Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Hebrews — English → Arabic
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning Hebrews 1–13 and the core passage (9:11-28). Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE] and reused exactly; deviation is not permitted. New terms are marked [NEW] and are proposed for addition to translation memory following theologian review, per the Phase 1 → Phase 2 handoff protocol.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier system: Critical (human theologian review required, every occurrence), High (human theologian review required), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Baseline Terms Reused (No Change)
| Term | Greek | Arabic | Risk | Hebrews Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| faith | πίστις | الإيمان | High | 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13 | Governs ch. 11’s “hall of faith”; reuse baseline note on relational trust vs. creedal assent |
| covenant | διαθήκη | العهد | High | 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 | Also carries a “testament/will” wordplay sense in 9:16-17 not captured by العهد alone — see translator note |
| law | νόμος | الناموس | Critical | 7, 8, 9, 10 | Never الشريعة — baseline forbidden substitution applies throughout Hebrews |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | الخطية | High | 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 | Universal accountability doctrine continues from Romans |
| holy / sanctification | ἅγιος / ἁγιασμός | مقدس / التقديس | High | 2, 9, 10, 12, 13 | Ritual-purity caution (وضوء/غسل) applies to Hebrews’ tabernacle-purification language with even greater force |
| glory | δόξα | المجد | High | 1, 2, 3 | Avoid light-mysticism per baseline note; Hebrews 1:3’s “radiance of glory” is a Critical deity-of-Christ passage |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | القيامة | Critical | 6, 11, 13 | Crucifixion-scaffolding requirement applies |
| lord | κύριος | الرب | Critical | 1, 2, 7, 13 | 1:10 applies Psalm 102 (YHWH) directly to the Son |
| son of God / the Son | υἱὸς θεοῦ / ὁ Υἱός | ابن الله / الابن | Critical | 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 | 1:5’s “You are my Son” is a primary sonship-of-Christ proof text |
| incarnation | (θεολ. category; cf. 2:14) | التجسد | Critical | 2 | ”Partaker of flesh and blood” is the Hebrews incarnation text |
| salvation | σωτηρία | الخلاص | Critical | 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 | 9:28’s “salvation” is the passage’s climactic term |
| holy_spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | الروح القدس | Critical | 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 | 9:14’s “eternal Spirit” requires Trinitarian care |
| father | πατήρ | الآب | Critical | 1, 12 | 12’s discipline-of-sons passage reinforces the Father/adoption doctrine positively |
| god | θεός | الله | Critical | all chapters | — |
| jesus | Ἰησοῦς | يسوع | Critical | 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13 | Never عيسى |
| messiah / christ | Χριστός | المسيح | Critical | 3, 5, 6, 9, 13 | — |
| david | Δαυίδ | داود | Low | (typological background, ch. 1, 7) | — |
| israel | Ἰσραήλ | إسرائيل | High | 8 (Jeremiah quotation) | Same contemporary-political caution applies as in Romans 9-11 |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | يشجع / يعظ | Low | 3, 10, 13 | — |
| election / called | κλητός / ἐκλογή | المدعوون / اختيار الله | High | 9 (9:15 “the called”) | — |
| power_of_god | δύναμις θεοῦ | قوة الله | Medium | 1, 7 (implicit) | — |
| prophecy / prophet | προφητεία / προφήτης | نبوءة / نبي | Low-High | 1 | Hebrews 1:1 “God spoke by the prophets” — pair with fuller Christology per baseline caution |
| peace | εἰρήνη | السلام | Medium | 7, 12, 13 | — |
| intercession | ἔντευξις (concept) | الشفاعة | High | 7, 9 | Christ’s priestly work is intercession’s fulfillment; exclusivity must be stressed as in baseline |
New Terms Introduced by Hebrews
| Term | Greek | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Translation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high priest | ἀρχιερεύς | archiereus | رئيس الكهنة | Critical | High Priesthood of Christ | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (core) | Established Christian Arabic term; no clergy/priesthood exists in mainstream Islamic religious structure; teach as fulfillment of the biblical Aaronic office, not analog to any Islamic role |
| priest | ἱερεύς | hiereus | كاهن | Medium-High | High Priesthood of Christ | 5, 7, 8, 9 | Shares root with رئيس الكهنة; pre-Islamic pagan-diviner association (kāhin) is latent but overridden by long Christian usage |
| priesthood | ἱερωσύνη | hierōsynē | كهنوت | High | High Priesthood of Christ | 7 | Abstract office-term; established in Christian Arabic theological literature |
| tabernacle | σκηνή | skēnē | المسكن (خيمة as gloss) | Medium | Superiority over Levitical system | 8, 9 (core), 13 | Van Dyck-established rendering |
| Holy Place / holy things | τὰ ἅγια | ta hagia | الأقداس | Medium | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 9 (core), 10 | — |
| Holy of Holies | Ἅγια Ἁγίων | Hagia Hagiōn | قدس الأقداس | Medium | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 9 | — |
| mercy seat | ἱλαστήριον | hilastērion | غطاء الرحمة | Critical | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 | Same Greek word applied to Christ himself in Romans 3:25 (baseline auto-flagged atonement passage); direct typological link |
| blood | αἷμα | haima | دم | Medium | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 (core), 10, 12, 13 | Lexically simple, theologically dense throughout |
| sacrifice | θυσία | thysia | ذبيحة | Medium-High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9, 10, 13 | Positive/collision bridge with Islamic qurbānī/dhabīḥah (Eid al-Adha); NT sense is atoning and final, not commemorative/repeatable |
| offering | προσφορά | prosphora | تقدمة | Medium | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 10 | Established OT-offering term |
| once for all | ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ | hapax / ephapax | مرة واحدة (وإلى الأبد) | High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 7, 9 (core), 10 | Central adverb of the whole book’s argument; finality must not be lost |
| redemption | ἀπολύτρωσις | apolytrōsis | الفداء | High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 (core), 11 | فدية/fidyah also an Islamic legal-compensation category; reinforce as a completed, non-repeatable transaction |
| purify / cleanse | καθαρίζω | katharizō | يطهّر / تطهير | High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 (core), 10 | Distinguish conscience-cleansing (internal) from ritual purity (external, wuḍū’/ghusl-adjacent) |
| conscience | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | ضمير | Medium | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 9 (core), 10, 13 | — |
| dead works | νεκρὰ ἔργα | nekra erga | أعمال ميتة | High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 6, 9 (core) | Must not be read as denigrating “good works” generally |
| mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | وسيط | Critical | Mediatorship of the New Covenant | 8, 9 (core), 12 | Direct collision with tawḥīd’s rejection of any intermediary between believer and God |
| covenant/testament wordplay | διαθήκη (dual sense) | diathēkē | العهد (+ translator note) | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 9 (core) | Arabic العهد lacks the Greek’s secondary “last will” legal sense; requires explicit translator/study note at 9:16-17 |
| eternal inheritance | αἰωνία κληρονομία | aiōnia klēronomia | الميراث الأبدي | Critical | New Covenant vs. Old; compounds baseline Adoption doctrine | 9 (core) | Directly reinforces baseline’s Critical adoption note (Quran 33:4-5 denies adopted sons inheritance) |
| heir | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | وارث | Medium | Superiority of Christ | 1 | Al-Wārith is also a divine name in Islam; ensure sense (Christ inheriting from the Father) is not flattened |
| forgiveness / remission | ἄφεσις | aphesis | المغفرة / الغفران | Critical | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 (core), 10 | Must be tied explicitly to shed-blood condition (9:22), not generic Quranic ghafūr-forgiveness apart from atonement |
| shedding of blood | αἱματεκχυσία | haimatekchysia | سفك الدم | Critical | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 (core) | The verse’s blunt “no forgiveness without bloodshed” principle must be preserved undiluted |
| copy / pattern / shadow | ὑπόδειγμα / ἀντίτυπος / σκιά | hypodeigma / antitypos / skia | نموذج / نظير / ظل | Medium | New Covenant vs. Old | 8, 9 (core), 10 | Positive typological usage; distinct from the rejected incarnation-term الظهور |
| appear / present oneself | ἐμφανίζω / φανερόω | emphanizō / phaneroō | يظهر / يحضر أمام (never تجلّى) | High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 9 (core) | تجلّى is Sufi theophanic-manifestation vocabulary; forbidden substitution for this Hebrews package |
| face/presence of God | πρόσωπον τοῦ Θεοῦ | prosōpon tou Theou | وجه الله | Medium | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 9 (core) | Positive shared idiom (cf. Quran 2:115), but Christ’s representative role must be retained |
| judgment | κρίσις | krisis | الدينونة | High | Perseverance and Assurance | 9 (core), 10 | Shared eschatological structure with Yawm al-Dīn; differing basis of verdict must be taught |
| bear the sins of many | ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν | anenegkein hamartias pollōn | يحمل خطايا كثيرين | Critical | Substitutionary Atonement | 9 (core) | Direct collision with Quran 6:164’s denial of vicarious sin-bearing |
| second coming | ἐκ δευτέρου ὀφθήσεται | ek deuterou ophthēsetai | ظهوره الثاني / المجيء الثاني | Critical | Second Coming of Christ (NEW doctrine) | 9 (core) | Direct collision with competing Islamic nuzūl ‘Īsā eschatology |
| propitiation / atonement | ἱλάσκομαι | hilaskomai | يكفّر عن | Critical | Substitutionary Atonement | 2 | كفّارة is a human-performed legal-expiation category in Islamic fiqh; Hebrews’ sense is priestly and vicarious |
| pioneer / founder | ἀρχηγός | archēgos | رائد الخلاص / رائد الإيمان | High | Superiority of Christ | 2, 12 | New christological title; pairs with τελειωτής in ch. 12 |
| unbelief | ἀπιστία | apistia | عدم الإيمان | High | Danger of Apostasy | 3 | Negative counterpart of baseline faith term |
| harden (the heart) | σκληρύνω | sklērynō | يقسّي القلب | Medium | Danger of Apostasy | 3 | — |
| rest | κατάπαυσις / σαββατισμός | katapausis / sabbatismos | الراحة / راحة السبت | Medium | Perseverance and Assurance | 3, 4 | — |
| word of God | λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ | logos tou Theou | كلمة الله | High | (disambiguation doctrine) | 4 | Must be distinguished from the Quranic title “Kalimat Allāh” applied to ‘Isā (Q 3:45, 4:171); here it denotes Scripture’s active power, not a personal title |
| boldness / confidence | παρρησία | parrēsia | الثقة / الجسارة | High | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 4, 10 | Direct, unmediated access — contrasts with ritual-mediated approach to God |
| made perfect (vocationally) | τελειόω | teleioō | أُكمّل / كُمّل | High | High Priesthood of Christ | 5, 7 | Distinguish from Sufi al-insān al-kāmil (“Perfect Man”) mystical-attainment category |
| order (of Melchizedek) | τάξις | taxis | رتبة | Medium | High Priesthood of Christ | 5, 6, 7 | — |
| Melchizedek | Μελχισέδεκ | Melchisedek | ملكيصادق | Medium | High Priesthood of Christ | 5, 6, 7 | Proper name; established Christian Arabic form |
| fall away (apostatize) | παραπίπτω | parapiptō | يسقط / الرجوع عن الإيمان (avoid bare ارتداد where possible) | Critical | Danger of Apostasy (NEW doctrine) | 3, 6, 10, 12 | Extreme real-world sensitivity: ارتداد carries severe legal/social consequence in many Muslim-majority contexts; prefer periphrastic rendering, always flag for theologian review with pastoral-safety framing |
| anchor (of the soul) | ἄγκυρα | agkyra | مرساة | Low | Perseverance and Assurance | 6 | — |
| forerunner | πρόδρομος | prodromos | السابق / الرائد | Medium | High Priesthood of Christ | 6 | — |
| oath | ὅρκος | horkos | القسم / اليمين | Low | New Covenant vs. Old | 6, 7 | Shared vocabulary with Quranic divine oaths |
| guarantee/surety | ἔγγυος | engyos | ضامن | Medium | New Covenant vs. Old | 7 | Resonates with Islamic kafālah surety-law; concept bridge, distinct system |
| permanent/unchangeable | ἀπαράβατος | aparabatos | لا يزول / دائم | Medium | High Priesthood of Christ | 7 | — |
| better (comparative) | κρείττων / κρείσσων | kreittōn / kreissōn | أفضل | Low/High | New Covenant vs. Old | throughout (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) | Lexically simple but rhetorically load-bearing; must render consistently across all ~13 occurrences |
| obsolete / grown old | παλαιόω | palaioō | يصبح باطلًا / يشيخ | Critical | New Covenant vs. Old (NEW doctrine) | 8 | Risk of conflation with Islamic naskh (abrogation); must be taught as fulfillment, not cancellation |
| veil / curtain | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | الحجاب | Critical | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 6, 9, 10 | Contemporary dominant sense (women’s head-covering) requires explicit architectural anchoring at first occurrence |
| living way | ὁδὸς ζῶσα | hodos zōsa | طريق جديد وحي | High | Access to God through Christ’s Blood | 10 | — |
| sin deliberately | ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνω | hekousiōs hamartanō | يخطئ عمدًا | Critical | Danger of Apostasy | 10 | Part of apostasy-warning cluster |
| endurance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | الصبر / الثبات | Medium | Perseverance and Assurance | 10, 12 | Al-ṣabr is a major shared Islamic virtue; positive bridge |
| shrink back | ὑποστέλλω | hypostellō | يتراجع / ينكص | High | Danger of Apostasy | 10 | — |
| substance/assurance (of faith) | ὑπόστασις | hypostasis | جوهر / ثبات الأشياء المرجوة | High | Faith of the OT Saints (NEW doctrine) | 11 | Genuinely ambiguous term across English versions; flag per ambiguity-handling protocol |
| conviction/evidence | ἔλεγχος | elenchos | برهان / دليل | Medium | Faith of the OT Saints | 11 | Burhān is shared Quranic vocabulary for divine proof |
| pleasing (God) | εὐαρεστέω | euaresteō | يُرضي الله | High | Faith of the OT Saints | 11 | Riḍā Allāh is a central Islamic devotional category; must anchor to faith, not ritual/works, as the means |
| reward | μισθαποδοσία | misthapodosia | جزاء / ثواب | High | Faith of the OT Saints | 11 | Thawāb is the standard Islamic deeds-merit reward category; must anchor to faith as the means, not a deeds-ledger |
| strangers and exiles | ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | xenoi kai parepidēmoi | غرباء ونزلاء | Low | Faith of the OT Saints | 11 | — |
| cloud of witnesses | νέφος μαρτύρων | nephos martyrōn | سحابة من الشهود | High | Perseverance and Assurance | 12 | شهيد’s dominant contemporary sense (martyr, often militant) must be balanced against the “attesting witness” sense intended |
| race/contest | ἀγών | agōn | السباق (never الجهاد) | Critical | Perseverance and Assurance | 12 | Forbidden substitution: الجهاد’s dominant militant connotation makes it unusable regardless of the “greater jihad” (spiritual struggle) tradition |
| founder and perfecter | ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειωτής | archēgos kai teleiōtēs | رائد الإيمان ومكمّله | High | Perseverance and Assurance | 12 | Combines ἀρχηγός (ch. 2) and τελειόω (ch. 5) |
| discipline (fatherly) | παιδεία | paideia | التأديب | Medium | Adoption (reinforces baseline) | 12 | Positive reinforcement of Father/son relationship |
| Zion | Σιών | Siōn | جبل صهيون | Critical | New Covenant vs. Old (typology) | 12 | Same contemporary political-sensitivity caution as baseline’s “israel” entry (root of الصهيونية) |
| unshakeable kingdom | βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος | basileia asaleutos | ملكوت لا يتزعزع | High | Superiority of Christ | 12 | Baseline كingdom_of_god term + permanence qualifier; avoid khilāfah-adjacent political framing |
| brotherly love | φιλαδελφία | philadelphia | المحبة الأخوية | Low | Christian Fellowship (baseline reuse) | 13 | — |
| hospitality | φιλοξενία | philoxenia | ضيافة | Low | Christian Fellowship | 13 | Positive shared cultural value (diyāfah) |
| altar | θυσιαστήριον | thysiastērion | مذبح | Medium | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 13 | — |
| outside the camp | ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς | exō tēs parembolēs | خارج المحلة | Medium | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice (typology) | 13 | Honor/shame register; native speaker review |
| reproach | ὄνειδος | oneidos | العار | Medium | (honor/shame dynamics) | 13 | Flag per baseline’s honor/shame category |
| sacrifice of praise | θυσία αἰνέσεως | thysia aineseōs | ذبيحة التسبيح | Medium-High | Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice | 13 | Bridge/contrast with literal qurbānī practice |
| great shepherd | ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ μέγας | ho poimēn ho megas | الراعي العظيم | Low-Medium | Christ as Great High Priest (closing title) | 13 | — |
Cross-Reference: Terms Requiring New Doctrine Risk Registry Entries
The following NEW doctrines (absent from the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json) are populated by the terms above and must be added in Step 2:
| New Doctrine | Risk | Key Terms |
|---|---|---|
| High Priesthood of Christ | Critical | ἀρχιερεύς, ἱερωσύνη, τελειόω, τάξις |
| Mediatorship of the New Covenant | Critical | μεσίτης |
| Substitutionary/Propitiatory Atonement | Critical | ἱλάσκομαι, ἱλαστήριον, ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν, αἱματεκχυσία, ἄφεσις |
| Second Coming of Christ | Critical | ἐκ δευτέρου ὀφθήσεται |
| Danger of Apostasy | Critical | παραπίπτω, ἀπιστία, ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνω, ὑποστέλλω |
| New Covenant Superseding the Old | Critical | παλαιόω, κρείττων, διαθήκη (testament wordplay) |
| Access to God through Christ’s Blood | High | παρρησία, καταπέτασμα, ὁδὸς ζῶσα |
| Perseverance and Assurance | High | ὑπομονή, ἄγκυρα, κατάπαυσις, νέφος μαρτύρων |
| Faith of the Old Testament Saints | High | ὑπόστασις, ἔλεγχος, εὐαρεστέω, μισθαποδοσία |
Compiled from 07_semantic_analysis.md. Load alongside baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Step 2 (doctrine risk registry extension) and Step 3 (translation memory update for Hebrews).
Critical Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: التبني
Transliteration: al-tabannī
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: الاستلحاق
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews does not use huiothesia directly, but 12:5-11’s discipline-of-sons passage and 9:15’s eternal inheritance (see eternal_inheritance) directly reinforce this Critical doctrine; Quran 33:4-5’s denial of adopted sons’ filial/inheritance status remains the collision point.
Bear Sins Of Many
Approved rendering: يحمل خطايا كثيرين
Transliteration: anenegkein hamartias pollōn
Doctrine: Atonement
Rejected alternatives: أخذ الخطية بعيدًا (generic ‘took away sin’ — too weak, loses substitutionary force)
Original: ἀνενεγκεῖν ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Direct collision with Quran 6:164 and 17:15’s explicit denial that any bearer of burdens can bear another’s burden; 9:28 states substitutionary atonement in its most concentrated form and must never be softened.
Eternal Inheritance
Approved rendering: الميراث الأبدي
Transliteration: aiōnia klēronomia
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الاستلحاق-adjacent weaker inheritance framing
Original: αἰωνία κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Directly compounds the baseline’s Critical adoption doctrine: Quran 33:4-5 denies adopted sons true filial/inheritance status; 9:15 states ‘the called’ receive this inheritance precisely through New Covenant sonship.
Exact Imprint
Approved rendering: رسم جوهره / الصورة الحقيقية لجوهره
Transliteration: charaktēr tēs hypostaseōs
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: مجرد انعكاس أو تشابه (mere reflection or resemblance — dilutes the essential-nature identity claim)
Original: χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. One of the NT’s strongest statements of Christ’s essential deity - not merely like God but the exact expression of God’s own being. Ch. 1:3.
Fall Away
Approved rendering: الرجوع عن الإيمان
Transliteration: parapiptō
Doctrine: Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: ارتداد (bare legal apostasy term — severe real-world legal/social danger for converts; forbidden as primary rendering)
Original: παραπίπτω
Category: Apostasy
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Decisive, willful abandonment of a professed faith. ارتداد carries severe, historically capital, consequences for a Muslim who leaves the faith and remains a live danger for converts today; prefer periphrastic rendering with explicit pastoral-safety framing at every occurrence (chs. 3, 6, 10, 12).
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 12:5-11’s discipline-of-sons passage positively reinforces the Father/Son and adoption doctrine.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: المغفرة / الغفران
Transliteration: aphesis
Doctrine: Atonement
Rejected alternatives: generic mercy-only forgiveness detached from the shed-blood condition
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Al-Ghafur (one of Allah’s 99 names) and Quranic forgiveness are typically granted through tawbah and good deeds without reference to blood atonement, and explicitly deny vicarious sin-bearing (Q 6:164); 9:22’s principle must never be softened into a generic ‘God is merciful’ statement.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout all thirteen chapters of Hebrews; Trinitarian conception must be actively distinguished from tawhid’s strictly unitarian conception.
High Priest
Approved rendering: رئيس الكهنة
Transliteration: archiereus
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Established Christian Arabic term (Van Dyck OT usage for Aaron). Mainstream Sunni Islam has no ordained clergy/priesthood mediating between believer and God, and the root ك-ه-ن carries a latent pre-Islamic pagan-diviner (kāhin) association; must be taught as fulfillment of the biblical Aaronic/Melchizedekian office, not analog to any existing Islamic role. Central to 2:17-18, 4:14-5:10, 6:20, 7:1-28, 8:1-6, 9:11-28 (core).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα αἰώνιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 9:14’s ‘eternal Spirit’ by which Christ offered himself requires careful Trinitarian handling distinct from the Quran’s identification of ‘holy spirit’ with the created angel Jibril.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Original: θεολ. category; cf. 2:14, 2:17, 10:5
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 2:14’s ‘partaker of flesh and blood’ (see partaker_flesh_blood) is the book’s clearest incarnation statement; also 2:17, 10:5.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ‘Isa anywhere in Hebrews; used throughout chs. 2,3,4,6,7,10,12,13.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; never substitute الشريعة. Hebrews-specific: governs the entire priesthood/covenant argument of chs. 7-10 (change of priesthood necessitates change of law).
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 1:10 applies Psalm 102’s creator-and-YHWH language directly to the Son under this title; also 2:3, 13:20. Never soften to السيد/المولى.
Mediator
Approved rendering: وسيط
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الشفاعة (intercession — insufficient, denotes petitionary pleading, not covenant-establishing mediation)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Islamic tawhid, especially reformist/Salafi strands, insists no being stands as wasit between worshiper and Allah; mediation of the covenant relationship itself has no real Islamic analogue and is one of Hebrews’ sharpest collision points (7:22, 8:6, 9:15, 12:24).
Mercy Seat
Approved rendering: غطاء الرحمة
Transliteration: hilastērion
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: ἱλαστήριον
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Same Greek word applied to Christ himself in Romans 3:25 (baseline auto-flagged atonement passage); must be taught as the OT type Christ himself fulfills. Ch. 9.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: the priestly-Messiah argument (chs. 5, 7, 9) actively corrects the Quranic al-Masih’s non-priestly, non-atoning profile.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: طاعة الإيمان
Transliteration: ṭā’at al-īmān
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: الطاعة الشرعية
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: reserved for believers’ obedience flowing from faith (5:9’s ‘those who obey him’); distinct from Christ’s own vocational learned-obedience through suffering (see made_perfect), which must not be conflated with this term.
Obsolete Old
Approved rendering: يصبح باطلًا / يشيخ
Transliteration: palaioō
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: منسوخ (too close to Islamic naskh/abrogation vocabulary — avoid pairing)
Original: παλαιόω
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Superficially resembles Islamic naskh (Quranic abrogation), already flagged in the baseline’s fulfillment_of_prophecy doctrine; must be taught as fulfillment/completion, not cancellation of an erroneous or incomplete text. Ch. 8.
Partaker Flesh Blood
Approved rendering: شارك في اللحم والدم
Transliteration: metochos haimatos kai sarkos
Doctrine: Christology
Original: μέτοχος αἵματος καὶ σαρκός
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Direct statement of full, real incarnation (not illusory), reinforcing baseline al-tajassud; ties to the Quran’s ‘shubbiha lahum’ (Q 4:157) language, which could otherwise be misapplied to deny the reality of Christ’s shared human nature generally. Ch. 2:14.
Propitiation
Approved rendering: يكفّر عن
Transliteration: hilaskomai
Doctrine: Atonement
Rejected alternatives: كفّارة as a human-performed legal-expiation act
Original: ἱλάσκομαι
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Kaffarah is a live Islamic fiqh category: a legally-defined, human-performed compensatory act - a works-based remedy. 2:17 describes the opposite structure: Christ himself accomplishes propitiation on believers’ behalf.
Race Contest
Approved rendering: السباق
Transliteration: agōn
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: الجهاد (forbidden — dominant militant/political connotation makes it unusable regardless of the classical ‘greater jihad’ spiritual-struggle tradition)
Original: ἀγών
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Forbidden substitution: never al-jihad. Use al-sibaq for the stadium-race image instead. Ch. 12:1.
Radiance Of Glory
Approved rendering: بهاء المجد
Transliteration: apaugasma tēs doxēs
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: light-mysticism renderings evoking Sufi ishraq illumination
Original: ἀπαύγασμα τῆς δόξης
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ’s essential, eternal radiance of the divine glory itself, not a reflected or derivative light. Ch. 1:3.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 13:20’s ‘brought back from the dead’ and 6:2, 11:35 presuppose the historical crucifixion mainstream Islamic doctrine (Q 4:157) denies; requires the same apologetic scaffolding as the baseline specifies.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 1:9 ‘loved righteousness’; 7:2 Melchizedek as ‘king of righteousness’; 11:7 Noah as ‘heir of righteousness.’ Must never collapse into the Quranic al-birr works-checklist sense (Q 2:177).
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 9:28 makes this the core passage’s climactic term, tied directly to Christ’s promised, sin-free second appearing; also 2:10, 5:9.
Second Coming
Approved rendering: المجيء الثاني
Transliteration: ek deuterou ophthēsetai
Doctrine: Eschatology
Rejected alternatives: نزول عيسى-adjacent framing (competing Islamic eschatology)
Original: ἐκ δευτέρου ὀφθήσεται
Category: Eschatology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Mainstream Islamic eschatology affirms a competing doctrine of ‘Isa’s future descent (nuzul ‘Isa) as a Muslim prophet subordinate to the Mahdi who eventually dies and is buried - explicitly not the divine Judge and Savior ‘eagerly awaited…for salvation’ of 9:28; must be actively corrected.
Shedding Of Blood
Approved rendering: سفك الدم
Transliteration: haimatekchysia
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: αἱματεκχυσία
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. 9:22’s blunt principle (‘without shedding of blood there is no forgiveness’) must be preserved undiluted; it is Hebrews’ most direct statement of the blood-atonement mechanism Islamic theology has no equivalent category for.
Sin Deliberately
Approved rendering: يخطئ عمدًا
Transliteration: hekousiōs hamartanō
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: ἑκουσίως ἁμαρτάνω
Category: Apostasy
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Part of the same apostasy-warning cluster as fall_away (10:26-31); the deliberateness of the rejection, not sin generally, is the point, and must be handled with the same pastoral-safety care.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ / ὁ Υἱός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 1:5’s citation of Psalm 2 (‘today I have begotten you’) and 5:5, 7:3 are primary sonship proof-texts directly contradicting Quran 112:3 and 19:35.
Taste Death
Approved rendering: يذوق الموت
Transliteration: geuomai thanatou
Doctrine: Christology
Original: γεύομαι θανάτου
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ’s real, personal experience of death on behalf of everyone; presupposes the historical crucifixion mainstream Islamic doctrine denies (Q 4:157). Ch. 2:9.
Veil
Approved rendering: الحجاب
Transliteration: katapetasma
Doctrine: Church
Rejected alternatives: unqualified الحجاب without an architectural anchor (risks contemporary head-covering misreading)
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Established, historically correct Van Dyck rendering for the sanctuary curtain, but its dominant contemporary sense is the Islamic female head-covering; requires an explicit clarifying phrase (‘حجاب الهيكل’) at first occurrence. Chs. 6, 9, 10.
Worship Of Christ
Approved rendering: يسجد له / يعبده
Transliteration: proskyneō
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: تكريم فقط (mere honor/respect gesture — dilutes the deity claim)
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Sujud is the defining physical posture of Islamic prayer, reserved exclusively for Allah; 1:6 commands angels themselves to prostrate before the Son - a deliberately confrontational full-deity claim that must never be softened.
Zion
Approved rendering: جبل صهيون
Transliteration: Siōn
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: Σιών
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Same contemporary political-sensitivity caution the baseline requires for Isra’il applies even more sharply here, since Sihyawn is the direct root of al-sihyawniyyah (‘Zionism’); 12:22 is a purely theological, eschatological statement wholly unrelated to any modern territorial claim.
High Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 3:1 uniquely applies this title to Jesus himself (‘the Apostle and High Priest of our confession’), not to Paul; this must be taught as Christ’s own unique sent-ness from the Father, distinct from the delegated human apostolic office.
Appear Present
Approved rendering: يظهر / يحضر أمام
Transliteration: emphanizō / phaneroō
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: تجلّى (Sufi mystical theophany term — forbidden)
Original: ἐμφανίζω / φανερόω
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. NEVER use تجلّى, the standard Sufi term for mystical theophanic self-disclosure; always use plain يظهر or يحضر أمام to preserve the historical, public, bodily sense against a pantheistic-leaning devotional misreading. Ch. 9 (core).
Assurance Substance Faith
Approved rendering: جوهر / ثبات الأشياء المرجوة
Transliteration: hypostasis
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: mere subjective feeling of confidence — loses the ‘substantial ground’ sense
Original: ὑπόστασις
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Genuinely ambiguous term across English versions (KJV ‘substance,’ ESV ‘assurance,’ NASB ‘conviction’); flagged per the ambiguity-handling protocol; chosen rendering weights faith as substantial ground, not mere subjective feeling. Ch. 11:1.
Better
Approved rendering: أفضل
Transliteration: kreittōn / kreissōn
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: κρείττων / κρείσσων
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Hebrews’ recurring comparative term (roughly a dozen occurrences: better covenant, promises, sacrifices, hope, country, resurrection); lexically simple but rhetorically load-bearing - must render consistently throughout the book.
Boldness Confidence
Approved rendering: الثقة / الجسارة
Transliteration: parrēsia
Doctrine: Church
Original: παρρησία
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Direct, unmediated access - ‘draw near with confidence to the throne of grace’ - stands in sharp contrast to any system requiring ritual intermediary; central to the Access-to-God doctrine. Chs. 4, 10.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Original: κλητός / κεκλημένοι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 9:15 - ‘the called’ receive the eternal inheritance through the New Covenant’s mediator.
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 3:1 ‘heavenly calling’ (klēsis); direction remains God’s sovereign summons of the person, never da’wah as human invitation to a religion.
Cloud Of Witnesses
Approved rendering: سحابة من الشهود
Transliteration: nephos martyrōn
Doctrine: Church
Original: νέφος μαρτύρων
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Shahid’s dominant contemporary sense (martyr, increasingly militant/political) must be balanced against the broader intended sense of ‘attesting witness,’ since only some of ch. 11’s figures died violently. Ch. 12:1.
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: also carries the Greek’s untranslatable secondary ‘last will/testament’ legal sense activated at 9:16-17; mandatory translator note required at that pericope (see 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md).
Dead Works
Approved rendering: أعمال ميتة
Transliteration: nekra erga
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: νεκρὰ ἔργα
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Must not be read as a blanket condemnation of good deeds generally, which Hebrews elsewhere commends (10:24, 13:16); risks offense against ‘amal salih devotional weight if the specific contrast is not made explicit. Chs. 6, 9 (core).
Eternal Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد الأبدي
Transliteration: aiōnios diathēkē
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: αἰώνιος διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Baseline al-‘ahd reused with the eternal qualifier; closes the whole book’s covenant argument in the final benediction. Ch. 13:20.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: governs the programmatic definition at 11:1 and the entire ‘hall of faith’ (ch. 11); its negative counterpart apistia (ch. 3, rendered عدم الإيمان) is a failure of relational trust, not merely doctrinal doubt.
Founder And Perfecter
Approved rendering: رائد الإيمان ومكمّله
Transliteration: archēgos kai teleiōtēs
Doctrine: Christology
Original: ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειωτής
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Combines archegos (ch. 2) and teleioo (ch. 5) into a single closing title for the race-of-faith metaphor in ch. 12.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 1:3’s ‘radiance of glory’ (see radiance_of_glory) is a direct deity-of-Christ statement; avoid light-metaphor renderings evoking Sufi ishraq mysticism.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Inherited from Romans package. Same tahrif-framing caution applies: al-Injil denotes the NT record itself, not a lost predecessor text. Hebrews-specific: 4:2, 4:6 describe the wilderness generation as having received ‘good news’ that did not profit them through unbelief; retain the same authoritative-announcement sense, not generic report.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 4:16’s ‘throne of grace,’ 12:15, 12:28, and 13:9 all reuse this exact term; grace remains unearned favor, never a reward responsive to ritual performance.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews’ tabernacle/purification material (ch. 9-10) intensifies the pull toward a ritual-purity (wudu’/ghusl) misreading; reinforce the relational, moral, set-apart sense at every occurrence.
Intercession
Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (concept)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: the entire high-priesthood argument (chs. 4, 7, 9) is intercession’s fulfillment; exclusivity must be stressed against the contested Sunni shafa’ah category.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: same contemporary political-sensitivity caution applies to the Jeremiah 31 New Covenant citation at 8:8-10.
Judgment
Approved rendering: الدينونة
Transliteration: krisis
Doctrine: Eschatology
Original: κρίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Shares its basic eschatological structure with Yawm al-Din, but Hebrews grounds the verdict in one’s response to Christ’s finished sacrifice rather than a cumulative deeds-balance (mizan); this differing basis must be taught explicitly. Ch. 9 (core), 10.
Living Way
Approved rendering: طريق جديد وحي
Transliteration: hodos zōsa
Doctrine: Church
Original: ὁδὸς ζῶσα
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The permanent, living path of access into God’s presence opened by Christ, contrasted with the old system’s restricted, temporary approach. Ch. 10.
Made Perfect
Approved rendering: أُكمّل / كُمّل
Transliteration: teleioō
Doctrine: Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: الإنسان الكامل-style Sufi mystical-perfection framing
Original: τελειόω
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ’s vocational qualification as high priest brought to completion through suffering - narrower than, and distinct from, the Sufi al-insan al-kamil mystical-attainment tradition. Chs. 5, 7.
Once For All
Approved rendering: مرة واحدة (وإلى الأبد)
Transliteration: hapax / ephapax
Doctrine: Atonement
Rejected alternatives: مرة واحدة bare, without finality qualifier
Original: ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The central adverb of the book’s argument (7:27, 9:12, 9:26, 9:28, 10:10); must always carry explicit finality, since the reader’s natural default is a repeatable compensatory ritual system (fasting, alms, hajj, kaffarah) requiring renewal.
Pioneer Founder
Approved rendering: رائد الخلاص / رائد الإيمان
Transliteration: archēgos
Doctrine: Christology
Original: ἀρχηγός
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. New christological title (2:10, 12:2) with no direct Islamic-vocabulary collision; ties to baseline al-khalas and pairs with teleiotes in ch. 12 (see founder_and_perfecter).
Pleasing God
Approved rendering: يُرضي الله
Transliteration: euaresteō
Doctrine: Faith
Original: εὐαρεστέω
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Rida Allah is a central Islamic devotional category typically pursued through ritual worship and accumulated good deeds; 11:6 states the means is faith, and this causal link must be anchored explicitly.
Priest
Approved rendering: كاهن
Transliteration: hiereus
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: ἱερεύς
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Shares root with رئيس الكهنة; the latent pagan-diviner association is overridden by long, established Christian Arabic usage throughout the OT and NT.
Priesthood
Approved rendering: كهنوت
Transliteration: hierōsynē
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: ἱερωσύνη
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Abstract office-term; central to ch. 7’s argument that a change of priesthood necessitates a change of law/covenant.
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 1:1 opens by invoking this category, then immediately surpasses it with the Son; pair with fuller Christological titles per baseline caution.
Purify Cleanse
Approved rendering: يطهّر / تطهير
Transliteration: katharizō
Doctrine: Atonement
Rejected alternatives: وضوء/غسل-style ritual-purity-only framing
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. 9:13-14 explicitly contrasts outward ritual cleansing of the flesh with inward cleansing of the conscience; must not collapse into wudu’/ghusl-adjacent ritual purity.
Redemption
Approved rendering: الفداء
Transliteration: apolytrōsis
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Fidyah also functions in Islamic law as a legal compensation-payment; must be reinforced as a one-time, completed transaction, not an ongoing legal-compensation mechanism. Chs. 9 (core), 11.
Reward
Approved rendering: جزاء / ثواب
Transliteration: misthapodosia
Doctrine: Faith
Original: μισθαποδοσία
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Thawab is the standard Islamic deeds-merit reward category weighed at judgment; must anchor to faith as the operative means, not a deeds-ledger. Ch. 11:6.
Sacrifice Of Praise
Approved rendering: ذبيحة التسبيح
Transliteration: thysia aineseōs
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: θυσία αἰνέσεως
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Bridge/contrast with Islamic qurbani/dhabihah; a spiritualized replacement for literal sacrifice, not a parallel ritual system. Ch. 13:15.
Sacrifice
Approved rendering: ذبيحة
Transliteration: thysia
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: θυσία
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Positive/collision bridge with Islamic qurbani/dhabihah (Eid al-Adha sacrificial practice); Hebrews’ sense is atoning and final, never commemorative or repeatable, and this distinction must be taught explicitly. Chs. 9, 10, 13.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 9:13-14 explicitly contrasts outward ritual purification of the flesh with the Spirit’s inward sanctifying work - a built-in textual teaching tool against an ablution-based misreading; also 10:10, 10:14, 12:14, 13:12.
Shrink Back
Approved rendering: يتراجع / ينكص
Transliteration: hypostellō
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: ὑποστέλλω
Category: Apostasy
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The direct opposite of the perseverance Hebrews urges; contrasted in the same verse (10:39) with faith that ‘preserves the soul.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews intensifies the fitrah-collision by grounding forgiveness explicitly in shed blood (9:22), a further point of friction with Islamic anthropology’s denial of inherited guilt and vicarious atonement.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: عدم الإيمان
Transliteration: apistia
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Direct negative counterpart of baseline al-iman; ch. 3’s usage is a failure of relational trust in God’s promise, not merely doctrinal doubt, and grounds the book’s apostasy-warning cluster.
Unshakeable Kingdom
Approved rendering: ملكوت لا يتزعزع
Transliteration: basileia asaleutos
Doctrine: Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: خلافة-adjacent political framing
Original: βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος
Category: Kingdom
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Baseline kingdom_of_god term plus a permanence qualifier; avoid khilafah-adjacent political framing per the baseline’s kingdom_mission caution. Ch. 12:28.
Word Of God
Approved rendering: كلمة الله
Transliteration: logos tou Theou
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: conflation with the Quranic title ‘Kalimat Allah’ applied personally to ‘Isa
Original: λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Must be distinguished from Christ’s own personal title ‘the Word’ (John 1:1) and from the Quranic title applied to ‘Isa (Q 3:45, 4:171); 4:12 denotes Scripture’s active, judging power, not a personal Christological title.
Medium Risk Terms
Altar
Approved rendering: مذبح
Transliteration: thysiastērion
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. ‘We have an altar’ - no longer a literal cultic object but spiritualized sacrificial imagery. Ch. 13:10.
Appointed To Die
Approved rendering: محتوم / مُقرَّر
Transliteration: apokeitai
Doctrine: Eschatology
Original: ἀπόκειται
Category: Eschatology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Grounds 9:27’s universal principle, immediately contrasted with Christ’s own singular death and appointed return.
Ark Of Covenant
Approved rendering: تابوت العهد
Transliteration: kibōtos tēs diathēkēs
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Reuses baseline al-‘ahd; central symbol of God’s covenant presence in the earthly sanctuary. Ch. 9:4.
Blood
Approved rendering: دم
Transliteration: haima
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: αἷμα
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Lexically simple but theologically dense throughout chs. 9-10, 12-13; the sole basis of the New Covenant’s ratification and forgiveness.
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 12:23’s ‘assembly of the firstborn’ (ekklesia) denotes the heavenly, eschatological gathering of all the redeemed - an extension of, and consistent with, the baseline’s corporate, non-building sense.
Conscience
Approved rendering: ضمير
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sanctification
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The decisive internal organ Christ’s blood cleanses that the old system’s ritual purification could not touch (9:9, 9:14, 10:22).
Conviction Evidence
Approved rendering: برهان / دليل
Transliteration: elenchos
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Burhan is also shared Quranic vocabulary for divine proof, a positive bridge concept. Ch. 11:1.
Copy Pattern Shadow
Approved rendering: نموذج / نظير / ظل
Transliteration: hypodeigma / antitypos / skia
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الظهور (forbidden — echoes the Quran’s crucifixion-denial ‘mere appearance’ language)
Original: ὑπόδειγμα / ἀντίτυπος / σκιά
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Positive typological usage: the earthly tabernacle system as a provisional copy pointing to the greater heavenly reality, distinct from the rejected incarnation-term الظهور. Chs. 8, 9 (core), 10.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 4:7 and 11:32 typological/background references.
Devil
Approved rendering: الشيطان / إبليس
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Sin
Original: διάβολος
Category: Sin
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Shared vocabulary with the Quranic al-Shaytan/Iblis, though role details (e.g. ‘power of death’) differ; broadly compatible shared category. Ch. 2:14.
Discipline Fatherly
Approved rendering: التأديب
Transliteration: paideia
Doctrine: Church
Original: παιδεία
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. God’s corrective, formative discipline of his sons; positively reinforces the baseline’s adoption doctrine. Ch. 12:5-11.
Eagerly Await
Approved rendering: المنتظرون له
Transliteration: anamenousin
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ἀναμένουσιν
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The posture Hebrews commends toward Christ’s return - hopeful expectation grounded in his finished work, not fear of an uncertain deeds-based verdict. Ch. 9:28.
Endurance
Approved rendering: الصبر / الثبات
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Church
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Al-sabr is a major Islamic virtue; broadly compatible, positive shared vocabulary, though must remain tied to hope in Christ’s promise rather than generic patience. Chs. 10, 12.
Face Of God
Approved rendering: وجه الله
Transliteration: prosōpon tou Theou
Doctrine: God
Original: πρόσωπον τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Positive shared idiom (cf. Quran 2:115’s wajh Allah), but Christ’s personal representative role - appearing for us - must not be lost in the shared phrase. Ch. 9 (core).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: الشركة
Transliteration: al-sharikah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: الزمالة, الجماعة
Inherited from Romans package, including its shirk root-resonance caution. Hebrews-specific: 13:16’s exhortation ‘not to neglect to do good and to share.‘
Forerunner
Approved rendering: السابق / الرائد
Transliteration: prodromos
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: πρόδρομος
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ as the one who entered the heavenly sanctuary ahead of believers on their behalf. Ch. 6.
Great Shepherd
Approved rendering: الراعي العظيم للخراف
Transliteration: ho poimēn tōn probatōn ho megas
Doctrine: Christology
Original: ὁ ποιμὴν τῶν προβάτων ὁ μέγας
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Closing benediction title for Christ, echoing John 10’s Good Shepherd; broadly positive shared pastoral imagery. Ch. 13:20.
Guarantee Surety
Approved rendering: ضامن
Transliteration: engyos
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: ἔγγυος
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ as guarantee of a better covenant; resonates with Islamic kafalah surety-law, a useful concept bridge though the underlying legal systems differ. Ch. 7.
Harden Heart
Approved rendering: يقسّي القلب
Transliteration: sklērynō
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: σκληρύνω
Category: Apostasy
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. First occurrence of Hebrews’ apostasy-warning theme (ch. 3), continued through chs. 4, 6, 10, 12.
Heir
Approved rendering: وارث
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: Christology
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Christology
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Al-Warith (The Inheritor) is also a divine name in Islam; ensure the sense - Christ inheriting from the Father as Son - is not flattened into that unrelated divine attribute. Ch. 1.
Holy Of Holies
Approved rendering: قدس الأقداس
Transliteration: Hagia Hagiōn
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: Ἅγια Ἁγίων
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The innermost sanctuary chamber, entered only once yearly by the high priest under the old system, contrasted with Christ’s permanent access. Ch. 9.
Holy Things
Approved rendering: الأقداس
Transliteration: ta hagia
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: τὰ ἅγια
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The sanctuary/holy places; context determines outer sanctuary vs. Most Holy Place. Chs. 9 (core), 10.
Household
Approved rendering: البيت
Transliteration: oikos
Doctrine: Church
Original: οἶκος
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Grounds the Son-versus-servant comparison of ch. 3; must not be read as denigrating Moses, a revered Quranic prophet, but as a household-servant/Son role distinction.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 12:28’s ‘receiving a kingdom that cannot be shaken’ pairs with the new compound term unshakeable_kingdom (ملكوت لا يتزعزع).
Melchizedek
Approved rendering: ملكيصادق
Transliteration: Melchisedek
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: Μελχισέδεκ
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Established Christian Arabic proper-name form; the passage types an eternal priestly order through Melchizedek’s lack of recorded genealogy, not literal eternality. Chs. 5, 6, 7.
Offering
Approved rendering: تقدمة
Transliteration: prosphora
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: προσφορά
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Established OT-offering term; reinforces once-for-all doctrine alongside sacrifice. Ch. 10.
Order Of Melchizedek
Approved rendering: رتبة
Transliteration: taxis
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: τάξις
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Establishes a priesthood not dependent on Levitical descent; central to ch. 7’s argument for a change of priesthood and law.
Outside The Camp
Approved rendering: خارج المحلة
Transliteration: exō tēs parembolēs
Doctrine: Church
Original: ἔξω τῆς παρεμβολῆς
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Strong honor/shame-register passage: Christ’s identification with the excluded and rejected. Ch. 13:13.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 7:2 (Melchizedek/Salem wordplay), 12:14, and the closing benediction 13:20.
Permanent Unchangeable
Approved rendering: لا يزول / دائم
Transliteration: aparabatos
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: ἀπαράβατος
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ’s priesthood does not pass to a successor, unlike the Levitical line. Ch. 7.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: implicit throughout the creation/sustaining language of 1:3.
Promise
Approved rendering: الوعد
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The promised eternal inheritance released to the called through the New Covenant’s mediator. Ch. 9:15.
Reproach
Approved rendering: العار
Transliteration: oneidos
Doctrine: Church
Original: ὄνειδος
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Public shame/disgrace borne for Christ’s sake; ties to honor-shame social dynamics prominent in Arab culture. Ch. 13:13.
Rest
Approved rendering: الراحة / راحة السبت
Transliteration: katapausis / sabbatismos
Doctrine: Church
Original: κατάπαυσις / σαββατισμός
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. God’s own promised rest, still open to believers who persevere, distinct from Israel’s wilderness generation who forfeited it through unbelief. Chs. 3-4.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 6:10 (‘ministered to the saints’) and 13:24 (greetings) both use the corporate, non-hierarchical sense; avoid the Sufi awliya’ shrine-veneration connotation.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: المواهب الروحية
Transliteration: al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: المواهب
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 2:4 ‘gifts of the Holy Spirit’ accompanying apostolic testimony to the gospel’s confirmation.
Tabernacle
Approved rendering: المسكن
Transliteration: skēnē
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: σκηνή
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Van Dyck-established rendering; خيمة acceptable as a literal first-use gloss only, not as the primary theological term. Chs. 8, 9 (core), 13.
Transgression
Approved rendering: تعدٍّ / مخالفة
Transliteration: parabasis
Doctrine: Sin
Original: παράβασις
Category: Sin
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Concrete violations under the first covenant requiring redemption through Christ’s death. Ch. 9:15.
Unblemished
Approved rendering: بلا عيب / بلا لوم
Transliteration: amōmos
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Christ’s sinlessness qualifies him as the perfect sacrificial offering, unlike any animal or human substitute. Ch. 9:14.
Low Risk Terms
Anchor
Approved rendering: مرساة
Transliteration: agkyra
Doctrine: Church
Original: ἄγκυρα
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. A ship’s anchor; metaphor for the soul’s secure hope in Christ. Ch. 6.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: المحبة الأخوية
Transliteration: philadelphia
Doctrine: Church
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Continues the household-of-God theme from ch. 3; low independent doctrinal risk. Ch. 13:1.
Cherubim
Approved rendering: الكاروبيم
Transliteration: Cheroubim
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: Χερουβίμ
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Decorative/symbolic angelic guardians of the divine presence; broadly shared, low-risk angelology. Ch. 9:5.
Creation
Approved rendering: الخليقة
Transliteration: ktisis
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: κτίσις
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Emphasizes the heavenly tabernacle’s transcendence of the material created order. Ch. 9.
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajji’ / ya’iẓ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent in Hebrews 3, 10, 13’s exhortation passages.
Handmade
Approved rendering: غير مصنوع بيد
Transliteration: cheiropoiētos
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: χειροποίητος
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Emphasizes direct access to God’s own dwelling, not a human institution. Ch. 9:11, 9:24.
Hospitality
Approved rendering: ضيافة
Transliteration: philoxenia
Doctrine: Church
Original: φιλοξενία
Category: Church
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. A shared, positively-regarded virtue in Arab culture generally (diyafah); good bridge concept, low risk. Ch. 13:2.
Liturgical Service
Approved rendering: خدمة
Transliteration: leitourgia
Doctrine: Priesthood
Original: λειτουργία
Category: Priesthood
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. The priests’ formal cultic ministry in the earthly tabernacle, contrasted with Christ’s singular heavenly ministry. Ch. 9:6, 9:21.
Oath
Approved rendering: القسم / اليمين
Transliteration: horkos
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: ὅρκος
Category: Covenant
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. God’s oath to Abraham, guaranteeing the promise beyond mere word; broadly compatible with shared Quranic divine-oath vocabulary. Chs. 6, 7.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Background to Hebrews 1:1’s ‘God spoke by the prophets.‘
Rebellion Provocation
Approved rendering: التمرد / العصيان
Transliteration: parapikrasmos
Doctrine: Apostasy
Original: παραπικρασμός
Category: Apostasy
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Grounds the exhortations of chs. 3-4 in Israel’s historical wilderness rebellion against God.
Sprinkle
Approved rendering: يرشّ / رشّ
Transliteration: rhantizō
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: ῥαντίζω
Category: Atonement
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. Technical ritual term describing the old system’s external application of a purifying agent. Ch. 9:13, 9:19, 9:21.
Strangers Exiles
Approved rendering: غرباء ونزلاء
Transliteration: xenoi kai parepidēmoi
Doctrine: Faith
Original: ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι
Category: Faith
NEW - introduced by Hebrews. A vivid pilgrim-identity metaphor for the OT saints’ faith. Ch. 11.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews-specific: 12:28’s exhortation to offer God acceptable worship ‘with reverence and awe,’ rendered with grateful-worship language.
Referenced passages