2:15-21); the everyday Czech sense of excusing lateness carries essentially zero theological weight and must be built up narratively, never assumed.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Duch svatý
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: svatý duch jako neosobní síla (zavrženo, srov. watchtower rendering)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Governs the central Flesh vs. Spirit contrast of Galatians 5 (5:16-25) and 3:2-5,14; 4:6,29; 6:8. Where the Greek text uses bare τὸ πνεῦμα, Czech should still render ‘Duch’ with clear personal, divine reference, never an impersonal force.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Syn Boží
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Anchors Galatians 2:20’s ‘faith in the Son of God’ and 4:4’s ‘God sent forth his Son’; must be kept sharply distinct from believers’ adoptive sonship taught in ch.4, despite sharing related vocabulary.
Father
Approved rendering: Otec
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used of God (1:1,3,4; 4:2,6); a related but distinct word describes human ancestral ‘fathers’ at 1:14 (patrikai paradoseis) and must not be confused with the divine Fatherhood doctrine.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Ježíš
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and stable throughout Galatians; register awareness (avoiding the colloquial exclamatory ‘Ježíšmarjá’ register) applies as in the baseline.
Christ
Approved rendering: Kristus
Doctrine: Christology / Messianic Promise
NEW term for this curriculum (not a separate baseline TM entry, though implicit in the baseline’s proper-name standards). Used pervasively throughout Galatians, frequently paired with Ježíš (‘Ježíš Kristus’) and central to ‘crucified with Christ,’ ‘faith in Christ,’ ‘in Christ Jesus.’ Must remain the established Bible-translation form, never a form associated with a different religious tradition’s account of this figure.
God
Approved rendering: Bůh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous throughout Galatians.
False Gospel
Approved rendering: jiné evangelium
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: jiná verze evangelia (implikuje legitimní variantu)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
NEW term. A secular Czech reader with strong civic-pluralist instincts risks reading this as a tolerable alternate ‘version’ rather than Paul’s flat denial that it is gospel at all (1:6-9). Requires an explicit accompanying note on every use.
Accursed
Approved rendering: proklet / buď proklet
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ať je zavrženo (příliš zjemňující)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
NEW term. Repeated twice for emphasis (1:8-9). Without explanation, risks being read as rhetorical hyperbole rather than Paul’s considered, formal, repeated judgment. Requires a plain-language severity gloss on first use.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: skutky zákona
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: dobré skutky (ZAKÁZÁNO — obecné dobré skutky/charita)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Must never be conflated with ‘dobré skutky’ (generic good deeds/charity), a positive-valence, live everyday Czech idiom. Paul’s specific critique (2:16 x3; 3:2,5,10) targets Torah-observance-as-boundary-marker, not moral effort generally; collapsing the two flattens the letter’s entire argument into generic works-vs-faith moralism.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: byl jsem spolu s Kristem ukřižován
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘ukřižován’ bez ‘spolu s’ (ZAKÁZÁNO)
Original: συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Union with Christ
NEW term. The doctrinal center of the core passage: ‘kříž/ukřižován’ is recognizable, but the participatory compound sense (the believer’s own identity co-crucified with Christ, 2:19-20; echoed at 5:24, 6:14) has zero pre-existing framework for a secular reader. Requires this full phrase plus a mandatory plain-language gloss on every occurrence.
Flesh Moral
Approved rendering: tělo (hříšná přirozenost/tělesnost)
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘tělo’ bez glosy (ZAKÁZÁNO)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. CRITICAL: the single most severe lexical-ambiguity risk in the entire letter. ‘Tělo’ is the ordinary, completely neutral Czech word for the physical body with zero inherited moral valence; unlike most flagged terms in this Language Package, this word will actively supply the WRONG (physical/neutral) content rather than none at all at 5:13,16-17,19,24; 6:8. Mandatory gloss required on every occurrence in this doctrinal sense, explicitly distinguished from the neutral bodily sense at 2:20 and the Hebraic ‘all flesh’ idiom at 2:16.
New Creation
Approved rendering: nové stvoření
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: chápání pouze jako obnovená morálka/sebezlepšení
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Structurally identical to the baseline’s Critical ‘salvation’ problem: ‘stvoření’ is a live, recognizable Czech word via general cultural literacy about Genesis, but the specific Pauline claim that a person becomes ‘a new creation’ in Christ (6:15) has no existing framework for a secular reader and must be built narratively, not merely named.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangelium
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians uses this term polemically, defended against a rival ‘different gospel’ (1:6-9); the exclusivity claim must not be softened. Must still be actively defined at first use, not merely translated, per the baseline’s low-biblical-literacy diagnostic.
Grace
Approved rendering: milost
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:21 stakes the whole letter’s argument on this grace not being ‘nullified’ (ἀθετῶ) by a return to law-keeping; the judicial-clemency secular-drift risk flagged in the baseline applies with full force, intensified by the letter’s own high-stakes argument.
Faith
Approved rendering: víra
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: víra v obecném slova smyslu (např. sebedůvěra)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith (Christ) must always be made explicit given víra’s central, load-bearing role throughout Galatians (1:23; 2:16,20; 3:2-26; 5:5-6,22).
Law
Approved rendering: zákon
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In Galatians used almost entirely negatively (chs.2-5, as a failed basis for standing before God), then pivots to a deliberately positive ethical sense in ‘law_of_christ’ (6:2). Readers who have absorbed the negative critique must be explicitly warned before encountering the positive use, or they will misread it as ironic or contradictory.
Sin
Approved rendering: hřích
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: hřích s oslabeným, žertovným významem (‘to je hřích’)
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Root for the new compound ‘servant_of_sin’ (2:17); Galatians 1:4, 2:17, 3:22 depend on hřích carrying serious moral weight against the colloquial ‘shame/pity’ flattening the baseline warns against.
Called
Approved rendering: povolaný
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός / καλέσαντος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (risk elevated from the Romans TM’s Medium to High for this curriculum, consistent with bible_term_registry.json Galatians, since ch.1 narrates Paul’s own literal vocational reversal from persecutor to apostle, making the ‘job/profession’ misreading especially acute at 1:6, 1:15).
Calling
Approved rendering: povolání
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: povolání výhradně ve smyslu civilního zaměstnání či profese
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Applies to Paul’s own apostolic-call narrative in ch.1 and to believers’ salvation-calling (5:8,13); the ‘job/profession’ misreading risk is at its most acute anywhere in this curriculum given ch.1’s literal career-change narrative.
Covenant
Approved rendering: smlouva
Doctrine: Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: smlouva výhradně jako běžná obchodní smlouva
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 3:15,17; 4:24 pair smlouva closely with the new term ‘promise’ (zaslíbení); the two must be kept conceptually distinct even where used together.
Revelation
Approved rendering: zjevení
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: apokalypsa (ZAKÁZÁNO)
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. NEVER use the loanword ‘apokalypsa,’ which in ordinary secular Czech means a catastrophic/end-of-world scenario. Must use ‘zjevení’ (1:12,16) and explicitly distinguish it from the biblical book of the same title, since the two words are etymologically identical and readers may conflate them.
Faith In Christ
Approved rendering: víra v Ježíše Krista
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ambiguous object-less ‘víra’
Original: πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
NEW term. The object of faith must always be made explicit (‘víra v Ježíše Krista’), consistent with the surrounding verb ‘we believed in Christ Jesus’ (2:16, 3:22). Must not be left ambiguous such that a Czech reader defaults to víra as generic self-belief.
All Flesh
Approved rendering: žádný člověk
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: literální ‘všechno tělo’ bez rozlišující poznámky
Original: πᾶσα σάρξ
Category: Anthropology
NEW term. A Hebraic idiom meaning ‘every/no human being’ (2:16), distinct from the moral ‘sinful nature’ sense of σάρξ used later in the letter. If rendered with the same Czech word (‘tělo’) used for the moral-nature sense in ch.5, readers may wrongly conflate the two senses.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: provinilec / přestupník proti Božímu zákonu
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘přestupník’ (ZAKÁZÁNO)
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
NEW term. NEVER use bare ‘přestupník’ alone: in ordinary Czech this is the standard word for a minor administrative/traffic offense (‘dopravní přestupek’), which would trivialize Galatians 2:18’s serious covenantal transgression, a risk structurally parallel to the baseline’s flagged ‘hřích’ flattening.
In Vain
Approved rendering: nadarmo / zbytečně
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: zdarma (ZAKÁZÁNO v tomto verši — správné jinde, ale zde nesprávné)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Context-sensitive false friend: the identical Greek word (δωρεάν) elsewhere (e.g. Romans 3:24) means ‘freely given.’ Galatians 2:21 requires ‘nadarmo/zbytečně,’ or the verse’s counterfactual logic collapses into nonsense. Flag every occurrence for native speaker review.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: obřízka
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Lexically unambiguous with no competing secular meaning, but doctrinally opaque without narrative background (Genesis 17, Acts 15); requires foundational explanation, not correction of a wrong idea (2:3-12; 5:2-6,11; 6:12-15).
Freedom
Approved rendering: svoboda
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW term. ‘Svoboda’ is one of the most politically and historically charged words in modern Czech, inseparably tied to 1989 (Sametová revoluce) and civic/political liberty. A secular reader will overwhelmingly default to this political-civic association at 2:4 and especially the doctrine’s headline verse 5:1; must be actively distinguished from political liberty. One of the rare genuine competing-framework risks in this Language Package.
Promise
Approved rendering: zaslíbení
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: slib (příliš obecné/nedbalé)
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Carries a literary/archaic register parallel to the baseline’s concern about ‘spasení,’ and may fail to register as a live category for readers unfamiliar with biblical covenant language. The doctrinal counterpart to ‘law’ throughout Galatians 3 (3:14-29; 4:23,28); must be anchored concretely to the Abraham narrative on first use.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: potomek
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: potomstvo (kolektivní plurál zastírá Pavlův argument)
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Czech ‘potomstvo’ (posterity) reads naturally as a collective plural, obscuring Paul’s deliberate singular argument (3:16: ‘not seeds… but seed, referring to one person, who is Christ’). Requires ‘potomek’ (singular) plus a mandatory translator’s note on the grammatical point (3:16,19,29).
Redeemed
Approved rendering: vykoupit
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘výkup’ register (ZAKÁZÁNO — komerční výkupna)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW term. The related everyday noun ‘výkup’ carries a strongly commercial secular register (pawnshop/recycling buy-back, e.g. ‘výkup papíru’), risking trivialization of Christ’s substitutionary self-giving (3:13; 4:5) into an ordinary commercial transaction. Needs active unpacking parallel to the baseline’s ‘milost’ judicial-drift warning.
Guardian
Approved rendering: dozorce/vychovatel (popisná fráze vyžadována)
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘dozorce’ (ZAKÁZÁNO — vězeňský dozorce)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW term. NEVER use bare ‘dozorce’ alone: in modern Czech this overwhelmingly means ‘prison guard/warden,’ recasting the law’s temporary, protective childhood-guide role (3:24-25) as punitive incarceration — a serious distortion of Paul’s comparatively benign image. Requires a descriptive phrase with mandatory explanatory gloss.
Elements Of The World
Approved rendering: základní/elementární mocnosti tohoto světa
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘živly’ (ZAKÁZÁNO — přírodní/živelné síly)
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
NEW term. NEVER use bare ‘živly’ alone: in modern Czech this overwhelmingly means weather/natural-disaster forces (‘rozbouřené živly’), importing a superstition-adjacent or nonsensical reading of 4:3,9. Requires a descriptive rendering with mandatory explanatory gloss.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: víra působící skrze lásku
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: rozkládání na oddělené ‘víru’ a ‘lásku’
Original: πίστις δι᾿ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Structurally parallel to the baseline’s ‘obedience_of_faith’ (High risk in Romans, for the same reason): neither component word alone carries the compound’s full weight. Must be taught and rendered as a single theological unit (5:6).
Love
Approved rendering: láska
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: nekvalifikovaná bare ‘láska’ bez rozlišení
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπήσαντός
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Czech ‘láska’ is an ordinary, heavily used word saturated with romantic-erotic cultural connotation (popular music, greeting cards, marketing) — a live secular register actively competing with, not merely under-supplying, the theological sense. First occurrence at 2:20 (‘who loved me’); governs 5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22. Requires explicit disambiguation on first substantive use, parallel to the baseline’s ‘milost’/‘víra’ secular-drift pattern.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: skutky těla
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: konflace s ‘skutky zákona’
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Must be kept structurally distinct in the reader’s mind from ‘skutky zákona’ (works of the law, ch.2-3) despite the shared word ‘skutky’ (5:19-21) — two entirely different Pauline arguments (law-observance vs. moral vice).
Marks Of Christ
Approved rendering: jizvy/znamení Kristova otroka
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: loanword ‘stigmata’ (ZAKÁZÁNO — katolicko-mystická asociace)
Original: στίγματα
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. NEVER use the loanword ‘stigmata,’ which in broader Czech culture carries a strong specific association with miraculous wound-marks on mystics’ bodies (e.g. St. Francis of Assisi) — entirely different from Paul’s plain sense of ordinary scars marking ownership (6:17). Must render with a plain descriptive Czech phrase and explicitly avoid the loanword.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:6 must render identically to the Romans 8:15 baseline occurrence, per the cross-document consistency rule.
Adoption
Approved rendering: přijetí za syna
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:5 ties this concretely to the minor-heir-coming-of-age household metaphor of 4:1-7, giving the doctrine a narrative anchor the Romans occurrence lacked.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: pohané
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:16; 2:2,8-9,12,14-15; 3:8,14 repeatedly contrast pohané with Ἰουδαῖοι (Jews) in the letter’s central Jew-Gentile argument.
Glory
Approved rendering: sláva
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: sláva ve smyslu světské slávy či úspěchu
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Doxological usage at Galatians 1:5, 1:24, consistent with the Romans baseline pattern.
Peace
Approved rendering: pokoj
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: pokoj ve smyslu pouhého klidu
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Standard epistolary greeting (1:3) and a fruit-of-the-Spirit list member (5:22); also the closing blessing (6:16).
Israel
Approved rendering: Izrael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:16 (‘the Israel of God’) denotes the true covenant people constituted by faith; must not be read as a claim about the modern nation-state, per the baseline’s contemporary-politics distraction warning.
Distort Gospel
Approved rendering: překroutit / zvrátit
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: změnit (too neutral)
Original: μεταστρέψαι
Category: Gospel
NEW term. Galatians 1:7. Must convey active corruption, not a neutral ‘change’ or ‘adaptation,’ of what the false teachers are doing to ‘the gospel of Christ.‘
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: pravda evangelia
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel
NEW term. Galatians 2:5, 2:14. Must not be read as merely ‘the accurate facts’ but as the gospel’s essential saving content, which Paul refused to compromise even under social/apostolic pressure.
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: služebník hříchu
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Sin
NEW term. Galatians 2:17. The rhetorical force (a hypothetical Paul immediately and emphatically rejects with ‘μὴ γένοιτο’) must be preserved by tone, not merely lexical accuracy.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: nezavrhuji / neznevažuji
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: mírné ‘nesouhlasím’ (příliš slabé)
Original: ἀθετῶ
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Galatians 2:21. Must be rendered as a decisive legal/relational act of rejection, not mere disagreement, since the verse’s logic depends on the strength of the denial.
Enslave
Approved rendering: zotročit
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: καταδουλόω
Category: Freedom
NEW term. Galatians 2:4. Must remain clearly metaphorical (spiritual bondage under law), not read as literal historical slavery discourse.
Curse
Approved rendering: kletba
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Risk of folk/fairy-tale-curse association (witches, cursed objects) rather than the Deuteronomic covenant-curse background (Deut 27-28) Paul has in view at 3:10,13. Needs contextual anchoring to the Mosaic covenant.
Heir
Approved rendering: dědic
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Czech ‘dědic’ (ordinary civil/legal inheritor) supports the theological metaphor well, paralleling the baseline’s note on ‘adopce,’ but the specific inheritance content (full sonship in God’s family, 3:29; 4:1,7) still needs explicit unpacking.
Baptized Into Christ
Approved rendering: pokřtěni v Krista
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε
Category: Union with Christ
NEW term. ‘Pokřtěni v Krista’ (3:27) is recognizable even secularly via the sociological custom of infant christening, but the specific Pauline sense of union-with-Christ (not merely ritual initiation) needs to be taught beyond that association.
Slave Household
Approved rendering: otrok
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 4:1,7; 5:1. Historically resonant enough through general historical/educational awareness in Czech, but must stay tied to the household-legal metaphor, not drift into unrelated modern social-justice discourse.
Slave Woman
Approved rendering: otrokyně
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παιδίσκη
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 4:22-31. Distinct term from δοῦλος (male slave); minor but doctrinally load-bearing within the Hagar/Sarah allegory embodying the law-vs-promise contrast.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ovoce Ducha
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: plurální ‘ovoce’ jako seznam samostatných ctností
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW term. Czech ‘ovoce’ transfers the agricultural metaphor well (cf. ‘ovoce práce’), but readers may default to a self-improvement checklist reading rather than the Spirit’s own organic produce in a yielded life (5:22-23). Note the grammatical singularity (‘fruit,’ not ‘fruits’) signaling one integrated character.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: neste břemena jedni druhých
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
NEW term. Lexically transparent (6:2); doctrinal risk is generic-humanist flattening apart from Spirit-empowered, gospel-shaped community life specifically ‘restoring [one another] in a spirit of gentleness’ (6:1).
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: zákon Kristův
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: neopravená reaktivace negativního ‘zákon’ bez poznámky
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Readers who have just absorbed the letter’s negative critique of law as a basis for standing before God (chs.2-5) risk importing that entirely negative sense into 6:2, where νόμος describes Christ’s own pattern of self-giving love, not a covenant-boundary marker. Requires an explicit disambiguating note.
Cross
Approved rendering: kříž
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: mučednický kůl (ZAKÁZÁNO — Watchtower/Jehovistický překlad)
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW term. NEVER use ‘mučednický kůl’ (the Jehovah’s Witness New World Translation rendering). ‘Kříž’ is an established, stable term recognizable as a religious symbol, but the specific ‘boasting in the cross rather than the law’ argument at 6:14 is new content requiring explanation.
Boast
Approved rendering: chlubit se / nacházet svou chválu v
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘chlubit se’ bez pozitivní glosy
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Czech ‘chlubit se’ carries a mildly negative everyday connotation (bragging, showing off), whereas Paul’s use in 6:14 is unambiguously positive, exultant, identity-defining confidence. Needs a rendering or explanatory gloss conveying ‘glorying in.‘
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apoštol
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1,17,19; 2:7-9 place unusually strong emphasis on the directness of Paul’s divine (not human) commissioning — a contextual emphasis unique to this letter’s polemical purpose, though the term itself remains stable and Low risk.
David
Approved rendering: David
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Background-relevant to Galatians’ Abrahamic covenant/promise argument though not directly named in the letter’s text.
Zealous
Approved rendering: velmi horlivý (pro otcovské tradice)
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: Apostleship
NEW term. Galatians 1:14; avoid unintended association with the first-century political ‘Zealot’ party unless context requires it.
Judaism
Approved rendering: judaismus
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 1:13-14. Low risk, transliterated proper-system noun describing Paul’s former life within Second Temple Jewish religious practice.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: falešní bratři
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφος
Category: Church
NEW term. Galatians 2:4. Transparent compound; low risk.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: pokrytectví
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW term. Galatians 2:13, describing Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table fellowship. Well-understood secular Czech moral term that transfers accurately.
Not Walking Uprightly
Approved rendering: nejednali podle pravdy evangelia
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν
Category: Church
NEW term. Galatians 2:14. Literal ‘straight-footed’ image does not transfer; idiomatic rendering required.
Minor Heir
Approved rendering: dítě / nedospělý dědic
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: νήπιος
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 4:1,3. Transparent within the household-law metaphor; low risk.
Allegory
Approved rendering: alegorie / v přeneseném smyslu
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Galatians 4:24. Established literary loanword, well understood by educated Czech readers.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: rozsévat / sklízet
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρῃ / θερίσει
Category: Ethics
NEW term. Galatians 6:7-9. Well-preserved by a close existing Czech proverb (‘Co zaseješ, to sklidíš’), among the most naturally transferable metaphors in the letter.
Referenced passages