Critical Risk Terms

Adoption

Approved rendering: التبني
Transliteration: al-tabannī
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: الاستلحاق

Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct lexical category in Mark (a Pauline-epistle term), though the underlying filial-intimacy reality is modeled by Jesus’s own ‘Abba, Father’ cry at Gethsemane (14:36), which Paul later applies to believers’ adoption in Romans 8:15 — a valuable cross-curriculum teaching link. Retained for consistency; never substitute الاستلحاق.

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Father

Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Paired at Gethsemane (14:36) with ‘Abba,’ the same intimacy-term Paul later cites in Romans 8:15 for adopted believers; also present at 8:38, 11:25, 13:32. Islamic tanzih theology’s resistance to begetting-language applied to Allah applies with full force here.

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God

Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Critical in Mark especially at the Shema quotation (12:29) and the Great Commandment, where Islamic tawhid’s strictly unitarian reading of divine oneness must be distinguished from the Trinitarian revelation Mark itself discloses (Father’s voice, 1:11/9:7; Spirit’s descent, 1:10; Son’s authority, throughout).

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Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Critical in Mark at the Trinitarian baptism scene (1:8-12) and especially at 3:28-30 (blasphemy against the Holy Spirit), where mainstream tafsir’s identification of this identical phrase with the created angel Jibril must be explicitly distinguished from the co-eternal divine Person Mark presents.

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Imputed Righteousness

Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب

Inherited from Romans package. Not present as a distinct category in Mark’s own vocabulary; retained only for cross-curriculum consistency. Never render as ‘earned righteousness.‘

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Incarnation

Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور

Inherited from Romans package. Mark does not use a distinct incarnation-vocabulary term (unlike John 1:14), but the doctrine underlies the whole book’s presentation of the divine Son entering real human history and death. Never use الحلول (Sufi pantheistic indwelling) or الظهور (mere appearance, echoing the Qur’an’s own crucifixion-denial language) at any point in Mark, especially chs. 14-15.

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Jesus

Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Never عيسى. Consistency is especially vital in Mark since the entire narrative arc (1:1 to 15:39) is structured to correct the Qur’anic Jesus-narrative that denies his deity and crucifixion.

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Justification

Approved rendering: التبرير
Transliteration: al-tabrīr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الحكم بالبراءة

Inherited from Romans package. Not present as a distinct narrative category in Mark; retained only for cross-curriculum consistency. Never substitute التزكية.

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Law

Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Sabbath and Fulfillment of Torah
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the Sabbath controversies (2:23-3:6), the divorce teaching’s appeal to Moses vs. creation order (10:2-9), and the Great Commandment discourse (12:28-34). Never substitute الشريعة; same rationale as baseline — shari’a today denotes the total Islamic religious-legal-political system, a category error in this context.

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Lord

Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Jesus in Mark specifically over the Sabbath (2:28, ‘the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath’) and quoted within the Shema itself (12:29), making the claim maximally confrontational to a reader holding tawhid. Never soften to السيد/المولى.

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Messiah

Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (8:29, ‘You are the Christ’) is the literary hinge of the entire book, dividing public ministry from the journey to the cross; recurs at 1:1, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21-22, 14:61-62, 15:32. Every occurrence must actively correct the Qur’anic al-Masih narrative (honored prophet, not divine, not crucified, not risen).

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Obedience Of Faith

Approved rendering: طاعة الإيمان
Transliteration: ṭā’at al-īmān
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: الطاعة الشرعية

Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct Markan phrase, though the underlying obedience-flowing-from-faith pattern is modeled throughout Mark’s discipleship narratives (e.g., the disciples’ immediate ‘leaving their nets,’ 1:16-20). Retained for consistency; must always be taught as fruit, never ground, of right standing.

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Resurrection

Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from Romans package. Requires the historicity of the crucifixion (chs. 14-15) established first, per baseline note, since Qur’an 4:157 denies the crucifixion occurred. Occurs at 6:14, 9:9-10, 9:31, 12:18-27 (Sadducee debate, supplying scriptural argumentation for bodily resurrection), 14:28, 16:6.

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Righteousness

Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل

Inherited from Romans package. δικαιοσύνη is not a prominent lexical item in Mark’s own narrative vocabulary (it is a Pauline-epistle category); retained here to confirm no contradictory rendering is introduced. Note Mark 2:17’s ‘I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners’ uses δίκαιος adjacent vocabulary ironically of those who wrongly consider themselves already righteous.

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Salvation

Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة

Inherited from Romans package. σῴζω recurs throughout Mark for both physical healing and ultimate salvation (5:34, 10:52 ‘your faith has saved/healed you’; 8:35 ‘whoever loses his life…will save it’; 10:26-27 ‘who then can be saved?… with God all things are possible’; 13:13, 20). See new term ‘healing_salvation_double_sense’ below for the dual-sense handling. Must retain full weight: deliverance secured through Christ, not a probabilistic Judgment-Day-pending outcome.

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Son Of God

Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Mark structures the entire book around this claim: 1:1 (opening, textual variant noted for reviewers only), 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61, 15:39 (closing structural bookend, spoken by an unexpected Gentile witness at the cross). Never dilute to ‘the Beloved of God’; retain the full phrase throughout.