Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Corinthians | English → Arabic
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across the full span of 2 Corinthians (chapters 1–13), organized for Phase 2 translation-memory loading. Section A lists terms already established in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json that recur in 2 Corinthians — these renderings are reused exactly, without modification, per the hard rule that established term renderings must be reused exactly. Section B lists new terms specific to 2 Corinthians’s doctrines, with full risk analysis, formatted to extend translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in a future version. Section C provides a chapter-index cross-reference confirming full-book coverage.
Section A: Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Change)
| Term | Arabic (Baseline) | Risk (Baseline) | 2 Corinthians Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | الإنجيل | High | 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 | Standard reuse |
| grace | النعمة | High | 1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,6-7,9,19; 9:8,14-15; 12:9; 13:14 | Extended sense: also covers “generosity/collection-grace” in chs. 8-9; see Section B note under “grace-as-generosity” |
| faith | الإيمان | High | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 | Standard reuse |
| righteousness | البر | Critical | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10; 11:15 | Must not collapse into works-checklist sense; see 5:21 and 9:9-10 notes |
| justification / imputed_righteousness | التبرير / البر المحسوب | Critical | Implied throughout 5:19-21 (non-imputation of sin / crediting of righteousness) | See “reconciliation” entry for the closely paired non-imputation concept |
| salvation | الخلاص | Critical | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 | Standard reuse |
| apostle | الرسول | High | 1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12 | See Section B “false/super-apostles” for extended risk |
| called | المدعوون | High | 1:1 (Paul, apostle by God’s will) | Standard reuse |
| holy | مقدس | Medium | 1:1; 7:1; 13:12 | Standard reuse |
| saints | القديسون | Medium | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12 | Standard reuse |
| sanctification | التقديس | High | 7:1 | Standard reuse |
| resurrection | القيامة | Critical | 4:14; 5:15 | Apologetic scaffolding required per baseline note |
| lord | الرب | Critical | 1:2-3,14; 3:16-18; 4:5,14; 5:6,8,11; 8:9,19,21; 10:17-18; 11:31; 12:1,8; 13:14 | Very high frequency in this letter; consistency essential |
| church | الكنيسة | Medium | 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13 | Standard reuse; see also new “temple of God” entry (Section B) for extended imagery |
| law | الناموس | Critical | 3:6-15 (implicit, “old covenant” ministry) | Never render as الشريعة; see Section B “new covenant / letter and spirit” |
| sin | الخطية | High | 5:21; 11:7 | Central to 5:21’s imputation statement; see Section B |
| glory | المجد | High | 1:20; 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 6:8; 8:19,23 | Very high frequency, esp. ch. 3-4 |
| power_of_god | قوة الله | Medium | 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 | Extended into the “power in weakness” doctrine; see Section B |
| messiah / christ | المسيح | Critical | throughout | Standard reuse |
| jesus | يسوع | Critical | throughout | Standard reuse; never عيسى |
| god | الله | Critical | throughout | Standard reuse |
| holy_spirit | الروح القدس | Critical | 1:22; 3:3,6,8,17-18; 5:5; 6:6; 13:13-14 | Standard reuse |
| father | الآب | Critical | 1:2-3; 6:18; 11:31 | Standard reuse |
| covenant | العهد | Medium | 3:6,14 | Baseline generic covenant term; extended by new “new_covenant” compound (Section B) |
| fellowship | الشركة | Medium | 6:14; 8:4; 13:14 | Standard reuse; avoid pairing with shirk-adjacent vocabulary per baseline note |
| gentiles | الأمم | Medium | (implicit, mission context) | Standard reuse |
| thanksgiving | الشكر | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 8:16; 9:11-12,15 | Standard reuse |
| exhort | يشجع / يعظ | Low | 1:4-6; 2:7; 5:20; 6:1; 7:6-7,13; 9:5; 10:1; 13:11 | Context-sensitive per baseline; 5:20’s πρεσβεύω/παρακαλέω combination needs particular care (see Section B “ambassador”) |
| election | اختيار الله | High | (implicit, God’s initiative in reconciliation, 5:18) | Relevant background doctrine, not a lexical occurrence |
| intercession | الشفاعة | High | 1:11; 9:14 (prayer for one another) | Standard reuse |
| mission | الإرسالية | Medium | (implicit, apostolic sending) | Standard reuse |
| david | داود | Low | (not directly named; genealogical background only) | No direct occurrence |
| israel | إسرائيل | High | 3:7,13 (children of Israel, veil narrative) | Standard reuse; historical OT reference, low contemporary-political-framing risk in this context |
| seed_of_david | نسل داود | High | (not directly named) | No direct occurrence |
| abba | أبّا | High | (not directly named) | No direct occurrence; adoption/sonship language present but implicit only |
| adoption | التبني | Critical | (implicit in 6:18, “sons and daughters”) | See Section B “sons and daughters” note |
Section B: New Terms Introduced in 2 Corinthians
Full field definitions per term: category/doctrine, risk tier, original Greek, transliteration, definition, translation notes, recommended Arabic rendering, primary passages, first-appearing chapter.
B1. Reconciliation with God
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | reconciliation / to reconcile |
| Category | Salvation |
| Risk | Critical |
| Original | καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω |
| Transliteration | katallagē / katallassō |
| Definition | Restoration of a broken relationship between God and humanity, unilaterally initiated and accomplished by God through Christ’s death, requiring no reciprocal payment from the estranged party. |
| Arabic term | المصالحة (noun) / يصالح (verb) / تصالحوا (imperative, 5:20) |
| Primary passages | 5:18-20; also implicit ch. 5:14-15’s “one died for all” |
| First chapter | 5 (core passage) |
| Translation notes | Established Van Dyck/NAV rendering; reuse exactly across all documents. CRITICAL because: (1) ordinary Arabic صلح/مصالحة denotes bilateral, negotiated dispute-settlement, the reverse of the text’s unilateral, God-initiated, cost-bearing action; (2) mainstream Islamic soteriology has no structural equivalent — sin is an individual deeds-debt weighed at judgment, not an estrangement requiring a mediated peace; (3) the imperative form (5:20, تصالحوا) is grammatically reciprocal in Arabic and must be taught as a summons to receive, not negotiate, an already-accomplished reconciliation. |
B2. New Creation in Christ
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | new creation |
| Category | Salvation / Sanctification |
| Risk | Critical |
| Original | καινὴ κτίσις |
| Transliteration | kainē ktisis |
| Definition | The believer’s ontological remaking in union with Christ — not moral reform of an existing nature but a genuinely new spiritual identity. |
| Arabic term | خليقة جديدة |
| Primary passages | 5:17 |
| First chapter | 5 (core passage) |
| Translation notes | Established Van Dyck/NAV rendering. CRITICAL because Islamic theology has no doctrine of an individual’s re-creation into a new nature; tawba (repentance) is behavioral/moral correction and forgiveness-seeking within an unchanged fiṭrah-pure nature, not a change of created nature. Must be taught as more radical than reform. |
B3. Love of Christ / Agape Love
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | love (of Christ / of God) |
| Category | God / Salvation |
| Risk | High |
| Original | ἀγάπη |
| Transliteration | agapē |
| Definition | Self-giving, sacrificial, unconditional love, demonstrated definitively in Christ’s substitutionary death for the undeserving. |
| Arabic term | المحبة |
| Primary passages | 5:14; 13:14 |
| First chapter | 5 (core passage); recurs 13:14 |
| Translation notes | New term, not present in Romans TM (Romans uses “grace” for the parallel unmerited-favor concept but does not carry a distinct “love” glossary entry). Islamic ḥubb/maḥabbah Allāh is typically taught as the believer’s love toward Allah in response to obedience, and Allah’s own love as conditioned on righteousness (Quran 3:31-32); agapē here is unconditional and initiating. Recommend adding to translation memory as High risk. |
B4. Ambassador for Christ
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | ambassador |
| Category | Church / Apostleship |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | πρεσβεύω |
| Transliteration | presbeuō |
| Definition | One authorized to represent Christ’s own appeal, carrying delegated divine authority into the reconciliation message. |
| Arabic term | سفراء (pl.), سفير (sg.) |
| Primary passages | 5:20 |
| First chapter | 5 (core passage) |
| Translation notes | Established Van Dyck rendering. Useful diplomatic-representative parallel but must be qualified as a unique, non-negotiable divine commission, not a routine political post. |
B5. Fear of the Lord (Ministry Motive)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | fear of the Lord |
| Category | Apostleship / Faith |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου |
| Transliteration | phobos tou Kyriou |
| Definition | Reverential accountability to Christ as coming judge, motivating apostolic integrity — not craven terror, and not fear of an uncertain deeds-verdict, since the believer is already reconciled. |
| Arabic term | خوف الرب |
| Primary passages | 5:11 |
| First chapter | 5 (core passage) |
| Translation notes | خوف الرب reuses baseline الرب (Critical). Taqwā is a genuine positive parallel but must be anchored to Christ specifically and to a security already secured, not a pending judgment outcome. |
B6. Judgment Seat of Christ
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | judgment seat of Christ (bema) |
| Category | Eschatology |
| Risk | High |
| Original | βῆμα (τοῦ Χριστοῦ) |
| Transliteration | bēma (tou Christou) |
| Definition | Christ’s tribunal for evaluating believers’ works for reward/loss — distinct from a judgment determining salvation status, which is already secure. |
| Arabic term | كرسي المسيح |
| Primary passages | 5:10 |
| First chapter | 5 (core passage) |
| Translation notes | Must be sharply distinguished from the mainstream Islamic Yawm al-Dīn / mīzān framework (deeds-weighing determining eternal destiny). Conflation would reintroduce works-anxiety over salvation itself, undermining the baseline’s Critical “assurance_of_salvation” doctrine. |
B7. Comfort and Affliction in Ministry
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | comfort / affliction |
| Category | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | παράκλησις / θλῖψις |
| Transliteration | paraklēsis / thlipsis |
| Definition | God’s personal, present consolation of believers in hardship, which equips them to console others; and the hardship/pressure itself, which is the context for that consolation. |
| Arabic term | التعزية / الضيق (الضيقة) |
| Primary passages | 1:3-7; 7:4-7; 4:8-9 |
| First chapter | 1 |
| Translation notes | Broadly compatible vocabulary; must retain the relational, personally-present sense of God’s comfort rather than a stoic-endurance framing. |
B8. Seal and Guarantee of the Spirit
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | seal / guarantee (pledge) |
| Category | Sanctification / Assurance |
| Risk | High |
| Original | σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών |
| Transliteration | sphragizō / arrabōn |
| Definition | God’s Spirit as a mark of ownership and as a down payment guaranteeing the believer’s future inheritance. |
| Arabic term | ختم / يختم (seal) — عربون (guarantee/pledge) |
| Primary passages | 1:22; 5:5 |
| First chapter | 1 |
| Translation notes | عربون is low risk (apt commercial-loanword parallel). ختم/خاتم is HIGH RISK: shares the root of خاتم النبيين (Seal of the Prophets, Muhammad’s title, Quran 33:40). Every occurrence needs a clarifying note distinguishing God’s ownership-mark on believers from prophetic finality claims. |
B9. Sincerity in Ministry
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | sincerity / simplicity of motive |
| Category | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια |
| Transliteration | haplotēs / eilikrineia |
| Definition | Unmixed motive and transparent conduct in ministry, free of hidden agenda or manipulation. |
| Arabic term | البساطة والإخلاص |
| Primary passages | 1:12; 2:17; 4:2; 11:3 |
| First chapter | 1 |
| Translation notes | إخلاص is a genuine shared-virtue bridge term (cf. Islamic ikhlāṣ, sincerity toward God) but must be anchored to transparency in ministry conduct specifically, not generalized piety. |
B10. Forgiveness (Grace-Rooted)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | forgive / forgiveness |
| Category | Church / Fellowship |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | χαρίζομαι |
| Transliteration | charizomai |
| Definition | To forgive as an act of grace, releasing a debt or offense — built on the same root as χάρις (grace). |
| Arabic term | يسامح / يغفر |
| Primary passages | 2:7,10 |
| First chapter | 2 |
| Translation notes | The Greek wordplay linking grace and forgiveness by shared root is not recoverable in Arabic (النعمة vs. المسامحة/المغفرة share no root); preserve the theological connection through explicit teaching rather than relying on the word itself. |
B11. Peddling the Word (False Ministry Motive)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | peddling the word of God |
| Category | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | καπηλεύω |
| Transliteration | kapēleuō |
| Definition | Marketplace metaphor for dishonestly diluting and selling God’s word for profit. |
| Arabic term | يغشّون كلمة الله |
| Primary passages | 2:17 |
| First chapter | 2 |
| Translation notes | Pair explicitly with the false/super-apostles material (chs. 11-12) so readers connect this early warning to the letter’s developed opponents. |
B12. The New Covenant versus the Old
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | new covenant |
| Category | Covenant |
| Risk | Critical |
| Original | διαθήκη καινή |
| Transliteration | diathēkē kainē |
| Definition | The covenant inaugurated in Christ’s blood, fulfilling and permanently superseding the Mosaic covenant’s external, condemning function — not one revelation among a succession of abrogating revelations. |
| Arabic term | العهد الجديد (extends baseline العهد) |
| Primary passages | 3:6-14 |
| First chapter | 3 |
| Translation notes | CRITICAL: risks absorption into Islamic naskh (abrogation) doctrine, under which the Quran is held to supersede both Torah and Injīl. Must be actively taught that the New Covenant is the promised, final, non-superseded fulfillment (3:11), reversing rather than confirming a supersessionist pattern that could otherwise be extended to a further “abrogating” revelation. |
B13. Letter and Spirit
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | letter / Spirit |
| Category | Covenant |
| Risk | High |
| Original | γράμμα / πνεῦμα |
| Transliteration | gramma / pneuma |
| Definition | The Mosaic covenant’s external written code, which cannot itself impart life, contrasted with the Spirit who gives life under the new covenant. |
| Arabic term | الحرف / الروح |
| Primary passages | 3:6 |
| First chapter | 3 |
| Translation notes | Risks being heard as a general devaluation of scripture’s precise wording, given Islamic i‘jāz al-Qur’ān doctrine emphasizing the Quran’s exact textual form as itself miraculous. Must be scoped specifically to the Mosaic law’s inability to regenerate, not scripture in general. |
B14. The Veil (Spiritual Blindness)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | veil |
| Category | Covenant / Fulfillment of Prophecy |
| Risk | High |
| Original | κάλυμμα |
| Transliteration | kalymma |
| Definition | The covering that obscured Moses’s radiance and now metaphorically obscures minds that read the old covenant without turning to Christ. |
| Arabic term | غطاء (recommended) |
| Primary passages | 3:13-16 |
| First chapter | 3 |
| Translation notes | AVOID the Van Dyck-precedent برقع (burqu’) and AVOID حجاب (ḥijāb) — both carry strong, specifically gendered contemporary associations with Islamic face/head-covering dress codes that are entirely absent from Paul’s point about minds being spiritually obscured. Use the generic غطاء instead. |
B15. Transformation into Christ’s Image
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | transformed / image |
| Category | Sanctification |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | μεταμορφόομαι / εἰκών |
| Transliteration | metamorphoomai / eikōn |
| Definition | Progressive Spirit-worked conformity of the believer’s character to Christ’s glory-likeness. |
| Arabic term | نتحول إلى تلك الصورة عينها / صورة |
| Primary passages | 3:18 |
| First chapter | 3 |
| Translation notes | صورة (image) must be understood as moral/glory-likeness, never visual/physical depiction, given Islam’s strict prohibition on taṣwīr (depiction) of the divine. |
B16. Ministry (Diakonia)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | ministry |
| Category | Apostleship / Church |
| Risk | High |
| Original | διακονία |
| Transliteration | diakonia |
| Definition | The whole delegated apostolic task — proclamation, service, and administration — commissioned by God, spanning both the reconciliation message (ch. 5) and the collection for the saints (chs. 8-9). |
| Arabic term | خدمة |
| Primary passages | 3:6-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 8:4; 9:1,12-13; 11:8,15,23 |
| First chapter | 3 (recurs pervasively through ch. 9) |
| Translation notes | Standard خدمة is generic and does not by itself convey divinely delegated commission; must be qualified in context (e.g., “خدمة المصالحة”) throughout to preserve the sense of authorized apostolic office. |
B17. Jars of Clay (Power in Weakness)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | jars of clay |
| Category | Power in Weakness |
| Risk | Low |
| Original | σκεῦος ὀστράκινον |
| Transliteration | skeuos ostrakinon |
| Definition | Fragile, common human ministers carrying the gospel treasure, so that displayed power is recognizably God’s. |
| Arabic term | أوعية خزفية |
| Primary passages | 4:7 |
| First chapter | 4 |
| Translation notes | Vivid, doctrinally safe metaphor. |
B18. Outer Man and Inner Man
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | outer man / inner man |
| Category | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry |
| Risk | Medium-High |
| Original | ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος |
| Transliteration | exō anthrōpos / esō anthrōpos |
| Definition | The perishable physical self undergoing affliction, and the believer’s inner spiritual life, continually renewed regardless of outward decay. |
| Arabic term | الإنسان الخارجي / الإنسان الداخلي |
| Primary passages | 4:16 |
| First chapter | 4 |
| Translation notes | Do NOT render “inner man” as الباطن — this is both a divine name (Al-Bāṭin) and the technical term for esoteric bāṭinī theology (an initiated-elite hidden-knowledge framework); use الداخلي, which conveys the ordinary-believer sense Paul intends. |
B19. The God of This Age
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | god of this age (Satan) |
| Category | Spiritual Warfare |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου |
| Transliteration | ho theos tou aiōnos toutou |
| Definition | Ironic title for Satan’s usurped, temporary dominion over the present fallen order and unbelieving minds — not a claim of a genuine rival deity. |
| Arabic term | إله هذا العالم |
| Primary passages | 4:4 |
| First chapter | 4 |
| Translation notes | Every occurrence requires a clarifying note that this is descriptive/ironic language for Satan, not a concession of a real second deity, given tawḥīd’s strict emphasis on divine uniqueness. |
B20. Earthly Tent and Heavenly House
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | earthly tent / house not made with hands |
| Category | Eschatology |
| Risk | Low |
| Original | σκῆνος / οἰκία ἀχειροποίητος |
| Transliteration | skēnos / oikia acheiropoiētos |
| Definition | The present mortal body as a temporary dwelling, contrasted with the permanent resurrection body given by God. |
| Arabic term | خيمتنا الأرضية / بيت غير مصنوع بيد |
| Primary passages | 5:1-4 |
| First chapter | 5 |
| Translation notes | Standard vocabulary, no major collision. |
B21. Temple of the Living God
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | temple of God |
| Category | Church as God’s People |
| Risk | High |
| Original | ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος |
| Transliteration | naos theou zōntos |
| Definition | Believers, individually and corporately, as God’s dwelling place — a non-architectural, metaphorical temple. |
| Arabic term | هيكل الله الحي |
| Primary passages | 6:16 |
| First chapter | 6 |
| Translation notes | Must not be conflated with reverence for a literal sacred building or site, an association strongly reinforced by regional veneration of physical sacred spaces (e.g., the Ka‘bah, specific mosques). |
B22. Unequally Yoked / Separation
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | unequally yoked / come out and be separate |
| Category | Separation unto God’s Service (baseline High) |
| Risk | High |
| Original | ἑτεροζυγέω / ἀφορίσθητε |
| Transliteration | heterozygeō / aphoristhēte |
| Definition | Warning against compromising alliances with unbelievers that would bind the church to an incompatible partnership. |
| Arabic term | لا تكونوا تحت نير مخالف مع غير المؤمنين / اخرجوا من وسطهم واعتزلوا |
| Primary passages | 6:14-18 |
| First chapter | 6 |
| Translation notes | Handle with pastoral sensitivity given the high social weight of family, business, and marriage bonds in Arab contexts; must not be read as Sufi zuhd-style world-renunciation, per baseline note on “separation_unto_gods_service.” |
B23. Godly Grief and Repentance
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | repentance / godly grief |
| Category | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority |
| Risk | High |
| Original | μετάνοια / λύπη κατὰ θεόν |
| Transliteration | metanoia / lypē kata theon |
| Definition | A genuine change of mind and direction produced by grief aligned with God’s purposes, leading to life rather than despair. |
| Arabic term | التوبة / الحزن حسب مشيئة الله |
| Primary passages | 7:9-11 |
| First chapter | 7 |
| Translation notes | التوبة is the established Arabic Bible term (retained; predates Islamic usage) but collides with Islamic tawbah, which functions as an independent path to restored standing without a mediating atoning sacrifice. Teach biblical μετάνοια as flowing from, not independent of, the reconciliation already accomplished in Christ (ch. 5). |
B24. Equality in Giving
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | equality (fair balance) |
| Category | Generosity and Grace in Giving |
| Risk | Low-Medium |
| Original | ἰσότης |
| Transliteration | isotēs |
| Definition | Proportional, reciprocal sufficiency among churches, not identical redistribution. |
| Arabic term | التساوي / المساواة |
| Primary passages | 8:13-14 |
| First chapter | 8 |
| Translation notes | Preserve the proportional/equitable sense rather than a literal equal-amount reading. |
B25. Poverty and Riches of Christ
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | poverty and riches of Christ |
| Category | Generosity and Grace in Giving / Incarnation |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | πτωχεία / πλοῦτος |
| Transliteration | ptōcheia / ploutos |
| Definition | Christ’s incarnational self-impoverishment as the model and motive for generosity. |
| Arabic term | افتقر… تستغنوا بفقره |
| Primary passages | 8:9 |
| First chapter | 8 |
| Translation notes | Must be taught alongside the baseline’s Critical Incarnation doctrine (التجسد), not as a stand-alone economic statement. |
B26. Sowing, Reaping, and Cheerful Giving
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | sow/reap; cheerful giver |
| Category | Generosity and Grace in Giving |
| Risk | Low |
| Original | σπείρω / θερίζω; ἱλαρός |
| Transliteration | speirō / therizō; hilaros |
| Definition | Agricultural metaphor for generosity’s proportional harvest; the joyful, uncompelled manner of giving God loves. |
| Arabic term | يزرع / يحصد؛ معطيًا بفرح |
| Primary passages | 9:6-7 |
| First chapter | 9 |
| Translation notes | No significant collision. |
B27. Strongholds (Spiritual Warfare)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | strongholds |
| Category | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority |
| Risk | Low-Medium |
| Original | ὀχύρωμα |
| Transliteration | ochyrōma |
| Definition | Entrenched deceptive reasoning demolished by non-physical apostolic “weapons.” |
| Arabic term | حصون / معاقل |
| Primary passages | 10:4-5 |
| First chapter | 10 |
| Translation notes | The explicit qualifier “not fleshly/physical” (10:4) must always accompany this martial metaphor to prevent misapplication to literal conflict. |
B28. Boasting (Honor-Shame Reversal)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | boast / boasting |
| Category | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Power in Weakness |
| Risk | Medium-High |
| Original | καύχημα / καυχάομαι |
| Transliteration | kauchēma / kauchaomai |
| Definition | Recurring key term across the letter (1:12; 5:12; 7:4,14; 9:2-3; 10:8,13,15-17; 11:10,12,16-18,30; 12:1,5-6,9,11) — Paul redefines legitimate boasting away from self-display toward God’s work and, climactically, toward weakness itself. |
| Arabic term | الافتخار / يفتخر |
| Primary passages | throughout, esp. chs. 10-12 |
| First chapter | 1 (recurs pervasively) |
| Translation notes | Arab honor-culture’s mufākharah (competitive boasting) tradition and continuing honor-shame social dynamics run directly against Paul’s inversion; must be framed explicitly as a deliberate paradox, not softened into generic humility language. |
B29. Godly Jealousy
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | godly jealousy |
| Category | Genuine versus False Apostleship |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | ζῆλος θεοῦ |
| Transliteration | zēlos theou |
| Definition | Protective, covenantal, bridegroom-like jealousy for the church’s undivided devotion to Christ. |
| Arabic term | غيرة إلهية / غيرة الله |
| Primary passages | 11:2 |
| First chapter | 11 |
| Translation notes | Anchor to the bridegroom-bride/betrothal imagery specifically, not generalized honor-protection. |
B30. Serpent’s Cunning
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | serpent / cunning |
| Category | Genuine versus False Apostleship |
| Risk | Low |
| Original | ὄφις / πανουργία |
| Transliteration | ophis / panourgia |
| Definition | Deceptive craftiness, as the serpent deceived Eve, applied to false teachers’ methods. |
| Arabic term | الحية / الدهاء |
| Primary passages | 11:3 |
| First chapter | 11 |
| Translation notes | Shared Genesis reference point; low collision risk. |
B31. Super-Apostles and False Apostles
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | super-apostles / false apostles |
| Category | Genuine versus False Apostleship |
| Risk | High |
| Original | ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι / ψευδαπόστολοι |
| Transliteration | hyperlian apostoloi / pseudapostoloi |
| Definition | Ironic title for self-promoted rival teachers claiming superior apostolic status, unmasked by Paul as counterfeit. |
| Arabic term | الرسل الفائقون / الرسل الكذبة |
| Primary passages | 11:5,13 |
| First chapter | 11 |
| Translation notes | Both terms use رسول, the baseline’s Critical apostle-term shared with Muhammad’s defining title (Rasūl Allāh). This first-century polemic against counterfeit apostleship should not be extrapolated into commentary on later religious truth-claims generally. |
B32. Angel of Light
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | angel of light |
| Category | Genuine versus False Apostleship |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | ἄγγελος φωτός |
| Transliteration | angelos phōtos |
| Definition | Satan’s deceptive disguise as a benevolent spiritual messenger, imitated by false apostles. |
| Arabic term | ملاك نور |
| Primary passages | 11:14 |
| First chapter | 11 |
| Translation notes | Quranic angelology (18:50) identifies Iblīs as jinn, not a fallen angel; a brief note distinguishing NT angelology from the Quranic account may help prevent taxonomy confusion from distracting from the passage’s warning. |
B33. Paradise and the Third Heaven
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | paradise / third heaven |
| Category | Genuine versus False Apostleship (apostolic credentials) / Eschatology |
| Risk | Medium-High |
| Original | παράδεισος / τρίτος οὐρανός |
| Transliteration | paradeisos / tritos ouranos |
| Definition | Paul’s genuine but deliberately unspecified visionary experience of the abode of God’s presence, grounding but not exploited for apostolic authority. |
| Arabic term | الفردوس / السماء الثالثة |
| Primary passages | 12:2-4 |
| First chapter | 12 |
| Translation notes | Use الفردوس (established Van Dyck term), NOT الجنة (the Quran’s primary, far more physically-elaborated Paradise term). A brief note distinguishing Paul’s reticent, content-withheld vision from developed Quranic Paradise imagery is recommended at first occurrence. |
B34. Thorn in the Flesh
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | thorn in the flesh / messenger of Satan |
| Category | Power in Weakness |
| Risk | Low-Medium |
| Original | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί / ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ |
| Transliteration | skolops tē sarki / angelos Satana |
| Definition | Paul’s persistent, unhealed affliction, given to keep him humble despite extraordinary revelation. |
| Arabic term | شوكة في الجسد / رسول الشيطان |
| Primary passages | 12:7 |
| First chapter | 12 |
| Translation notes | رسول here shares its root with “apostle” (الرسول); standard, unremarkable NT usage, but worth a translator’s note given how heavily رسول is loaded elsewhere in this package. |
B35. Power Made Perfect in Weakness
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | power in weakness |
| Category | Power in Weakness (core letter doctrine) |
| Risk | High |
| Original | ἀσθένεια / δύναμις |
| Transliteration | astheneia / dynamis |
| Definition | Christ’s grace is sufficient, and his power is displayed precisely through, not despite, human weakness — the letter’s climactic theological statement. |
| Arabic term | الضعف / القوة |
| Primary passages | 12:9-10; also 1:3-11; 4:7-12; 13:4 |
| First chapter | 1 (climaxes in 12) |
| Translation notes | Arab honor-culture and much popular religious rhetoric associate divine favor with strength, victory, and dominance; Paul’s inversion must be taught deliberately as a paradox — boasting in weakness itself — not softened into a generic “strength for the weak” platitude. |
B36. Signs of a True Apostle
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | signs and wonders and mighty works |
| Category | Genuine versus False Apostleship |
| Risk | Medium |
| Original | σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα καὶ δυνάμεις |
| Transliteration | sēmeia kai terata kai dynameis |
| Definition | The recognized biblical triad of divinely-authenticated miracles confirming genuine apostolic ministry. |
| Arabic term | آيات وعجائب وقوات |
| Primary passages | 12:12 |
| First chapter | 12 |
| Translation notes | آية is also the specific term for a Quranic verse (each considered itself a miraculous sign, i‘jāz al-Qur’ān); established Christian usage retained, but note the potential resonance. |
B37. Restoration and Completeness
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | be restored / made complete |
| Category | Christian Fellowship |
| Risk | Low |
| Original | καταρτίζω |
| Transliteration | katartizō |
| Definition | Full spiritual restoration and unity, resolving the letter’s conflict on a note of reconciliation within the community. |
| Arabic term | تكمَّلوا / التكميل |
| Primary passages | 13:9,11 |
| First chapter | 13 |
| Translation notes | No significant collision. |
B38. Trinitarian Benediction (2 Corinthians 13:14)
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| English term | grace, love, and fellowship benediction |
| Category | God (Trinity) |
| Risk | Critical |
| Original | ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος |
| Transliteration | hē charis tou Kyriou Iēsou Christou, kai hē agapē tou Theou, kai hē koinōnia tou Hagiou Pneumatos |
| Definition | A closing benediction naming all three divine Persons together with distinct personal actions attributed to each — one of the NT’s clearest explicit Trinitarian formulas alongside Matthew 28:19. |
| Arabic term | نعمة الرب يسوع المسيح، ومحبة الله، وشركة الروح القدس معكم جميعًا |
| Primary passages | 13:14 |
| First chapter | 13 |
| Translation notes | Concentrates nearly every Critical-risk baseline term (الرب، يسوع، المسيح، الله، الروح القدس) plus النعمة (High) and المحبة (new, High) into one verse naming three distinct Persons. Translate and teach with the same rigor as the Matthew 28:19 baptismal formula: preserve all three named Persons and their distinct actions; do not collapse them into an undifferentiated reference to “God,” and do not omit any Person to soften the claim. |
Section C: Chapter Coverage Index
Confirms every chapter of 2 Corinthians has been analyzed and cited above (per full-book coverage mandate).
| Chapter | Terms Covered (Baseline Reuse + New) |
|---|---|
| 1 | apostle, grace, peace, church, saints (reused); comfort/affliction, seal/guarantee, sincerity (new: B7, B8, B9) |
| 2 | forgiveness, triumphal procession, fragrance of Christ, peddling the word (new: B10, B11; triumph/fragrance noted in 07 §Ch.2) |
| 3 | covenant, law (reused); new covenant, letter/spirit, veil, transformation/image, ministry, sufficiency, freedom (new: B12-B16) |
| 4 | glory, power_of_god (reused); jars of clay, outer/inner man, god of this age, eternal weight of glory (new: B17-B19) |
| 5 (core) | righteousness, sin, resurrection, lord, holy_spirit (reused); reconciliation, new creation, love, ambassador, fear of the Lord, judgment seat, earthly tent/heavenly house (new: B1-B6, B20) |
| 6 | church, holy (reused); temple of God, unequally yoked/separation (new: B21, B22) |
| 7 | sanctification, holy (reused); repentance/godly grief (new: B23) |
| 8 | grace, covenant/saints (reused); equality, poverty and riches of Christ (new: B24, B25) |
| 9 | righteousness, saints, thanksgiving (reused); sowing/reaping, cheerful giver (new: B26) |
| 10 | apostle (reused); strongholds, boasting (new: B27, B28) |
| 11 | apostle (reused, extended); godly jealousy, serpent’s cunning, super-/false apostles, angel of light (new: B29-B32) |
| 12 | power_of_god (reused); paradise/third heaven, thorn in the flesh, power in weakness, signs of a true apostle (new: B33-B36) |
| 13 | holy, holy_spirit, fellowship, grace (reused, in benediction); examine yourselves, Christ in you, restoration, holy kiss, Trinitarian benediction (new: B37, B38) |
No chapter of 2 Corinthians introduces no new theological vocabulary; every chapter contributes at least one load-bearing term requiring translation-risk analysis, confirming full-book coverage per the PRD Phase 1 mandate.
This glossary extends, and must not contradict, the Romans baseline translation_memory.json. All Section B terms are recommended for addition to a future version of translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json specific to the 2 Corinthians curriculum, following the identical schema established in the Romans baseline. Risk tiers here (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the same definitions as doctrine_risk_registry.json: Critical and High require human theologian review; Medium requires native speaker review; Low requires automated review only.
Critical Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: التبني
Transliteration: al-tabannī
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: الاستلحاق
Original: υἱοθεσία (implied, 6:18 ‘sons and daughters’)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Only implicit in 2 Corinthians (6:18, ‘you shall be my sons and daughters’) but must retain full inheritance status against Quran 33:4-5’s denial of adopted children’s true filial standing whenever taught alongside its Romans 8 counterpart.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:2-3; 6:18; 11:31; and 13:11’s ‘God of love.’ No safe substitute for the relationship category itself.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians 5:19’s ‘God was in Christ’ and the 13:14 benediction require active Trinitarian distinction from tawhid’s strictly unitarian conception at every occurrence.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Very high frequency in ch. 3 (3:3,6,8,17-18) and at 1:22; 5:5; 13:14. Every occurrence needs distinction from the Quranic 2:87/2:253 identification with the created angel Jibril.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Original: ἵνα ἡμεῖς γενώμεθα δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Never render as ‘earned righteousness.’ 2 Corinthians 5:21 is this term’s sharpest NT expression: one half of a double exchange (our sin credited to him; his righteousness credited to us), a category with no Islamic soteriological parallel (cf. Quran 6:164).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Original: concept underlying 8:9’s ἐπτώχευσεν (he became poor)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians 8:9’s ‘poverty/riches’ language presupposes and must be explicitly tied back to this doctrine; never a stand-alone economic maxim. Never render with الحلول or الظهور.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Never عيسى, throughout 2 Corinthians.
Justification
Approved rendering: التبرير
Transliteration: al-tabrīr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الحكم بالبراءة
Original: δικαίωσις (implied by δικαιοσύνη γενώμεθα, 5:21)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Never التزكية (self-purification process). Presupposed by 5:21’s ‘that we might become the righteousness of God in him’ — a one-time legal verdict, not a process the believer performs.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: νόμος (implicit, 3:6-15’s ‘old covenant’ ministry)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Never substitute الشريعة/الشرع. Underlies 2 Corinthians 3:6-15’s ‘ministry of death’ contrasted with the New Covenant’s Spirit-given life; must not be misheard as an attack on Islamic religious law specifically.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. The letter’s single most frequent Christological title (1:2-3,14; 3:16-18; 4:5,14; 5:6,8,11; 8:9,19,21; 10:17-18; 11:31; 12:1,8; 13:14). Never soften to السيد/المولى.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Every occurrence throughout 2 Corinthians must actively correct the pre-loaded Quranic ‘Isa al-Masih narrative (not divine, not crucified, not risen, not an atoning sacrifice).
New Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد الجديد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd al-jadīd
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: διαθήκη καινή
Category: Covenant
New term for this curriculum, extending baseline العهد (3:6-14). CRITICAL: risks absorption into Islamic naskh (abrogation) doctrine; must be actively taught as the promised, permanent, non-superseded fulfillment (3:11), not one link in an ongoing abrogation chain.
New Creation
Approved rendering: خليقة جديدة
Transliteration: khalīqah jadīdah
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: الولادة الجديدة (imports the Johannine new-birth metaphor, not present in this letter), التجديد/الإصلاح (moral-reform sense, not ontological remaking)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck/NAV rendering (5:17). CRITICAL: Islamic theology has no doctrine of an individual’s re-creation into a new nature; fitrah holds each soul is born already pure, and tawba is behavioral correction within that unchanged nature. Note also Quranic ‘new creation’ (khalq jadid, 13:5, 17:49) concerns denial of bodily resurrection, not moral transformation — a false-friend risk.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: المصالحة
Transliteration: al-muṣālaḥah
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: الصلح (bilateral, negotiated tribal/political settlement), الغفران/المغفرة (covers only sin-removal, not the full relational restoration and ambassadorial structure)
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Salvation
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck/NAV rendering. CRITICAL: ordinary Arabic صلح/مصالحة denotes bilateral, negotiated dispute-settlement, the reverse of 5:18-20’s unilateral, God-initiated, cost-bearing action; mainstream Islamic soteriology has no structural equivalent category at all. The imperative تصالحوا (5:20) is grammatically reciprocal and must be taught as a summons to receive, not negotiate, an already-accomplished reconciliation.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Since Quran 4:157 denies the crucifixion occurred, every occurrence still requires historical-crucifixion apologetic scaffolding. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 4:14; 5:15.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Must never default to the Quranic works-checklist sense (2:177). 2 Corinthians occurrences: 3:9; 5:21 (imputed, received ‘in him’); 6:7,14; 9:9-10 (fruit of an already-credited status, not righteousness earned by giving); 11:15.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Must retain present, secured deliverance, not a probabilistic outcome pending Judgment Day. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:6; 6:2 (‘now is the day of salvation’); 7:10.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians 1:19: ‘the Son of God, Jesus Christ… was not Yes and No.’ Retain the full phrase without dilution, per Quran 112:3 and 19:35’s explicit denial.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: نعمة الرب يسوع المسيح، ومحبة الله، وشركة الروح القدس
Transliteration: ni‘mat al-Rabb Yasū‘ al-Masīḥ wa maḥabbat Allāh wa sharikat al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Trinitarian Benediction
Original: ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος
Category: God
New term for this curriculum (13:14). Concentrates nearly every Critical-risk baseline term (الرب، يسوع، المسيح، الله، الروح القدس) plus النعمة and المحبة into one verse naming three distinct Persons with distinct actions — must be treated as fixed, verbatim text across the curriculum, on the same footing as the baseline’s Romans 10:9-10 consistency rule. Never collapse the three Persons into an undifferentiated reference to God.
High Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: أبّا
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Not directly lexical in 2 Corinthians, but the adoption-sonship background at 6:18 should reference this Romans 8 convention when taught alongside it.
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Because chs. 10-12 stage a direct contest over legitimate رسول status (super-apostles, false apostles), the distinction from Muhammad’s own defining title (Rasul Allah) needs restating at each cluster of occurrences (1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12), not only at first use.
Boasting
Approved rendering: الافتخار
Transliteration: al-iftikhār
Doctrine: Boasting Reversed in Christ
Rejected alternatives: الفخر (near-synonym, less standard verb-form flexibility in this letter’s usage)
Original: καύχημα / καυχάομαι
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum. Recurs throughout (1:12; 5:12; 7:4,14; 9:2-3; 10:8,13,15-17; 11:10,12,16-18,30; 12:1,5-6,9,11). Arab honor-culture’s mufakharah (competitive tribal boasting) tradition runs directly against Paul’s paradoxical inversion; must be framed explicitly, never softened into generic humility language.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians 1:1: Paul, apostle by God’s will, not human appointment — retain the sovereign-summons sense against da’wah’s human-invitation default.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: ἐκλογή (implicit, God’s initiative in 5:18’s reconciling act)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Relevant background doctrine at 2 Corinthians 5:18’s ‘all this is from God’ — God’s specific redemptive initiative, not folk qadar fatalism.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Reinforce relational trust over creedal assent. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 (self-examination of one’s own faith).
False Apostles
Approved rendering: الرسل الكذبة
Transliteration: al-rusul al-kadhibah
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (11:13). Same risk profile as super_apostles; applying كذبة (false) to a رسول-rooted title sharpens rather than resolves the sensitivity of the shared root.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Avoid light-metaphor terms suggesting Sufi ishraq mysticism. Very high frequency in 2 Corinthians (1:20; 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,15,17; 6:8; 8:19,23), esp. the ch. 3-4 Old/New Covenant contrast.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Established term shared with Quranic usage; risk is the tahrif (corruption) framing, which must not be conceded. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 — here specifically the message of reconciliation Paul carries as an apostle.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Must always be qualified as unearned. 2 Corinthians occurrences (1:2,12; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,6-7,9,19; 9:8,14-15; 12:9; 13:14) extend the term’s referential range to grace-enabled generosity (chs. 8-9) and Christ’s own self-impoverishment (8:9); context, not a different lexeme, must disambiguate the sense in play.
Intercession
Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: δέησις / προσευχή (1:11; 9:14)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:11; 9:14 — ordinary mutual intercessory prayer among believers, distinguished from shafa’ah as a contested singular-intercessor-at-Judgment category.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ / υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 3:7,13 (the veil narrative, Exodus 34) — historical OT-narrative reference here; still requires awareness of contemporary political sensitivity.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: كرسي المسيح
Transliteration: kursī al-Masīḥ
Doctrine: Judgment Seat of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ميزان المسيح (would import the Islamic mizan deeds-weighing framework directly)
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck rendering (5:10). Must be sharply distinguished from the mainstream Islamic Yawm al-Din/mizan framework, in which deeds-weighing decides eternal destiny; 5:10 evaluates already-reconciled believers’ works for reward/loss, not salvation status.
Letter And Spirit
Approved rendering: الحرف / الروح
Transliteration: al-ḥarf / al-Rūḥ
Doctrine: Letter and Spirit
Original: γράμμα / πνεῦμα
Category: Covenant
New term for this curriculum (3:6). Risks being heard as a devaluation of scripture’s precise wording generally, given i’jaz al-Qur’an’s emphasis on exact textual form; must be scoped strictly to the Mosaic law’s inability to regenerate the heart.
Love
Approved rendering: المحبة
Transliteration: al-maḥabbah
Doctrine: Love of Christ / Agape Love
Rejected alternatives: الحب (less established in the formal liturgical Bible register)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: God
New term for this curriculum; not a distinct entry in the Romans baseline. 2 Corinthians 5:14; 13:14. Islamic hubb/mahabbah Allah is typically the believer’s love toward Allah in response to obedience, and Allah’s own love conditioned on righteousness (Quran 3:31-32); agapē here is unconditional and God-initiating.
Ministry
Approved rendering: خدمة
Transliteration: khidmah
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: رسالة (risks comparison to Muhammad’s own risalah, prophetic commission)
Original: διακονία
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (3:6-9; 4:1; 5:18; 6:3-4; 8:4; 9:1,12-13; 11:8,15,23). Standard خدمة is generic and does not by itself convey divinely delegated commission; must be qualified in context (e.g., خدمة المصالحة) throughout.
Outer Inner Man
Approved rendering: الإنسان الخارجي / الإنسان الداخلي
Transliteration: al-insān al-khārijī / al-dākhilī
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: الباطن (one of Allah’s 99 names; also esoteric bāṭinī initiated-elite theology), الظاهر (one of Allah’s 99 names, Al-Ẕāhir)
Original: ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος
Category: Faith
New term for this curriculum (4:16). Do NOT render ‘inner man’ as الباطن or ‘outer man’ as الظاهر — both collide with divine names/esoteric theology; الداخلي/الخارجي convey the ordinary-believer sense Paul intends.
Paradise
Approved rendering: الفردوس
Transliteration: al-Firdaws
Doctrine: Paradise and Apostolic Visions
Rejected alternatives: الجنة (the Quran’s primary, far more physically-elaborated Paradise term — gardens, rivers, houris)
Original: παράδεισος / τρίτος οὐρανός
Category: Eschatology
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck rendering (12:2-4). Paul’s deliberately unspecified, ineffable vision must be distinguished from developed Quranic Paradise imagery; never use الجنة.
Power In Weakness
Approved rendering: الضعف / القوة
Transliteration: al-ḍa‘f / al-quwwah
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια / δύναμις
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum; the letter’s climactic theological statement (12:9-10; also 4:7-12; 13:4). Arab honor-culture and popular religious rhetoric associate divine favor with strength and dominance; must be taught deliberately as a paradox, not smoothed into a generic ‘strength for the weak’ platitude.
Repentance
Approved rendering: التوبة
Transliteration: al-tawbah
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Sanctification
New term for this curriculum; established Arabic Bible tradition, predates Islamic usage (7:9-11). Collides with Islamic tawbah, an independent restoration path without a mediating atoning sacrifice; teach as flowing from, never independent of, the reconciliation already accomplished in Christ (ch. 5).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير
Original: ἁγιασμός (cf. ἁγιωσύνη, 7:1)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians 7:1: ‘perfecting holiness’ as the outworking of the temple/separation teaching of ch. 6 — moral, relational purification, not ceremonial washing.
Seal
Approved rendering: ختم
Transliteration: khatm
Doctrine: Seal and Guarantee of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: طابع (weaker, less established theological resonance in Arabic Bible tradition)
Original: σφραγίζω / σφραγίς
Category: Sanctification
New term for this curriculum (1:22). HIGH RISK: shares the root خ-ت-م with خاتم النبيين (Seal of the Prophets, Muhammad’s defining title, Quran 33:40). Every occurrence needs a clarifying note distinguishing God’s ownership-mark on ordinary believers from prophetic finality claims.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Not directly occurring in 2 Corinthians; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: ἁμαρτία / παράπτωμα
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Central to 2 Corinthians 5:19,21’s non-imputation/imputation formula, which has no counterpart in a deeds-weighed mizan system. Also 11:7.
Super Apostles
Approved rendering: الرسل الفائقون
Transliteration: al-rusul al-fā’iqūn
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὑπερλίαν ἀπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (11:5). Uses رسول, the baseline’s Critical apostle-term shared with Muhammad’s defining title; this first-century polemic against self-promoted rivals should not be extrapolated into commentary on later religious truth-claims.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: هيكل الله الحي
Transliteration: haykal Allāh al-ḥayy
Doctrine: Temple of the Living God and Separation unto God’s Service
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum (6:16). Must not be conflated with reverence for a literal sacred building or site (e.g., the Ka’bah, specific mosques); teach explicitly as non-architectural, corporate, and metaphorical.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: لا تكونوا تحت نير مخالف مع غير المؤمنين
Transliteration: lā takūnū taḥt nīr mukhālif ma‘a ghayr al-mu’minīn
Doctrine: Temple of the Living God and Separation unto God’s Service
Rejected alternatives: لا تشتركوا مع غير المؤمنين شركة غير متكافئة (NAV paraphrase; acceptable meaning but weakens the yoke metaphor’s force)
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω / ἀφορίσθητε
Category: Sanctification
New term for this curriculum (6:14-18). Handle with pastoral sensitivity given the high social weight of family, business, and marriage bonds in Arab contexts; must not be read as Sufi zuhd-style renunciation.
Veil
Approved rendering: غطاء
Transliteration: ghiṭā’
Doctrine: Veil of Spiritual Blindness
Rejected alternatives: برقع (Van Dyck historical precedent; gendered Islamic face-covering garment), حجاب (gendered Islamic head-covering)
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
New term for this curriculum (3:13-16). AVOID both برقع and حجاب — both import contemporary gendered dress-code associations foreign to Paul’s point about minds being spiritually obscured. Use the generic غطاء.
Medium Risk Terms
Affliction
Approved rendering: الضيق
Transliteration: al-ḍīq
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Faith
New term for this curriculum (1:4-8; 4:8-9; 7:4-7). Standard vocabulary; always pair with التعزية to preserve the letter’s structural suffering-comfort pairing.
Ambassador
Approved rendering: سفراء
Transliteration: sufarā’ (sg. safīr)
Doctrine: Ambassadorship and the Ministry of Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: مبعوث (weaker, generic envoy, lacks the diplomatic-authority parallel)
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck rendering (5:20). Useful diplomatic-representative parallel, but must be qualified as a unique, non-negotiable divine commission carrying God’s own plea, not a routine political post subject to shifting state interest.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: ملاك نور
Transliteration: malāk nūr
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (11:14). Quranic angelology (18:50) identifies Iblis as jinn, not a fallen angel; a brief note distinguishing NT angelology from the Quranic account prevents taxonomy confusion from distracting from the passage’s warning.
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Reinforce the living, gathered-people sense against the everyday default of a physical building. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:1; 8:1,18-19,23-24; 11:8,28; 12:13.
Comfort
Approved rendering: التعزية
Transliteration: al-ta‘ziyah
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: الصبر (shifts emphasis to human stoic endurance rather than God’s active, personal consolation)
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Faith
New term for this curriculum (1:3-7; 7:4-7). Broadly compatible vocabulary; must retain the relational, personally-present sense (‘the Father of comforts,’ 1:3), not a stoic-endurance or fatalistic framing.
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 3:6,14 — the generic covenant term, extended by the new compound ‘new_covenant’ below for the specific ch. 3 contrast.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Not directly named in 2 Corinthians; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with any Davidic-covenant background material referenced alongside Romans.
Equality In Giving
Approved rendering: التساوي
Transliteration: al-tasāwī
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Rejected alternatives: المساواة (risks a literal equal-amount reading rather than proportional sufficiency)
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum (8:13-14). Preserve the proportional/equitable sense, not identical redistribution.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: خوف الرب
Transliteration: khawf al-Rabb
Doctrine: Assurance and Confidence in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: تقوى (generic piety, risks detaching from the specific Lord/judge referent of 5:10)
Original: φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Faith
New term for this curriculum (5:11). Taqwa is a genuine positive parallel but must be anchored to Christ specifically (per 5:10’s tribunal) and to a security already secured by reconciliation, not a pending, uncertain deeds-verdict.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: الشركة
Transliteration: al-sharikah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: الزمالة, الجماعة
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Avoid pairing with vocabulary suggesting shirk. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 6:14; 8:4 (material participation in the collection); 13:14 (Trinitarian benediction).
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: يسامح / يغفر
Transliteration: yusāmiḥ / yaghfir
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Restoration within the Church
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum (2:7,10). The Greek charis/charizomai wordplay linking grace and forgiveness by shared root is not recoverable in Arabic (النعمة shares no root with يسامح/يغفر); preserve the theological connection through explicit teaching.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Original: ἔθνη (implicit, mission and collection context)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Never الكفار. Present thematically in the Gentile churches’ collection for the Jerusalem saints (chs. 8-9).
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: إله هذا العالم
Transliteration: ilāh hādhā al-‘ālam
Doctrine: Power in Weakness (spiritual warfare background)
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: God
New term for this curriculum (4:4). Every occurrence requires a clarifying note that this is ironic, descriptive language for Satan’s usurped, temporary dominion, not a concession of a real second deity.
Godly Grief
Approved rendering: الحزن حسب مشيئة الله
Transliteration: al-ḥuzn ḥasab mashī’at Allāh
Doctrine: Repentance and Godly Grief
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν / κοσμικὴ λύπη
Category: Sanctification
New term for this curriculum (7:10). Ensure the distinction between godly grief (leads to repentance and life) and worldly grief (ḥuzn al-‘ālam, leads to death) is retained clearly.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: غيرة إلهية
Transliteration: ghayrah ilāhiyyah
Doctrine: Godly Jealousy for the Church
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (11:2). Islamic ghayrah-of-Allah devotional traditions are a genuine bridge concept but must be anchored to Paul’s bridegroom-bride, covenantal-betrothal imagery specifically.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:1; 7:1; 13:12 (the holy kiss, marking sacred rather than merely social fellowship).
Mission
Approved rendering: الإرسالية
Transliteration: al-irsāliyyah
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: الرسالة
Original: ἀποστολή (implicit, apostolic sending underlying the whole letter)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Prefer over الرسالة to avoid comparison with Muhammad’s own risalah. Implicit throughout 2 Corinthians as the presupposition of Paul’s apostolic sending.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:2 (opening greeting); 13:11 (‘God of love and peace’). Distinguish from the Sufi tuma’ninah (heart-tranquility) sense; this is the peace secured through reconciliation (ch. 5).
Peddling The Word
Approved rendering: يغشّون كلمة الله
Transliteration: yaghushshūn kalimat Allāh
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: يتجرون بكلمة الله (softer, loses the adulteration/fraud nuance of the marketplace metaphor)
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck phrasing (2:17). Pair explicitly with the false/super-apostles material (chs. 11-12).
Poverty And Riches Of Christ
Approved rendering: افتقر… تستغنوا بفقره
Transliteration: iftaqara… tastaghnū bi-faqrihi
Doctrine: Incarnational Self-Impoverishment
Original: πτωχεία / πλοῦτος
Category: Christology
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck phrasing (8:9). Must always be taught alongside the Critical baseline Incarnation doctrine (التجسد), not as a stand-alone economic maxim.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 — must be paired consistently with الضعف so the power-in-weakness paradox (12:9-10) remains visible, not smoothed into a generic platitude.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Must not evoke الأولياء (Sufi venerated ‘friends of God’). 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12 (the Jerusalem church, object of the collection); 13:12.
Signs Of A True Apostle
Approved rendering: آيات وعجائب وقوات
Transliteration: āyāt wa-‘ajā’ib wa-qūwāt
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα καὶ δυνάμεις
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum; established NT Arabic Bible idiom (12:12). آية is also the specific term for a Quranic verse (i’jaz al-Qur’an); clarify at first occurrence that ‘signs’ here means observable miracles, not a textual/verse category.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: البساطة والإخلاص
Transliteration: al-basāṭah wa-l-ikhlāṣ
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Rejected alternatives: الإخلاص alone (risks generalizing to piety-toward-God rather than transparent ministry conduct toward people)
Original: ἁπλότης / εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (1:12; 2:17; 4:2; 11:3). Ikhlas is a genuine shared-virtue bridge (cf. Surat al-Ikhlas) but must be anchored specifically to ministry-conduct transparency.
Strongholds
Approved rendering: حصون
Transliteration: ḥuṣūn
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Strongholds
Rejected alternatives: معاقل (acceptable synonym, less standard in established NT idiom)
Original: ὀχύρωμα
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (10:4-5). The explicit qualifier ‘not fleshly/physical’ (10:4) must always accompany this martial metaphor to prevent misapplication to literal conflict.
Thorn In The Flesh
Approved rendering: شوكة في الجسد / رسول الشيطان
Transliteration: shawkah fī al-jasad / rasūl al-shayṭān
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί / ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (12:7). رسول (‘messenger’) here shares its root with ‘apostle’; standard, unremarkable NT idiom, worth a light translator’s note given how heavily رسول is loaded elsewhere.
Transformation Image
Approved rendering: نتحول إلى تلك الصورة عينها
Transliteration: natahawwal ilā tilka al-ṣūrah ‘aynihā
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Likeness
Rejected alternatives: تمثيل (implies visual depiction)
Original: μεταμορφόομαι / εἰκών
Category: Sanctification
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck phrasing (3:18). صورة must be understood as moral/glory-likeness, never visual/physical depiction, given Islam’s prohibition on taswir of the divine.
Low Risk Terms
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: معطيًا بفرح
Transliteration: mu‘ṭiyan bi-faraḥ
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρός
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck phrasing (9:7). No significant collision risk.
Earthly Tent Heavenly House
Approved rendering: خيمتنا الأرضية / بيت غير مصنوع بيد
Transliteration: khaymatunā al-arḍiyyah / bayt ghayr maṣnū‘ bi-yad
Doctrine: Assurance and Confidence in Ministry
Original: σκῆνος / οἰκία ἀχειροποίητος
Category: Eschatology
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck phrasing (5:1-4). Standard vocabulary, no major collision.
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajji’ / ya’iẓ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Context-sensitive across 2 Corinthians (1:4-6; 2:7; 5:20; 6:1; 7:6-7,13; 9:5; 10:1; 13:11); at 5:20 the sense shifts toward pleading/entreaty (God appealing through the apostles), not simple encouragement.
Guarantee
Approved rendering: عربون
Transliteration: ‘arabūn
Doctrine: Seal and Guarantee of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ضمان (generic guarantee, loses the specific commercial down-payment nuance)
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Sanctification
New term for this curriculum (1:22; 5:5). A happy case where the Greek commercial-deposit domain maps directly onto an existing, non-loaded Arabic commercial term.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: قبلة مقدسة
Transliteration: qublah muqaddasah
Doctrine: Mutual Greeting and the Holy Kiss
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum, reusing baseline holy مقدس (13:12). Retain the specifically liturgical, sacred-fellowship qualifier so the greeting is not read as merely customary social kissing.
Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: أوعية خزفية
Transliteration: aw‘iyah khazafiyyah
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκεῦος ὀστράκινον
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum; established Van Dyck phrasing (4:7). Vivid, doctrinally safe metaphor.
Restoration
Approved rendering: التكميل
Transliteration: al-takmīl
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Restoration within the Church
Original: καταρτίζω
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum (13:9,11). No significant collision risk.
Serpents Cunning
Approved rendering: الحية والدهاء
Transliteration: al-ḥayyah wa-l-dahā’
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ὄφις / πανουργία
Category: Apostleship
New term for this curriculum (11:3). Shared Genesis reference point; low collision risk.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: يزرع / يحصد
Transliteration: yazra‘ / yaḥṣud
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Church
New term for this curriculum (9:6). No significant collision risk.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / χάρις (τῷ θεῷ)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline; reused exactly. Broadly compatible with the Islamic virtue of shukr. 2 Corinthians occurrences: 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 8:16; 9:11-12,15.
Referenced passages