Core Glossary
Judges — Core Glossary (English → Arabic)
Curriculum: Judges
Core passage: Judges 2:6–19
Status: Phase 1 Step 1 deliverable. Terms marked “Reused” carry forward their EXACT rendering, transliteration, and risk tier from the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json; they are not to be re-negotiated. Terms marked “New — Judges” are proposed additions for translation memory and require the same theologian/native-speaker review routing conventions established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json before Phase 2 use.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Romans Translation Memory
| Term | Arabic Rendering | Transliteration | Risk (Baseline) | Judges Usage / Doctrine Link | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| god | الله | Allāh | Critical | God’s identity throughout the book; central to every cycle-phase | No change from baseline; Judges intensifies the need to distinguish the Trinitarian referent, especially at Angel-of-the-LORD theophanies (2:1, 6:11-24, 13:3-22) |
| lord | الرب | al-Rabb | Critical | ”The LORD” (YHWH) throughout; God as covenant partner, judge, and deliverer | Reused exactly; Judges’ anger/compassion language (2:12,14,18) must retain الرب’s full relational-covenantal weight |
| holy_spirit / Spirit of the LORD | الروح القدس / روح الرب | al-Rūḥ al-Qudus / Rūḥ al-Rabb | Critical | ”The Spirit of the LORD came upon him” — empowering of judges (3:10; 6:34; 11:29; 13:25; 14:6,19; 15:14) | Doctrine: The Spirit’s Empowering of Judges. AVOID ح-ل-ل (ḥulūl) root verbs; use static “كان … عليه” per baseline’s Incarnation-adjacent caution against Sufi pantheistic-indwelling vocabulary |
| covenant | العهد | al-ʿahd | Medium (baseline) → elevated relevance, High in Judges context | Covenant-unfaithfulness cycle (2:12-13,17,19-20; 2:1’s covenant lawsuit at Bochim) | Same rendering; Judges’ usage is almost entirely in a broken-covenant register, sharpening — though not changing — the baseline’s Medium risk in this book’s context |
| grace | النعمة | al-niʿmah | High | God’s unearned compassion triggering deliverance despite no recorded repentance (2:18) | Doctrine: God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers. Must not be read as reward for merit — 2:18 explicitly withholds any repentance notice before compassion is shown |
| salvation | الخلاص | al-khalāṣ | Critical | Root shared with human, repeatable “deliverance” (σῴζω) in 2:16,18 — see New Term below for the crucial distinction | Reserve الخلاص’s absolute, once-for-all sense for Christ; do not apply this exact register to the judges’ repeated military rescues |
| sin | الخطية | al-khaṭīyah | High | ”Did evil” formula (πονηρόν/κακόν) throughout the cycle refrain (2:11; 3:7,12; 4:1; 6:1; 10:6; 13:1) | Judges’ “evil” (الشر, new term below) is the behavioral-covenantal register; الخطية remains the broader doctrinal category underlying it |
| peace | السلام | al-salām | Medium | Gideon’s altar “the LORD is Peace” (6:24); “the land had rest” formula (distinct new term, see below) | Distinguish Judges 6:24’s post-theophany reassurance sense from Romans 5:1’s justification-peace; same Arabic word, different register — flag in teaching notes |
| exhort (encourage/comfort sense) | يشجع / يعظ | yushajjiʿ / yaʿiẕ | Low (baseline) | Cognate verb (παρακαλέω) appears in 2:18 in a distinct passive divine-compassion sense — see New Term “compassion/relenting” below | Do not default to this baseline rendering for 2:18; that verse requires the new, separate compassion entry |
B. New Terms — Judges-Specific (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| Term | Original (LXX Greek) | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | Doctrine Link | Notes / Alternatives Rejected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| judge (office) | κριτής / κριταί | kritēs / kritai | القاضي / القضاة | High | Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance; Spirit’s Empowering of Judges | Established Van Dyck/NAV book-title term; risk is background-assumption collision with the Islamic Sharia-court قاضي office. Must be taught as Spirit-raised military/political deliverer, not jurist. No viable alternative rendering exists — risk is managed through teaching context, not word substitution. |
| deliverance (human, repeatable) | σῴζω (ἔσωσεν) | esōsen | خَلَّصَ / أَنْقَذَ (verbal; avoid definite/absolute الخلاص register) | Critical | God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers; Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance | Must be explicitly distinguished from baseline “salvation” (الخلاص) as applied to Christ: temporary/military/repeatable vs. permanent/spiritual/final. Collapsing the two either cheapens Christ’s salvation or overclaims for the judges. |
| deliverer / savior (human title) | σωτήρ | sōtēr | مُخَلِّص / مُنقِذ (indefinite form only) | High | God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers | Reserve definite/capitalized/title-level usage exclusively for Christ elsewhere in curriculum; use indefinite form for human judges (e.g., Ehud, 3:9,15) to prevent conflation. |
| apostasy / covenant unfaithfulness (doctrine label) | ἐγκατέλιπον (ἐγκαταλείπω) / ἐπορεύθησαν ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων | egkataleipon / eporeuthēsan opisō theōn heterōn | خِيانَة العَهْد (preferred doctrine label); verbal: تَرَكُوا الرَّبَّ | Critical | Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness (doctrine’s own name) | FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never render the doctrine name or the verb using الارتداد (al-irtidād) — this is the precise, high-stakes Islamic legal-theological term for apostasy from Islam (ridda), carrying severe real-world social/legal consequence. Use خيانة العهد / تركوا الرب throughout. |
| played the harlot (spiritual infidelity metaphor) | ἐκπορνεύω / πορνεύω | ekporneuō / porneuō | زَنَوْا وَرَاءَ آلِهَةٍ أُخْرَى | Critical | Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness | Retain the deliberate marital-betrayal shock of the source metaphor (do not euphemize away); but MANDATORY explanatory framing at every occurrence — this is God’s own covenant-marriage metaphor, not a literal or transferable moral accusation. زنى’s Islamic ḥadd-crime associations make unglossed use high-risk for misreading. |
| everyone did what was right in his own eyes (key refrain) | ἀνὴρ τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ ἐποίει | anēr to agathon en ophthalmois autou epoiei | كَانَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ يَعْمَلُ مَا يَحْسُنُ فِي عَيْنَيْهِ | High | The Absence of a Righteous King (doctrine’s own defining verse) | MUST be rendered identically at both occurrences (17:6 and 21:25) — deliberate literary inclusio; inconsistent rendering destroys the intended bracket structure. Teach as diagnosis of moral collapse, never as permission for moral relativism; connect explicitly to the need for, and typological anticipation of, a righteous King (Christ). |
| king | βασιλεύς | basileus | الملك | High | Absence of a Righteous King; Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King | Root shared with Al-Malik (divine name) and ملكوت الله (kingdom_of_god, baseline Medium); risk here is doctrinal-typological (this vocabulary is deliberate scriptural preparation for the Davidic and ultimately Messianic king), not merely lexical collision. Teach with full canonical trajectory toward Christ. |
| angel of the LORD | ἄγγελος κυρίου | angelos kyriou | مَلاك الرب | Critical | Underlies Spirit’s Empowering of Judges and, typologically, the deliverer doctrines; recurs at 2:1, 6:11-24, 13:3-22 | Islamic angelology holds all angels (including Jibril) as created, non-divine beings. Judges repeatedly blurs the Angel-of-the-LORD/LORD identity (esp. 6:14,16; fear of death at 6:22-23 and 13:21-22) — a strong OT Christophany candidate. Must not be flattened to “an ordinary created angel”; requires deliberate theological framing at every occurrence. |
| Baal (proper noun, idol) | Βααλ / Βααλίμ | Baal / Baalim | البعل / البعليم | Low-Medium | Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness | Established Van Dyck transliteration; footnote recommended explaining “the Baals” as the plural local Canaanite storm/fertility cults, not one deity. |
| Ashtaroth / Astarte (proper noun, idol) | Ἀστάρτη | Astartē | عَشْتاروث | Low | Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness | Established transliteration; pairs cultically with Baal (2:13; 10:6). |
| forced labor / tribute (conquest compromise) | φόρος | phoros | سُخْرَة | High | seeds of Cycle of Sin (ch.1 background to ch.2’s doctrine) | FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: do not render as جِزْيَة (the specific Islamic dhimmi poll-tax institution) — an anachronistic and religiously-coded import. Use سُخْرَة (generic forced labor/corvée). |
| inheritance / allotted portion | κληρονομία | klēronomia | الميراث / النصيب | Low-Medium | frames the whole book’s land-covenant backdrop (1:1-2:9) | Prefer الميراث over النصيب where a folk-fatalistic “one’s lot/fate” reading must be avoided. |
| did evil (in the sight of the LORD) | τὸ πονηρόν / τὸ κακόν ἐνώπιον κυρίου | to ponēron / to kakon enōpion kyriou | عَمِلُوا الشَّرَّ فِي عَيْنَيِ الرَّبِّ | Medium | Cycle-restart formula (2:11; 3:7,12; 4:1; 6:1; 10:6; 13:1) | Distinct from الخطية (sin, baseline High); this is the behavioral-covenantal register evaluated by a personal divine witness (“in the sight of the LORD”) — retain that phrase, do not compress to a bare “did wrong.” |
| provoke to anger | παροργίζω / παροξύνω | parorgizō / paroxynō | أَغَاظُوا الرَّبَّ / أَغْضَبُوا الرَّبَّ | Medium | Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness | Broadly compatible with Islamic ghaḏab (divine wrath) theology; ensure covenant-relational framing (betrayed-partner anger), not impersonal legal retribution. |
| the LORD’s wrath burned | ὠργίσθη θυμῷ κύριος | ōrgisthē thymō kyrios | اِشْتَعَلَ غَضَبُ الرَّبِّ / حَمِيَ غَضَبُ الرَّبِّ | Medium-High | Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance (the “Judgment” phase) | Preserve the LXX’s intensified double-term force; avoid flattening to mild “displeasure.” Guard against a fatalistic-qadar misreading — this is personal, covenantal anger, not impersonal cosmic mechanism. |
| gave/handed over (judgment mechanism) | παραδίδωμι (παρέδωκεν) | paradidōmi (paredōken) | دَفَعَهُمْ إِلَى أَيْدِي | Medium | Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance | Standard idiom; note for curriculum consistency that this negative-judgment usage is distinct from any later positive NT usage of the same root. |
| compassion / relenting (divine) | παρακαλέω, passive (παρεκλήθη) | parakaleō (pareklēthē) | حَنَّ الرَّبُّ عَلَيْهِمْ / تَحَنَّنَ الرَّبُّ | High | God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers | Distinct sense from baseline’s “exhort” entry (same Greek root, different referent: here God himself is moved, not a human being encouraged). Avoid الرحمة as primary noun per baseline’s grace-caution; note the text withholds any repentance notice — compassion originates in God’s character alone. |
| groaning | στεναγμός | stenagmos | أَنِين / تَنَهُّد | Low | God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers (the trigger for compassion, 2:18) | Standard vocabulary; canonical echo (not translation risk) with Romans 8:26’s Spirit-groaning. |
| turned back / relapsed | ἀποστρέφω (ἀπέστρεψαν) | apostrephō (apestrepsan) | رَجَعُوا وَفَسَدُوا | Critical | Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance (relapse phase, 2:19) | FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: do not use اِرْتَدُّوا (same ارتداد root flagged above) — identical apostasy-from-Islam collision risk. Use رجع (neutral “return/turn”) + فسد (“became corrupt”). |
| corrupted themselves (escalating degeneration) | διαφθείρω (διέφθειραν) | diaphtheirō (diephtheiran) | فَسَدُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ آبَائِهِمْ | Medium | Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King | Retain the comparative (“more than their fathers”) — carries the doctrine’s escalation/degeneration claim across generations. |
| the land had rest | ἡσύχασεν ἡ γῆ | hēsychasen hē gē | اِسْتَقَرَّتِ الأَرْضُ / اِسْتَرَاحَتِ الأَرْضُ | Low-Medium | Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance (bounded relief phase) | Distinguish from baseline “peace” (السلام, Romans 5:1’s justification-peace register); this is bounded, this-worldly, military cessation only. |
| test / prove | πειράζω | peirazō | جَرَّبَ / اِمْتَحَنَ | Medium | frames divine pedagogy behind the incomplete conquest (2:22; 3:1,4) | Prefer اِمْتَحَنَ (exam-like proving) over جرّب where ambiguity with “tempt toward sin” (a distinct NT sense) is possible. |
| prophetess | προφῆτις | prophētis | نَبِيَّة | High | frames Deborah’s leadership (ch. 4-5), intersecting Inspiration-of-Scripture-adjacent doctrine | Mainstream Islamic prophetology recognizes no female prophets; anticipate and address this contrast directly in teaching material as a fruitful point of distinction, not merely a risk to suppress. |
| sign (confirmatory) | σημεῖον | sēmeion | عَلامَة (preferred over آية in this narrow doubt-confirming context) | Medium | Gideon’s fleece test (6:17, 36-40) | آية carries strong Quranic “verse/sign of God” resonance; prefer the more neutral علامة for this personal-doubt-confirmation episode. |
| ephod (idol object) | ἐφούδ | ephoud | أَفُود (+ explanatory gloss) | Medium | God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers (Gideon’s compromised legacy, 8:27) | Footnote required distinguishing this idolatrous usage from the ephod’s legitimate priestly-garment sense elsewhere in Scripture. |
| parable / fable | παραβολή | parabolē | مَثَل | Low | Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King (Jotham’s fable, 9:8-15) | Shared, positive literary convention with Islamic/Quranic مثل usage; no collision. |
| vow | εὐχή | euchē | نَذْر | High | Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King (Jephthah’s rash vow, ch.11; Israel’s vow re: Benjamin, ch.21) | Positively-regarded shared Islamic devotional category (nadhr to Allah); MUST pair with explicit teaching that Jephthah’s vow is cautionary narrative, not a model of pious vow-keeping. |
| burnt offering (human-sacrifice outcome) | ὁλοκαύτωμα | holokautōma | مُحْرَقَة / ذَبِيحَة مُحْرَقَة | Critical | Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King | Interpretive risk (narrated tragedy, not divine command/approval) far exceeds lexical risk; requires the most careful teacher-facing framing in the book, explicitly contrasted with the Law’s prohibition of human sacrifice. |
| Nazirite | ναζιραῖος | naziraios | نَذِير مُكَرَّس لِلرَّبِّ (never نذير alone) | High | The Spirit’s Empowering of Judges; God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers (Samson, ch.13-16) | FORBIDDEN if used unqualified: bare نذير reads as “warner,” a standard Islamic descriptor of prophetic function (Quran 33:45); always pair with the consecration/vow qualifier. |
| riddle | αἴνιγμα | ainigma | لُغْز | Low | narrative-literary only (Samson, ch.14) | No doctrinal weight; standard vocabulary. |
| blinded | τυφλόω | typhloō | أَعْمَى / أَعْمَاهُ | Low | Moral Decline (Samson’s downward arc, 16:21) | Symbolic connection to the “own eyes” refrain worth surfacing pastorally; no collision risk. |
| everyone did what was right in his own eyes / no king (closing inclusio) | (same as above, repeated at 21:25) | — | (identical rendering required — see above) | High | The Absence of a Righteous King | See dedicated entry above; consistency between 17:6 and 21:25 is mandatory. |
| carved / molten idol | γλυπτόν / εἴδωλον χωνευτόν | glypton / eidōlon chōneuton | تِمْثال مَنْحُوت / صَنَم مَسْبُوك | Medium | Absence of a Righteous King (Micah’s private shrine, ch.17) | صنم offers rare, genuinely positive convergence with Quranic idol-rejection vocabulary (Abraham narrative); leverage explicitly in teaching material. |
| priest (illegitimate, private) | ἱερεύς | hiereus | كَاهِن | Medium | Absence of a Righteous King (Micah’s self-installed priesthood, ch.17) | Flag the passage’s deliberate illegitimacy explicitly so readers do not read this as normative biblical priesthood. |
| concubine | παλλακή | pallakē | سُرِّيَّة (avoid جارية / محظية) | Medium | Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King (ch.19) | Regardless of term chosen, teaching material must state plainly that the chapter narrates and condemns an atrocity, not endorses the institution. |
| war (civil, tribe-against-tribe) | πόλεμος | polemos | حَرْب | Low | Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King (ch.20) | Doctrinal weight is entirely contextual (covenant-fracturing civil war), not lexical. |
C. Risk Summary for Judges-Specific New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing (per baseline convention) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence): deliverance/σῴζω-vs-salvation distinction; apostasy/covenant-unfaithfulness doctrine label; “played the harlot” metaphor; angel of the LORD; “turned back/relapsed”; burnt offering/human-sacrifice outcome |
| High | 10 | Human theologian: judge (office); deliverer/savior title; refrain “everyone did what was right in his own eyes” (both occurrences); king; forced labor/tribute; compassion/relenting; prophetess; Nazirite; vow |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review: covenant (elevated), did evil formula, provoke to anger, the LORD’s wrath burned, gave/handed over, corrupted themselves, the land had rest, test/prove, sign, ephod, carved/molten idol, priest, concubine |
| Low | 9 | Automated review: Baal, Ashtaroth, inheritance, groaning, parable, riddle, blinded, war |
Forbidden substitution list additions specific to Judges (append to baseline’s forbidden list for Phase 2 enforcement):
- Apostasy / covenant unfaithfulness / “turned back”: NEVER use الارتداد or اِرْتَدُّوا — always use خيانة العهد / تركوا الرب / رجعوا وفسدوا
- Forced labor/tribute (ch. 1): NEVER use جِزْيَة — always use سُخْرَة
- Nazirite: NEVER use bare نذير without the consecration qualifier — always use نذير مكرَّس للرب
- “Played the harlot” (spiritual infidelity): retain زنى per established tradition, but NEVER leave it unglossed — mandatory explanatory framing at every occurrence
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God’s Identity
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יהוה; θεός / κύριος
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Judges the risk is sharpened at Angel-of-the-LORD theophanies (2:1; 6:11-24; 13:3-22), where the created-being/divine-identity distinction must be actively taught, not assumed.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Covenant Partner
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: יהוה; κύριος
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must retain full relational-covenantal weight throughout the anger/compassion passages central to the cycle (2:12, 2:14, 2:18) and in the compound title عبد الرب (2:8).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: The Spirit’s Empowering of Judges
Original: רוּח יהוה; πνεῦμα κυρίου
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In running narrative text the construction روح الرب عليه (Rūḥ al-Rabb ʿalayhi) appears for ‘the Spirit of the LORD came/was upon him’ (3:10; 6:34; 11:29; 13:25; 14:6,19; 15:14); the same divine Person as the baseline entry is always meant. AVOID any verb built on the ح-ل-ل (ḥulūl) root; use the static كان روح الرب عليه construction only, per the baseline’s Incarnation-adjacent caution against Sufi pantheistic-indwelling vocabulary.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Distinguishing Temporal Deliverance from Eternal Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: (theological category, contrasted with σῴζω’s repeatable human-deliverance sense in Judges 2:16,18)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reserve this word’s absolute, definite, once-for-all sense EXCLUSIVELY for Christ’s work. NEVER apply this register to the judges’ temporary, repeatable military rescues in Judges — see the new entry ‘human_deliverance’ below for the required distinct verbal, indefinite rendering.
Human Deliverance
Approved rendering: خَلَّصَ / أَنْقَذَ
Transliteration: khallaṣa / anqadha
Doctrine: Distinguishing Temporal Deliverance from Eternal Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الخلاص (definite/title form)
Original: יָשַׁע; σῴζω (ἔσωσεν)
Category: Salvation
Temporal, partial, repeatable military/political rescue via a raised-up judge (2:16,18; 3:9,15,31; 4:14-15; 6:14; 10:1; 11:29-33; 13:5; 15:14-20). Use ONLY the verbal, indefinite form with a human object — never the definite-article, title-level الخلاص reserved exclusively for Christ. Collapsing the two categories either cheapens Christ’s salvation or overclaims eternal salvation for a human judge.
Apostasy Covenant Unfaithfulness
Approved rendering: خِيانَة العَهْد / تَرَكُوا الرَّبَّ
Transliteration: khiyānat al-ʿahd / tarakū al-Rabb
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: الارتداد, اِرْتَدُّوا
Original: עָזַב; ἐγκαταλείπω (ἐγκατέλιπον)
Category: Sin
FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never render this doctrine’s name or its core verb using الارتداد (al-irtidād) or any of its verbal forms — this is the precise, high-stakes Islamic legal-theological term for apostasy from Islam (ridda), carrying severe real-world social/legal consequence and risking an implicit accusation against Arabic-speaking believers of Muslim background. Use خِيانَة العَهْد as the doctrine label and تَرَكُوا الرَّبَّ as the verb throughout (2:12-13; 2:19-20; 8:33; 10:6).
Played The Harlot
Approved rendering: زَنَوْا وَرَاءَ آلِهَةٍ أُخْرَى
Transliteration: zanaw warāʾa āliha ukhrā
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: euphemistic softenings that drop the marital-betrayal shock
Original: זָנָה; ἐκπορνεύω / πορνεύω
Category: Sin
God’s own covenant-marriage metaphor for idolatry (2:17). Retain per established Arabic Bible tradition — do NOT euphemize away the deliberate marital-betrayal force — but زنى is also the exact Islamic ḥadd-crime term for illicit sex; MANDATORY explanatory framing is required at every occurrence stating this is a divinely chosen metaphor, never a literal or transferable accusation against any individual or group.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: مَلاك الرب
Transliteration: Malāk al-Rabb
Doctrine: The Angel of the LORD as a Christophany Candidate
Rejected alternatives: an ordinary created-angel-only gloss with no theological scaffolding
Original: מַלְאַךְ יהוה; ἄγγελος κυρίου
Category: Christology
Recurs at 2:1, 6:11-24, 13:3-22, where the figure both delivers and speaks/is addressed as the LORD himself, and human witnesses fear death for having ‘seen God.’ Mainstream Islamic angelology holds all angels (including Jibril) as created, non-divine beings; ordinary Arabic usage of مَلاك will default readers toward ‘ordinary created messenger,’ collapsing this doctrine’s payload. Must not be flattened in translation or notes — requires deliberate theological framing at every occurrence.
Turned Back Relapsed
Approved rendering: رَجَعُوا وَفَسَدُوا
Transliteration: rajaʿū wa-fasadū
Doctrine: The Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: اِرْتَدُّوا
Original: שׁוּב; ἀποστρέφω (ἀπέστρεψαν)
Category: Sin
FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never use اِرْتَدُّوا (same ارتداد root flagged for apostasy_covenant_unfaithfulness), for identical Islamic-apostasy-law collision reasons. Use رَجَعُوا (neutral ‘return/turn’) + فَسَدُوا (‘became corrupt’) for Israel’s relapse into idolatry after a judge’s death (2:19).
Burnt Offering Outcome
Approved rendering: مُحْرَقَة / ذَبِيحَة مُحْرَقَة
Transliteration: muḥraqah / dhabīḥah muḥraqah
Doctrine: Implicit Condemnation of Human Sacrifice
Original: עֹלָה; ὁλοκαύτωμα
Category: Ethics
The tragic outcome of Jephthah’s rash vow (11:39), traditionally read as literal human sacrifice of his daughter. Interpretive risk far exceeds lexical risk — curriculum material MUST make unmistakably clear this event is narrated, not commanded or approved, and stands in sharpest contrast to the Law’s explicit prohibition (Leviticus 18:21; Deuteronomy 12:31).
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-ʿahd
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: בְּרִית; διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk: Medium); risk is elevated to High for Judges because the book’s usage is almost entirely in a broken-covenant register (2:1’s covenant lawsuit at Bochim; 2:12-13,17,19-20; 8:33; 10:6), sharpening the baseline’s caution about relational rather than merely contractual covenant.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-niʿmah
Doctrine: God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: (theological category underlying חֶסֶד and the divine-compassion verb of 2:18)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Judges 2:18, God’s compassion triggers deliverance despite no recorded repentance — reinforce as unearned favor toward morally compromised judges (Ehud, Jephthah, Samson), not favor responsive to merit.
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability / Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: חַטָּאָה; ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies but is distinct from Judges’ own behavioral-covenantal ‘did evil’ cycle-refrain (2:11; 3:7,12; 4:1; 6:1; 10:6; 13:1) — see the new entry ‘did_evil_formula’ below.
Judge Office
Approved rendering: القاضي / القضاة
Transliteration: al-qāḏī / al-quḏāh
Doctrine: The Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance / The Spirit’s Empowering of Judges
Rejected alternatives: زعيم, حاكم, منقذ (as sole title)
Original: שֹׁפֵט; κριτής / κριταί
Category: Leadership
Established Van Dyck/NAV book-title term (سفر القضاة); cannot be substituted — no viable alternative exists. Risk is background-assumption collision, not word-availability: القاضي overwhelmingly denotes a Sharia court jurist in everyday Arabic. Every occurrence requires contextual reinforcement that a biblical judge is a Spirit-raised military/political deliverer, not an issuer of legal-religious rulings.
Deliverer Savior Title
Approved rendering: مُخَلِّص / مُنقِذ
Transliteration: mukhalliṣ / munqidh
Doctrine: God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers
Rejected alternatives: المخلّص (definite, title-level)
Original: מוֹשִׁיעַ; σωτήρ
Category: Leadership
Human military/political rescuer raised up by God for a specific crisis (Ehud, 3:9,15; and by extension all judges). Use the INDEFINITE form only; reserve any definite-article, capitalized, title-level usage exclusively for Christ elsewhere in the curriculum so learners do not conflate the categories.
Own Eyes Refrain
Approved rendering: كَانَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ يَعْمَلُ مَا يَحْسُنُ فِي عَيْنَيْهِ
Transliteration: kāna kullu wāḥidin yaʿmalu mā yaḥsunu fī ʿaynayhi
Doctrine: The Absence of a Righteous King
Rejected alternatives: any compressed idiomatic single-word rendering of moral relativism
Original: אִישׁ הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינָיו יַעֲשֶׂה; ἀνὴρ τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ ἐποίει
Category: Ethics
The book’s defining refrain (17:6; 21:25), forming a deliberate literary inclusio. MUST be rendered STRING-IDENTICAL at both occurrences — any deviation destroys the intended bookend structure and is an automatic validation failure. Teach as diagnosis of moral collapse, never as permission for relativism; connect explicitly to the need for, and typological anticipation of, a righteous King fulfilled in Christ.
King
Approved rendering: الملك
Transliteration: al-malik
Doctrine: The Absence of a Righteous King / Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King
Rejected alternatives: حاكم, زعيم, رئيس
Original: מֶלֶךְ; βασιλεύς
Category: Kingship
Root-shared with Al-Malik (one of Allah’s 99 names) and ملكوت الله (kingdom_of_god); retain deliberately — this is a feature (scriptural preparation for the Davidic/Messianic king), not a bug. Every occurrence (8:22-23; ch.9; 17:6/21:25 backdrop) requires teaching notes supplying the forward canonical trajectory toward Christ, since the bare Arabic word carries no automatic forward-pointing signal.
Forced Labor Tribute
Approved rendering: سُخْرَة
Transliteration: sukhrah
Doctrine: Incomplete Conquest and Compromise with Canaanite Culture
Rejected alternatives: جِزْيَة
Original: מַס; φόρος
Category: Covenant
FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never use جِزْيَة, the specific Islamic dhimmi poll-tax institution levied on non-Muslim subjects under an Islamic state — an anachronistic, religiously-coded import onto this Canaanite-subjugation narrative (ch.1). Use the generic سُخْرَة (forced labor/corvée) exclusively.
Lords Wrath Burned
Approved rendering: اِشْتَعَلَ غَضَبُ الرَّبِّ / حَمِيَ غَضَبُ الرَّبِّ
Transliteration: ishtaʿala ghaḏab al-Rabb / ḥamiya ghaḏab al-Rabb
Doctrine: The Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: a mild ‘was displeased’ flattening
Original: וַיִּחַר אַף־יהוה; ὠργίσθη θυμῷ κύριος
Category: Divine Judgment
The LXX’s intensified double wrath-formula marking the judgment phase (2:14). Preserve the intensity; do not flatten. Guard against a fatalistic-qadar misreading (cf. baseline’s providence/election cautions) — this is personal, covenantal anger, not an impersonal cosmic mechanism.
Divine Compassion
Approved rendering: حَنَّ الرَّبُّ عَلَيْهِمْ / تَحَنَّنَ الرَّبُّ
Transliteration: ḥanna al-Rabb ʿalayhim / taḥannana al-Rabb
Doctrine: God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers / Divine Compassion and Relenting
Rejected alternatives: الرحمة (as primary noun)
Original: וַיִּנָּחֶם / נִכְלְמָה נַפְשׁוֹ; παρακαλέω, passive (παρεκλήθη)
Category: Grace
God’s own heart moved to compassion in response to Israel’s groaning, triggering deliverance apart from any recorded repentance (2:18; cf. 10:16). Distinct from the baseline ‘exhort’ entry (same Greek root, different referent). Avoid الرحمة as primary noun per the baseline’s grace-caution regarding merit-responsive connotations.
Prophetess
Approved rendering: نَبِيَّة
Transliteration: nabiyyah
Doctrine: Prophetic and Judicial Leadership of a Woman (Deborah)
Original: נְבִיאָה; προφῆτις
Category: Leadership
Applied to Deborah, who simultaneously holds prophetic and judicial-deliverer authority (4:4-5). Mainstream Islamic prophetology recognizes no female prophets among the traditionally numbered anbiyāʾ/rusul; teach as a genuine, fruitful point of biblical distinctiveness, addressed directly rather than minimized.
Vow
Approved rendering: نَذْر
Transliteration: nadhr
Doctrine: The Danger of Rash, Unconditioned Vows
Original: נֶדֶר; εὐχή
Category: Ethics
A solemn, conditional promise to God (Jephthah’s rash vow, 11:30,39; Israel’s vow re: Benjamin, 21:1,7). نذر is a positively-regarded, live Islamic devotional category; curriculum material MUST make explicit that these vows are cautionary narrative, never a model of pious vow-keeping.
Nazirite
Approved rendering: نَذِير مُكَرَّس لِلرَّبِّ
Transliteration: nadhīr mukarras lil-Rabb
Doctrine: Nazirite Consecration and Its Violation (Samson)
Rejected alternatives: نذير (bare, unqualified)
Original: נָזִיר; ναζιραῖος
Category: Sanctification
FORBIDDEN if used unqualified: bare نذير reads as ‘warner,’ a standard Islamic descriptor of prophetic function (cf. Quran 33:45’s triad applied to Muhammad). Always pair with the consecration/vow qualifier; never present نذير alone as Samson’s title (13:5,7; 16:17).
Did Not Know The Lord
Approved rendering: لَمْ يَعْرِفُوا الرَّبَّ
Transliteration: lam yaʿrifū al-Rabb
Doctrine: Generational Loss of Covenant Knowledge
Rejected alternatives: لم يعلموا الرب (propositional-knowledge substitute)
Original: לֹא יָדְעוּ אֶת־יהוה; οὐκ ἔγνωσαν (τὸν κύριον)
Category: Faith
The new generation’s loss of experiential, relational acquaintance with the LORD (2:10), not mere factual ignorance. Must use عَرَفَ (relational/experiential knowing), not عَلِمَ (propositional knowing) — the same relational-versus-creedal distinction the baseline flags for الإيمان (faith).
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God / Gideon’s Altar
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: שָׁלוֹם; εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Gideon’s altar-name ‘the LORD is Peace’ (6:24) is a post-theophany reassurance sense distinct from Romans 5:1’s justification-peace register; same Arabic word, different theological register — flag in teaching notes to prevent conflation. See also the distinct new entry ‘land_had_rest’ for the book’s bounded military-ceasefire sense, which must NOT be rendered with السلام.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles / Covenant People
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל; Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. ‘Sons of Israel’ is the book’s constant collective subject throughout every cycle; retain the baseline’s caution regarding contemporary political sensitivity around this proper name.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Judges 16:19’s ‘his strength left him’ uses the same قوة root for Samson’s PERSONAL physical strength, sourced in his covenant-vow relationship with God, not a direct exercise of God’s saving power; flag this distinct referent so the two categories are not conflated in teaching material.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission / Divine Kingship
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Shares its root with الملك (see new entry ‘king’) and with Al-Malik, one of Allah’s 99 names; relevant to Judges as the positive theological ideal (‘the LORD shall rule over you,’ 8:23) against which the book’s repeated human-kingship failures (Abimelech, ch.9) are measured.
Did Evil Formula
Approved rendering: عَمِلُوا الشَّرَّ فِي عَيْنَيِ الرَّبِّ
Transliteration: ʿamilū al-sharra fī ʿaynay al-Rabb
Doctrine: The Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: a bare ‘did wrong’ compression
Original: וַיַּעֲשׂוּ … הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה; τὸ πονηρὸν / τὸ κακὸν ἐνώπιον κυρίου
Category: Sin
The book’s technical cycle-restart refrain (2:11; 3:7,12; 4:1; 6:1; 10:6; 13:1). Distinct from الخطية (sin) — this is the behavioral-covenantal register evaluated by a personal divine witness. Retain ‘in the sight of the LORD’ rather than compressing it away.
Provoke To Anger
Approved rendering: أَغَاظُوا الرَّبَّ / أَغْضَبُوا الرَّبَّ
Transliteration: aghāẕū al-Rabb / aghḏabū al-Rabb
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: כָּעַס (הִכְעִיסוּ); παροργίζω / παροξύνω
Category: Divine Judgment
Israel’s idolatry as a personal, cumulative offense provoking the LORD’s covenantal anger (2:12). Broadly compatible with Islamic ghaḏab (divine wrath) theology; ensure the anger reads as covenant-relational (betrayed-partner category), not impersonal legal retribution.
Gave Handed Over
Approved rendering: دَفَعَهُمْ إِلَى أَيْدِي
Transliteration: dafaʿahum ilā aydī
Doctrine: The Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance
Original: נָתַן בְּיַד; παραδίδωμι (παρέδωκεν)
Category: Divine Judgment
Judgment enacted as God’s withdrawal of covenant protection, allowing existing enemies to prevail (2:14). Standard biblical-Arabic idiom; distinct from any later positive NT usage of the same root (e.g., Christ ‘given up’ for sinners).
Corrupted Themselves
Approved rendering: فَسَدُوا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ آبَائِهِمْ
Transliteration: fasadū akthar min ābāʾihim
Doctrine: Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King
Original: הִשְׁחִיתוּ; διαφθείρω (διέφθειραν)
Category: Ethics
Retain the comparative (‘more than their fathers,’ 2:19) — this carries the doctrine’s escalation/degeneration claim across generations, the direct textual seed of the trajectory culminating in chapters 19-21.
Test Prove
Approved rendering: جَرَّبَ / اِمْتَحَنَ
Transliteration: jarraba / imtaḥana
Doctrine: Divine Testing through the Remaining Nations
Original: נִסָּה; πειράζω
Category: Providence
God’s deliberate non-removal of remaining nations reframed as a test of covenant obedience (2:22; 3:1,4). Prefer اِمْتَحَنَ (exam-like proving) over جرّب where ambiguity with the distinct NT sense of ‘tempt toward sin’ is possible.
Sign Confirmatory
Approved rendering: عَلامَة
Transliteration: ʿalāmah
Doctrine: Divine Testing through the Remaining Nations / God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers
Rejected alternatives: آية
Original: אוֹת; σημεῖον
Category: Providence
A visible confirmatory marker granted to a hesitant believer (Gideon’s fleece test, 6:17, 36-40). Prefer the religiously-neutral عَلامَة over آية, which carries strong Quranic ‘verse/sign of God’ resonance not intended in this personal-doubt-confirmation episode.
Ephod Idol
Approved rendering: أَفُود
Transliteration: afūd
Doctrine: Idolatry Arising from a Flawed Deliverer’s Legacy (Gideon’s Ephod)
Original: אֵפוֹד; ἐφούδ
Category: Idolatry
A golden cultic object Gideon fashions from war-spoils that Israel comes to worship (8:27), distinct from the legitimate priestly ephod-garment (Exodus 28). Requires a mandatory footnote distinguishing this idolatrous usage from the ephod’s normal, sanctioned function.
Carved Molten Idol
Approved rendering: تِمْثال مَنْحُوت / صَنَم مَسْبُوك
Transliteration: timthāl manḥūt / ṣanam masbūk
Doctrine: Privatized, Illegitimate Worship (Micah’s Shrine)
Original: פֶּסֶל וּמַסֵּכָה; γλυπτόν / εἴδωλον χωνευτόν
Category: Idolatry
Micah’s private, self-fashioned idol (17:3-4). صنم offers rare, genuinely positive convergence with Quranic idol-rejection vocabulary (the Abraham narrative); leverage explicitly in teaching material as shared ground.
Priest Illegitimate
Approved rendering: كَاهِن
Transliteration: kāhin
Doctrine: Privatized, Illegitimate Worship (Micah’s Shrine)
Original: כֹּהֵן; ἱερεύς
Category: Leadership
Micah’s self-installed, unauthorized household priest (17:5,10-13). كاهن also carries a residual pre-Islamic Arabian soothsayer/diviner association; fully established in Christian Arabic usage, but this passage’s deliberate illegitimacy should be flagged so readers do not assume normative biblical priesthood.
Concubine
Approved rendering: سُرِّيَّة
Transliteration: surriyyah
Doctrine: Societal Corruption and the Atrocity at Gibeah
Rejected alternatives: جارية, محظية
Original: פִּילֶגֶש; παλλακή
Category: Ethics
Use the established Van Dyck-tradition سُرِّيَّة; avoid جارية or محظية, which carry specific classical Islamic legal-institutional connotations. Teaching material must state plainly that the chapter (ch.19) narrates and condemns an atrocity, not an endorsement of the institution.
Served Worshiped
Approved rendering: خَدَمَ / عَبَدَ
Transliteration: khadama / ʿabada
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: עָבַד; δουλεύω / λατρεύω
Category: Sin
Covenant service/worship rendered either faithfully to the LORD (2:7) or idolatrously to the Baals (2:11,13,19) — the same verb-family serves both, distinguished only by its object. عَبَدَ shares the ع-ب-د root with عبادة; context, not the verb, must carry the moral contrast.
Servant Of The Lord Title
Approved rendering: عبد الرب
Transliteration: ʿabd al-Rabb
Doctrine: Faithful Covenant Leadership (Joshua)
Original: עֶבֶד יהוה; δοῦλος κυρίου
Category: Leadership
An honorific title for a faithful covenant leader, used of Joshua at his death (2:8). Well established in Arabic Bible usage; ensure الرب itself carries its full baseline Critical-risk weight even in this comparatively low-tension appositive use.
Drove Out Utterly Destroyed
Approved rendering: لَمْ يَطْرُدُوا / لَمْ يَسْتَأصِلُوا
Transliteration: lam yaṭrudū / lam yastaʾṣilū
Doctrine: Incomplete Conquest and Compromise with Canaanite Culture
Original: הוֹרִישׁ / הִשְׁמִיד; ἐξολεθρεύω / ἐξαίρω
Category: Covenant
The conquest command to dispossess/destroy the Canaanite nations, repeatedly left unfulfilled (ch.1: ‘did not drive out,’ 1:19,21,27-31,33). No direct doctrinal-vocabulary collision; catalogs the historical seedbed of chapter 2’s theological diagnosis and requires the same careful ethical handling already established for OT conquest material.
Low Risk Terms
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajjiʿ / yaʿiẕ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (active, human-encouragement sense)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Do NOT use this rendering for Judges 2:18’s passive, divine-compassion sense of the cognate Greek root (παρακαλέω) — that requires the separate new entry ‘divine_compassion’ below, where God himself, not a human being, is moved.
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Relevant to Judges as the background category against which Deborah’s unqualified ‘prophetess’ title (see new entry ‘prophetess’) must be understood; mainstream Islamic prophetology recognizes no female prophets, so the contrast with نبي is pedagogically useful, not merely incidental.
Baal
Approved rendering: البعل / البعليم
Transliteration: al-Baʿl / al-Baʿlīm
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: בַּעַל / בְּעָלִים; Βααλ / Βααλίμ
Category: Idolatry
Established Van Dyck transliterated proper noun for the Canaanite storm/fertility deity/deities Israel repeatedly serves (2:11,13; 3:7; 6:25-32; 8:33; 10:6,10). No live Islamic-vocabulary collision. A footnote explaining that ‘the Baals’ denotes plural local cults, not one deity, is recommended.
Ashtaroth
Approved rendering: عَشْتاروث
Transliteration: ʿAshtārūth
Doctrine: Apostasy and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: עַשְׁתָּרוֹת; Ἀστάρτη
Category: Idolatry
Established transliterated proper noun for the Canaanite fertility/war goddess cultically paired with Baal (2:13; 10:6). A brief footnote identifying her is advisable for readers unfamiliar with the name.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: الميراث
Transliteration: al-mīrāth
Doctrine: Tribal Land Allotment as Covenant Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: النصيب
Original: נַחֲלָה; κληρονομία
Category: Covenant
The covenant-gift land allotted tribe by tribe (2:6,9; throughout ch.1). Prefer الميراث over النصيب, which can carry a folk-fatalistic ‘one’s lot/fate’ connotation in colloquial usage; retain the covenantal-gift sense.
Groaning
Approved rendering: أَنِين / تَنَهُّد
Transliteration: anīn / tanahhud
Doctrine: God’s Grace through Flawed Deliverers
Original: נְאָקָה; στεναγμός
Category: Grace
Israel’s inarticulate cry of distress under oppression that moves God to compassion (2:18). Standard vocabulary; canonical echo (not translation risk) with Romans 8:26’s Spirit-groaning.
Land Had Rest
Approved rendering: اِسْتَقَرَّتِ الأَرْضُ / اِسْتَرَاحَتِ الأَرْضُ
Transliteration: istaqarrat al-arḏ / istarāḥat al-arḏ
Doctrine: The Cycle of Sin, Judgment, and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: السلام
Original: וַתִּשְׁקֹט הָאָרֶץ; ἡσύχασεν ἡ γῆ
Category: Salvation
Temporary cessation of military conflict following a judge’s deliverance, always given a bounded duration (3:11,30; 5:31; 8:28). Distinguish from السلام (Romans 5:1’s justification-peace register) — this is bounded, this-worldly, military cessation only; do NOT substitute السلام here.
Parable Fable
Approved rendering: مَثَل
Transliteration: mathal
Doctrine: Illegitimate, Violent Kingship (Abimelech) — Jotham’s Fable
Original: מָשָׁל; παραβολή
Category: Wisdom
Jotham’s fable of the trees seeking a king (9:8-15), the only fable in the OT. Shared, positive literary convention with Islamic/Quranic مثل usage; no collision risk.
Riddle
Approved rendering: لُغْز
Transliteration: lughz
Doctrine: Narrative Literary Devices
Original: חִידָה; αἴνιγμα
Category: Narrative
Samson’s wordplay riddle posed to the Philistines (14:12-18). No doctrinal weight; standard vocabulary.
Blinded
Approved rendering: أَعْمَى / أَعْمَاهُ
Transliteration: aʿmā / aʿmāhu
Doctrine: Moral Decline and the Need for a Righteous King
Original: וַיְעַוְּרוּ; τυφλόω
Category: Ethics
Samson’s literal blinding by the Philistines (16:21). Symbolic connection to the ‘own eyes’ refrain (ch.17, 21) is worth surfacing pastorally; no collision risk.
War Civil
Approved rendering: حَرْب
Transliteration: ḥarb
Doctrine: Covenant Fracture: Civil War Among Israel’s Tribes
Original: מִלְחָמָה; πόλεμος
Category: Ethics
Armed conflict directed for the first time inward against a fellow Israelite tribe (ch.20). Doctrinal weight lies entirely in narrative context (covenant unity fracturing), not in the term itself.
Generation
Approved rendering: جِيل
Transliteration: jīl
Doctrine: Generational Loss of Covenant Knowledge
Original: דּוֹר; γενεά
Category: Ethics
Names the generational mechanism by which covenant memory is lost (2:10). Standard, non-controversial vocabulary; doctrinal weight is contextual, not lexical.
Referenced passages