Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Leviticus
A. Reused Baseline Terms (Romans Language Package — No Deviation Permitted)
| Term | Hebrew/LXX Greek | Arabic (Baseline) | Risk | Doctrine Link | Leviticus Occurrence Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים / θεός | الله | Critical | Holiness of God | Passim; Leviticus’s holiness code is God’s own self-disclosure of character. |
| LORD | יְהוָה / κύριος | الرب | Critical | Holiness of God; Priesthood and Mediation | The one before whom atonement is made (Lev 16:1,2,6, etc.). |
| Holy | קָדוֹשׁ / ἅγιος | مقدس | High | Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy | Lev 11:44-45, 19:2, 20:26 — the book’s programmatic command. |
| Sin | חֵטְא / ἁμαρτία | الخطية | High | The Sacrificial System and Atonement | Root of חַטָּאת (sin offering); passim chs. 4-6, 16. |
| Law | תּוֹרָה / νόμος | الناموس | Critical | Covenant framework underlying all Levitical instruction | The whole book is part of “the Law”; must never render as الشريعة (see baseline forbidden substitution). |
| Covenant | בְּרִית / διαθήκη | العهد | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time; Sacrificial System | Lev 26; underlies the sacrificial and Sabbath systems as covenant stipulations. |
| Glory | כָּבוֹד / δόξα | المجد | High | Holiness of God | Lev 9:6,23 — the glory-cloud validating the priesthood. |
| Messiah/Anointed | מָשִׁיחַ / Χριστός | المسيح | Critical | Priesthood and Mediation (typological) | Root מ-ש-ח underlies “the anointed priest” (Lev 16:32); typological anticipation, not a direct occurrence of the title. |
| Israel | יִשְׂרָאֵל | إسرائيل | High | Priesthood and Mediation; corporate recipient of atonement | Lev 16:34; retain baseline’s political-sensitivity caution. |
| Moses | מֹשֶׁה | موسى | Low | — | Passim as covenant mediator/recipient of instruction. |
B. New Terms Proposed for Leviticus Curriculum (To Be Added to Translation Memory)
| Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | LXX Greek (Translit.) | Arabic Rendering (Translit.) | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Priest | כֹּהֵן (kohen) | ἱερεύς (hiereus) | كاهن (kāhin) | High | Priesthood and Mediation | — (established term retained) | Same word as the pre-Islamic/Islamic-era pagan soothsayer (kāhin), a condemned occult figure in hadith tradition. Must be explicitly distinguished from the ordained, Torah-sanctioned mediating office of Aaron’s line. |
| High Priest | כֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל (kohen hagadol) | ἀρχιερεύς (archiereus) | رئيس الكهنة (ra’īs al-kahanah) | High | Priesthood and Mediation | الكاهن الأعظم | Same collision as “priest” plus typological link forward to Christ as great High Priest (Hebrews); surface this link explicitly. |
| Atonement / to make atonement | כִּפֶּר (kipper) / כַּפָּרָה | ἱλάσκομαι / ἐξιλασμός | كفّارة / يُكفِّر (kaffārah/yukaffir) | Critical | The Sacrificial System and Atonement; The Day of Atonement | التزكية (self-purification, rejected — see baseline “justification” note, same error pattern); الغفران alone (loses the covering/mechanism sense) | Islamic kaffārah is a self-performed, proportional legal expiation for specific violations, unconnected to a substitute’s blood or a mediating priest. Levitical kipper is blood-based, third-party-accomplished, and covers total guilt before a holy God. Foundational Critical distinction for the whole book. |
| Mercy Seat / Atonement Cover | כַּפֹּרֶת (kapporet) | ἱλαστήριον (hilastērion) | غطاء تابوت العهد (ghitā’ tābūt al-‘ahd) | High | Sacrificial System and Atonement; Priesthood and Mediation | الغطاء وحده (bare “cover,” rejected — loses atoning function entirely) | Identical Greek term (ἱλαστήριον) used of Christ in Romans 3:25; cross-reference required once that verse is processed. Must never be reduced to ordinary furniture vocabulary. |
| Sin Offering | חַטָּאת (chattat) | περὶ ἁμαρτίας / ἁμαρτία | ذبيحة الخطية (dhabihat al-khatiyyah) | Critical | The Sacrificial System and Atonement | ذبيحة تكريم (offering of honor, rejected — loses guilt-bearing sense) | Must be taught as guilt-transferring substitution, not devotional/commemorative slaughter (contrast Islamic qurbani, Qur’an 22:37). Reuses baseline الخطية exactly for the root. |
| Burnt Offering | עֹלָה (olah) | ὁλοκαύτωμα (holokautōma) | مُحرَقة (muhraqah) | Medium | The Sacrificial System and Atonement | — (established term retained) | Distinct function from chattat (total consecration, not guilt-bearing); keep functionally distinct in teaching material. |
| Guilt Offering | אָשָׁם (asham) | πλημμέλεια | ذبيحة إثم (dhabihat ithm) | Medium | The Sacrificial System and Atonement | — (established term retained) | Broadly compatible Qur’anic-register vocabulary (ithm); preserve the restitution-plus-sacrifice structure distinct from chattat. |
| Peace/Fellowship Offering | שְׁלָמִים (shelamim) | θυσία σωτηρίου | ذبيحة سلامة (dhabihat salāmah) | Medium | Sacrificial System (fellowship dimension) | — (established term retained) | Distinguish from baseline’s forensic “Peace with God” (السلام, Romans 5:1) doctrine; this is a communal-fellowship ritual meal, not the forensic peace itself, though typologically related. |
| Grain/Tribute Offering | מִנְחָה (minchah) | θυσία / δῶρον | تقدمة (taqdimah) | Low | Sacrificial System (supplementary) | — (established term retained) | Bloodless; note it is complementary to, not a substitute for, blood atonement. |
| Offering (general) | קָרְבָּן (qorban) | δῶρον / προσφορά | قربان (qurbān) | High | The Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | Same term as the Islamic Eid al-Adha sacrifice and the Qur’anic Cain/Abel qurban (3:183; 5:27); genuine cultural bridge but risks assimilating Levitical substitutionary atonement into a commemorative-obedience framework. Always pair with explanatory framing. |
| Holy Place / Sanctuary | קֹדֶשׁ (qodesh) | τὸ ἅγιον | المكان المقدَّس / القُدْس (al-makān al-muqaddas/al-Quds) | High | Holiness of God; Priesthood and Mediation; Day of Atonement | — | Bare القُدْس collides with the Arabic proper name for Jerusalem (al-Quds); disambiguate with a modifier at every occurrence except fixed compounds like قُدْس الأقداس. |
| Holy of Holies | קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים (qodesh haqqodashim) | τὸ ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων | قُدْس الأقداس (qudus al-aqdās) | High | Priesthood and Mediation; Day of Atonement | — (established compound retained) | Same Jerusalem-name-collision risk as above, mitigated by the fixed compound form; still flag for reader clarification at first use. |
| Veil / Curtain | פָּרֹכֶת (parochet) | καταπέτασμα (katapetasma) | الحجاب (al-hijab) | Critical | Priesthood and Mediation; Day of Atonement | ستارة الهيكل وحدها (bare “curtain,” acceptable as a supplementary clarifier but not as full replacement of the established term) | Modern حجاب overwhelmingly denotes the Islamic woman’s head/body covering; readers may picture a garment, not an architectural partition. Must pair with “حجاب الهيكل” or explanatory gloss every occurrence. Direct forward link to the torn veil (Matthew 27:51; Hebrews 10:19-20) — same Greek word, καταπέτασμα. |
| Uncleanness / Impurity | טֻמְאָה (tumah) / טָמֵא (tame) | ἀκαθαρσία / ἀκάθαρτος | نجاسة / نجس (najāsah/najis) | Critical | Clean and Unclean | — | Identical technical vocabulary to Islamic fiqh purity law (tahārah); full conceptual-domain overlap, not merely phonetic. Must be taught as typologically pointing to moral defilement requiring atoning blood, a category the parallel Islamic legal system does not contain. |
| Cleanness / Purity | טָהוֹר (tahor) | καθαρός | طاهر (tāhir) | Critical | Clean and Unclean | — | Core positive term of Islamic ritual-purity discipline (tahārah); same reasoning as “unclean” above. |
| Blood (atoning) | דָּם (dam) | αἷμα (haima) | دم (dam) | Critical | The Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | Contrast Qur’an 22:37’s explicit statement that neither blood nor meat “reaches” God, only piety. Leviticus 17:11 makes blood the appointed instrumental means of atonement — the theological hinge connecting forward to the blood of Christ (Romans 3:25, 5:9). |
| Azazel | עֲזָאזֵל (‘Azazel) | ὁ ἀποπομπαῖος (LXX periphrasis) | عزازيل (‘Azāzīl) | Critical | The Scapegoat and Substitution; The Day of Atonement | كبش الفداء وحده (used only as a functional descriptor for the ritual role, never as a substitute proper name) | Islamic popular tradition (widespread in tafsir) identifies “Azazil” as Iblis’s (Satan’s) pre-fall name. Readers may wrongly infer a dualistic offering made TO Satan. Must clarify: no blood/worship is ever directed to Azazel; the goat is released alive, not sacrificed; LXX itself avoided treating it as a named recipient-being. Heaviest apologetic scaffolding required in the book. |
| To Bear/Carry (iniquity) | נָשָׂא (nasa) | αἴρω / φέρω | حَمَل (hamala) | Critical | The Scapegoat and Substitution | — | Direct OT enactment of substitutionary guilt-bearing that Qur’an 6:164 explicitly denies is possible (“no bearer of burdens shall bear another’s burden”). Same collision pattern as baseline’s “salvation” entry, traced to its OT root. Anticipates Isaiah 53 and 1 Peter 2:24. |
| Confess (over the sacrifice) | הִתְוַדָּה (hitvadah) | ἐξαγορεύω | اعترف (i’tarafa) | High | The Scapegoat and Substitution | — | Islamic tawba (repentance) is a direct sinner-to-Allah transaction with no substitute onto whom guilt is transferred by confession and touch; no Islamic ritual analogue exists for this transfer-act. |
| Statute Forever / Perpetual Ordinance | חֻקַּת עוֹלָם (chuqqat olam) | νόμιμον αἰώνιον | فريضة أبدية (farīḍah abadiyyah) | Medium-High | Day of Atonement; Sabbath and Sacred Time | — | فريضة (farīḍah) is the precise Islamic fiqh term for an obligatory duty (e.g. the five daily prayers). Risks assimilating a Mosaic-covenant provision into a timeless universal shari’a-style obligation; must be read alongside baseline’s الناموس entry, not as a substitute framework. |
| Afflict the Soul / Self-Denial (fasting) | עִנָּה נֶפֶש (innah nefesh) | κακόω τὴν ψυχήν | إخضاع النفس / الصوم (ikhdā’ al-nafs/al-sawm) | High | The Day of Atonement | — | Sawm (fasting) carries major independent devotional/meritorious weight in Islam (a Pillar). Must clarify Levitical self-denial responds to an atonement already accomplished by the priest, not one earned through the fast itself. |
| Sabbath | שַׁבָּת (shabbat) | σάββατον | السبت (al-sabt) | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time | الجمعة (Friday/Jumu’ah, rejected as an equivalence — structurally similar but theologically distinct) | Shared vocabulary with Judaism’s weekly rest; distinguish from Islamic Friday congregational prayer, which is not framed as a creation-grounded rest command. |
| Sabbath of Solemn Rest | שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן (shabbat shabbaton) | σάββατα σαββάτων | سبت راحة مقدّسة (sabt rāḥah muqaddasah) | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time; The Day of Atonement | — | Intensified annual form, distinct from the weekly Sabbath; avoid conflating with the modern Jewish national-religious observance of Yom Kippur (parallel political-sensitivity caution to baseline’s “Israel” entry). |
| Appointed Time / Holy Convocation | מוֹעֵד / מִקְרָא קֹדֶש | καιρός / κλητὴ ἁγία | موعد / محفل مقدّس (maw’id/mahfil muqaddas) | Medium | Sabbath and Sacred Time | — | Structurally comparable to the Islamic lunar sacred calendar (Ramadan, Hajj season) — useful pedagogical analogy; content and Christological fulfillment (1 Corinthians 5:7; Colossians 2:16-17) differ entirely. |
| Neighbor | רֵעַ / קָרוֹב (rea/qarov) | ὁ πλησίον | قريب (qarīb) | Medium | Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18) | — (established Van Dyck rendering retained) | Broadly compatible with Islamic ethical vocabulary on neighbor-rights (hadith on al-jār); translation risk is scope-related, not lexical — teach the covenant-community framing and its own internal extension to the resident alien (19:34), anticipating the NT’s fuller universalizing. |
| Without Blemish | תָּמִים (tamim) | ἄμωμος (amōmos) | بلا عيب (bilā ‘ayb) | Medium-High | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | OT type behind 1 Peter 1:19’s description of Christ as “a lamb without blemish or spot”; flag for cross-reference. |
| Kinsman-Redeemer | גֹּאֵל (go’el) | ὁ ἀγχιστεύς / λυτρωτής | الفادي (al-fādī) | Medium-High | Priesthood and Mediation (typological bridge) | وليّ الدم (retained as a supplementary legal-cultural gloss, not primary rendering) | Shares root ف-د-ي (fidā’, “ransom”) with the Qur’an’s Abraham-Ishmael/Isaac ransom narrative (37:107) — genuine positive bridge-word; leverage when this vocabulary recurs applied to Christ as Redeemer. |
| Skin Disease (“Leprosy”) | צָרַעַת (tzaraat) | λέπρα (lepra) | البرص (al-baraṣ) | Medium | Clean and Unclean (specific case) | — (established term retained) | Positive point of contact: same term used of Jesus’s healing ministry in the Qur’an (3:49; 5:110). Clarify tzaraat’s broader scope (includes mold on fabric/walls, ch. 14), not only human skin disease. |
| Nakedness (euphemism for forbidden sexual union) | עֶרְוָה (ervah) | ἀσχημοσύνη | العورة (al-‘awrah) | Medium-High | Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy (ch. 18 case law) | — | Close lexical match with the Islamic modesty-covering term al-‘awrah; clarify Leviticus 18’s narrower legal-idiomatic sense (forbidden sexual relations) versus the broader Islamic dress-covering concept. |
| Vow | נֶדֶר (neder) | εὐχή | نذر (nadhr) | Low-Medium | Sacrificial System (supplementary category) | — | Broadly compatible shared devotional-legal category also present in Islamic fiqh; note it is subordinate to the established sacrificial-atonement system, not free-standing. |
| Congregation / Assembly | עֵדָה (‘edah) | συναγωγή | الجماعة (al-jamā’ah) | Medium | Priesthood and Mediation; Day of Atonement | الأمة (rejected — reserved per baseline for the specifically Islamic pan-communal sense, must never be borrowed here) | Specify “جماعة بني إسرائيل” at first use to avoid confusion with modern political-religious group names using “al-jama’ah.” |
| Anointed Priest | הַכֹּהֵן אֲשֶׁר יִמְשַׁח אֹתוֹ | ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ χριστός | الكاهن الممسوح (al-kāhin al-mamsūh) | High | Priesthood and Mediation; Day of Atonement | — | Shares root מ-ש-ח with Messiah/المسيح (baseline Critical); surface this typological link explicitly in every occurrence rather than leaving it implicit. |
| Strange/Unauthorized Fire | אֵש זָרָה (‘esh zarah) | πῦρ ἀλλότριον | نار غريبة (nār gharībah) | Medium | Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy | — | Illustrative (not doctrinally equivalent) resonance with the Islamic concern over bid’ah (unsanctioned religious innovation); use only as a pedagogical analogy, clearly flagged as such. |
| Outside the Camp | מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה | ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς | خارج المحلّة (khārij al-maḥallah) | Medium-High | Sacrificial System and Atonement | — | Direct typological link to Hebrews 13:11-13 (Christ suffering “outside the gate”); cross-reference when NT curriculum reaches that text. |
C. Risk Summary for This Curriculum
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 8 (Atonement/kipper, Mercy Seat’s link term, Sin Offering, Veil, Uncleanness, Cleanness, Blood, Azazel, Bear/Carry — note: 9 actually listed above) | Human theologian required, every occurrence |
| High | 8 (Priest, High Priest, Mercy Seat, Holy Place, Holy of Holies, Confess, Afflict the Soul, Anointed Priest, Offering-general) | Human theologian required |
| Medium/Medium-High | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low/Low-Medium | 2 | Automated/native review as applicable |
Note: several terms sit at doctrinal intersections and are cross-listed under more than one doctrine above; counts reflect primary tier assignment per term as listed in Section B.
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. All Section A terms must be enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline. All Section B terms are proposed new entries pending Phase 1 Step 2+ theologian sign-off before being written into translation_memory.json for Phase 2 use.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] CRITICAL: Allah is simply the Arabic word for God, used by Arabic-speaking Christians (Copts, Maronites, Syriac Orthodox) for centuries before and after Islam - there is no viable alternative word and none should be sought. The risk is entirely in content, not vocabulary: Islamic tawhid’s strictly unitarian, non-incarnate conception of Allah must be actively distinguished from the Trinitarian conception the same word denotes here. In Leviticus, God’s own self-disclosure of character (holiness code, 11:44-45, 19:2, 20:26) is the operative content that must be filled in relationally, not assumed shared with tanzih theology.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] CRITICAL: al-Rabb is a defining title of Allah (Rabb al-‘Alamin, opening of the Quran). In Leviticus this is doubly loaded: the entire Day of Atonement ritual exists to grant sinful Israel access to this same ‘al-Rabb’ - access Islamic theology says no ritual or mediator can secure with certainty. Apply the same rigor as the baseline’s Romans 10:9 note to every occurrence (Lev 16:1,2,6 and passim).
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] NEVER substitute الشريعة, which today denotes the total Islamic religious-legal-political system. Leviticus’s entire ritual, ethical, and calendrical legislation is part of ‘the Law/Torah’ in this sense; using shari’a vocabulary would make Leviticus’s cultic code sound like an ancient competitor to Islamic shari’a rather than the OT covenant record it is.
Messiah Anointed
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Priesthood
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted; original baseline key ‘messiah’.] al-Masih is already loaded with ‘Isa al-Masih’s competing Quranic narrative (honored prophet, not divine, not crucified, not resurrected). In Leviticus the root מ-ש-ח (‘anointed’) underlies the anointed high priest’s office (Lev 16:32) and the anointing oil (ch. 8) - not a direct title-occurrence, but a typological anticipation of the ultimate Anointed One that must be surfaced explicitly in teaching material, not left implicit.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] Retain Yasū’ consistently, never عيسى, in every teaching note or cross-reference that names Christ as the typological fulfillment of Leviticus’s priesthood, sacrifices, and Day of Atonement (e.g. Hebrews 9-10 cross-references at Lev 16, 1 Peter 1:19 cross-reference at Lev 22).
Atonement
Approved rendering: كفّارة / يُكفِّر
Transliteration: kaffārah / yukaffir
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الغفران وحده
Original: כִּפֶּר
Category: Sacrificial System
CRITICAL - the single most theologically load-bearing term in the book. Islamic كفّارة (kaffārah) is a self-performed, proportional legal expiation for a specific violation (e.g. breaking an oath), unconnected to a mediating priest or a substitute’s blood. Levitical kipper is blood-based, accomplished by a third party on the sinner’s behalf, and covers the totality of guilt before a holy God - the OT type fulfilled in Christ’s own priestly self-offering (Hebrews 9-10). NEVER use التزكية (same self-purification error pattern the baseline rejects for ‘justification’). الغفران alone loses the covering/mechanism sense and names only the result, never the ritual means. Every occurrence must carry the explicit 3-point contrast note (priest-performed not self-performed; blood-based not compensatory; total-guilt-covering not proportional) and requires human theologian review without exception.
Sin Offering
Approved rendering: ذبيحة الخطية
Transliteration: dhabihat al-khatiyyah
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ذبيحة تكريم
Original: חַטָּאת
Category: Sacrificial System
Must be taught as guilt-transferring substitution, never as devotional or commemorative slaughter. The closest cultural parallel, Eid al-Adha qurbani, is explicitly framed by Qur’an 22:37 as obedience/piety, NOT guilt transfer - the single most important collision for the entire Sacrificial System doctrine. Reuses baseline الخطية exactly for the root sense.
Veil
Approved rendering: الحجاب
Transliteration: al-hijab
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Rejected alternatives: ستارة الهيكل وحدها (acceptable only as a supplementary clarifier, never as full replacement)
Original: פָּרֹכֶת
Category: Priesthood
Established Van Dyck rendering, but modern Arabic حجاب overwhelmingly denotes the Islamic woman’s head/body covering, an unrelated and emotionally charged modern marker. A reader could momentarily picture a garment rather than an architectural partition-curtain. Must pair with ‘حجاب الهيكل’ or an explanatory gloss every occurrence. Direct forward link to the torn veil (Matthew 27:51; Hebrews 10:19-20) - same Greek word, καταπέτασμα - which must not be obscured by the modern connotation.
Blood
Approved rendering: دم
Transliteration: dam
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: דָּם
Category: Sacrificial System
Lexically simple, but doctrinally Critical: Qur’an 22:37 explicitly states neither the meat nor the blood of a sacrifice ‘reaches’ God, only the worshiper’s piety. Leviticus 17:11 argues the opposite - blood itself, applied at the mercy seat, is the appointed instrumental means of atonement. This contrast is the theological hinge connecting Leviticus forward to the blood of Christ (Romans 3:25, 5:9) and must be made explicit in every blood-atonement passage (Lev 16:14-19; 17:11).
Azazel
Approved rendering: عزازيل
Transliteration: ‘Azāzīl
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Rejected alternatives: كبش الفداء وحده (usable only as a functional descriptor of the ritual role, never as a substitute proper name)
Original: עֲזָאזֵל
Category: Day of Atonement
CRITICAL - the highest-stakes ambiguity in the book. Widespread Islamic popular tafsir tradition identifies ‘Azazil’ as Iblis’s (Satan’s) pre-fall name. A reader may wrongly infer the second goat is a dualistic offering made TO Satan, undermining monotheism and badly distorting the actual meaning. Every occurrence must clarify: (1) no blood or worship is ever directed to Azazel, (2) the goat is released alive, not sacrificed, (3) the LXX itself avoided treating Azazel as a named recipient-being (ὁ ἀποπομπαῖος, ‘the one sent away’), and (4) the Iblis identification is a post-biblical popular tradition absent from the Hebrew text’s own usage. Mandatory human theologian review, every occurrence, no exceptions.
Bear Iniquity
Approved rendering: حَمَل
Transliteration: hamala
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: נָשָׂא
Category: Scapegoat and Substitution
CRITICAL: direct OT enactment of substitutionary guilt-bearing that Qur’an 6:164 (and 17:15, 35:18, 53:38) explicitly and repeatedly denies is possible: ‘no bearer of burdens shall bear the burden of another.’ Same collision pattern the baseline flags for ‘salvation’/الخلاص, traced here to its OT root (Lev 16:22); anticipates Isaiah 53:12 and 1 Peter 2:24. Every occurrence must be flagged for human theologian review with explicit instruction to state, not assume, that this OT type anticipates Christ’s bearing of sin.
Unclean
Approved rendering: نجس / نجاسة
Transliteration: najis / najāsah
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Rejected alternatives: دنس / مدنّس (too vague/low-precision for the technical register the audience expects)
Original: טָמֵא / טֻמְאָה
Category: Clean and Unclean
CRITICAL: نجس/نجاسة is the precise, technical, and extremely well-known term of the entire Islamic fiqh discipline of tahārah (ritual purity law) - a full conceptual-domain overlap, not a peripheral phonetic collision, with different animal lists, different purification mechanisms, and no blood-atonement dimension. Every occurrence requires explicit doctrinal framing distinguishing the specific Mosaic ceremonial boundary markers (not binding on the NT church, cf. Acts 10:9-16; Mark 7:19) from the typological principle that uncleanness pictures moral defilement remedied only by atoning blood.
Clean
Approved rendering: طاهر
Transliteration: tāhir
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: טָהוֹר
Category: Clean and Unclean
CRITICAL: the core positive term of the entire Islamic ritual-purity discipline (tahārah). Same reasoning as ‘unclean’: must always be taught with the Levitical concept’s typological trajectory toward moral/spiritual cleansing through blood (Lev 16; 17:11), never left as a self-contained legal-hygienic category.
High Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Holiness
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] Shares the ق-د-س root with al-Quds (Jerusalem) and al-Quddus (one of Allah’s names) - generally safe shared vocabulary. Programmatic in Leviticus 11:44-45, 19:2, 20:26 (‘You shall be holy, for I am holy’); must be taught as ethical/relational imitation of God’s own character worked out in concrete communal life, not ascetic withdrawal (avoid a Sufi zuhd reading) and not ritual-purity-only (reserve طاهر for the distinct Clean/Unclean doctrine).
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: חֵטְא
Category: Sacrificial System
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] Islamic anthropology holds each person is born in a state of natural purity (fitrah) and denies inherited sin. In Leviticus this root underlies חַטָּאת (chattat, ‘sin offering’) throughout chs. 4-6, 16; the universal, ritually-addressed guilt Leviticus assumes must be taught deliberately, not assumed as shared ground.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] Avoid light-based renderings that could evoke Sufi illumination (ishraq) mysticism. In Leviticus, the glory-cloud (Lev 9:6,23; 16:2) validates the newly ordained priesthood and its sacrifices and localizes the divine presence the Day of Atonement ritual approaches.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] In contemporary spoken Arabic ‘Isra’il’ is overwhelmingly associated with the modern nation-state and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Leviticus 16:34 and passim require the same deliberate pastoral framing as the baseline’s Romans 9-11 note, so the corporate recipient of atonement is not read through a present-day political lens.
Priest
Approved rendering: كاهن
Transliteration: kāhin
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Rejected alternatives: إمام
Original: כֹּהֵן
Category: Priesthood
The established, centuries-old Christian Arabic Bible term (LXX ἱερεύς), retained despite the collision below because no viable alternative exists (parallel to the baseline’s treatment of الرسول for ‘apostle’ despite its later Islamic loading). Pre-Islamic and Islamic-era Arabic also uses كاهن for the pagan soothsayer/diviner figure explicitly condemned in hadith tradition (‘whoever visits a kāhin… has disbelieved’). Every occurrence must explicitly distinguish the Torah-sanctioned, hereditary mediating office of Aaron’s line from this negatively-loaded occult figure. إمام is rejected outright: no hereditary line, no blood ritual, no sacrificial-mediation function.
High Priest
Approved rendering: رئيس الكهنة
Transliteration: ra’īs al-kahanah
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Rejected alternatives: الكاهن الأعظم
Original: כֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל
Category: Priesthood
Same كاهن/soothsayer collision as ‘priest,’ plus typological weight forward to Christ as great High Priest (Hebrews 7-10). Uniquely authorized to enter the Holy of Holies once a year on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16); surface the Christological link explicitly rather than leaving it implicit.
Anointed Priest
Approved rendering: الكاهن الممسوح
Transliteration: al-kāhin al-mamsūh
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: הַכֹּהֵן אֲשֶׁר יִמְשַׁח אֹתוֹ
Category: Priesthood
Lev 16:32: ‘the priest who is anointed… shall make atonement.’ Shares root מ-ש-ח with Messiah/المسيح, a Critical baseline term. This typological link toward Christ as the ultimate Anointed One must be surfaced explicitly in every occurrence, not assumed self-evident to the reader.
Anointing Oil
Approved rendering: زيت المسحة
Transliteration: zayt al-mas-hah
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: מִשְׁחָה
Category: Priesthood
The consecrating oil poured on Aaron and his sons (Lev 8). Shares root מ-ש-ח with المسيح; every priestly anointing scene quietly anticipates the Anointed One and should be flagged for typological cross-reference.
Mercy Seat
Approved rendering: غطاء تابوت العهد
Transliteration: ghitā’ tābūt al-‘ahd
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: الغطاء وحده
Original: כַּפֹּרֶת
Category: Sacrificial System
The golden lid of the ark, the locus where atoning blood was presented (Lev 16:2,14-15). LXX renders this ἱλαστήριον - the identical Greek word Paul uses of Christ in Romans 3:25. A bare ‘cover’ reading is mundane furniture and loses the atoning function entirely; every occurrence must convey ‘the place where atonement was made’ and be cross-referenced to Romans 3:25 once that verse is processed in the NT curriculum.
Offering General
Approved rendering: قربان
Transliteration: qurbān
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: קָרְבָּן
Category: Sacrificial System
The general umbrella term for any gift brought near to God, encompassing burnt, grain, sin, guilt, and peace offerings. Also the standard modern Arabic term for the Islamic Eid al-Adha sacrifice, and itself Quranic (3:183; 5:27, the Cain-and-Abel narrative). A genuine cultural bridge, but risks assimilating the entire Levitical sacrificial economy into a commemorative-obedience framework rather than substitutionary atonement. Always pair with explanatory framing at first use; never leave unglossed.
Holy Place
Approved rendering: المكان المقدَّس / القُدْس
Transliteration: al-makān al-muqaddas / al-Quds
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: קֹדֶשׁ
Category: Priesthood
Bare القُدْس is also the standard Arabic proper name for Jerusalem (al-Quds); a reader may momentarily read ‘the Holy Place’ as a reference to the city rather than the innermost sanctuary chamber. Disambiguate with the modifier ‘المكان المقدَّس’ at every occurrence except the fixed, already-disambiguating compound قُدْس الأقداس.
Holy Of Holies
Approved rendering: قُدْس الأقداس
Transliteration: qudus al-aqdās
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים
Category: Priesthood
The innermost sanctuary chamber housing the ark and mercy seat, entered only by the high priest, only once a year. Same Jerusalem-name-collision risk as ‘Holy Place,’ mitigated by the fixed compound form; still flag for reader clarification at first use.
Confess
Approved rendering: اعترف
Transliteration: i’tarafa
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: הִתְוַדָּה
Category: Scapegoat and Substitution
The high priest’s verbal, open declaration of Israel’s sins over the scapegoat, accompanying the hand-laying that ritually transfers guilt (Lev 16:21). Islamic tawba (repentance) is a direct sinner-to-Allah transaction with no substitute onto whom guilt is transferred by confession and touch; no Islamic ritual analogue exists for this transfer-act.
Afflict The Soul
Approved rendering: إخضاع النفس / الصوم
Transliteration: ikhdā’ al-nafs / al-sawm
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: עִנָּה נֶפֶש
Category: Day of Atonement
Corporate, prescribed self-denial (understood to include fasting) accompanying the Day of Atonement’s blood-atonement rite (Lev 16:29,31; 23:27,29,32). Sawm (fasting) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and carries major independent devotional/meritorious weight (Ramadan). Must clarify that Levitical self-denial responds to an atonement already accomplished by the priest on the people’s behalf; it does not itself earn or effect atonement, the reverse of fasting’s meritorious function in Islamic practice.
Statute Forever
Approved rendering: فريضة أبدية
Transliteration: farīḍah abadiyyah
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: חֻקַּת עוֹלָם
Category: Day of Atonement
فريضة is the precise Islamic fiqh term for an obligatory religious duty (e.g. the five daily prayers). Using it risks readers assimilating a Mosaic-covenant provision (Lev 16:29,31,34; 17:7; 23; 24:3) into a timeless universal shari’a-style obligation, rather than a provision within Israel’s covenant that finds its terminus and fulfillment in Christ. Must be read alongside baseline’s Critical الناموس entry, never as a substitute framework.
Nakedness
Approved rendering: العورة
Transliteration: al-‘awrah
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: עֶרְוָה
Category: Holiness
A euphemism in the sexual-prohibition case law of ch. 18 for forbidden sexual union (‘to uncover the nakedness of’). العورة is also a major Islamic legal-modesty term (body parts required to be covered); clarify that Leviticus 18’s idiom denotes a narrower legal category than the broader Islamic dress/covering concept, so readers do not assume the chapter is primarily about clothing.
Medium Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
[Inherited from Romans package - baseline translation_memory.json term, no deviation permitted.] Retain the relational, unilaterally-initiated biblical covenant sense rather than a mutual contractual one. Underlies Leviticus 26’s blessing-and-curse structure and the whole book’s ritual economy as covenant stipulation.
Ordination
Approved rendering: التكريس / سيامة
Transliteration: al-takrīs / siyāmah
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: מִלֻּאִים
Category: Priesthood
The ritual ‘filling of the hand’ installing Aaron and his sons into priestly office (Lev 8, millu’im). سيامة is also used of Christian clerical ordination in Eastern Christian usage - a helpful established bridge with no significant Islamic collision.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: مُحرَقة
Transliteration: muhraqah
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: עֹלָה
Category: Sacrificial System
Established Van Dyck term. Distinct function from the chattat (total consecration/devotion, not guilt-bearing); keep functionally distinct in teaching material so the two offering-functions are not collapsed into one generic ‘sacrifice.‘
Guilt Offering
Approved rendering: ذبيحة إثم
Transliteration: dhabihat ithm
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: אָשָׁם
Category: Sacrificial System
Broadly compatible Qur’anic-register vocabulary (ithm); preserve the restitution-plus-sacrifice structure distinct from the chattat, so all Levitical offerings are not flattened into one undifferentiated ‘sacrifice’ concept.
Peace Offering
Approved rendering: ذبيحة سلامة
Transliteration: dhabihat salāmah
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: שְׁלָמִים
Category: Sacrificial System
Root ש-ל-ם is shared with baseline’s Peace/السلام (Medium risk, Romans 5:1’s forensic ‘peace with God’). Do not collapse this OT communal-fellowship-meal sense into the NT forensic-peace sense, or vice versa, without explanation - they are typologically related, not identical register.
Soul Life
Approved rendering: نفس
Transliteration: nafs
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: נֶפֶש
Category: Sacrificial System
The holistic life-force/self identified with the blood (‘for the blood is the life/soul,’ Lev 17:11), also the object of self-denial on the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:29,31). Islamic anthropology’s nafs (the lower self/ego, subject to moral discipline) carries a different connotation than the Hebrew nefesh’s holistic ‘life-force/self’ sense; disambiguate contextually rather than assuming equivalence.
Send Away
Approved rendering: لِيُرسَل
Transliteration: li-yursal
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Original: לְשַׁלַּח
Category: Scapegoat and Substitution
To release the live goat into the wilderness, enacting the removal of confessed sin from the community (Lev 16:10,21-22,26). Pair with a note that this ‘sending away’ enacts the removal of the community’s sin, not a punitive banishment of the animal for its own guilt.
Skin Disease
Approved rendering: البرص
Transliteration: al-baraṣ
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Clean and Unclean
Established term. Positive point of contact: the same term is used in the Qur’an’s account of Jesus healing ‘al-abraṣ’ (3:49; 5:110). Clarify that tzaraat’s scope is broader than modern clinical leprosy (includes mold on fabric/walls, ch. 14), and that its diagnosis is a ritual-declarative priestly category, not primarily medical.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: السبت
Transliteration: al-sabt
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Rejected alternatives: الجمعة (rejected as an equivalence - structurally similar but theologically distinct)
Original: שַׁבָּת
Category: Sacred Time
Shared vocabulary with Judaism’s weekly observance. Islam’s Friday (Jumu’ah) functions as a congregational prayer day but is not theologically framed as a creation-grounded rest command (Genesis 2:2-3; Exodus 20:8-11); clarify this distinction rather than assume structural equivalence.
Sabbath Solemn Rest
Approved rendering: سبت راحة مقدّسة
Transliteration: sabt rāḥah muqaddasah
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Original: שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן
Category: Sacred Time
The intensified annual form specifically prescribed for the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:31; 23:32); must not be flattened into an ordinary weekly rest day, nor conflated with the modern Jewish national-religious observance of Yom Kippur as a contemporary holiday (parallel political-sensitivity caution to the baseline’s ‘Israel’ entry).
Appointed Time
Approved rendering: موعد / محفل مقدّس
Transliteration: maw’id / mahfil muqaddas
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: מוֹעֵד / מִקְרָא קֹדֶש
Category: Sacred Time
God’s divinely appointed recurring sacred times/holy convocations governing Israel’s festal calendar (ch. 23). The lunar-based structure invites a useful pedagogical comparison with the Islamic lunar sacred calendar (Ramadan, Hajj season), but content and typological fulfillment (1 Corinthians 5:7; Colossians 2:16-17) differ entirely and must not be assumed equivalent.
Sabbath Year Jubilee
Approved rendering: سنة السبت / اليوبيل
Transliteration: sanat al-sabt / al-yūbīl
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Original: שְׁמִטָּה / יוֹבֵל
Category: Sacred Time
The seven-year land-rest cycle and the forty-nine-year Jubilee governing debt-release and slave manumission (ch. 25). اليوبيل is already a settled Arabic Bible loanword. Reinforce that Sabbath theology (trust in God’s provision) underlies the whole cycle, not merely a generic debt-forgiveness custom.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: قريب
Transliteration: qarīb
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
Rejected alternatives: الجار (too narrow - denotes physical-proximity neighbor specifically), الأخ (implies overly narrow literal/spiritual kinship)
Original: רֵעַ / קָרוֹב
Category: Ethics
The operative term in Leviticus 19:18 (‘love your neighbor as yourself’), directly echoed by Jesus (Matthew 22:39) and Paul (Romans 13:9, baseline curriculum). Broadly compatible with Islamic ethical vocabulary on neighbor-rights (hadith on al-jār) - a genuine point of contact. The translation risk is scope-related, not lexical: teach the covenant-community framing and its own internal extension to the resident alien (19:34), anticipating the NT’s fuller universalizing of ‘neighbor.‘
Sojourner Stranger
Approved rendering: الغريب
Transliteration: al-gharīb
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
Original: גֵּר
Category: Ethics
The resident foreigner living among Israel, explicitly included within the love-of-neighbor command’s scope (Lev 19:33-34). No major Islamic doctrinal collision, but this is the textual hinge that expands ‘neighbor’ beyond the covenant community, anticipating the NT’s unity-of-Jew-and-Gentile trajectory; do not let this expansion go untaught.
Congregation
Approved rendering: الجماعة
Transliteration: al-jamā’ah
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Rejected alternatives: الأمة (rejected - reserved per baseline for the specifically Islamic pan-communal sense, must never be borrowed here)
Original: עֵדָה
Category: Priesthood
The gathered covenant community of Israel, on whose behalf and among whom atonement is made. Specify ‘جماعة بني إسرائيل’ at first use to anchor the referent and avoid confusion with modern political-religious group names using ‘al-jama’ah.‘
Outside The Camp
Approved rendering: خارج المحلّة
Transliteration: khārij al-maḥallah
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה
Category: Sacrificial System
The location outside Israel’s camp where the sin-offering carcasses whose blood atoned in the Holy Place were burned (Lev 16:27). LXX ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς is directly echoed in Hebrews 13:11-13 (‘Jesus also suffered outside the gate’); flag for cross-reference when the NT curriculum reaches that text.
Kinsman Redeemer
Approved rendering: الفادي
Transliteration: al-fādī
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Rejected alternatives: وليّ الدم (retained only as a supplementary legal-cultural gloss, not primary rendering)
Original: גֹּאֵל
Category: Redemption
A near-relative with the right and duty to redeem forfeited land or a family member sold into servitude (ch. 25). الفادي shares the root ف-د-ي (fidā’, ‘ransom’) with the Qur’an’s own Abraham-Ishmael/Isaac ransom narrative (37:107) - a genuinely positive cultural bridge-word; leverage actively when this vocabulary recurs applied to Christ as Redeemer in later NT curriculum.
Strange Fire
Approved rendering: نار غريبة
Transliteration: nār gharībah
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: אֵש זָרָה
Category: Holiness
Unauthorized fire offered on human initiative rather than divine instruction, resulting in Nadab and Abihu’s death (ch. 10). May resonate illustratively with the Islamic concern over bid’ah (unsanctioned religious innovation) - a useful pedagogical analogy only, clearly flagged as such, since the underlying theological ground differs from the grounds of the Islamic concern.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: جدّف / سبّ
Transliteration: jaddafa / sabba
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: קֹלֵל / גִּדֵּף
Category: Holiness
Cursing or blaspheming God’s name, carrying the death penalty in ch. 24. Resonates with the gravity of blasphemy in many contemporary Islamic legal traditions - a genuine point of shared moral seriousness, but this topic carries real, sometimes traumatic, legal weight for readers in contexts where blasphemy laws are actively enforced; handle pastorally, not merely lexically.
Tent Of Meeting
Approved rendering: خيمة الاجتماع
Transliteration: khaymat al-ijtimā’
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד
Category: Priesthood
The mobile sanctuary structure where God meets with Israel through the mediating priesthood (Lev 16:7 and passim). Does not lexically collide with masjid (place of prostration), but clarify this is a mobile, God-initiated meeting-place, not a congregational prayer-hall.
Without Blemish
Approved rendering: بلا عيب
Transliteration: bilā ‘ayb
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: תָּמִים
Category: Sacrificial System
The requirement that sacrificial animals (and, by extension in ch. 21, officiating priests) be physically whole and unblemished. No independent Arabic-vocabulary collision, but significant typological weight: the OT type behind 1 Peter 1:19’s description of Christ as ‘a lamb without blemish or spot’; flag for cross-reference when the NT curriculum reaches that text.
Low Risk Terms
Moses
Approved rendering: موسى
Transliteration: Mūsā
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Original: מֹשֶׁה
Category: Covenant
New term introduced by the Leviticus curriculum (not present in the baseline Romans package). Standard, established Arabic Christian Bible proper name; low risk. Moses is the covenant mediator to whom the LORD speaks throughout the book (Lev 1:1 and passim), a distinct office from Aaron’s priestly mediation.
Grain Offering
Approved rendering: تقدمة
Transliteration: taqdimah
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: מִנְחָה
Category: Sacrificial System
Established Van Dyck term. Bloodless; note it is complementary to, and never a substitute for, blood atonement.
Swarming Things
Approved rendering: دبيب / زواحف
Transliteration: dabīb / zawāhif
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
Original: שֶׁרֶץ
Category: Clean and Unclean
Technical zoological term for small swarming/crawling creatures classified as unclean in the dietary laws of ch. 11; low independent risk.
Vengeance Grudge
Approved rendering: لا تنتقم ولا تحقد
Transliteration: lā tantaqim wa-lā taḥqid
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
Original: לֹא תִקֹּם / לֹא תִטֹּר
Category: Ethics
The prohibition of vengeance and grudge-bearing immediately preceding and framing the love-of-neighbor command (Lev 19:18); retain this structural pairing in all teaching material.
Vow
Approved rendering: نذر
Transliteration: nadhr
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: נֶדֶר
Category: Sacrificial System
A voluntary devotional pledge made to the LORD, regulated in ch. 27. Recognized devotional-legal category in Islamic fiqh as well; broadly compatible, low independent collision risk. Note Levitical vows are subordinate to, not a substitute for, the sacrificial-atonement system already established in chs. 1-16.
Eye For Eye
Approved rendering: العين بالعين
Transliteration: al-‘ayn bi-l-‘ayn
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Original: עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן
Category: Holiness
The proportional-justice principle stated in the penalty law of ch. 24. A rare low-risk textual bridge: the Qur’an (5:45) quotes this Torah principle nearly verbatim - worth noting positively in teaching material as evidence of the Qur’an’s own acknowledgment of Torah legal content.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: وضع يده
Transliteration: waḍa’a yadahu
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Original: סָמַךְ יָד
Category: Sacrificial System
The gesture of identification with an offering, laying one’s hand(s) on the animal before it is sacrificed. Functional ritual-action vocabulary; low independent risk, but note its structural parallel to the scapegoat’s hand-laying-plus-confession in Lev 16:21.
Referenced passages