Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 1 Corinthians (English–Arabic)
This glossary catalogs every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from all sixteen chapters of 1 Corinthians. Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSE and carry the identical Arabic rendering and risk tier recorded there — these must never be altered for this curriculum. Terms unique to 1 Corinthians are marked NEW and are proposed here for addition to translation memory pending Phase 2 theologian/native-speaker review per the baseline’s escalation rules.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s exact definitions (doctrine_risk_registry.json): Critical = human theologian review required, every occurrence; High = human theologian review required; Medium = native speaker review recommended; Low = automated review sufficient.
Part A — REUSE Terms (from Romans baseline, unchanged)
| English Term | Arabic | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | 1 Corinthians Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | الإنجيل | al-Injīl | High | Gospel | 1, 4, 9, 15 | 15:1-4 is the letter’s fullest definitional statement of gospel content |
| grace | النعمة | al-ni’mah | High | Grace | 1, 3, 15, 16 | 15:10 contrasts grace with Paul’s own labor |
| faith | الإيمان | al-īmān | High | Faith | 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 15 | 13:13 ranks faith below love |
| resurrection | القيامة | al-qiyāmah | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 6, 15 (core) | Central doctrine of the curriculum; requires apologetic crucifixion-scaffolding per baseline |
| lord | الرب | al-Rabb | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 16 | 12:3 ties the confession to the Spirit’s work |
| church | الكنيسة | al-kanīsah | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 | Corporate, non-building sense must be reinforced |
| holy | مقدس | muqaddas | Medium | Sanctification | 1, 3, 6, 7 | 7:14 applies to marriage/children |
| saints | القديسون | al-qiddīsūn | Medium | Sainthood | 1, 6, 16 | 16:1 collection for the saints |
| sanctification | التقديس | al-taqdīs | High | Sanctification | 1, 6 | 6:11 “you were… sanctified” |
| sin | الخطية | al-khaṭīyah | High | Universal Human Accountability | 15 | 15:3,17 |
| gentiles | الأمم | al-umam | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 1, 10, 12 | 10:32; 12:2,13 |
| glory | المجد | al-majd | High | Deity of Christ | 2, 10, 11, 15 | 11:7 image/glory of man and woman |
| called / calling | المدعوون / الدعوة | al-mad’uwwūn / al-da’wah | High | Divine Calling | 1, 7, 15 | 7:17-24 vocational/providential sense |
| spiritual gifts | المواهب الروحية | al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 12, 14 | Full catalogue given in ch.12 |
| fellowship | الشركة | al-sharikah | Medium | Christian Fellowship | 1, 10 | 10:16 cup/bread as κοινωνία |
| apostle | الرسول | al-rasūl | High | Apostleship | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | 15:9 Paul’s self-deprecating claim to the title |
| covenant | العهد | al-‘ahd | Medium | Lord’s Supper / Covenant | 11 | 11:25 “new covenant in my blood” |
| kingdom of God | ملكوت الله | malakūt Allāh | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 4, 6, 15 | 15:24,50 eschatological handing-over of the kingdom |
| power of God | قوة الله | quwwat Allāh | Medium | Power of God for Salvation | 1, 2 | Paired with the cross: power revealed in weakness |
| messiah / christ | المسيح | al-Masīh | Critical | Messianic Promise | throughout | 15:3-4 core creedal use |
| jesus | يسوع | Yasū’ | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Never رendered عيسى |
| god | الله | Allāh | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | — |
| holy spirit | الروح القدس | al-Rūḥ al-Qudus | Critical | Sanctification | 2, 3, 6, 12 | 6:19 individual temple; 12:3-11 gifts’ source |
| father | الآب | al-Āb | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 1, 8, 15 | 8:6 “one God, the Father” |
| exhort | يشجع / يعظ | yushajji’ / ya’iẓ | Low | Mutual Edification | 1, 4 | 1:10; 4:16 |
| imputed_righteousness / righteousness | البر | al-birr | Critical | Salvation | 1 | 1:30 “Christ… our righteousness” |
Part B — NEW Terms (introduced for 1 Corinthians)
| English Term | Greek (transliteration) | Arabic | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| love (agapē) | ἀγάπη (agapē) | المحبة | al-maḥabbah | High | Love as the Greater Way | 8, 13, 16 | الحب (too generic/romantic-coded), العشق (Sufi mystical-erotic devotional resonance) | Must be taught as concrete relational ethic, not mystical self-dissolving union (fanā’) as in Sufi hubb/ishq traditions |
| wisdom (sophia) | σοφία (sophia) | الحكمة | al-ḥikmah | Medium-High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 3, 12 | none proposed | Al-ḥikmah is a positive Islamic divine attribute; the Pauline paradox (wisdom that looks like foolishness/weakness) has no ready Islamic parallel and must be taught deliberately |
| foolishness (mōria) | μωρία (mōria) | الجهالة | al-jahālah | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | حماقة (himāqah) considered as safer alternative avoiding root overlap | Root shared with الجاهلية (pre-Islamic “age of ignorance”); risk of implying the cross belongs to a pre-revelation ignorant age |
| cross (stauros) | σταυρός (stauros) | الصليب | al-ṣalīb | Critical | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2 | none — established term | Shares the crucifixion-denial collision already flagged Critical for “resurrection” (Quran 4:157); requires historical scaffolding every occurrence |
| stumbling block (skandalon) | σκάνδαλον (skandalon) | حجر عثرة | ḥajar ‘athrah | Medium-High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | none proposed | Preserve the provocative, offensive force; do not soften |
| natural man (psychikos) | ψυχικός (psychikos) | الإنسان النفساني | al-insān al-nafsānī | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | none proposed | Root ن-ف-س overlaps Sufi/Islamic nafs anthropology; must not collapse into self-purification (tazkiyah) framework |
| spiritual man (pneumatikos) | πνευματικός (pneumatikos) | الإنسان الروحي | al-insān al-rūḥī | High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2, 3, 12, 14, 15 | none proposed | Must be paired with the Spirit as source, not attainment level |
| mystery (mystērion) | μυστήριον (mystērion) | السر | al-sirr | Medium-High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2, 4, 13, 15 | none proposed | Distinguish from Sufi asrār (elite esoteric secrets); Pauline mystery is now openly revealed to all |
| temple (naos, corporate) | ναός (naos) | الهيكل | al-haykal | Medium-High | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 3 | none proposed | Corporate metaphor (church as a whole); distinguish from individual-body use in ch.6 |
| steward (oikonomos) | οἰκονόμος (oikonomos) | الوكلاء | al-wukalā’ | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 4 | none proposed | Accountable service, not authority for its own sake |
| sexual immorality (porneia) | πορνεία (porneia) | الزنى | al-zinā | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5, 6, 7, 10 | none proposed | Collides with the fixed hadd-punishment category in Islamic law; NT remedy is spiritual/restorative discipline, not civil/criminal punishment |
| leaven (zymē) | ζύμη (zymē) | الخمير | al-khamīr | Low-Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | none proposed | Passover/unleavened-bread typology; explain OT background |
| hand over to Satan | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σαταν᷇ | تسليمه للشيطان | taslīmuhu li-al-shayṭān | Medium-High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | none proposed | Formal disciplinary exclusion with redemptive goal, not a curse/exorcism formula |
| lawsuits (kritērion) | κριτήριον (kritērion) | التقاضي | al-taqāḍī | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | none proposed | Distinguish first-century pagan-court situation from general use of civil courts today |
| body (sōma) | σῶμα (sōma) | الجسد | al-jasad | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ / Resurrection | 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15 | الجسم (too generic/secular) | Context-sensitive across at least three senses (individual body, corporate church-body, resurrection body); track which sense is active per occurrence |
| bought with a price | ἠγοράσθητε τιμῆς | اشتُريتم بثمن | ushtaraytum bi-thaman | Medium-High | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 6 | none proposed | Redemption-purchase image tied to the cross; do not flatten to generic “belonging” |
| marriage (gamos) | γάμος (gamos) | الزواج | al-zawāj | Low | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | none proposed | Monogamous, mutual-authority framework (7:2-4); note against polygamy-permitting cultural default without making it the chapter’s focus |
| singleness / unmarried (agamos) | ἄγαμος (agamos) | العزوبة | al-‘uzūbah | High | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | none proposed | Collides with “no monasticism in Islam” hadith and strong marriage-as-sunnah cultural default; singleness taught as equal/sometimes preferable calling |
| virgin (parthenos) | παρθένος (parthenos) | العذراء | al-‘adhrā’ | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | none proposed | Shares title with Mary (a positively regarded figure in Islamic tradition); minor bridge point |
| gift (charisma, singular) | χάρισμα (charisma) | الموهبة | al-mawhibah | Medium | Marriage and Singleness / Spiritual Gifts | 7 | none proposed | Both marital states are Spirit-apportioned callings, not human default or achievement |
| idol (eidōlon) | εἴδωλον (eidōlon) | الوثن / الأوثان | al-wathan / al-awthān | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10, 12 | none proposed | Shared negative category with Islam; risk is flattening Paul’s “idols are nothing” argument into a simpler avoidance-only ethic |
| food offered to idols (eidōlothyton) | εἰδωλόθυτον (eidōlothyton) | ما ذُبح للأوثان | mā dhubiḥa lil-awthān | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | لحم الأصنام (less precise) | Direct collision with the absolute halal/haram prohibition on food dedicated to other than Allah (Quran 2:173, 5:3, 6:145); Paul’s principle-plus-love-limited liberty differs structurally from this absolute-prohibition category |
| conscience (syneidēsis) | συνείδησις (syneidēsis) | الضمير | al-ḍamīr | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | none proposed | Standard term; risk is conceptual (limiting one’s rights for others), not lexical |
| right / authority (exousia) | ἐξουσία (exousia) | الحق / السلطة | al-ḥaqq / al-sulṭah | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 9 | none proposed | A genuine right nonetheless voluntarily limited by love |
| freedom / liberty (eleutheria) | ἐλευθερία (eleutheria) | الحرية | al-ḥurriyyah | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 9, 10 | none proposed | Modern political/rights connotations may crowd out the self-limiting, others-oriented theological sense |
| reward / wage (misthos) | μισθός (misthos) | الأجر | al-ajr | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 9 | none proposed | Ajr is a significant Islamic deeds-reward term; must be framed as ministry-specific, not a description of how salvation is obtained |
| type / example (typos) | τύπος (typos) | مثال / رمز | mithāl / ramz | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | none proposed | Typological hermeneutic; brief methodological note may help readers unfamiliar with the genre |
| table of the Lord / table of demons | τράπεζα κυρίου / δαιμονίων | مائدة الرب / مائدة الشياطين | mā’idat al-Rabb / mā’idat al-shayāṭīn | High | The Lord’s Supper | 10 | none proposed | Pairs with ch.11 Lord’s Supper vocabulary; use identical “table/cup” terms across both chapters |
| head (kephalē) | κεφαλή (kephalē) | الرأس | al-ra’s | High | Order in Worship | 11 | none proposed | Metaphorical authority/source sense contested; flag for theologian review consistent with baseline’s gender-and-order escalation pattern |
| head covering (katakalyptō) | κατακαλύπτω (katakalyptō) | تغطية الرأس | taghṭiyat al-ra’s | High | Order in Worship | 11 | الحجاب (explicitly rejected — imports the full modern Islamic hijab legal-devotional category, a category error the source text does not make) | Use the neutral descriptive term; flag passage for theologian review |
| Lord’s Supper (kyriakon deipnon) | κυριακὸν δεῖπνον (kyriakon deipnon) | عشاء الرب | ‘ashā’ al-Rabb | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | none — established term | ”Body and blood” language collides with the Quranic absolute blood-consumption prohibition (2:173, 5:3, 6:145); teach as sacramental symbolic-yet-real participation, not literal consumption |
| blood (haima) | αἷμα (haima) | الدم | al-dam | High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | none proposed | See Lord’s Supper note above |
| remembrance (anamnēsis) | ἀνάμνησις (anamnēsis) | الذكرى / التذكار | al-dhikrā / al-tidhkār | Medium | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | none proposed | Root shared with Islamic dhikr (ritual remembrance practice); distinguish a once-instituted historical-event memorial from a repeatable devotional technique |
| discerning the body (diakrinōn to sōma) | διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα | تمييز الجسد | tamyīz al-jasad | Medium-High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | none proposed | Teach as God’s disciplinary care for holiness, not magical cause of illness nor trivial matter |
| body of Christ (sōma Christou) | σῶμα Χριστοῦ | جسد المسيح | jasad al-Masīḥ | High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 6, 10, 12 | none proposed | Organic interdependence and mutual honor, not a status hierarchy; distinguish from individual-body and corporate-temple senses elsewhere |
| members (melē) | μέλη (melē) | الأعضاء | al-a‘ḍā’ | Low-Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | none proposed | Standard term |
| hope (elpis) | ἐλπίς (elpis) | الرجاء | al-rajā’ | Medium | Love as the Greater Way | 13 | none proposed | Established positive Christian Arabic term; distinguish from generic optimism |
| tongues (glōssai) | γλῶσσαι (glōssai) | الألسنة / التكلم بألسنة | al-alsinah / al-takallum bi-alsinah | Medium-High | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ / Order in Worship | 12, 13, 14 | none proposed | Note phenomenological resemblance to Sufi ecstatic dhikr/hadra practice; teach as orderly, edification-oriented sign gift, not uncontrolled trance |
| interpretation (hermēneia) | ἑρμηνεία (hermēneia) | الترجمة | al-tarjamah | Medium | Order in Worship | 12, 14 | تفسير (tafsīr) explicitly rejected | Tafsīr is the specific Islamic technical term for Quranic exegesis; using it would wrongly suggest a scriptural-commentary genre |
| order / decently (taxis / euschēmonōs) | τάξις / εὐσχημόνως | بلياقة وبنظام | bi-liyāqah wa-niẕām | Low-Medium | Order in Worship | 14 | none proposed | Broadly shared value across destination culture’s religious traditions; low collision risk |
| scripture(s) (graphē) | γραφή (graphē) | الكتب المقدسة | al-kutub al-muqaddasah | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy / Inspiration of Scripture | 15 | none proposed | Intersects both naskh (abrogation) and tahrif (corruption) doctrines already flagged in baseline; “the Scriptures” here is the actual OT text, not a lost original |
| firstfruits (aparchē) | ἀπαρχή (aparchē) | الباكورة | al-bākūrah | Medium-High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | none proposed | Christ’s resurrection guarantees, not merely inspires, believers’ future resurrection |
| Adam / last Adam | Ἀδάμ / ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ | آدم / آدم الأخير | Ādam / Ādam al-akhīr | High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | none proposed | Shared Quranic figure but no federal-headship/“last Adam” typology in Islamic theology; new category, not assumed carry-over |
| perishable / imperishable | φθαρτός / ἄφθαρτος | فانٍ / لا يفنى | fānin / lā yafnā | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 9, 15 | none proposed | Maintain consistent rendering across all repetitions in ch.15 |
| spiritual body (sōma pneumatikon) | σῶμα πνευματικόν | الجسد الروحاني | al-jasad al-rūhānī | High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | none proposed | Guard against both disembodiment (ghost) reading and unchanged-body reading; note shared ground with Islamic bodily-resurrection eschatology as a bridge |
| collection (logia) | λογία (logia) | جمع التبرعات | jam‘ al-tabarru‘āt | Low | — | 16 | none proposed | Practical/administrative |
| accursed (anathema) | ἀνάθεμα (anathema) | محروم / ملعون | maḥrūm / mal‘ūn | Medium-High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 16 | none proposed | Structural resemblance to takfīr; narrowly-scoped closing formula, not a general exclusion mechanism — handle with real-world safety awareness |
| Maranatha | Μαρανα θά | مرانا ثا | Marānā thā | Low | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 16 | none proposed | Retain Aramaic transliteration per “Abba” precedent; footnote meaning |
| holy kiss (philēma hagion) | φίλημα ἅγιον | قبلة مقدسة | qublah muqaddasah | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 16 | none proposed | Cultural-adaptation note, not doctrinal; retain literal phrase per house style |
Cross-Doctrine Risk Summary for 1 Corinthians New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Representative Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 1 | cross (الصليب) |
| High | 14 | love, wisdom (medium-high borderline counted here), sexual immorality, singleness, food offered to idols, body, head, head covering, Lord’s Supper, blood, body of Christ, Adam/last Adam, spiritual body, table of the Lord/demons |
| Medium-High (transitional) | 9 | foolishness, stumbling block, mystery, temple (corporate), hand over to Satan, bought with a price, discerning the body, firstfruits, accursed |
| Medium | 13 | steward, lawsuits, marriage, virgin, gift, idol, conscience, right/authority, freedom, type/example, remembrance, hope, tongues, interpretation, scripture, perishable/imperishable |
| Low / Low-Medium | 5 | leaven, order, collection, Maranatha, holy kiss |
Note: “Medium-High” entries are recorded at their assessed intermediate weight per the analysis in 07_semantic_analysis.md; for the purposes of Phase 2 routing they default to the higher adjacent tier (i.e., treated as High, requiring human theologian review) per the baseline’s stated priority-order principle that ambiguous risk assignments escalate rather than de-escalate.
This glossary extends, and must never contradict, the baseline translation_memory.json. All Part A terms are authoritative as recorded in the baseline. All Part B terms are proposed additions pending Phase 2 Step 17 theologian/native-speaker review before being merged into translation memory as version 2.
Critical Risk Terms
Appeared
Approved rendering: ظهر لـ
Transliteration: ẕahara li-
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ὤφθη
Category: Christology
NEW — CRITICAL. 1 Corinthians 15:5-8 (used five times: Cephas, the Twelve, five hundred brothers, James, all the apostles, ‘last of all to me’). Must convey an objective, bodily, external appearance to real, named, numbered witnesses — a legal-testimony structure — not a subjective inner experience, vision, or dream (ru’yā), a category familiar from Islamic prophetic-experience literature that would collapse Paul’s evidentiary claim into something far weaker than intended.
Cross
Approved rendering: الصليب
Transliteration: al-ṣalīb
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW — CRITICAL. 1 Corinthians 1:17-18, 23; 2:2. Established pre-Islamic Christian Arabic term, no viable alternative. Shares the exact crucifixion-denial collision already flagged Critical for ‘resurrection’ (Quran 4:157). This is the letter’s own self-described central message (‘I decided to know nothing… except Jesus Christ and him crucified,’ 2:2); every occurrence requires the same historical apologetic scaffolding as resurrection language, arguably with even greater weight.
Died For Our Sins
Approved rendering: مات من أجل خطايانا
Transliteration: māta min ajl khaṭāyānā
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement (Christ Died for Our Sins)
Original: ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW — CRITICAL. 1 Corinthians 15:3. This is precisely the historical claim the Quran (4:157) denies at the root (‘they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him… it was made to appear so’). ‘Died’ (مات) must never be softened, qualified, or hedged with mere-appearance language (e.g. شُبِّه لهم); the substitutionary ‘for’ (من أجل) must render Christ bearing others’ sin unambiguously, directly engaging the Quran 6:164 denial of one person bearing another’s burden already flagged Critical under ‘salvation’ in the Romans baseline.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 8:6 and 15:24 present God as Father, distinguished from yet united with the Son in the Godhead — the same tanzih-adjacent sensitivity flagged in the baseline applies here.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 8:6 — ‘there is one God, the Father… and one Lord, Jesus Christ’ — requires the same Trinitarian-versus-tawhid distinction flagged in the Romans baseline, and is a documented target of subordinationist (JW-style) proof-texting; the Arabic rendering must not concede ground to that reading.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from the Quranic identification of ‘the holy spirit’ with the created angel Jibril. 1 Corinthians 2:10-14, 3:16, 6:19, and 12:3-11 present the Spirit as the personal, divine source of revelation, indwelling, and spiritual gifts — every occurrence needs the distinction made explicit.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Inherited from Romans package. Never render as ‘earned righteousness.’ Retained here for cross-curriculum consistency; 1 Corinthians 1:30’s ‘Christ became our righteousness’ is conceptually related though it does not use the exact Genesis 15:6-style crediting formula — teach both passages as complementary statements of righteousness located in Christ, not achieved by works.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never رendered عيسى. Occurs throughout 1 Corinthians (e.g. 1:1-3, 12:3, 15:31, 16:22-23); identity-marker consistency across the whole curriculum is mandatory.
Justification
Approved rendering: التبرير
Transliteration: al-tabrīr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الحكم بالبراءة
Inherited from Romans package. Never use التزكية (self-purification process). 1 Corinthians 6:11 — ‘you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified’ — treats justification as a completed, one-time forensic declaration alongside washing and sanctification, not an ongoing self-directed process.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Inherited from Romans package. Never substitute الشريعة/الشرع. 1 Corinthians 9:8-9 (quoting the Law of Moses), 9:20 (‘to those under the law’), and 14:21,34 all reference the Mosaic Law directly; using shari’a-family vocabulary would make these references read as commentary on the Islamic legal-political system specifically.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never soften to ‘master/teacher.’ 1 Corinthians 12:3 ties the confession ‘Jesus is Lord’ directly to the Holy Spirit’s enabling work, and 8:6 places ‘one Lord, Jesus Christ’ alongside ‘one God, the Father’ in a single confession — render يسوع هو الرب identically to the baseline’s Romans 10:9 rendering.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. The unavoidable, correct, but pre-loaded word. 1 Corinthians 15:3-4’s creedal formula (‘Christ died… was buried… was raised’) is a load-bearing use directly countering the Quranic al-Masih narrative that denies crucifixion, death, and resurrection.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Safe, shared vocabulary (Yawm al-Qiyāmah); the risk is upstream, since Quran 4:157 denies the crucifixion occurred. 1 Corinthians 15 is the fullest NT resurrection kerygma in this curriculum and requires the full crucifixion-first apologetic scaffolding at every occurrence (15:1-8, 12-58; also 6:14).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must never collapse into al-birr’s Quranic works-checklist sense (2:177). 1 Corinthians 1:30 — ‘Christ Jesus… became… our righteousness’ — locates righteousness entirely in union with Christ, reinforcing the non-works-based sense.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Corinthians 15:2’s present-passive ‘you are being saved’ emphasizes an ongoing state resting on the completed, once-for-all gospel event, not an outcome pending a future Judgment-Day deeds-scale (mizan) — retain a durative sense in Arabic rather than a bare future/conditional form.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Inherited from Romans package. Retain the full phrase; never dilute. 1 Corinthians 1:9 (‘fellowship of his Son’) and 15:28 (‘the Son himself will be subjected…’) both require the full ontological sonship sense; 15:28 is a documented target of Jehovah’s Witness/Arian misreading arguing for a created, subordinate Christ — the Arabic must foreclose that reading, describing an economic/temporal submission within an eternally co-equal Godhead, not an ontological hierarchy.
High Risk Terms
Accursed
Approved rendering: محروم / ملعون
Transliteration: maḥrūm / mal‘ūn
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 16:22 (‘if anyone has no love for the Lord, let him be accursed’). Bears a structural resemblance to takfīr (formal apostasy declaration), a category with serious, sometimes life-threatening, real-world consequences in some contexts. This is a solemn, narrowly-scoped closing formula about a specific failure to love the Lord, not a general excommunication mechanism; must not be read as inviting a general practice of religious-social exclusion — handle with the same real-world safety awareness the baseline flags for evangelism/apostasy-adjacent vocabulary.
Adam Last Adam
Approved rendering: آدم / آدم الأخير
Transliteration: Ādam / Ādam al-akhīr
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Original: Ἀδάμ / ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:22,45. Adam is a shared, honored Quranic figure (first human, first prophet), but the Quran has no ‘last Adam’ typology and no federal-headship theology in which one man’s action determines the destiny-class of all connected to him — the same typological structure already flagged for Romans 5’s sin doctrine, here applied to resurrection. Must be taught as a new theological category, not assumed to carry over from shared-figure recognition.
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish the NT office from Muhammad’s defining title (Rasūl Allāh) and its finality claim. 1 Corinthians 15:9’s self-deprecating ‘least of the apostles… because I persecuted the church of God’ must not be read as a narrative parallel to a persecutor-turned-prophet biography; the content of the calling, not its narrative shape, is what differs.
Blood Of Christ
Approved rendering: الدم
Transliteration: al-dam
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: αἷμα
Category: Lords_Supper
NEW. 1 Corinthians 11:25 (‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood’). See lords_supper note; requires explicit sacramental framing at every occurrence given the absolute Quranic dietary prohibition on blood.
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: جسد المسيح
Transliteration: jasad al-Masīḥ
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: σῶμα Χριστοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 12:12-27 (also 6:15; 10:16-17). Must be taught as organic interdependence and mutual honor countering both the factionalism of ch.1 and the status-competition implicit in gift-ranking, not a hierarchy replicating the world’s status structures. Must not be confused with the individual-body-as-temple sense (ch.6) or the corporate-temple sense (ch.3).
Body
Approved rendering: الجسد
Transliteration: al-jasad
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الجسم
Original: σῶμα
Category: Anthropology
NEW. Context-sensitive across at least three distinct theological senses in this letter: individual body/temple (6:13-20), corporate church-body (12:12-27), and resurrection body (15:35-49). Track and flag which sense is active per occurrence, comparable to the baseline’s caution on ‘called.’ Retain الجسد (never الجسم) for theological consistency with ‘body of Christ’ and ‘spiritual body.‘
Bought With A Price
Approved rendering: اشتُريتم بثمن
Transliteration: ushtaraytum bi-thaman
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement (Christ Died for Our Sins)
Original: ἠγοράσθητε τιμῆς
Category: Salvation
NEW. 1 Corinthians 6:20; 7:23. This redemption-purchase image intersects with the substitutionary-atonement collision flagged Critical for hyper in 15:3 — the price paid is Christ’s death on believers’ behalf; must not be flattened to a generic ‘price of belonging’ without that connection surfaced.
Buried
Approved rendering: دُفن
Transliteration: dufina
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἐτάφη
Category: Salvation
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:4. Burial is the evidentiary hinge between a real death and a real resurrection and must not be treated as an incidental narrative detail, given the same crucifixion-denial collision noted for ‘died’ and ‘resurrection.‘
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive across senses. 1 Corinthians 1:1-2,24 and 7:17-24 range across apostolic calling, effectual calling to salvation, and one’s providential life-situation (marital/social status) at the time of God’s call — track which sense is active per occurrence.
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Runs the opposite direction from da’wah (human invitation to Islam). 1 Corinthians 7:17-24 — ‘each should remain in the calling in which he was called’ — applies this specifically to one’s providential life-situation, not a fresh vocational summons.
Discerning The Body
Approved rendering: تمييز الجسد
Transliteration: tamyīz al-jasad
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα
Category: Lords_Supper
NEW. 1 Corinthians 11:27-30. Must avoid two extremes: reducing this to a magical/mechanical cause of illness, or evacuating it of all seriousness. Teach as God’s disciplinary care for the church’s holiness, consistent with the ch.5 discipline doctrine.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Pauline faith is personal trust, not creedal assent. 1 Corinthians 15:2,11,14,17 anchors faith specifically to the historical resurrection content just defined in 15:3-8 — a specific, recoverable historical referent, not abstract propositional assent.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: الباكورة
Transliteration: al-bākūrah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:20,23. Established Christian Arabic agricultural-metaphor term; readers must grasp that Christ’s resurrection organically guarantees, not merely inspires as precedent, believers’ own future bodily resurrection — the underlying Levitical firstfruits-offering background is not shared cultural knowledge and needs unpacking.
Food Offered To Idols
Approved rendering: ما ذُبح للأوثان
Transliteration: mā dhubiḥa lil-awthān
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: لحم الأصنام (rejected as less precise)
Original: εἰδωλόθυτον
Category: Idolatry
NEW. 1 Corinthians 8:1-13; 10:14-33. Direct collision with the absolute Quranic dietary prohibition on food dedicated to other than Allah (2:173, 5:3, 6:145), a fixed halal/haram binary. Paul’s argument is structurally different — food itself is not defiled, since idols are nothing; the constraint is love for others’ consciences, not the food’s intrinsic status — and could easily be misheard through the absolute-prohibition lens. Every occurrence must state this explicitly.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid light-mysticism (ishraq) resonance. 1 Corinthians 11:7 applies related image/glory vocabulary to the man/woman relationship, and 15:40-43 uses ‘glory’ extensively for the resurrection body’s transformed splendor.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established term shared with Quranic usage (Injil = the revelation given to ‘Isa); risk is the tahrif (corruption) framing that treats today’s Injil as a corrupted successor to a lost original. 1 Corinthians 15:1-4 is this curriculum’s primary proof-text establishing what al-Injīl actually refers to: Paul’s own defined gospel content (Christ died, was buried, was raised, appeared) — use this passage in Phase 2 to actively counter the tahrif framing rather than merely avoid it.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must always be qualified as unearned, given apart from works. 1 Corinthians 15:10 re-attributes even Paul’s exceptional ministry labor entirely to grace (‘not I, but the grace of God that was with me’) — preserve this grace-versus-works contrast per the baseline’s escalation rule for such passages.
Hand Over To Satan
Approved rendering: تسليمه للشيطان
Transliteration: taslīmuhu li-al-shayṭān
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 5:5. Must be clearly framed as formal church discipline/removal from fellowship, not a magical curse or exorcism formula; the stated purpose (‘that his spirit may be saved’) must remain visible so the act reads as severe-but-restorative, not vindictive.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: تغطية الرأس
Transliteration: taghṭiyat al-ra’s
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: الحجاب (explicitly rejected)
Original: κατακαλύπτω / ἀκατακάλυπτος
Category: Order_in_Worship
NEW. 1 Corinthians 11:4-7,13. Must NEVER be rendered الحجاب, which in contemporary Arabic denotes the entire modern Islamic legal-devotional practice and its live political debate — a category error the source text does not make. Use the neutral, descriptive تغطية الرأس; flag for theologian review given the passage’s contested culturally-bound-versus-enduring-principle status.
Head
Approved rendering: الرأس
Transliteration: al-ra’s
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: κεφαλή
Category: Order_in_Worship
NEW. 1 Corinthians 11:3. The metaphorical sense (source/prominence/authority-in-relationship) is contested even among Christian scholars; bears directly on live gender and church-order debates and must be flagged for human theologian review, consistent with the baseline’s gender-and-order escalation pattern. Preserve the Greek’s own ambiguity rather than resolving it in either a traditionalist or activist direction.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Requires deliberate pastoral framing given contemporary political sensitivity. 1 Corinthians 10:1-13,18 references ‘our fathers’ and ‘Israel according to the flesh’ in the wilderness-generation warning narrative; keep the redemptive-historical reading distinct from any present-day political framing.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: عشاء الرب
Transliteration: ‘ashā’ al-Rabb
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: κυριακὸν δεῖπνον
Category: Lords_Supper
NEW. 1 Corinthians 10:16-21; 11:17-34. Established rendering across Arabic Christian tradition. The ‘body and blood’ language in the words of institution (11:24-25) collides with the Quran’s absolute blood-consumption prohibition (2:173, 5:3, 6:145); teach as sacramental, symbolic-yet-real participation in Christ’s sacrifice, never literal blood consumption — a clarification with deep roots in historic Christian-Muslim polemical exchange the curriculum should anticipate, not avoid.
Love
Approved rendering: المحبة
Transliteration: al-maḥabbah
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Rejected alternatives: الحب, العشق
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Love
NEW. 1 Corinthians 13 (also 8:1, 16:14,24). Must be taught as a concrete, describable interpersonal ethic (patient, kind, not envious, bears all things) exercised between distinct persons — not a Sufi mystical love-absorption (fanā’) into the divine (ḥubb ilāhī / ‘ishq, e.g. Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya, Ibn ‘Arabi devotional traditions). الحب rejected as too generic/romantic-coded; العشق rejected as too strongly tied to Sufi mystical-erotic devotional poetry.
Mystery
Approved rendering: السر
Transliteration: al-sirr
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Revelation
NEW. 1 Corinthians 2:1,7; 4:1; 13:2; 15:51. The Sufi tradition has an extensive vocabulary of asrār (spiritual secrets) reserved for advanced initiates accessed through esoteric practice under a guide. Pauline mystērion runs the opposite direction — a previously hidden divine plan now openly proclaimed to all believers, not a graduated elite revelation; this distinction must be made explicit at first use.
Natural Man
Approved rendering: الإنسان النفساني
Transliteration: al-insān al-nafsānī
Doctrine: Spiritual versus Natural Anthropology
Original: ψυχικός
Category: Anthropology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 2:14. Root ن-ف-س overlaps Islamic/Sufi nafs anthropology, where the lower self is disciplined and elevated through self-directed spiritual practice. Paul’s contrast is a Spirit-given regeneration received by grace, not self-achieved discipline; must not collapse into a tazkiyah-style self-purification framework already flagged Critical under ‘justification.‘
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Must be paired with fuller Christological titles so ‘prophet’ is not read as a complete or final identity (per khatam an-nabiyyin). 1 Corinthians uses prophetic vocabulary extensively in the spiritual gifts material (chs. 12, 14) for a Spirit-given congregational gift, distinct from the OT/Christological prophetic office.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from ritual purification (wudu/ghusl). 1 Corinthians 1:2 and 6:11 pair sanctification with justification and washing as accomplished past realities, alongside the Spirit’s ongoing sanctifying work developed elsewhere in the letter.
Scripture
Approved rendering: الكتب المقدسة
Transliteration: al-kutub al-muqaddasah
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: γραφή
Category: Covenant
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:3-4 (‘according to the Scriptures’); also 1:19,31; 14:21. Intersects both the naskh (abrogation) doctrine, in which later revelation supersedes rather than fulfills earlier revelation, and the tahrif (corruption) claim already flagged under ‘gospel.’ ‘The Scriptures’ here means the actual, uncorrupted OT text Paul cites as fulfilled in Christ, not a lost original.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: الزنى
Transliteration: al-zinā
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: πορνεία
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 5:1-13; 6:9,13,18; 7:2; 10:8. Al-zinā is a fixed hadd-punishment criminal category in Islamic fiqh, adjudicated by civil/religious courts. Paul’s remedy in ch.5 is communal, spiritual, restorative church discipline (exclusion from fellowship aimed at repentance, 5:2,5,13) — a categorically different remedy system that must be made explicit every occurrence.
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Runs against fitrah (innate purity) doctrine. 1 Corinthians 15:3,17 makes Christ’s death ‘for our sins’ and the resurrection’s reality the very hinge on which forgiveness depends (‘if Christ has not been raised… you are still in your sins’); 6:9-11’s vice list followed by ‘such were some of you… but you were washed’ assumes the same universal-guilt premise.
Singleness
Approved rendering: العزوبة
Transliteration: al-‘uzūbah
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: ἄγαμος / παρθένος
Category: Marriage
NEW. 1 Corinthians 7:7-8,25-38. Collides directly with the widely-cited hadith ‘lā rahbāniyyata fī al-Islām’ (there is no monasticism in Islam) and marriage’s strong sunnah/social-expectation status. Paul’s commendation of singleness as an equal, even situationally preferable calling (7:38) runs directly against this default and must be taught deliberately, never softened to avoid offense.
Spiritual Body
Approved rendering: الجسد الروحاني
Transliteration: al-jasad al-rūhānī
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Original: σῶμα πνευματικόν
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:44. Must guard against two opposite misreadings: (1) suggesting a disembodied spirit/ghost, denying real bodily resurrection — note mainstream Islamic eschatology in fact affirms a real bodily resurrection at Yawm al-Qiyāmah, a genuine bridge point worth using deliberately; and (2) reducing this to a mere restoration of the present mortal body unchanged, when Paul insists on real transformation (‘sown perishable, raised imperishable’). The Arabic must hold both a real body and a gloriously transformed body together.
Spiritual Man
Approved rendering: الإنسان الروحي
Transliteration: al-insān al-rūḥī
Doctrine: Spiritual versus Natural Anthropology
Original: πνευματικός
Category: Anthropology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 2:15; 3:1; 12:1; 14:1. Must always be paired explicitly with the Holy Spirit as source; risk of being read as a level of attainment reached through discipline rather than a Spirit-given state received by grace.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: حجر عثرة
Transliteration: ḥajar ‘athrah
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σκάνδαλον
Category: Christology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 1:23 (‘a stumbling block to Jews, folly to Gentiles’). Must be preserved with its full provocative edge; do not soften to ‘a difficult teaching.’ Paul’s argument depends on the cross remaining genuinely offensive to natural religious sensibility, a category that includes contemporary sensibility toward a suffering, executed Messiah.
Table Of The Lord And Demons
Approved rendering: مائدة الرب / مائدة الشياطين
Transliteration: mā’idat al-Rabb / mā’idat al-shayāṭīn
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: τράπεζα κυρίου / τράπεζα δαιμονίων
Category: Lords_Supper
NEW. 1 Corinthians 10:21. Pairs directly with the Lord’s Supper doctrine in ch.11; use identical table/cup vocabulary across both chapters. Functions as Paul’s sharpest statement that willful participation in idol worship carries real spiritual danger even though idols are ‘nothing’ in themselves (8:4).
Temple Corporate
Approved rendering: الهيكل
Transliteration: al-haykal
Doctrine: The Church as God’s Temple
Original: ναός
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 3:16-17 (‘you [plural] are God’s temple, and God’s Spirit dwells in you’). Must be taught explicitly as a corporate metaphor for the gathered church as a whole, distinct from the individual-body application of the same underlying temple image in 6:19; everyday Arabic usage of related religious-building vocabulary often denotes a physical structure.
Tongues
Approved rendering: الألسنة / التكلم بألسنة
Transliteration: al-alsinah / al-takallum bi-alsinah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: glossolalia (transliteration rejected)
Original: γλῶσσαι
Category: Spiritual_Gifts
NEW. 1 Corinthians 12:10,28,30; 13:1,8; 14:1-40. Some Sufi devotional orders practice ecstatic, sometimes trance-induced vocalization during dhikr/hadra rituals — a phenomenological, not doctrinal, resemblance. Must be taught as an orderly, intelligible-when-interpreted, Spirit-given sign gift regulated for the church’s edification (14:26-33), never an uncontrolled ecstatic/trance state.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: الحكمة
Transliteration: al-ḥikmah
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom
NEW. 1 Corinthians 1:18-31, 2:1-16, 3:18-20, 12:8. Al-ḥikmah is a positive, celebrated divine attribute (al-Ḥakīm) and Sufi/Solomonic wisdom-tradition term in Islamic theology; Paul’s paradox — that God’s wisdom looks like foolishness and weakness in a crucified Christ — has no ready Islamic parallel and must be taught deliberately, every occurrence, not assumed self-evident from the word alone.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never use الأمة. Reinforce the living, gathered, Spirit-indwelt sense against everyday Arabic usage that often denotes a physical building; 1 Corinthians repeatedly addresses the Corinthian congregation as this body (1:2) while also layering body/temple metaphors onto it (chs. 3, 6, 12).
Conscience
Approved rendering: الضمير
Transliteration: al-ḍamīr
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 8:7-12; 10:25,27-29. Standard term; the risk is conceptual (limiting one’s own rights to protect others’ consciences) rather than lexical.
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Retain the relational, unilaterally-initiated sense. 1 Corinthians 11:25 — ‘this cup is the new covenant in my blood’ — is this letter’s load-bearing use, the words of institution for the Lord’s Supper; retain the relational, blood-sealed sense over a commercial-contract sense.
Fell Asleep
Approved rendering: رقدوا
Transliteration: raqadū
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Rejected alternatives: ماتوا (generic ‘died,’ rejected as flattening the euphemism)
Original: ἐκοιμήθησαν
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:6,18,20 (‘those who have fallen asleep’). Established Christian Arabic liturgical idiom (raqadū ‘alā rajā’ al-qiyāmah, ‘those who sleep in hope of the resurrection’); should not be flattened to a generic ماتوا, since the euphemism itself carries the resurrection-hope doctrine.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: الشركة
Transliteration: al-sharikah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: الزمالة, الجماعة
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Root ش-ر-ك resonates uncomfortably with shirk; context disambiguates but avoid pairing with ‘partnership with God’ vocabulary. 1 Corinthians 1:9 (fellowship with God’s Son) and 10:16 (the cup/bread as participation in Christ’s blood/body) both apply this term to the Lord’s Supper doctrine.
Foolishness
Approved rendering: الجهالة
Transliteration: al-jahālah
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: حماقة (considered as root-neutral alternative)
Original: μωρία
Category: Wisdom
NEW. 1 Corinthians 1:18,21,23,25,27; 3:19. Root ج-ه-ل shared with الجاهلية, the Islamic ‘age of ignorance’ before revelation; using الجهالة risks implying the cross belongs to a pre-revelation ignorant age rather than being God’s chosen wisdom. حماقة (ḥimāqah) flagged as a safer root-neutral alternative pending native-speaker confirmation at Step 17.
Freedom
Approved rendering: الحرية
Transliteration: al-ḥurriyyah
Doctrine: Christian Freedom Voluntarily Limited by Love
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 9:1,19; 10:29. Modern Arabic carries strong contemporary political/human-rights connotations that can crowd out the specific theological sense here — freedom from a legitimate claim, voluntarily not exercised for love’s sake; context must reinforce the self-limiting, others-oriented sense.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never use الكفار. 1 Corinthians 10:32 and 12:2,13 use this term within Paul’s argument for the unity of Jewish and Gentile believers in one body.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid ritual-purity (wudu-style) connotations. 1 Corinthians 7:14 unusually extends this to an unbelieving spouse and children ‘made holy’ through a believing spouse — a distinct, non-salvific household sense requiring careful contextual explanation.
Hope
Approved rendering: الرجاء
Transliteration: al-rajā’
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
NEW. 1 Corinthians 13:7,13. Established, positive Christian Arabic theological term ranked alongside faith and love as an abiding virtue, though love is greatest; distinguish from generic optimism or wishful thinking.
Idol
Approved rendering: الوثن / الأوثان
Transliteration: al-wathan / al-awthān
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Idolatry
NEW. 1 Corinthians 8:4,7; 10:19; 12:2. Established, Quranic-shared negative category — genuine shared moral ground. The risk is not the word itself but flattening Paul’s specific argument (idols are ontologically ‘nothing’; the danger is the weaker believer’s conscience, not the food) into a simpler blanket-avoidance ethic.
Interpretation
Approved rendering: الترجمة
Transliteration: al-tarjamah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: تفسير (tafsīr, explicitly rejected)
Original: ἑρμηνεία
Category: Spiritual_Gifts
NEW. 1 Corinthians 12:10,30; 14:5,13,26-28. Never use تفسير, the specific Islamic technical term for scholarly Quranic exegesis; using it would wrongly suggest ‘interpretation of tongues’ belongs to a formal scriptural-commentary genre rather than a spontaneous Spirit-given rendering of an utterance in worship.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish present spiritual reign from a political state; avoid khilāfah (caliphate) resonance. 1 Corinthians 4:20 (‘the kingdom of God is not a matter of talk but of power’), 6:9-10, and 15:24-28,50 (the kingdom’s eschatological consummation, when Christ ‘delivers the kingdom to God the Father’) all require this distinction.
Knowledge
Approved rendering: المعرفة
Transliteration: al-ma‘rifah
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Rejected alternatives: العلم (rejected — too closely tied to formal religious/scientific scholarship, e.g. ‘ilm as an Islamic scholarly virtue)
NEW — flagged in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §7 for Step 17 formal adoption. 1 Corinthians 8:1-3 (‘knowledge puffs up, but love builds up’) and 13:2,8-12 (knowledge as partial and passing away). Must be fenced against ‘ilm’s positive standing as a religious-scholarship virtue in Islamic tradition; Paul’s point is that knowledge without love is spiritually inadequate, not that religious learning itself is suspect.
Lawsuits
Approved rendering: التقاضي
Transliteration: al-taqāḍī
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: κριτήριον
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 6:1-8. Distinguish the first-century pagan-court situation from any blanket claim that Christians should never use civil courts today; relevant in contexts where Christian minority communities have limited standing before civil courts shaped by a different legal tradition.
Leaven
Approved rendering: الخمير
Transliteration: al-khamīr
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Original: ζύμη
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 5:6-8. Draws on Passover/unleavened-bread background (Exodus); low independent collision risk, but the Christ-as-Passover-lamb typology should be explained for readers without OT exposure.
Members
Approved rendering: الأعضاء
Transliteration: al-a‘ḍā’
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Original: μέλη
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 12:14-26. Individual parts/limbs of a body, each with a distinct necessary function; standard term, low independent collision risk.
Once For All
Approved rendering: مرة واحدة
Transliteration: marratan wāḥidah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἐφάπαξ
Category: Salvation
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:6 (‘he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time’). Parallels the ‘once for all’ finality language already flagged for salvation/atonement in the Romans baseline (secured once for all, not probabilistically pending); worth cross-referencing in teaching notes.
Order In Worship
Approved rendering: بلياقة وبنظام
Transliteration: bi-liyāqah wa-niẕām
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Original: τάξις / εὐσχημόνως
Category: Order_in_Worship
NEW. 1 Corinthians 14:33,40 (‘let all things be done decently and in order; God is not a God of confusion but of peace’). The value of orderly, non-chaotic corporate worship is broadly shared across the destination culture’s religious traditions and can function as a point of resonance rather than tension.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Inherited from Romans package. Relational/legal peace, not Sufi tuma’ninah heart-tranquility. Appears in 1 Corinthians 1:3 (greeting), 7:15, and 14:33 (‘God is not a God of confusion but of peace’) — the latter reinforces peace as God’s own ordering character for corporate worship.
Perishable Imperishable
Approved rendering: فانٍ / لا يفنى
Transliteration: fānin / lā yafnā
Doctrine: Resurrection of Believers
Original: φθαρτός / ἄφθαρτος
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 9:25; 15:42,50,53-54. Describes the present mortal body vs. the future resurrection body; must remain consistent across the chapter’s several repetitions for pedagogical clarity.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Broadly compatible with Al-Qawiyy. 1 Corinthians 1:18,24 pairs this directly with the cross: God’s power revealed specifically in the crucified Christ, an inversion of power that must be taught explicitly, not assumed self-evident.
Remembrance
Approved rendering: الذكرى / التذكار
Transliteration: al-dhikrā / al-tidhkār
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Original: ἀνάμνησις
Category: Lords_Supper
NEW. 1 Corinthians 11:24-25 (‘do this in remembrance of me’). Root ذ-ك-ر shared with Islamic dhikr, a repeatable devotional practice. The Supper’s remembrance is a specific, historically-anchored, once-instituted memorial of a particular past event, not a repeatable God-consciousness technique; distinguish explicitly at first use.
Reward
Approved rendering: الأجر
Transliteration: al-ajr
Doctrine: Stewardship and Ministry Accountability
Original: μισθός
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 3:8,14; 9:17-18. Al-ajr is a significant Islamic deeds-reward term tied to the mizan (deeds-weighing) framework already flagged Critical for ‘salvation’ in the Romans baseline. Must be framed narrowly as a ministry-specific reward tied to freely-given gospel proclamation, never as a description of how salvation itself is obtained.
Right Authority
Approved rendering: الحق / السلطة
Transliteration: al-ḥaqq / al-sulṭah
Doctrine: Christian Freedom Voluntarily Limited by Love
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Ethics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 8:9; 9:4-6,12,18. Must be distinguished in context from mere personal preference — this is a genuine theological right nonetheless voluntarily limited by love.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never render with awliya’-style veneration-elite connotations. 1 Corinthians 1:2 and 16:1 apply this corporate designation to the whole flawed, factional Corinthian congregation — a deliberate contrast with any small venerated class.
Spiritual Gift Singular
Approved rendering: الموهبة
Transliteration: al-mawhibah
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Rejected alternatives: خاريزما (transliteration rejected)
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 7:7. Applied to the specific state of marriage or celibacy God grants each person; should be explicitly linked to the broader spiritual-gifts doctrine (ch.12) so both marital states are seen as Spirit-apportioned callings. Never transliterate as خاريزما, which carries a secular ‘charismatic personality’ connotation in contemporary Arabic media.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: المواهب الروحية
Transliteration: al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: المواهب
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never drop الروحية. 1 Corinthians 12 gives the fullest NT catalogue of specific gifts and their single divine source (12:11, ‘the same Spirit… apportions to each one individually as he wills’); ch.14 regulates their use in corporate worship.
Steward
Approved rendering: الوكلاء
Transliteration: al-wukalā’
Doctrine: Stewardship and Ministry Accountability
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 4:1-2 (‘servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God’). Standard administrative/stewardship term; should be reinforced as accountable service, not authority for its own sake, given the chapter’s rebuke of factional pride in human leaders.
Tradition Received
Approved rendering: التسليم والتسلّم
Transliteration: al-taslīm wa-al-tasallum
Doctrine: Gospel as Received Apostolic Tradition
Original: παρέδωκα / παρέλαβον
Category: Inspiration
NEW. 1 Corinthians 15:1,3 (παρέδωκα/παρέλαβον, ‘I delivered’/‘I received’). Has a rough structural parallel to the Islamic isnad (chain-of-transmission) concept used to validate hadith authenticity — a potential bridge, since readers already value verified transmission chains — but must not imply the gospel requires hadith-style multi-generational verification; it is apostolic eyewitness testimony, one generation removed from the events themselves.
Type Example
Approved rendering: مثال / رمز
Transliteration: mithāl / ramz
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Original: τύπος
Category: Hermeneutics
NEW. 1 Corinthians 10:6,11. Standard typological-hermeneutic vocabulary describing Israel’s wilderness failures as instructive examples; low independent collision risk, though the typological reading-method itself may be an unfamiliar genre and may benefit from a brief methodological note.
Virgin
Approved rendering: العذراء
Transliteration: al-‘adhrā’
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: παρθένος
Category: Marriage
NEW. 1 Corinthians 7:25-38 (broad sense, ‘the unmarried’). Shares its title root with al-‘Adhrā’ Maryam (the Virgin Mary), a positively regarded figure in Islamic tradition — a minor bridge point, not a collision.
Low Risk Terms
Collection
Approved rendering: جمع التبرعات
Transliteration: jam‘ al-tabarru‘āt
Doctrine: Stewardship and Ministry Accountability
Original: λογία
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 16:1-2. A gathered offering for the relief of the Jerusalem church; practical/administrative vocabulary, low independent doctrinal risk.
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajji’ / ya’iẓ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive between admonition and encouragement. 1 Corinthians 1:10 and 4:16 — Paul’s appeals for unity and imitation of his example.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: قبلة مقدسة
Transliteration: qublah muqaddasah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship and Greetings
Original: φίλημα ἅγιον
Category: Church
NEW. 1 Corinthians 16:20. A formal greeting convention of the period; primarily a cultural-adaptation matter rather than a doctrinal one — retain the literal phrase per Van Dyck/NAV convention, noting it functions as a warm formal greeting.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: مرانا ثا
Transliteration: Marānā thā
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and the Return of Christ
Original: Μαρανα θά
Category: Eschatology
NEW. 1 Corinthians 16:22. Aramaic liturgical acclamation, ‘Our Lord, come!,’ retained untranslated in the Greek text. Follow the baseline’s established ‘Abba’ precedent: retain the Aramaic transliteration rather than translating it, footnoting the meaning at first use.
Marriage
Approved rendering: الزواج
Transliteration: al-zawāj
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
Original: γάμος
Category: Marriage
NEW. 1 Corinthians 7:1-40. Shared institution; note the mutual-authority, lifelong-monogamy framework (7:2-4) against the backdrop of religiously permitted polygamy in the destination culture’s dominant tradition, without making polygamy itself the chapter’s focus.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package. Low independent risk. 1 Corinthians 12:10,28 and all of ch.14 treat prophecy as a regulated congregational spiritual gift for edification, alongside its OT-fulfillment sense elsewhere in the letter (15:3-4).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Broadly compatible with the Islamic virtue of shukr; low risk. Appears at 1 Corinthians 1:4, 14:16-18, and 15:57.
Referenced passages