Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Kings — English → Arabic
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by doctrine category per the curriculum parameters. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] and must not be re-derived. New terms proposed here are candidates for addition to translation_memory.json in Phase 1 Step 8 / Phase 2 pre-flight loading, at the risk tier indicated.
Risk tier definitions (per baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json): Critical = human theologian review every occurrence; High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review; Low = automated review sufficient.
1. Divine Names and Titles
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LORD (YHWH) | יְהוָה | YHWH | الرب | Critical [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | 17:1 (pervasive) | Reuses baseline “lord” entry. Al-Rabb is a defining Qur’anic title of Allah; applying it to YHWH throughout 2 Kings is doctrinally exact and consistent with the Romans package’s use for Christ — the same divine-name continuity must be preserved across Testaments |
| God (Elohim) | אֱלֹהִים | Elohim | الله | Critical [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | 17:7 | Reuses baseline “god” entry |
| God of Israel | אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל | Elohey Yisra’el | إله إسرائيل | High | 17:7 | Combine with باseline’s “israel” political-sensitivity note |
| my lord (human address) | אֲדֹנִי | adoni | السيد / سيدي | Low | ch.5 (Naaman’s servants), ch.8 | Must NOT be confused with الرب (reserved for YHWH); distinguishes divine Lordship from ordinary honorific address |
| man of God | אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים | ish ha-Elohim | رجل الله | High | 1:9 | Distinguish from Sufi/folk walī Allāh (baseline rejects أولياء for “saints”) — an authoritative prophetic office title, not a venerated intercessory holy man |
| angel/messenger of the LORD | מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה | mal’akh YHWH | ملاك الرب | Medium | 19:35 | Agent of direct divine action, distinct from human “messengers” (מלאכים used politically elsewhere) |
2. Covenant, Law, and Judgment (Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile)
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| covenant | בְּרִית | berit | العهد | Medium [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | 11:17; central at 17:15, 23:3 | LXX διαθήκη; “cut a covenant” ANE idiom worth teaching |
| the Law / the Book of the Law | תּוֹרָה / סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה | Torah / sefer ha-Torah | الناموس / كتاب الناموس | Critical | 17:13; central at 22:8-11 | Governing decision: NEVER الشريعة, per baseline “law” entry’s cross-curriculum prohibition. Rejected: الشريعة (conflates Torah with the Islamic legal-political system) |
| statutes | חֻקִּים / חֻקּוֹת | chuqqim / chuqqot | فرائض | Medium | 17:13 | Shares root with Islamic farāʼiḍ legal categories (obligatory duties, inheritance law) — retain as established rendering but disambiguate contextually |
| commandments | מִצְוֹת | mitzvot | أوامر / وصايا | Medium | 17:13, 17:16, 17:19 | Low independent risk beyond standard care |
| testimonies | עֵדוֹת | edot | شهادات | Medium | 17:15 | Shares root ش-ه-د with الشهادة (Islamic creedal testimony) — context must anchor this to God’s covenant stipulations, not a recited creed |
| sin | חֵטְא / חֲטָאָה | chet / chata’ah | الخطية | High [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | 17:7 | Corporate/national dimension here is an even sharper collision with fiṭrah doctrine than baseline’s individual-guilt framing; must be taught explicitly |
| abomination | תּוֹעֵבָה | to’evah | رجاسة / رجاسات | Medium | 21:7 (cf. 17:12’s gillulim) | Positive bridge: shares root with Qur’anic رجس (5:90) |
| exile / captivity | גָּלָה / גּוֹלָה | galah / golah | السبي / أُجلي | Critical | 17:6, reused 17:23, 24:14-16, 25:11 | Central hinge-term of the exile doctrine; standard, low-collision Arabic vocabulary but maximal doctrinal weight — must be rendered with total consistency chs. 15-25 |
| removed from [his] presence/face | הֵסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו | hesir me’al panav | طرحهم من أمام وجهه / أبعدهم عن حضرته | Critical | 17:18, reused 17:23 | The relational (not merely geographic) core of the exile doctrine — losing “face/presence” language flattens covenant rupture into mere displacement |
| anger/wrath of the LORD | אַף / חֲרוֹן אַף יְהוָה | af / charon af YHWH | غضب الرب | Medium | 17:11 (provoke), 17:18 (enacted) | Broadly compatible with Allah’s ghaḍab as a shared category; retain covenant-relational (betrayed-partner) dimension |
| kingdom (political) | מַמְלָכָה | mamlakah | المملكة | Medium | throughout (divided kingdom narrative) | Must be distinguished from ملكوت الله (baseline “kingdom_of_god,” Medium risk) — these are fallible, divided political kingdoms under judgment, not God’s own sovereign reign |
3. Idolatry and False Worship (Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence)
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high places | בָּמוֹת | bamot | المرتفعات | High | 15:35 (refrain); central at 17:9-11 | Requires cultural-background gloss: unauthorized local worship sites rivaling the centralized, exclusive Temple cult — no ready Arabic-culture analogue |
| Asherah / Asherim | אֲשֵׁרָה / אֲשֵׁרִים | asherah / asherim | أشيرة | High | 17:10, 17:16; 21:7 (in the Temple itself) | Transliterated proper-noun cult object; requires explanatory gloss (Canaanite fertility-goddess cult pole/image) |
| standing stones/pillars | מַצֵּבוֹת | matzevot | أنصاب | Medium | 17:10 | — |
| Baal | בַּעַל | Ba’al | البعل | High | 1:2 (Baal-zebub); central 17:16 | Common noun בַּעַל also means “lord/master/husband” — deliberate false-lord vs. true-LORD (الرب) wordplay worth teaching explicitly |
| host of heaven | צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם | tzeva ha-shamayim | جند السماء | Low-Medium | 17:16 | Positive bridge: parallels Abraham’s rejection of astral worship, Qur’an 6:76-79 |
| calves / molten images | עֶגְלֵי מַסֵּכָה | egley massekhah | عجول مسبوكة | Medium | 10:29 (Jehu’s incomplete reform); central 17:16 | Positive bridge: parallels the Qur’anic golden-calf narrative (2:51; 7:148; 20:83-98), though attributed there to “al-Samiri,” not Aaron — narrative overlap is partial, not total |
| idols (pejorative) | גִּלּוּלִים | gillulim | أوثان | Medium | 17:12 | Positive bridge: same word Qur’an uses for idols (29:17) — genuine shared condemnation, but do not equate tawḥīd with covenant restoration to YHWH-in-Christ |
| vanity / worthless idols | הֶבֶל | hevel | الباطل | Medium | 17:15 | Positive bridge with Qur’anic al-ḥaqq/al-bāṭil antithesis; polemical force (“idols are nothing”) must be retained |
| child sacrifice (“passed through the fire”) | הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ | he’evir ba-esh | أجاز في النار | High | 16:3 (Ahaz, first occurrence); reused 17:17; 21:6 (Manasseh) | Keep sharply distinct from the Abraham/Ishmael-Isaac binding narrative in teaching materials — an entirely different theological category |
| divination / omens | קֶסֶם / נִחֵשׁ | qesem / nichesh | العرافة / التفاؤل بالطالع | Low-Medium | 17:17; 21:6 | Positive bridge: broadly condemned in Islamic tradition also (kihānah, siḥr) |
| mediums / necromancers | אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי | ov ve-yidde’oni | أصحاب الجان / العرافون | Medium | 21:6 | Occult-consultation category, related to divination above |
4. Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| prophet | נָבִיא | navi | نبي | High [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | 17:13 (pervasive) | Contrast with الرسول (Muhammad’s title, baseline “apostle” note): many recurring covenant-enforcing messengers, not one final law-giver |
| seer | חֹזֶה | chozeh | رائي | Low | 17:13 | Near-synonym of navi |
| prophetess | נְבִיאָה | nevi’ah | نبية | Medium | 22:14 (Huldah) | Affirms a legitimate female prophetic office |
| word of the LORD | דְּבַר יְהוָה | devar YHWH | كلمة الرب | Medium | 1:17 | Formula of authoritative divine communication |
| hand of the LORD | יַד יְהוָה | yad YHWH | يد الرب | Medium | 3:15 | Idiom for prophetic empowerment at a given moment |
| spirit of Elijah (prophetic empowerment) | רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ | ruach Eliyahu | روح إيليا | High | 2:9, 2:15 | Must be explicitly distinguished from الروح القدس (baseline “holy_spirit,” Critical risk) — this is impartation of prophetic office, not the divine Person |
| sons of the prophets | בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים | bene ha-nevi’im | بنو الأنبياء | Medium | 2:3 | Vocational guild, not biological or theological “sonship” |
| power of God (thematic) | — | — | قوة الله | Medium [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | thematic throughout Elijah/Elisha narratives | Applies baseline “power_of_god” doctrine to the Elijah-Elisha miracle cycle |
| restoration to life (non-eschatological) | וַתְּחִי / חָיָה | va-techi / chayah | عاد إلى الحياة / فعاش | Critical | 4:35 (Shunammite’s son); 13:21 (Elisha’s bones) | Must NOT be rendered القيامة (baseline “resurrection,” Critical risk, reserved for Christ’s unique, permanent, glorified resurrection) — these are temporary restorations to ordinary mortal life, types not fulfillment |
| chariot of fire / whirlwind (Elijah’s ascension) | מֶרְכֶּבֶת אֵשׁ / סוּפָה | merkevet esh / suphah | مركبة نارية / العاصفة | Critical | 2:11 | Must NOT be taught analogically with the Qur’anic denial of Christ’s crucifixion (4:157-158) — a unique, non-repeatable, non-analogous event |
| savior (human, temporal) | מוֹשִׁיעַ | moshi’a | مخلّص (indefinite, non-titular) | High | 13:5 | Etymological/typological link to الخلاص — teach explicitly as a partial, temporal type, not the definite-article المخلّص title reserved for Christ |
| sign | אוֹת | ot | آية | Medium | 1:10 (fire from heaven); 20:8-9 (Hezekiah’s sign) | Note: آية is also the standard Qur’anic term for a verse/miraculous sign — broadly compatible shared vocabulary, low collision |
5. God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| warned / testified | הֵעִיד | he’id | أشهد / حذّر | High | 17:13 | Establishes repeated, gracious, patient warning process — foundational for this doctrine |
| turn back / repent | שׁוּב | shuv | الرجوع (ارجعوا) | High | 17:13 | Distinct root from النT التوبة (metanoia); parallel risk to Islamic tawbah functioning as an independent merit-act — teach as summons back into an existing covenant, not an autonomous restorative transaction |
| believe / trust (in YHWH) | הֶאֱמִין | he’emin | الإيمان [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Critical | 17:14 | Genuine etymological cognate (Hebrew א-מ-ן / Arabic ء-م-ن) — rare positive linguistic bridge; anchor to trust in YHWH’s specific covenant word, anticipating trust in Christ |
| trust / rely on | בָּטַח | batach | توكل | High | 18:5 (Hezekiah) | Partial bridge with Islamic tawakkul; specify covenantal reliance on YHWH’s prior promises, not generic piety |
| stiffened neck / stubborn | הִקְשָׁה עֹרֶף | hiqshah ‘orep | تصلّبوا / تعنّتوا | Low | 17:14 | Idiom for willful (not ignorant) resistance |
| feared/revered (other gods) | יָרֵא | yare | خافوا / عبدوا | High | 17:7 | Bridges conceptually with Islamic taqwā, but object here is false gods — irony must be preserved |
| provoke to anger | הִכְעִיס | hikh’is | أغضبوا الرب / أسخطوه | Medium | 17:11 | Covenant-relational offense, not abstract law-violation |
| did not turn away (refusal) | לֹא סָר | lo sar | لم يحيدوا / لم يرجعوا | Medium | 17:22 | Negative mirror of שׁוּב, confirming sustained refusal |
6. Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Book of the Law (rediscovered) | סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה | sefer ha-Torah | كتاب الناموس | Critical | 22:8 | Highest-priority apologetic term in the book. Must be framed as neglect-and-rediscovery within unbroken custody (the scroll was in God’s own house all along), explicitly NOT the Islamic tahrif pattern of loss/corruption/reconstruction. Every occurrence needs this scaffolding, not just correct vocabulary |
| tore his garments | קָרַע בְּגָדִים | qara begadim | مزّق ثيابه | Low | 22:11 | Standard grief/repentance idiom |
| covenant renewal (before the LORD) | כָּרַת בְּרִית לִפְנֵי יְהוָה | karat berit lifney YHWH | عقد العهد أمام الرب | High | 23:3 | Positive structural counterpoint to 17:15’s covenant rejection |
| with all heart and all soul | בְּכׇל־לֵבָב וּבְכׇל־נֶפֶשׁ | be-khol levav u-ve-khol nefesh | بكل قلبه وبكل نفسه | High | 23:3 | Echoes the Shema (Deut 6:5); teach continuity with طاعة الإيمان (baseline “obedience_of_faith”) — devotion flowing from relationship, not a merit-earning technique |
| Passover | פֶּסַח | Pesach | الفصح | Medium | 23:21-23 | Minimal Islamic-tradition collision; forward-connects to later NT curricula (“Christ our Passover”) |
7. Hope amid Judgment
| Term (EN) | Hebrew Original | Transliteration | Arabic Rendering | Risk | First Occurrence | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| for the sake of David his servant | לְמַעַן דָּוִד עַבְדּוֹ | lema’an David ‘avdo | من أجل داود عبده | Critical | 8:19 (reused 19:34, 20:6) | Anchors baseline’s “davidic_covenant”/“seed_of_david” doctrines; unconditional divine faithfulness, echoing the grace pattern (not a reward for present merit) |
| seed of David | — | — | نسل داود [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | High | thematic throughout | Reused exactly per baseline |
| remnant | הַשְּׁאָר | ha-she’ar | البقية | High | 25:12 | Structural seed of hope; connects forward to Romans 11:5’s remnant concept for cross-curriculum consistency |
| lifted up the head (of Jehoiachin) | נָשָׂא רֹאשׁ | nasa rosh | رفع رأسه | High | 25:27-30 | Book’s closing gesture of mercy toward the exiled Davidic line; teach as a seed of hope, not a resolved “return from exile,” which belongs to later Scripture and is ultimately fulfilled in Christ |
| angel of the LORD (deliverance) | מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה | mal’akh YHWH | ملاك الرب | Medium | 19:35 | Concrete instance of “Hope amid Judgment”: Jerusalem spared where Samaria was not |
| there is no God…except in Israel | — | — | لا يوجد إله في كل الأرض إلا في إسرائيل | High | 5:15 (Naaman) | Anchors baseline’s “universal_scope_of_gospel”/“gentiles” doctrines — a Gentile confession amid the surrounding narrative of covenant unfaithfulness |
8. Structural/Political Sensitivity Notes (cross-cutting)
| Term (EN) | Arabic Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Israel (the people/kingdom) | إسرائيل [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | High | Reuses baseline political-sensitivity note in full; especially acute in chs. 15-17’s narration of the kingdom’s end |
| Jerusalem Temple (“house of the LORD”) | بيت الرب / الهيكل | High | Contemporary sensitivity: site’s later association with al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf/al-Aqsa compound; keep historical-theological content distinct from present-day territorial discourse, per baseline’s “israel” caution |
| Davidic royal line under judgment and mercy | داود / نسل داود [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY] | Critical | Runs through chs. 8, 17, 19-20, 23, 25 as the thread connecting judgment (ch.17) to hope (ch.25) |
This glossary should be merged into translation_memory.json prior to Phase 2 processing of any 2 Kings segment. New entries (all rows not marked [BASELINE — REUSE EXACTLY]) require theologian sign-off for Critical/High tiers per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md before enforcement begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of YHWH
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. In 2 Kings this is YHWH’s own covenant name-title, pervasive throughout (17:1 and passim). Cross-Testament continuity with the baseline’s use of الرب for Christ (Romans 10:9) is theologically deliberate and must be preserved: the same divine title covers both Testaments.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of YHWH
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Distinguish ‘the LORD, the God of Israel’ from ‘other gods’ (אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, 17:7) — same Arabic word covers true and false deity depending on referent; context must always disambiguate.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: (contrast entry; no direct OT occurrence of the NT concept)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. 2 Kings never uses this NT concept directly; this entry exists to enforce the required contrast with ‘spirit_of_elijah’ (2:9) — do not import Trinitarian Person-language into that OT prophetic office-transfer narrative.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and the Royal Line
Original: מָשִׁיחַ (root מָשַׁח; not used as a title in 2 Kings)
Category: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. The noun ‘Anointed One’ as a title is NEVER used in 2 Kings itself — only the verb מָשַׁח (‘anointed’) appears, describing ordinary royal installation (e.g. Jehu, 9:3, 9:6). This entry exists specifically to document non-use: never apply المسيح to any human king anointed in 2 Kings; see anointed_as_king.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly, reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique, permanent, glorified resurrection. This entry exists in the 2 Kings term set specifically as the forbidden term for restoration_to_life passages (4:35; 13:21) — those are temporary returns to ordinary mortal life and must never be rendered القيامة.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. This entry exists in the 2 Kings term set as the reserved title/root against which human_savior (13:5, מוֹשִׁיעַ) must be contrasted: a temporal, partial, human deliverer is never الخلاص itself, only its distant type.
Book Of The Law
Approved rendering: كتاب الناموس
Transliteration: kitāb al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Rejected alternatives: كتاب الشريعة
Original: סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה
Category: Josiah’s Reform
The single highest-priority apologetic term in the whole book (22:8 onward). This is a narrative of temporary neglect and rediscovery within unbroken Temple custody — NOT loss, corruption, and later human reconstruction, the Islamic tahrif framework applied to prior scriptures generally. Every occurrence needs this scaffolding stated explicitly, not merely correct vocabulary.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: السبي / أُجلي
Transliteration: al-sabī / ujliya
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: النجاة (unrelated deliverance sense)
Original: גָּלָה / גּוֹלָה
Category: Sin
The book’s central judgment-verb: forced deportation of Israel (17:6) and later Judah (24:14-16, 25:11). Standard, low-collision Arabic vocabulary but maximal doctrinal weight; render with total consistency across chs.15-25 so students track one continuous, escalating historical judgment.
Removed From Presence
Approved rendering: طرحهم من أمام وجهه / أبعدهم عن حضرته
Transliteration: ṭaraḥahum min amām wajhihi / ab’adahum ‘an ḥaḍratihi
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: أبعدهم (bare removal, without حضرته/وجهه presence-language)
Original: הֵסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו
Category: Sin
‘Removed them from before his face’ (17:18, reused 17:23) — the theological center of the exile doctrine. פָּנִים (face/presence) must be rendered relationally, never as mere spatial removal; collapsing it flattens covenant rupture into a bare geopolitical event.
Restoration To Life
Approved rendering: عاد إلى الحياة / فعاش
Transliteration: ‘āda ilā al-ḥayāh / fa-‘āsha
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Rejected alternatives: القيامة
Original: וַתְּשָׁב נֶפֶש / חָיָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Temporary restoration of a dead person to ordinary mortal life through a prophet’s intercession (Shunammite’s son, 4:35; man revived by Elisha’s bones, 13:21). Must NEVER be rendered القيامة, reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique, permanent, glorified resurrection. Render descriptively every time; these are types, not fulfillment.
Chariot Of Fire Ascension
Approved rendering: مركبة نارية / العاصفة
Transliteration: markabah nāriyyah / al-‘āṣifah
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: מֶרְכֶּבֶת אֵשׁ / סוּפָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
The whirlwind and fiery chariot by which Elijah is taken up alive, without dying (2:11). Must NEVER be taught analogically alongside the Qur’an’s account (4:157-158) that Allah ‘raised’ Jesus without his dying on the cross. A unique, non-repeatable, non-analogous event; keep plainly descriptive, never a fixed technical coinage.
Believe Trust Yhwh
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: הֶאֱמִינוּ
Category: Repentance and Warning
‘They did not believe/trust’ YHWH’s covenant word through his prophets (17:14). Same Arabic term as baseline’s ‘faith,’ reused exactly — a rare genuine positive linguistic bridge (Hebrew א-מ-ן / Arabic ء-م-ن true cognates). Anchor the object of belief to YHWH’s specific covenant word through named prophets, anticipating NT trust in Christ; do not let it collapse into generic creedal assent.
Davidic Covenant For Davids Sake
Approved rendering: من أجل داود عبده
Transliteration: min ajli Dāwūd ‘abdihi
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Original: לְמַעַן דָּוִד עַבְדּוֹ
Category: Davidic Covenant
Recurring formula (8:19; 19:34; 20:6) explaining why Judah is repeatedly spared destruction despite unfaithfulness. Must be taught as unconditional divine faithfulness echoing baseline’s grace doctrine, never a reward for present-generation conduct.
High Risk Terms
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Hope
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly, with its full contemporary political-sensitivity note. Especially acute in chs. 15-17’s narration of the northern kingdom’s end and in ch. 25’s fall of Jerusalem; must not be read as commentary on the present-day Arab-Israeli conflict.
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Risk elevated to High for this curriculum (baseline Medium) because 2 Kings narrates the covenant’s active breach (17:15, ‘they rejected…his covenant’) and later renewal (11:17; 23:3), making it the central legal-relational term for the book’s core doctrine. ‘Cut a covenant’ (כרת ברית) ANE ratification idiom should be noted in teaching material.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. NEVER substitute الشريعة, per baseline’s binding cross-curriculum prohibition. General occurrences of ‘the Law’ (17:13, 17:19) carry High risk; the specific compound ‘the Book of the Law’ (22:8 onward) is Critical — see book_of_the_law.
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: חֵטְא / חֲטָאָה
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. In 2 Kings applied corporately and trans-generationally (17:7; 21:10-15) — a sharper collision with Islamic fiṭrah doctrine (denial of inherited/corporate guilt) than baseline’s individual-guilt framing in Romans. Must be taught explicitly, not assumed shared ground.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: (thematic; underlies the Elijah-Elisha miracle cycle)
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Risk elevated to High for this curriculum (baseline Medium) because it is the thematic engine of the entire Elijah-Elisha miracle cycle (fire from heaven, multiplied oil/bread, healing, raising the dead), functioning as the OT forerunner/type of baseline’s power-for-salvation doctrine.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: (thematic; underlies חֶסֶד loyalty-love behind the ‘for David’s sake’ pattern)
Category: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applied thematically (not propositionally) to YHWH’s repeated sparing of Judah ‘for David’s sake’ (8:19; 19:34; 20:6) despite the reigning king’s unfaithfulness — narrative illustration of favor given wholly apart from merit.
Providence
Approved rendering: العناية الإلهية
Transliteration: al-‘ināyah al-ilāhiyyah
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: (thematic; God’s governance of the historical narrative)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Risk elevated to High for this curriculum (baseline Medium) since 2 Kings’ entire historical narrative — raising up and empowering prophets, appointing foreign kings as instruments of judgment or deliverance — depends on this doctrine; keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism, since God’s governance here is tied to specific, named covenant purposes.
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Inherited from Romans package (translation reused exactly), risk elevated to High for this curriculum (baseline treats it as Low in Romans) because 2 Kings’ sheer density of prophetic activity across two full narrative cycles sharpens the risk of readers assimilating it to khatam an-nabiyyin (seal of the prophets) logic. Distinguish many, recurring, covenant-enforcing messengers from a single final, superseding prophetic office, and from الرسول (Muhammad’s own defining title).
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Also used in this book at 17:14 to render he’eminu (‘they did not believe/trust’ YHWH’s covenant word through his prophets) — see believe_trust_yhwh for the specific Critical-risk occurrence exploiting the genuine Hebrew-Arabic cognate root (א-מ-ן / ء-م-ن).
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Retained in the 2 Kings term set purely as a contrast anchor: ‘by the hand of my servants the prophets’ (prophets_my_servants) must be taught as many, recurring, non-final messengers, explicitly distinguished from الرسول’s singular, final, superseding sense in Islamic theology (Muhammad’s defining title).
God Of Israel
Approved rendering: إله إسرائيل
Transliteration: ilāh Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: God
Covenant title identifying YHWH specifically as Israel’s own God, distinct from the gods of surrounding nations (17:7). Combine with israel’s political-sensitivity note; the phrase names theological covenant particularity, not a claim about the modern nation-state.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: رجل الله
Transliteration: rajul Allāh
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Rejected alternatives: ولي الله, الأولياء
Original: אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Recurring title for Elijah and Elisha (first at 1:9) marking them as authorized divine representatives. Must be distinguished from the Sufi/folk-Islamic walī Allāh category (baseline already rejects أولياء for ‘saints’) — an authoritative prophetic office, never a venerated intercessory holy man; never pair with shrine-intercession vocabulary.
Great Sin Jeroboam
Approved rendering: خطية عظيمة
Transliteration: khaṭīyah ‘aẕīmah
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: חֲטָאָה גְדוֹלָה
Category: Sin
The defining, paradigmatic sin of Jeroboam I’s calf-worship (1 Kgs 12:28), cited at 17:21 as the root cause of Israel’s national apostasy. Intensified compound of الخطية; teach as a single founding sin compounding institutionally across an entire kingdom’s history.
Burned House Of The Lord
Approved rendering: أحرق بيت الرب
Transliteration: aḥraqa bayt al-Rabb
Doctrine: Temple Worship and Covenant Centralization
Original: וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת־בֵּית־יְהוָה
Category: Sin
The Babylonian destruction of the Jerusalem Temple (25:9), the ultimate covenant-judgment sign. Contemporary sensitivity note: the site’s later association with al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf/al-Aqsa Mosque compound carries live political weight; keep the historical-theological content distinct from present-day territorial discourse.
High Places
Approved rendering: المرتفعات
Transliteration: al-murtafa’āt
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: الأماكن العالية (generic; loses the illegitimate-rival-shrine sense)
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Idolatry
Elevated, unauthorized local worship sites rivaling the centralized Temple cult; the single most repeated cultic term in Kings (~25x). Requires a cultural-background gloss: no ready Arabic-culture category for an unauthorized shrine rivaling one exclusive sanctuary.
Asherah
Approved rendering: أشيرة
Transliteration: Ashīrah
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Rejected alternatives: شجرة (generic ‘tree’, loses cult-object specificity)
Original: אֲשֵׁרָה / אֲשֵׁרִים
Category: Idolatry
Cult poles/images associated with the Canaanite fertility-goddess Asherah, set up even inside the Jerusalem Temple by Manasseh (21:7). Transliteration unfamiliar to most readers; requires an explanatory gloss every occurrence.
Baal
Approved rendering: البعل
Transliteration: al-Ba’l
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: בַּעַל
Category: Idolatry
Proper name of the chief Canaanite storm-and-fertility deity; the underlying common noun also means ‘lord/master/husband.’ The name itself is low-collision, but the deliberate false-lord-vs-true-LORD wordplay (Israel served a baal instead of the الرب) should be taught explicitly.
Child Sacrifice
Approved rendering: أجاز في النار
Transliteration: ajāza fī al-nār
Doctrine: Child Sacrifice and Extreme Covenant Apostasy
Rejected alternatives: التضحية بالأبناء (too clinical; loses the idiom’s condemnatory force)
Original: הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ
Category: Idolatry
Idiom for child sacrifice/immolation associated with Molech-worship (first at 16:3, Ahaz; reused 17:17; 21:6, Manasseh). Keep sharply distinct from the Abraham/Ishmael-Isaac binding narrative in all teaching materials — an entirely different theological category (a test God explicitly stopped, not a sanctioned practice).
Spirit Of Elijah
Approved rendering: روح إيليا
Transliteration: rūḥ Īliyā
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Rejected alternatives: الروح القدس
Original: רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ
Category: Prophetic Ministry
The prophetic empowering/office passed from Elijah to Elisha (‘a double portion,’ 2:9, 2:15). Must be explicitly distinguished from الروح القدس every occurrence — this is impartation of prophetic office, not the divine Person.
Human Savior
Approved rendering: مخلّص
Transliteration: mukhalliṣ
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Rejected alternatives: المخلّص (definite article, reserved for Christ’s title)
Original: מוֹשִׁיעַ
Category: Prophetic Ministry
A human military deliverer YHWH raises up for a specific, temporal, political deliverance (13:5). Strong etymological/typological link to الخلاص; must always be indefinite/non-titular, explicitly taught as a partial, temporal type, never the final، once-for-all Savior.
Warned Testified
Approved rendering: أشهد / حذّر
Transliteration: ashhada / ḥadhdhara
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: הֵעִיד
Category: Repentance and Warning
Legal/covenantal witness-language: God formally puts Israel and Judah on notice through ‘every prophet and every seer’ (17:13). Must convey a repeated, gracious, patient warning process, not a single perfunctory notice.
Turn Back Repent
Approved rendering: الرجوع (ارجعوا)
Transliteration: al-rujū’ (irji’ū)
Doctrine: Repentance and Covenant Return
Rejected alternatives: التوبة (NT/Islamic register)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Repentance and Warning
The OT’s primary repentance-verb (‘turn back from your evil ways,’ 17:13). Distinct root from NT-register Arabic التوبة; teach as a summons back into an already-existing covenant relationship, never an autonomous merit-transaction paralleling popular Islamic tawbah.
Trust Rely On Yhwh
Approved rendering: توكل
Transliteration: tawakkul
Doctrine: Repentance and Covenant Return
Original: בָּטַח
Category: Repentance and Warning
Hezekiah’s commended reliance on YHWH (18:5) rather than on political alliances, contrasted with Ahaz (ch.16). Partial genuine bridge with Islamic tawakkul; specify covenantal reliance on YHWH’s own prior specific promises, not a generic piety-virtue.
Feared Other Gods
Approved rendering: خافوا آلهة أخرى / عبدوا
Transliteration: khāfū ālihatan ukhrā / ‘abadū
Doctrine: Repentance and Covenant Return
Original: וַיִּירְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים
Category: Repentance and Warning
Israel redirected the reverential fear/worship owed exclusively to YHWH toward false gods (17:7). Bridges conceptually with Islamic taqwā, but must be anchored to its ironic, covenant-breaking object (false gods).
Prophets My Servants
Approved rendering: بيد عبيدي الأنبياء
Transliteration: bi-yad ‘abīdī al-anbiyā’
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: الرسول (Muhammad’s singular, final, superseding title)
Original: בְּיַד עֲבָדַי הַנְּבִיאִים
Category: Repentance and Warning
Recurring authorization formula: God’s prophets act as delegated messengers on His initiative, never autonomously (17:13, 17:23). Contrast explicitly with الرسول’s singular, final Islamic sense — Kings presents many, recurring, covenant-enforcing messengers across centuries.
Fulfillment Of Prophecy Formula
Approved rendering: كما قال بيد جميع عبيده الأنبياء
Transliteration: kamā qāla bi-yad jamī’ ‘abīdihi al-anbiyā’
Doctrine: Miraculous Confirmation of the Prophetic Word
Original: כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר בְּיַד כָּל־עֲבָדָיו הַנְּבִיאִים
Category: Repentance and Warning
Recurring fulfillment formula (17:23; also 14:25 re: Jonah) confirming the exile as the precise, promised outcome of decades of prophetic warning. Connects to baseline’s naskh/abrogation caution: this is fulfillment, not abrogation — the distinction must be made explicit.
Torn Kingdom From House Of David
Approved rendering: مزّق إسرائيل عن بيت داود
Transliteration: mazzaqa Isrā’īl ‘an bayt Dāwūd
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: קָרַע יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעַל בֵּית דָּוִד
Category: Davidic Covenant
Traces Israel’s fall (17:1-6) back to the kingdom’s split from the Davidic line generations earlier (17:21; cf. 1 Kgs 11-12). Connect explicitly to داود/نسل داود so students see the northern kingdom’s fall as a Davidic-covenant issue, not merely a political rupture.
Anointed As King
Approved rendering: مسحه ملكًا (بالزيت)
Transliteration: masaḥahu malikan (bi-l-zayt)
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and the Royal Line
Rejected alternatives: المسيح (noun-title, reserved exclusively for Christ)
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Davidic Covenant
Ritual verb installing a specific human king in a specific historical office (Jehu, 9:3, 9:6). Render as a verbal action only; NEVER use the noun المسيح, to avoid implying any human king in this book is ‘a messiah.‘
Vassal Tribute
Approved rendering: أصبح عبدًا له / إتاوة
Transliteration: aṣbaḥa ‘abdan lahu / itāwah
Doctrine: Kingship and Covenant Accountability
Rejected alternatives: جزية (carries the specific Islamic dhimmi poll-tax connotation, an unwanted collision for a generic ANE vassal-tribute payment), قربان / تقدمة (cultic offering vocabulary, would wrongly imply Hoshea ‘worshiped’ Assyria)
Original: עָלָיו עָבֶד / מִנְחָה
Category: Kingship
Hoshea’s political vassalage and tribute-payment to Assyria (17:3-4). Risk elevated to High for this curriculum: an earlier working rendering considered جزية for מִנְחָה, but جزية is specifically the historical Islamic poll-tax levied on non-Muslim dhimmi subjects — using it here would import an anachronistic and doctrinally unrelated legal category into a purely political ANE vassalage notice. إتاوة (tribute/exaction) avoids this collision. Disambiguate from the cultic ‘serve idols’ vocabulary used later in the same chapter (v.12).
Covenant Renewal Before The Lord
Approved rendering: عقد العهد أمام الرب
Transliteration: ‘aqada al-‘ahd amāma al-Rabb
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: וַיִּכְרֹת… אֶת־הַבְּרִית לִפְנֵי יְהוָה
Category: Josiah’s Reform
Josiah’s formal, public covenant-renewal ceremony (23:3), the book’s fullest positive covenant scene. Teach as the deliberate positive counterpoint to 17:15’s ‘they rejected…his covenant.‘
All Heart All Soul
Approved rendering: بكل قلبه وبكل نفسه
Transliteration: bi-kulli qalbihi wa-bi-kulli nafsihi
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: בְּכׇל־לֵבָב וּבְכׇל־נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Josiah’s Reform
Direct echo of the Shema (Deut 6:5) applied to Josiah’s personal covenant devotion (23:3). Teach continuity with baseline’s طاعة الإيمان (obedience of faith) — devotion flowing from covenant relationship already established, never a merit-earning technique.
Remnant
Approved rendering: البقية
Transliteration: al-baqiyyah
Doctrine: Remnant and Preserved Hope
Original: הַשְּׁאָר
Category: Hope
The poor left in the land after the Babylonian elite deportation (25:12) — judgment is severe but not total annihilation. Connects forward to Romans 11:5’s remnant, implicit already in baseline’s ‘election’ doctrine.
Lifted Up Head
Approved rendering: رفع رأسه
Transliteration: rafa’a ra’sahu
Doctrine: Remnant and Preserved Hope
Original: נָשָׂא רֹאשׁ
Category: Hope
Idiom for granting favor and restored honor; the book’s final scene, exiled king Jehoiachin given a place of honor at the Babylonian king’s table (25:27-30). Teach as a seed of hope only, not a resolved ‘return from exile.‘
No God Except In Israel
Approved rendering: لا يوجد إله في كل الأرض إلا في إسرائيل
Transliteration: lā yūjadu ilāh fī kulli al-arḍ illā fī Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Universal Scope of God’s Reality among the Nations
Original: אֵין אֱלֹהִים בְּכׇל־הָאָרֶץ כִּי אִם־בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Hope
Naaman the Aramean commander’s explicit monotheistic confession after his healing (5:15). Frame as an outsider’s dawning recognition of YHWH’s sole reality, anticipating the gospel’s later reach to all nations — not misheard as religious pluralism.
House Of The Lord Temple
Approved rendering: بيت الرب / الهيكل
Transliteration: bayt al-Rabb / al-Haykal
Doctrine: Temple Worship and Covenant Centralization
Original: בֵּית יְהוָה
Category: Sin
The Jerusalem Temple, the exclusive, legitimate locus of covenant worship throughout the book, contrasted with ‘the high places.’ Contemporary sensitivity note applies (see burned_house_of_the_lord).
Nehushtan
Approved rendering: نحشتان
Transliteration: Nuḥushtān
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
New term (not previously in baseline or Romans registries): the bronze serpent Hezekiah destroys as an idolatrous relic (18:4), originally Moses’ own legitimate wilderness-era sign (Numbers 21). Transliterate + mandatory gloss distinguishing the object’s original typological legitimacy from its later idolatrous corruption — a useful in-text example of ‘high places’-style drift (a good thing turned into an idol).
Resettlement Syncretism
Approved rendering: كانوا يعبدون الرب ويعبدون آلهتهم أيضًا
Transliteration: kānū ya’budūna al-Rabba wa-ya’budūna ālihatahum ayḍan
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
New term/construction: 17:24-33’s description of the resettled peoples who ‘feared the LORD and served their own gods’ — additive, partial syncretism, not a clean shirk/tawḥīd binary. No single Arabic term captures this; render descriptively and keep the teaching point on covenant-exclusivity, not converted into a generic tawḥīd apologetic.
Medium Risk Terms
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and the Royal Line
Original: זֶרַע דָּוִד
Category: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Risk re-graded Medium for this curriculum (baseline High) since 2 Kings treats it as a recurring narrative thread (17:21; ch.25’s closing scene) rather than the singular Christological argument baseline builds on it; the thread connects the kingdom’s rupture (17:21) to its preserved hope (25:27-30).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Universal Scope of God’s Reality among the Nations
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Original: הַגּוֹיִם
Category: Idolatry
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. At 17:8 (‘customs of the nations’) this occurrence is morally negative pagan custom, distinct from the neutral ethnic sense baseline established for Romans; disambiguate by context. At 5:15 the same root frames Naaman’s confession positively.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingship and Covenant Accountability
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Original: (thematic contrast; no direct Hebrew phrase in 2 Kings)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Thematic/implicit in 2 Kings rather than a frequent phrase; keep strictly distinct from المملكة (political_kingdom), the fallible, divided political kingdoms of Israel and Judah under judgment throughout the book.
Intercession
Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Direct Access to God
Original: (thematic; cf. Elisha’s intercessory miracles)
Category: Prayer
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applies to Elisha’s intercessory miracles (ch. 4) and general prophetic mediation; Hezekiah’s direct, unmediated prayer (ch. 19) is a useful positive contrast point to the contested Islamic shafā’ah category.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ملاك الرب
Transliteration: malāk al-Rabb
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Original: מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה
Category: God
A direct agent of divine action/judgment, delivering Jerusalem from Sennacherib (19:35), a concrete instance of Hope amid Judgment contrasted with Samaria’s fall in ch.17. Distinct from ordinary human ‘messengers’ used politically elsewhere.
Statutes
Approved rendering: فرائض
Transliteration: farā’iḍ
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: חֻקִּים / חֻקּוֹת
Category: Covenant
Fixed divine decrees, part of the covenant-law vocabulary triad deployed at 17:13, 17:19. Shares its root with Islamic farā’iḍ legal categories (obligatory duties, inheritance shares); retain as the established rendering but disambiguate contextually as YHWH’s own covenant decrees.
Commandments
Approved rendering: أوامر / وصايا
Transliteration: awāmir / waṣāyā
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: מִצְוֹת
Category: Covenant
Specific divine commands, paired with statutes and law at 17:13, 17:16, 17:19. Standard vocabulary; low independent risk beyond ensuring consistency alongside فرائض and الناموس.
Testimonies
Approved rendering: شهادات
Transliteration: shahādāt
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: الشهادة (Islamic creedal confession sense)
Original: עֵדְוֹת
Category: Covenant
Covenant stipulations understood as God’s own sworn witness to His people (17:15). Shares root ش-ه-د with الشهادة (the Islamic shahada); context must anchor this to God’s own covenant stipulations, never a worshiper’s recited creed.
Wrath Of The Lord
Approved rendering: غضب الرب
Transliteration: ghaḍab al-Rabb
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: אַף / חֲרוֹן אַף יְהוָה
Category: Sin
God’s intense, enacted anger (17:18), escalated from the milder provoke-vocabulary (17:11). Broadly compatible with Allah’s ghaḍab as a shared category; retain the covenant-relational (betrayed-partner) dimension, not abstract law-violation.
Provoke To Anger
Approved rendering: أغضبوا الرب / أسخطوه
Transliteration: aghḍabū al-Rabb / askhaṭūhu
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: הִכְעִיסוּ
Category: Sin
Causative verb: Israel’s idolatry described as actively provoking YHWH to anger (17:11). Frames idolatry in covenant-relational, not abstract legal, terms.
Innocent Blood
Approved rendering: دم بريء
Transliteration: dam barī’
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: דָּם נָקִי
Category: Sin
Bloodguilt vocabulary for unjust killing; Manasseh’s persecution of the faithful (21:16) compounds his idolatry charge with a justice/violence dimension.
Standing Stones
Approved rendering: أنصاب
Transliteration: anṣāb
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: מַצֵּבוֹת
Category: Idolatry
Cultic standing stones/pillars, idolatrous in this context (17:10), though the same Hebrew word can denote legitimate memorial markers elsewhere (Genesis 28:18).
Host Of Heaven
Approved rendering: جند السماء
Transliteration: jund al-samā’
Doctrine: Universal Scope of God’s Reality among the Nations
Original: צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם
Category: Idolatry
Astral bodies worshiped as deities (17:16). Positive bridge: parallels Abraham’s rejection of star/sun/moon-worship in Qur’an 6:76-79.
Molten Calves
Approved rendering: عجول مسبوكة
Transliteration: ‘ujūl masbūkah
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: עֶגְלֵי מַסֵּכָה
Category: Idolatry
Cast idol-calves echoing Exodus 32 and Jeroboam I’s calves (1 Kgs 12:28); reused at 10:29 and 17:16. Positive bridge: the Qur’an’s golden-calf episode (2:51; 7:148; 20:83-98) is attributed to ‘al-Samiri,’ not Aaron — partial, not total, overlap.
Idols Gillulim
Approved rendering: أوثان
Transliteration: awthān
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: גִּלֻּלִים
Category: Idolatry
A deliberately contemptuous term for idols (17:12). Positive bridge: same word the Qur’an uses for idols (29:17) — must not be leveraged to imply tawḥīd alone satisfies this text’s demand for covenant restoration to YHWH specifically.
Vanity Idols
Approved rendering: الباطل
Transliteration: al-bāṭil
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: הֶבֶל
Category: Idolatry
‘Vanity/emptiness’ — idols described as literally nothing, and those who pursue them becoming empty themselves (17:15). Positive bridge with the Qur’anic al-ḥaqq/al-bāṭil antithesis; must not be used to suggest rejecting idols for tawḥīd alone satisfies the demand for restoration to YHWH.
Divination
Approved rendering: العرافة / التفاؤل بالطالع
Transliteration: al-‘irāfah / al-tafā’ul bi-l-ṭāli’
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: קֶסֶם / נִחֵשׁ
Category: Idolatry
Occult practices for discerning hidden knowledge apart from YHWH’s revealed prophetic word (17:17; 21:6). Positive bridge: broadly condemned in Islamic tradition also (kihānah, siḥr).
Mediums Necromancers
Approved rendering: أصحاب الجان / العرافون
Transliteration: aṣḥāb al-jānn / al-‘irāfūn
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי
Category: Idolatry
Occult consultation of the dead/spirits, part of Manasseh’s catalog of apostasy (21:6). Related occult-consultation category to divination.
Abomination
Approved rendering: رجاسة / رجاسات
Transliteration: rijāsah / rijāsāt
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: תּוֹעֵבָה
Category: Idolatry
Strong term for practices detestable to YHWH, used of Manasseh’s Temple desecration (21:7). Positive bridge: shares root ر-ج-س with the Qur’anic رجس category (5:90).
Prophetess
Approved rendering: نبية
Transliteration: nabiyyah
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: נְבִיאָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Female holder of the prophetic office (Huldah, 22:14), confirming the discovered Book of the Law’s authenticity through the established prophetic channel. Worth noting explicitly that Scripture affirms a legitimate female prophetic office.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: كلمة الرب
Transliteration: kalimat al-Rabb
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: דְּבַר יְהוָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Formula for authoritative divine communication delivered through a prophet (1:17 and throughout). Establishes that prophetic messages carry YHWH’s own authority, not the prophet’s personal opinion.
Hand Of The Lord
Approved rendering: يد الرب
Transliteration: yad al-Rabb
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: יַד יְהוָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Idiom for God’s empowering presence coming upon a prophet at a specific moment (3:15). A temporary empowering, not an indwelling divine Person.
Sons Of The Prophets
Approved rendering: بنو الأنبياء
Transliteration: banū al-anbiyā’
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים
Category: Prophetic Ministry
A guild/community of prophets-in-training under a senior prophet (2:3). Clarify this is a vocational guild term, not a biological or theological ‘sonship’ category.
Sign
Approved rendering: آية
Transliteration: āyah
Doctrine: Miraculous Confirmation of the Prophetic Word
Original: אוֹת
Category: Prophetic Ministry
A miraculous confirming act (fire from heaven, 1:10; Hezekiah’s sign, 20:8-9) validating a prophetic word. Shared, compatible vocabulary with the Qur’anic āyah (verse/sign); note in teaching material that OT ‘signs’ authenticate a specific prophetic word, not a scripture-verse.
Leprosy Tzaraat
Approved rendering: برص
Transliteration: baraṣ
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Prophetic Ministry
A skin disease/condition requiring ritual and social separation; healed in Naaman (ch.5), inflicted as judgment on Uzziah (15:5) and Gehazi (5:27).
Cleansed Physical
Approved rendering: طهُر / تطهّر
Transliteration: ṭahura / taṭahhara
Doctrine: Universal Scope of God’s Reality among the Nations
Rejected alternatives: مقدس, التقديس
Original: טָהֵר
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Naaman’s literal physical cleansing from leprosy (ch.5), becoming the occasion for his monotheistic confession. Distinguish from مقدس/التقديس (baseline sanctification terms) — this is physical healing, not the Spirit’s moral-transformation work.
Opened Eyes Spiritual Perception
Approved rendering: فتح الرب عينيه
Transliteration: fataḥa al-Rabbu ‘aynayhi
Doctrine: Miraculous Confirmation of the Prophetic Word
Original: וַיִּפְקַח יְהוָה אֶת־עֵינֵי
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Idiom for God-granted spiritual/supernatural perception (Elisha’s servant, 6:17), not literal blindness/sight. Contrasts spiritual perception granted by God with mere natural sight.
Did Not Turn Away
Approved rendering: لم يحيدوا عنها / لم يرجعوا عنها
Transliteration: lam yaḥīdū ‘anhā / lam yarji’ū ‘anhā
Doctrine: Repentance and Covenant Return
Original: לֹא סָרוּ מִמֶּנָּה
Category: Repentance and Warning
‘They did not depart from it [Jeroboam’s sin]’ (17:22) — the negative mirror of v.13’s positive call to turn back. Confirms the nation’s refusal was sustained across its entire history.
Evil In The Eyes Of The Lord
Approved rendering: فعل الشر في عيني الرب
Transliteration: fa’ala al-sharra fī ‘aynay al-Rabb
Doctrine: Kingship and Covenant Accountability
Original: וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה
Category: Kingship
Recurring regnal evaluation formula (~30x in Kings). Must retain the personal, relational ‘in his eyes’ idiom (God as personally observing judge), not an abstract moral scorecard; establishes that even Hoshea’s ‘less evil’ (17:2) does not avert corporate judgment.
Political Kingdom
Approved rendering: المملكة
Transliteration: al-mamlakah
Doctrine: Kingship and Covenant Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ملكوت الله
Original: מַמְלָכָה
Category: Kingship
The divided, fallible political kingdoms of Israel and Judah under narration and judgment throughout the book. Must be kept strictly distinct from ملكوت الله (God’s own sovereign reign).
Passover
Approved rendering: الفصح
Transliteration: al-Fiṣḥ
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: פֶּסַח
Category: Josiah’s Reform
The Exodus-memorial feast, celebrated at unprecedented scale under Josiah (23:21-23). Minimal Islamic-tradition collision; forward-connects to later NT curricula (1 Corinthians 5:7, ‘Christ our Passover’).
Prayer
Approved rendering: صلاة
Transliteration: ṣalāh
Doctrine: Prayer and Direct Access to God
Original: תְּפִלָּה
Category: Prayer
Hezekiah’s petition before YHWH in the Temple (19:14-19), the proper covenant response to national threat. Standard Arabic Bible vocabulary (also the term for prescribed Islamic ritual prayer); content-level distinction (direct, unmediated address vs. prescribed ritual form) should be taught, not the vocabulary itself avoided.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and the Royal Line
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (proper name, reused exactly). Risk re-graded Low for this curriculum relative to baseline’s Medium, since the name itself is low-collision; the doctrinal weight sits in the compound terms built on it (see davidic_covenant_for_davids_sake, seed_of_david, torn_kingdom_from_house_of_david). See baseline’s Quranic-figure caveat: Qur’anic Dawud carries less covenant-king typology.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Miraculous Confirmation of the Prophetic Word
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Shares root with نبي; low independent risk. See fulfillment_of_prophecy_formula for the specific, higher-risk fulfillment construction.
Human Lord Honorific
Approved rendering: السيد / سيدي
Transliteration: al-sayyid / sayyidī
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of YHWH
Rejected alternatives: الرب (reserved exclusively for YHWH/Christ)
Original: אֲדֹנִי
Category: God
Ordinary honorific address to a human social superior (אֲדֹנִי), used of figures such as Naaman’s commander (ch.5) or the king (ch.8). Must never be confused with الرب, which baseline reserves exclusively for YHWH/Christ.
Seer
Approved rendering: رائي
Transliteration: rā’ī
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Original: חֹזֶה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Near-synonym of نبي, emphasizing the visionary mode of revelation; paired with it at 17:13 to stress the comprehensiveness of God’s warning.
Stiffened Neck
Approved rendering: تصلّبت رقابهم / تعنّتوا
Transliteration: taṣallabat riqābuhum / ta’annatū
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: הִקְשׁוּ עֶרְפָּם
Category: Repentance and Warning
Idiom for obstinate refusal, drawn from an animal refusing the yoke (17:14). Translate as idiom-meaning (were obstinate/stubborn), not literally.
Tore Garments
Approved rendering: مزّق ثيابه
Transliteration: mazzaqa thiyābahu
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: קָרַע בְּגָדִים
Category: Josiah’s Reform
Idiom of grief, alarm, and repentant distress; Josiah’s response upon hearing the Law read (22:11). Standard grief-idiom, models genuine covenant-hearted response.
Referenced passages