Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Timothy — English → Arabic
This glossary extends the baseline Romans translation_memory.json for the 2 Timothy curriculum. It does not restate baseline entries in full (see baseline for terms marked “Reused — see baseline TM”); it records every load-bearing term newly introduced by 2 Timothy, chapter by chapter, with the same risk framework as bible_term_registry.json.
Instruction to Phase 2 systems: Load this glossary alongside the baseline translation_memory.json. Every term below must be added to translation memory before segment processing begins, with version incremented per the baseline’s load/enforcement protocol.
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (2 Timothy occurrences)
| Term | Arabic (from baseline) | Risk | Key 2 Timothy refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | الإنجيل | High | 1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 4:5, 4:17 |
| grace | النعمة | High | 1:2, 1:9, 2:1, 4:22 |
| faith | الإيمان | High | 1:5, 2:18, 2:22, 3:10, 3:15, 4:7 |
| righteousness | البر | Critical | 3:16, 4:8 |
| salvation | الخلاص | Critical | 2:10, 3:15, 4:18 |
| apostle | الرسول | High | 1:1, 1:11 |
| called / calling | المدعوون / الدعوة | High | 1:9 |
| holy | مقدس | Medium | 1:9 |
| sanctification | التقديس | High | (conceptual background, 2:21 “set apart for honorable use”) |
| resurrection | القيامة | Critical | 2:8, 2:18 |
| lord | الرب | Critical | throughout (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 4:8, 4:22, et al.) |
| peace | السلام | Medium | 1:2, 2:22 |
| spiritual gifts | المواهب الروحية | Medium | 1:6 |
| thanksgiving | الشكر | Low | 1:3 |
| kingdom of God | ملكوت الله | Medium | 4:1, 4:18 |
| sin | الخطية | High | 3:6 |
| gentiles | الأمم | Medium | 4:17 |
| glory | المجد | High | 2:10 |
| power of God | قوة الله | Medium | 1:7, 1:8, 3:5, 4:17 |
| messiah / christ | المسيح | Critical | throughout |
| election | اختيار الله | High | 2:10 |
| david | داود | Medium | 2:8 |
| jesus | يسوع | Critical | throughout |
| god | الله | Critical | throughout |
| holy spirit | الروح القدس | Critical | 1:14 |
| father | الآب | Critical | 1:2 |
| exhort | يشجع / يعظ | Low | 4:2 |
| seed of David | نسل داود | High | 2:8 |
| imputed righteousness | البر المحسوب | Critical | (conceptual background to 4:8’s crown, distinguishing credited standing from earned reward) |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by 2 Timothy
| # | English term | Category / Doctrine | Risk | Greek original | Transliteration | Arabic term | Definition | Translation notes | Chapter refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Scripture / sacred writings | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | High | γραφή / ἱερὰ γράμματα | graphē / hiera grammata | الكتاب المقدس / الكتب المقدسة | The OT (and by extension, the whole biblical) canon, authoritative sacred text. | Must not concede the Islamic tahrīf claim that this text is a corrupted remnant of a lost original; affirm continuity and preservation. Distinguish ἱερὰ γράμματα (3:15, the writings Timothy knew from infancy) from πᾶσα γραφή (3:16, the fuller universal claim). | 3:15, 3:16 |
| 2 | God-breathed / inspired | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Critical | θεόπνευστος | theopneustos | موحى به من الله | Scripture’s divine origin: produced by God’s own “breath” through human authors. | و-ح-ي (waḥy) is Islam’s technical term for Muhammad’s verbatim dictated revelation via Gabriel. Retain موحى به (established, no safer alternative exists) but always pair with teaching that distinguishes mode (through genuine human voice/personality, not dictation) and result (a fixed, complete, non-abrogated text) from Qur’anic waḥy. | 3:16 |
| 3 | profitable / beneficial | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Low-Medium | ὠφέλιμος | ōphelimos | نافع / مفيد | Scripture’s practical usefulness for the four purposes listed. | Straightforward; no major collision. | 3:16 |
| 4 | teaching / doctrine | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Medium | διδασκαλία | didaskalia | التعليم | The content or act of apostolic instruction. | Prefer التعليم over العقيدة (creed) when paired with “sound,” to avoid the Islamic systematized-creed (ʿaqīdah) association. | 3:10, 3:16, 4:3 |
| 5 | reproof | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Low | ἔλεγχος | elenchos | التوبيخ / التبكيت | Exposure/conviction of error. | Low collision. | 3:16 |
| 6 | correction | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Low | ἐπανόρθωσις | epanorthōsis | التقويم / الإصلاح | Restoration to right condition. | NT hapax; low collision. | 3:16 |
| 7 | training / discipline | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | Low-Medium | παιδεία | paideia | التأديب / التهذيب | Moral/formational discipline, as in child-rearing. | Established Bible usage preferred over generic تربية. | 3:16 |
| 8 | complete / fully equipped | Inspiration & Sufficiency of Scripture | High | ἄρτιος / ἐξαρτίζω | artios / exartizō | كامل / مُجهَّز | Scripture’s sufficiency to fully equip for every good work, requiring no supplement. | Directly opposes the khātam al-nabiyyīn “necessary final completion” framework; vocabulary is safe, the sufficiency claim needs deliberate teaching. | 3:17 |
| 9 | solemnly charge | The Charge to Preach the Word | Medium-High | διαμαρτύρομαι | diamartyromai | أُناشد / أُشهِد | A binding charge invoking God and Christ as witnesses. | Must read as solemn/legal, not casual. | 4:1 |
| 10 | judge of living and dead | Lordship / Deity of Christ | High | κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | krinein zōntas kai nekrous | يدين الأحياء والأموات | Christ’s unique divine prerogative as universal judge. | High-Christology claim; never soften. | 4:1 |
| 11 | appearing (dual referent: incarnation / second coming) | Incarnation / Second Coming | Critical | ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | ظهور (context-dependent; pair with التجسد at 1:10) | 1:10 = Christ’s first appearing (incarnation); 4:1, 4:8 = his future, visible return. | Baseline rejects الظهور alone for “incarnation” (echoes Qur’anic shubbiha lahum apparition-language). Same Greek word, two referents — disambiguate at first use in each document (“ظهوره الأول” / “ظهوره الثاني”) and always affirm bodily reality, never mere appearance, for both. | 1:10, 4:1, 4:8 |
| 12 | herald / preach | The Charge to Preach the Word | High | κηρύσσω / κῆρυξ | kēryssō / kēryx | الكرازة / كارز | Authoritative public proclamation of a finished message, on the authority of the sender. | Distinct from الدعوة (da’wah, direction-of-address risk per baseline) and كارِز differs from تبشير’s safety-flagged usage; content and authority-structure differ from Islamic da’wah despite surface resemblance. | 4:2, 1:11 |
| 13 | in season, out of season | The Charge to Preach the Word | Low | εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως | eukairōs akairōs | في وقت مناسب وغير مناسب | Idiom: readiness regardless of convenience. | Idiom-handling: do not calque literally. | 4:2 |
| 14 | patience / longsuffering | The Charge to Preach the Word | Low-Medium | μακροθυμία | makrothymia | طول الأناة | Forbearance in correcting others without retaliation. | Narrower than general ṣabr (endurance-of-hardship); broadly compatible concept. | 4:2 |
| 15 | sound / healthy teaching | Guarding Sound Doctrine | High | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαινόντων λόγων | hygiainousa didaskalia | التعليم الصحيح / السليم | Doctrine that produces spiritual health/wholeness, from ongoing relational apostolic instruction. | Must NOT render as العقيدة الصحيحة (creedal-checklist collision, parallel to الإيمان’s creedal-assent risk). Retain the health/wholeness root (ص-ح-ح), not legal-correctness vocabulary. Cross-reference with γάγγραινα (#25) as the disease-side of the same metaphor. | 1:13, 4:3 |
| 16 | itching ears | Apostasy & False Teachers | Medium | κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν | knēthomenoi tēn akoēn | حكة في المسامع (idiom, established Van Dyck calque) | Craving novel, pleasing teaching over confronting truth. | Idiom-fidelity note: retain vivid image or supply sense as needed. | 4:3 |
| 17 | myths / fables | Apostasy & False Teachers | Medium | μῦθος | mythos | خرافات / أساطير | Fictitious tales without factual basis, contrasted with truth. | Simple vocabulary, but flagged because Islamic apologetics sometimes applies the same label to core Christian doctrines; ensure directionality of the warning stays with Paul’s own point. | 4:4 |
| 18 | turn away (from the truth) | Apostasy & False Teachers | Critical | ἀποστρέφω | apostrephō | يصرفون / يعرضون | Active rejection of/turning away from the truth; 2 Timothy’s functional “apostasy” vocabulary (no noun ἀποστασία is used in this letter). | Intersects directly with ridda (apostasy from Islam) and its severe social/legal consequences; must be handled with real pastoral awareness, per the baseline’s evangelism-safety note. | 1:15, 4:4 |
| 19 | endure suffering / hardship | Perseverance under Suffering | High | κακοπαθέω / συγκακοπαθέω / ὑπομένω / πάσχω | kakopatheō / synkakopatheō / hypomenō / paschō | يتألم / يحتمل المشقات / يصبر | Active, willing endurance of hardship for the gospel’s sake. | Never passive victimhood, never a call to seek suffering; carries real weight for Muslim-background believers facing family/social/legal pressure. | 1:8, 1:12, 2:3, 2:9, 2:10, 3:11, 4:5 |
| 20 | evangelist | The Charge to Preach the Word | Medium | εὐαγγελιστής | euangelistēs | مُبشِّر | The office/role of proclaiming the gospel. | Rooted safely in الإنجيل/بشارة, not in دعوة; still intersects with baseline’s real-world safety note on تبشير. | 4:5 |
| 21 | fulfill (ministry) | The Charge to Preach the Word | Low-Medium | πληροφορέω | plērophoreō | أكمل / تمّم | Complete fully, bring to full measure. | Echoes 4:7’s “finished the race.” | 4:5 |
| 22 | ministry / service | The Charge to Preach the Word | Low-Medium | διακονία | diakonia | الخدمة | Practical service-office. | Standard Christian Arabic term. | 4:5 |
| 23 | beloved child | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Low | τέκνον ἀγαπητόν | teknon agapēton | الابن الحبيب | Paul’s pastoral address to Timothy. | Relational/pastoral, not the baseline’s Critical adoption/father categories, though thematically resonant. | 1:2 |
| 24 | mercy | (paired with grace/peace) | High | ἔλεος | eleos | الرحمة | God’s compassionate favor, paired with χάρις in the greeting. | Baseline flags الرحمة as one of Allah’s 99 names, functioning as favor responsive to piety; here it must retain the unmerited sense shared with grace. | 1:2 |
| 25 | conscience | (background, Inspiration/character) | Low-Medium | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | الضمير | Inner moral faculty. | Related but distinct from Islamic fiṭrah (innate purity); brief note sufficient, not a major collision. | 1:3 |
| 26 | rekindle (spiritual gift) | (background, ministry empowerment) | Low | ἀναζωπυρέω | anazōpyreō | تُضرم / تُلهب من جديد | Stir a gift back into flame. | Idiom-handling: preserve the fire-metaphor naturally. | 1:6 |
| 27 | self-discipline / sound mind | (background, character) | Medium | σωφρονισμός | sōphronismos | ضبط النفس / رزانة العقل | Sound judgment and self-mastery, part of the Spirit’s gift-triad with power and love. | NT hapax; keep referent of the paired “spirit” clear (Holy Spirit vs. resulting disposition) to avoid folk-Arabic “روح” ambiguity. | 1:7 |
| 28 | be ashamed | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | High | ἐπαισχύνομαι | epaischynomai | يخزى / يستحي من | Shame over the gospel/testimony under pressure — echoes Romans 1:16. | Flag for cross-document consistency with the Romans rendering of the same “not ashamed” motif. | 1:8, 1:12, 1:16 |
| 29 | testimony | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | Medium | μαρτύριον | martyrion | شهادة | Public, courtroom-style witness to the gospel/Lord. | Not private conviction; public, formal witness. | 1:8 |
| 30 | Savior | Deity of Christ / Salvation | Critical | σωτήρ | sōtēr | المخلّص | Christ as the unique agent of salvation/deliverance. | Islam has no structural category requiring a Savior (denies inherited sin and denies substitutionary sin-bearing, Qur’an 6:164); must always be taught with full scaffolding, per baseline salvation/lord/son_of_god. | 1:10 |
| 31 | purpose (divine) | (background, providence/election) | Medium | πρόθεσις | prothesis | القصد / العزم الإلهي | God’s own settled plan, contrasted with human works, as the ground of the holy calling. | Links to baseline’s اختيار الله / العناية الإلهية; keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism. | 1:9 |
| 32 | abolished death | Resurrection of Christ | High | καταργέω τὸν θάνατον | katargeō ton thanaton | أبطل الموت / نقض سلطان الموت | Christ’s decisive victory over death, secured through his resurrection. | Requires the baseline resurrection Critical scaffolding (historicity of the crucifixion first) to have a referent event. | 1:10 |
| 33 | incorruption / immortality | (background, resurrection life) | Medium | ἀφθαρσία | aphtharsia | عدم الفساد / الخلود | Resurrection-life gift secured through Christ, not inherent soul-immortality. | Keep tied to Christ’s work, not a philosophical immortality-of-the-soul concept. | 1:10 |
| 34 | herald | The Charge to Preach the Word | Medium | κῆρυξ | kēryx | كارز / مُبشِّر مُناد | Authorized public announcer of a king’s decree — Paul’s self-description. | See #12 (κηρύσσω) for full note. | 1:11 |
| 35 | teacher | (background, ministry office) | Low-Medium | διδάσκαλος | didaskalos | معلّم | One of Paul’s three offices (herald, apostle, teacher). | Pair with fuller titles so “teacher” is not read as complete/final, per baseline’s “prophet” caution. | 1:11 |
| 36 | deposit / entrusted treasure | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | High | παραθήκη | parathēkē | الوديعة | The gospel/sound teaching entrusted for safekeeping and further transmission. | Deliberately NOT أمانة (amānah) — avoids Qur’anic cosmic-Trust (33:72) and Muhammad’s al-Amīn title collision. الوديعة is the established, safer Christian Bible term (cf. 1 Tim 6:20 Van Dyck). | 1:12, 1:14, 2:2 |
| 37 | persuaded / assured | Assurance of Reward | Medium-High | πέπεισμαι | pepeismai | متيقن / واثق | Settled confidence in God’s ability to guard the deposit. | Parallel structure to baseline’s assurance_of_salvation (confidence in God’s character/ability, not a deeds-balance). | 1:12 |
| 38 | pattern of sound words | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Medium | ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων | hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn | نموذج الكلام الصحيح | The model/template of Paul’s own sound teaching for Timothy to hold onto. | See #15 for the “sound” root caution. | 1:13 |
| 39 | entrust to faithful men | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | High | παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις | parathou pistois anthrōpois | استودع أناسًا أمناء | The explicit multi-generational transmission-chain command (Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others). | The structural proof-text of this doctrine; πιστός reuses baseline faith-family adjective. | 2:2 |
| 40 | endure all things | Perseverance under Suffering | High | ὑπομένω | hypomenō | أحتمل كل شيء / أصبر على كل شيء | Active perseverance through hardship. | See #19. | 2:3, 2:10, 2:12 |
| 41 | faithful saying | (background, formulaic emphasis) | Low-Medium | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος | pistos ho logos | هذا القول صادق أمين | A recurring Pauline formula marking a trustworthy statement. | Standard formula; low collision. | 2:11 |
| 42 | deny | Apostasy & False Teachers | High | ἀρνέομαι | arneomai | يُنكر | Renouncing Christ under pressure, contrasted with God’s own unwavering faithfulness. | Preserve the passage’s careful balance: human unfaithfulness vs. God’s faithfulness (2:13) — do not flatten into either cheap security or works-fear. | 2:12, 2:13, 3:5 |
| 43 | rightly handle the word | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Medium-High | ὀρθοτομέω | orthotomeō | يُقوّم / يُصيب في تفسير كلمة الحق | Accurate, careful interpretation/handling of Scripture. | Central hermeneutical term for this doctrine; NT hapax. | 2:15 |
| 44 | gangrene | Guarding Sound Doctrine | Medium | γάγγραινα | gangraina | كالآكلة / الغرغرينا | Vivid disease-image for the spread of false teaching. | Cross-reference with #15’s “healthy teaching” as the two sides of one medical metaphor. | 2:17 |
| 45 | foundation of God stands firm | Assurance of Reward | Medium | θεμέλιος | themelios | أساس الله ثابت | God’s unshakeable faithfulness amid apostasy of others. | Encouragement-doctrine, low ambiguity. | 2:19 |
| 46 | seal | (background, ownership/security) | Medium | σφραγίς | sphragis | الختم | The Lord’s mark of ownership over his own. | False-friend lexical proximity to “Seal of the Prophets” (khātam al-nabiyyīn) — unrelated content (ownership, not prophetic finality), but flag for translator/teacher awareness. | 2:19 |
| 47 | vessel for honor/dishonor | (background, moral responsiveness) | Low-Medium | σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / ἀτιμίαν | skeuos eis timēn/atimian | وعاء للكرامة / للهوان | Household-vessel metaphor for self-cleansing. | Distinct from Romans 9’s potter/vessel election argument — do not conflate. | 2:20-21 |
| 48 | repentance | (background, salvation process) | High | μετάνοια | metanoia | التوبة | Turning from error to the knowledge of the truth. | Broadly compatible with Islamic tawba in general shape, but 2:25 frames repentance as God-granted, not purely human-achieved — preserve this nuance. | 2:25 |
| 49 | snare of the devil | (background, spiritual danger) | Low-Medium | παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου | pagis tou diabolou | فخ إبليس | Entrapment by the devil, from which repentance frees. | Standard vocabulary. | 2:26 |
| 50 | last days | Apostasy & False Teachers | Medium-High | ἔσχαται ἡμέραι | eschatai hēmerai | الأيام الأخيرة | The present church-age period between Christ’s first and second comings, marked by moral/doctrinal decline. | Must be taught within the NT’s own inaugurated/consummated eschatology, not assumed identical to Islamic ākhir al-zamān scheme. | 3:1 |
| 51 | vice list (20 terms) | Apostasy & False Teachers | Low (see 07 for table; two items flagged Medium) | see 07_semantic_analysis.md | — | see table in 07 | Descriptive character list of last-days corruption. | φιλήδονοι/φιλόθεοι (lovers of pleasure vs. lovers of God) is the climactic structural bookend and should be preserved as a deliberate pair. | 3:2-4 |
| 52 | form of godliness, denying its power | Apostasy & False Teachers | High | μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας… τὴν δύναμιν ἀρνούμενοι | morphōsin eusebeias… tēn dynamin arnoumenoi | صورة التقوى… منكرين قوتها | External piety without inner transformation. | التقوى (taqwā) is a central, frequent Qur’anic virtue-term (merit-building God-consciousness); this verse’s warning against form without power is a possible bridge-point if handled carefully, risky if flattened into checklist piety. | 3:5 |
| 53 | knowledge of the truth | Guarding Sound Doctrine / Inspiration & Sufficiency | Medium-High | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | epignōsis alētheias | معرفة الحق | Actual saving knowledge, contrasted with endless novel learning. | Recurring phrase (2:25, 3:7); Scripture (not novel teaching) is what leads here per 3:15. | 3:7, 2:25 |
| 54 | godly living will be persecuted | Perseverance under Suffering | High | πάντας τοὺς εὐσεβῶς θέλοντας ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται | pantas tous eusebōs thelontas zēn en Christō Iēsou diōchthēsontai | كل الذين يريدون أن يعيشوا بالتقوى في المسيح يسوع سيُضطهدون | A universal (πάντας) promise of persecution accompanying godly living in Christ. | Same real-world pastoral weight as the evangelism/apostasy notes above. | 3:12 |
| 55 | poured out (as a libation) | Assurance of Reward | Medium | σπένδομαι | spendomai | أنا الآن أُسكب | Sacrificial-cultic metaphor for Paul’s approaching death. | Idiom-handling: brief contextual gloss may be needed for readers unfamiliar with drink-offerings. | 4:6 |
| 56 | departure | Assurance of Reward | Medium | ἀνάλυσις | analysis | وقت رحيلي | Death as a departure/untying, not annihilation. | NT hapax; euphemistic nautical/tent image. | 4:6 |
| 57 | fought the good fight / finished the race / kept the faith | Assurance of Reward | High | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai… | جاهدت الجهاد الحسن، أكملت السعي، حفظت الإيمان | Athletic/completion triad testifying to faithful perseverance to the end. | πίστις here = persevering loyalty to the entrusted message; High per assurance-and-completion weight. | 4:7 |
| 58 | crown of righteousness | Assurance of Reward | Critical | ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος | ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos | إكليل البر | The reward laid up for faithful service, for all who love Christ’s appearing. | Must be taught as reward for service downstream of an already-secured salvation (1:9, “not according to our works”), never as righteousness earned by the race itself — high vulnerability to collapsing into the mīzān (deeds-weighing) framework. | 4:8 |
| 59 | righteous judge | Assurance of Reward / Lordship of Christ | High | ὁ δίκαιος κριτής | ho dikaios kritēs | الديّان العادل | Christ’s judicial authority to grant the reward. | Shared category (Allah as al-Ḥakam/al-‘Adl) but the Christological point — that Christ specifically judges — carries the weight. | 4:8 |
| 60 | loved this present age | (background, worldliness contrast) | Low-Medium | ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα | agapēsas ton nyn aiōna | أحب هذا العالم الحاضر | Demas’s desertion, contrasted with loving Christ’s appearing (4:8). | Preserve as a deliberate structural antithesis with 4:8. | 4:10 |
| 61 | will repay him according to his deeds | (background, retributive justice on an opponent) | Medium-High | ἀποδώσει αὐτῷ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ | apodōsei autō kata ta erga autou | سيجازيه الرب حسب أعماله | Retribution against Alexander the coppersmith’s opposition. | Keep pastorally/doctrinally distinct from the believer’s reward-language (#58) to avoid reintroducing deeds-based salvation logic. | 4:14 |
| 62 | the Lord stood by me and strengthened me | (background, providence) | Medium | ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με | ho kyrios moi parestē kai enedynamōsen me | الرب وقف معي وقوّاني | God’s personal sustaining presence in danger. | Reuses baseline قوة الله conceptually. | 4:17 |
| 63 | rescued from the lion’s mouth | (background, deliverance idiom) | Low-Medium | ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος | errysthēn ek stomatos leontos | نجّاني من فم الأسد | Idiom for narrow escape from mortal danger. | Idiom-handling: natural equivalent or retained image with brief framing. | 4:17 |
| 64 | heavenly kingdom | Assurance of Reward | Medium | τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον | tēn basileian autou tēn epouranion | ملكوته السماوي | The eschatological, not this-worldly-political, kingdom into which believers are saved. | Qualify باملكوت الله with السماوي to keep the sense unmistakably eschatological, per baseline’s kingdom_of_god note. | 4:18 |
Part C — Proper Names (Established Arabic Christian Transliterations, Low Risk)
| English | Arabic | Refs |
|---|---|---|
| Timothy | تيموثاوس | throughout |
| Paul | بولس | throughout |
| Lois | لوئيس | 1:5 |
| Eunice | أفنيكي | 1:5 |
| Phygelus | فيجلس | 1:15 |
| Hermogenes | هرموجينس | 1:15 |
| Onesiphorus | أنيسيفورس | 1:16, 4:19 |
| Hymenaeus | هيمينايس | 2:17 |
| Philetus | فيليتس | 2:17 |
| Jannes | ينّيس | 3:8 |
| Jambres | يمبريس | 3:8 |
| Crescens | كريسكيس | 4:10 |
| Titus | تيطس | 4:10 |
| Luke | لوقا | 4:11 |
| Mark | مرقس | 4:11 |
| Tychicus | تيخيكس | 4:12 |
| Carpus | كاربوس | 4:13 |
| Alexander (the coppersmith) | إسكندر (الصفّار) | 4:14 |
| Prisca / Priscilla | بريسكلا | 4:19 |
| Aquila | أكيلا | 4:19 |
| Erastus | أراستس | 4:20 |
| Trophimus | تروفيمس | 4:20 |
| Eubulus | أوبولس | 4:21 |
| Pudens | بوديس | 4:21 |
| Linus | لينس | 4:21 |
| Claudia | كلوديا | 4:21 |
Version 1.0 — to be merged into translation_memory.json as version increment before Phase 2 begins. See analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for full contextual argumentation behind each risk rating.
Critical Risk Terms
Appearing
Approved rendering: ظهور (مُحدَّد بـ: ظهوره الأول / ظهوره الثاني)
Transliteration: ẓuhūr (ẓuhūruhu al-awwal / ẓuhūruhu al-thānī)
Doctrine: Incarnation and First Appearing of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ظهور غير مُحدَّد (bare, unqualified appearing)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Christology
New term, CRITICAL. epiphaneia covers both Christ’s first appearing (incarnation, 1:10) and his future second appearing (4:1, 4:8) with the same Arabic word ظهور. The baseline rejects unqualified الظهور for incarnation because it echoes the Quran’s own crucifixion-denial language (‘shubbiha lahum,’ it was made to appear so). Every occurrence must disambiguate at first use per document (ظهوره الأول / ظهوره الثاني) and pair the first-appearing sense explicitly with التجسد, affirming bodily reality, never mere apparition, for both events.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: إكليل البر
Transliteration: iklīl al-birr
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: تاج البر
Original: ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος
Category: Reward
New term, CRITICAL. ho tes dikaiosynēs stephanos (4:8). Highly vulnerable to collapsing into the Islamic mizan (deeds-weighing scale) framework already flagged Critical in the baseline’s salvation entry; must always be taught as a reward for service downstream of an already-secured salvation given wholly by grace (1:9, ‘not according to our works’), never as righteousness earned by the race itself or as the believer’s entry ticket into salvation. Retain إكليل (athletic-victor/honorific crown, consistent with James 1:12, Rev 2:10); never substitute تاج (royal crown), which drifts toward earned-merit/achievement imagery in popular devotional usage.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Sonship / Adoption
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Appears in 1:2’s greeting formula alongside النعمة and السلام.
God Breathed
Approved rendering: موحى به من الله
Transliteration: mūḥā bihi min Allāh
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: θεόπνευστος
Category: Scripture
New term, CRITICAL. و-ح-ي (waḥy) is Islam’s technical term for Muhammad’s verbatim, dictated revelation via Gabriel. موحى به من الله is the established, unavoidable Christian Arabic rendering (no safer alternative exists) but every occurrence must be paired with teaching distinguishing mode (God moving many human authors, in their own voice, across centuries) and result (a fixed, complete, non-abrogated text) from Quranic waḥy’s mode and finality/abrogation (naskh) claim.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. The Trinitarian referent must be actively distinguished from Islamic tawhid’s strictly unitarian conception at every occurrence, especially in the Trinitarian greeting formula of 1:2 (grace, mercy, peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 1:14’s ‘the Holy Spirit who dwells within us’ must be distinguished from mainstream tafsir’s identification of the same Quranic phrase with the created angel Jibril.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Original: ἐλογίσθη … εἰς δικαιοσύνην (conceptual background)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Essential background distinguishing 4:8’s ‘crown of righteousness’ (a reward for service) from the believer’s already-credited righteous standing, never earned by the race itself.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation and First Appearing of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Must be paired explicitly with ظهور (see ‘appearing’ below) at 1:10 so the first appearing of Christ is read as a real, bodily incarnation event, never a mere apparition echoing the Quran’s shubbiha lahum crucifixion-denial language.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Retain يسوع consistently throughout 2 Timothy; never عيسى, the exclusively Quranic form.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Applied to Jesus throughout 2 Timothy’s greetings, testimony, and closings (1:2, 1:8, 1:16, 4:8, 4:22); never soften to a term of mere human respect.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Occurs throughout 2 Timothy and must actively correct the Qur’anic ‘Isa al-Masih narrative (honored prophet, not divine, not crucified, not risen) at every occurrence.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 2:8 (Christ raised) requires the full apologetic scaffolding on the historicity of the crucifixion (Qur’an 4:157 denial); 2:18’s Hymenaeus/Philetus heresy (‘the resurrection has already happened’) is a distinct over-realized-eschatology error and must never be conflated with, or used to directly answer, the Qur’anic crucifixion-denial.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation / Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. In 3:16 the ethical/practical-fruit sense (training in righteous conduct) and in 4:8 the reward sense (‘crown of righteousness’) must both be kept distinct from a works-checklist definition of al-birr (Qur’an 2:177).
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 3:15’s claim that Scripture ‘is able to make you wise for salvation’ and 4:18’s ‘save me into his heavenly kingdom’ both describe the same fixed, secured deliverance, not a probabilistic mizan outcome.
Savior
Approved rendering: المخلّص
Transliteration: al-mukhalliṣ
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
New term, CRITICAL. sōtēr (1:10), applied directly to Christ, asserting full deity and unique salvific agency. Islamic theology has no structural category requiring a Savior, since it denies inherited sin and explicitly denies substitutionary bearing of another’s sin (Qur’an 6:164); must always be taught with this scaffolding, never assumed self-evidently shared vocabulary.
Turn Away
Approved rendering: يصرفون / يعرضون
Transliteration: yaṣrifūn / yaʿriḍūn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀποστρέφω
Category: Apostasy
New term, CRITICAL. apostrephō (1:15, 4:4) is 2 Timothy’s functional ‘apostasy’ vocabulary (the noun apostasia never occurs). Intersects directly with ridda (apostasy from Islam), a category carrying severe social/legal consequence in many Arabic-speaking contexts; must never be softened to neutral inattention, and must always be taught with the correct directionality — a warning to Timothy’s church about believers abandoning apostolic truth, never a lens for outsiders to apply to those leaving Islam for Christ.
High Risk Terms
Abolished Death
Approved rendering: أبطل الموت / نقض سلطان الموت
Transliteration: abṭala al-mawt / naqaḍa sulṭān al-mawt
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: καταργέω τὸν θάνατον
Category: Christology
New term. katargeō ton thanaton (1:10). Requires the baseline’s Critical resurrection scaffolding (historicity of the crucifixion first established) in order to have a referent event.
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Paul’s self-designation in 1:1 and 1:11 (paired with ‘herald’ and ‘teacher’) requires the same distinction from the Islamic prophetic office and its finality claim (khatam al-nabiyyin).
Be Ashamed
Approved rendering: يخزى / يستحي من
Transliteration: yakhzā / yastaḥī min
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: ἐπαισχύνομαι
Category: Transmission
New term. epaischynomai (1:8, 1:12, 1:16); echoes Romans 1:16’s ‘not ashamed of the gospel.’ Flag for cross-document consistency with the Romans rendering of the same motif.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Supports the ‘holy calling’ of 1:9, given ‘not according to our works but according to his own purpose and grace.‘
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. The direction of address (God summoning Timothy, not Timothy inviting others) must stay explicit against da’wah’s opposite direction — a fence reinforced repeatedly in 2 Timothy because ‘preach/herald’ (see kēryssō entries below) must never be collapsed into this same root.
Deny
Approved rendering: يُنكر
Transliteration: yunkir
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Apostasy
New term. arneomai (2:12, 2:13, 3:5); renouncing Christ under pressure. Preserve the passage’s careful balance (2:12-13): human unfaithfulness versus God’s own unwavering faithfulness, never flattened into either cheap security or works-based fear.
Deposit Entrusted
Approved rendering: الوديعة
Transliteration: al-wadīʿah
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: الأمانة
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Transmission
New term, HIGH. paratheke (1:12, 1:14, 2:2). Deliberately NOT رendered أمانة, which carries the specific weight of the Qur’an’s cosmic Trust (33:72) and Muhammad’s own title al-Amin; الوديعة (a legal/financial deposit-trust) is the established, safer Christian Bible term (cf. 1 Timothy 6:20 Van Dyck) and must be retained exactly.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 2:10’s ‘for the sake of the elect’ must not collapse into folk qadar fatalism (‘maktub,’ it is written).
Endure Suffering
Approved rendering: يتألم / يحتمل المشقات / يصبر
Transliteration: yataʾallam / yaḥtamil al-mashaqqāt / yaṣbir
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: κακοπαθέω / συγκακοπαθέω / ὑπομένω / πάσχω
Category: Perseverance
New term. kakopatheō/synkakopatheō/hypomenō/paschō family (1:8, 1:12, 2:3, 2:9-10, 3:11, 4:5). Active, willing endurance for the gospel’s sake, never passive victimhood, never a call to seek suffering. Never leave unanchored to its object (the gospel, with Christ, with Paul) or it reverts to generic Islamic sabr-under-fate. Real pastoral weight for Muslim-background believers facing family/social/legal pressure.
Entrust To Faithful Men
Approved rendering: استودع أناسًا أمناء
Transliteration: istawdaʿa anāsan umanāʾ
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: سلّمها لأناس أمناء (weaker: ‘hand over,’ loses safekeeping-for-transmission sense)
Original: παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις
Category: Transmission
New term, HIGH. parathou pistois anthropois (2:2); the explicit multi-generational transmission-chain command (Paul to Timothy, Timothy to faithful men, faithful men to others) — the structural proof-text of the doctrine. Use استودع (place in trust), not the weaker سلّم.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. In 4:7 (‘kept the faith’) the sense broadens to persevering loyalty to the entrusted apostolic message; still grounded in personal trust, not creedal assent to the six articles of Islamic iman.
Form Of Godliness
Approved rendering: صورة التقوى … منكرين قوتها
Transliteration: ṣūrat al-taqwā … munkirīn quwwatahā
Doctrine: Godliness and False Piety
Original: μόρφωσις εὐσεβείας … τὴν δύναμιν ἀρνούμενοι
Category: Apostasy
New term, HIGH. morphosin eusebeias … tēn dynamin arnoumenoi (3:5). Al-taqwa (taqwā) is a central, frequent Qur’anic virtue-term denoting merit-building God-consciousness; this verse’s warning against form-without-power piety is a possible bridge-point if handled carefully, but risky if ‘godliness’ collapses into checklist-performance, parallel to the baseline’s al-birr caution.
Fought Finished Kept
Approved rendering: جاهدت الجهاد الحسن، أكملت السعي، حفظت الإيمان
Transliteration: jāhadtu al-jihād al-ḥasan, akmaltu al-saʿy, ḥafiẓtu al-īmān
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα
Category: Reward
New term. The athletic/completion triad (4:7). Note: ‘جاهدت الجهاد الحسن’ uses the established Van Dyck root ج-ه-د (jihad, ‘struggle/contest’) for the athletic-contest metaphor — this is the correct, long-established Christian Arabic Bible rendering (also used at 1 Timothy 6:12), but translators/teachers should be aware of the root’s contemporary resonance with Islamic jihad and should clarify in context that this is Paul’s own athletic/contest image, not a call to armed or political struggle.
Fully Equipped
Approved rendering: كامل / مُجهَّز
Transliteration: kāmil / mujahhaz
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἄρτιος / ἐξαρτίζω
Category: Scripture
New term, HIGH. Vocabulary is safe, but the underlying sufficiency claim (3:17) — Scripture alone fully equips, requiring no supplement — directly opposes the khatam al-nabiyyin (‘Seal of the Prophets’) framework in which Muhammad’s revelation is the necessary final completion of all prior partial revelation. This claim needs deliberate teaching, never assumption of shared ground.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 2:10’s ‘eternal glory’ — avoid light-metaphor renderings evoking Sufi ishraq illumination mysticism.
Godly Living Persecuted
Approved rendering: كل الذين يريدون أن يعيشوا بالتقوى في المسيح يسوع سيُضطهدون
Transliteration: kull al-ladhīna yurīdūn an yaʿīshū bil-taqwā fī al-Masīḥ Yasūʿ sa-yuḍṭahadūn
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Original: πάντας τοὺς εὐσεβῶς θέλοντας ζῆν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ διωχθήσονται
Category: Perseverance
New term. 3:12, a universal (pantas) promise of persecution for godly living in Christ. The unqualified ‘all’ must be preserved per the universality-preservation rule; must be taught with real-world pastoral awareness given the lived reality of many readers.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. In 2 Timothy anchors ‘Faithful Transmission of the Gospel’ (1:8, 1:10, 2:8, 4:5, 4:17) — the message Paul entrusts to Timothy for further transmission, not a corrupted predecessor text superseded by a later revelation (tahrif).
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 1:9’s ‘not according to our works but according to his own purpose and grace’ is a grace-versus-works verse of the same structural class as Romans 4:4-5 and 11:5-6 and must preserve the same contrast.
Judge Of Living And Dead
Approved rendering: يدين الأحياء والأموات
Transliteration: yadīn al-aḥyāʾ wal-amwāt
Doctrine: Deity and Saviorhood of Christ
Rejected alternatives: سيحكم على الأحياء والأموات
Original: κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Christology
New term. A unique divine prerogative ascribed to Christ (4:1), parallel to Romans 14:9-10; never soften. Prefer يدين (judicial condemnation-force) over the weaker حكم (govern/rule), which some dynamic Arabic versions use and which risks reading as sovereignty rather than the specific judicial act Paul invokes.
Knowledge Of The Truth
Approved rendering: معرفة الحق
Transliteration: maʿrifat al-ḥaqq
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Doctrine
New term. epignosis alētheias (2:25, 3:7); actual saving knowledge, contrasted with endless novel learning. Scripture, not novel teaching, is what leads here per 3:15.
Last Days
Approved rendering: الأيام الأخيرة
Transliteration: al-ayyām al-akhīrah
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: آخر الأيام
Original: ἔσχαται ἡμέραι
Category: Apostasy
New term, HIGH. eschatai hemerai (3:1). Prefer الأيام الأخيرة over آخر الأيام, since the latter carries stronger resonance with Islam’s own richly developed end-times schema (akhir al-zaman: al-Dajjal, al-Mahdi, signs of the Hour). Must be taught within the NT’s own already-inaugurated/not-yet-consummated framework, beginning at Christ’s first coming, not assumed to map onto the Islamic scheme; note Sunni/Shia eschatological expectations also differ from each other.
Mercy
Approved rendering: الرحمة
Transliteration: al-raḥmah
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
New term. eleos (1:2), paired with charis in the Trinitarian greeting. The baseline flags الرحمة as one of Allah’s 99 names, functioning as favor responsive to piety; here it must retain the sense of unmerited favor flowing from the same source as grace, not a separate meritorious category.
Persuaded Assured
Approved rendering: متيقن / واثق
Transliteration: mutayaqqin / wāthiq
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: πέπεισμαι
Category: Reward
New term. pepeismai (1:12); settled confidence in God’s ability to guard the entrusted deposit. Parallel in structure to the baseline’s assurance_of_salvation doctrine: confidence in God’s character/ability, not a deeds-balance.
Preach Herald
Approved rendering: الكرازة / كارز
Transliteration: al-karāzah / kāriz
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: الدعوة
Original: κηρύσσω / κῆρυξ
Category: Ministry
New term. kēryssō/kēryx (4:2, 1:11) is authoritative public proclamation of a finished, already-accomplished message, on the authority of the sender. Surface functional resemblance to Islamic da’wah invites conflation, but the content and authority-structure differ: a herald announces a completed royal decree, not an invitation to assent to and practice a legal-religious system. Keep distinct from الدعوة (see ‘calling’ above) and aware of تبشير’s real-world safety stakes (see ‘evangelist’ below).
Repentance
Approved rendering: التوبة
Transliteration: al-tawbah
Doctrine: Repentance
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
New term. metanoia (2:25-26). Broadly compatible with Islamic tawba in general shape, but 2:25’s specific framing (‘that God may perhaps grant them repentance’) presents repentance as sovereignly God-granted, not primarily a human-initiated turning that God subsequently accepts (the more common Islamic emphasis) — this nuance must be preserved.
Righteous Judge
Approved rendering: الديّان العادل
Transliteration: al-dayyān al-ʿādil
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ὁ δίκαιος κριτής
Category: Christology
New term. ho dikaios kritēs (4:8). Islamic theology also affirms Allah as al-Hakam/al-‘Adl (the Judge/the Just) — shared category — but here it is specifically Christ who judges; the Christological point, not the generic judgment concept, carries the doctrinal weight.
Rightly Handle The Word
Approved rendering: يُقوّم / يُصيب في تفسير كلمة الحق
Transliteration: yuqawwim / yuṣīb fī tafsīr kalimat al-ḥaqq
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: يُفسّر كلمة الحق تفسيرًا صحيحًا (generic ‘interprets correctly,’ loses the cutting/dividing image)
Original: ὀρθοτομέω
Category: Doctrine
New term. orthotomeō (2:15), NT hapax, ‘cut straight.’ The central hermeneutical term for guarding sound doctrine.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Conceptual background to 2:20-21’s vessel ‘set apart for honorable use’; distinguish from ritual purification (wudu/ghusl).
Scripture
Approved rendering: الكتاب المقدس / الكتب المقدسة
Transliteration: al-Kitāb al-Muqaddas / al-Kutub al-Muqaddasah
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: γραφή / ἱερὰ γράμματα
Category: Scripture
New term. Distinguish hiera grammata (3:15, writings Timothy knew from infancy) from pasa graphe (3:16, the fuller universal claim). Must not concede the tahrif claim that this text is a corrupted remnant of a lost original — affirm continuity and preservation, and ground authority in the verifiable, personal transmission chain of 3:14 (‘knowing from whom you learned it’).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant / Incarnation and First Appearing of Christ
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 2:8 pairs this with resurrection as the twin historical claims Timothy is charged to ‘remember.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Sinfulness
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 3:6’s ‘loaded down with sins’ assumes personal guilt in tension with Islamic fitrah doctrine of innate purity; must be taught explicitly, without amplifying the verse’s specific rhetorical target into a blanket pejorative.
Solemn Charge
Approved rendering: أُناشد / أُشهِد
Transliteration: unāshid / ushhid
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διαμαρτύρομαι
Category: Ministry
New term. diamartyromai (4:1) — a binding charge invoking God and Christ as witnesses; must read as solemn, courtroom-style charge, never a casual request.
Sound Teaching
Approved rendering: التعليم الصحيح / السليم
Transliteration: al-taʿlīm al-ṣaḥīḥ / al-salīm
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: العقيدة الصحيحة
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Doctrine
New term, HIGH. hygiainousa didaskalia (1:13, 4:3) — doctrine producing spiritual health/wholeness through ongoing relational apostolic instruction. Must never be rendered العقيدة الصحيحة, which pulls toward the Islamic aqidah-literature model of a fixed, memorized, systematized creed. Retain the health/wholeness root ص-ح-ح, not legal-correctness vocabulary. Cross-reference with ‘gangrene’ (below) as the disease-side of the same medical metaphor.
Medium Risk Terms
Conscience
Approved rendering: الضمير
Transliteration: al-ḍamīr
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Character
New term. syneidesis (1:3). Related but distinct from Islamic fitrah (innate purity); a brief contextual note is sufficient, not a major collision.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 2:8’s ‘descended from David’ — supply the covenant-king typology absent from the Qur’anic Dawud.
Departure
Approved rendering: وقت رحيلي
Transliteration: waqt raḥīlī
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: ἀνάλυσις
Category: Reward
New term. analysis (4:6), NT hapax; death as a departure/untying, not annihilation. A euphemistic nautical/tent-striking image.
Divine Purpose
Approved rendering: القصد / العزم الإلهي
Transliteration: al-qaṣd / al-ʿazm al-ilāhī
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and Election
Original: πρόθεσις
Category: Salvation
New term. prothesis (1:9); God’s own settled plan, contrasted with human works, as ground of the holy calling. Links to اختيار الله and العناية الإلهية; keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism.
Evangelist
Approved rendering: مُبشِّر
Transliteration: mubashshir
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: εὐαγγελιστής
Category: Ministry
New term. euangelistes (4:5). Rooted safely in الإنجيل/بشارة, not in دعوة vocabulary; still intersects with the baseline’s real-world safety note on تبشير in apostasy-sensitive contexts.
Foundation Stands Firm
Approved rendering: أساس الله ثابت
Transliteration: asās Allāh thābit
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: θεμέλιος τοῦ θεοῦ ἕστηκεν
Category: Reward
New term. themelios tou theou hestēken (2:19); God’s unshakeable faithfulness amid the apostasy of others.
Fulfill Ministry
Approved rendering: أكمل / تمّم
Transliteration: akmala / tammama
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: πληροφορέω
Category: Ministry
New term. plerophoreo (4:5); echoes 4:7’s ‘finished the race.‘
Gangrene
Approved rendering: كالآكلة / الغرغرينا
Transliteration: kal-ākilah / al-ghangrīnā
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: γάγγραινα
Category: Doctrine
New term. gangraina (2:17); vivid disease-image for the spread of false teaching, sharing the ‘health’ root family with hygiainō. Cross-reference with sound_teaching as the two sides of one medical metaphor.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Appears in 4:17 (‘that through me the message might be fully proclaimed to all the Gentiles’).
Heavenly Kingdom
Approved rendering: ملكوته السماوي
Transliteration: malakūtuhu al-samāwī
Doctrine: Kingdom of God
Original: τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον
Category: Kingdom
New term. tēn basileian autou tēn epouranion (4:18). Qualify ملكوت الله with السماوي to keep the eschatological, not this-worldly-political, sense unmistakable, avoiding resonance with khilafah (caliphate) framing found in Islamist political movements.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Underlies 1:9’s ‘holy calling’ (κλῆσις ἁγία).
Incorruption
Approved rendering: عدم الفساد / الخلود
Transliteration: ʿadam al-fasād / al-khulūd
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀφθαρσία
Category: Eschatology
New term. aphtharsia (1:10); the resurrection-life gift secured through Christ’s accomplished work, not a philosophical concept of the soul’s inherent immortality.
Itching Ears
Approved rendering: حكة في المسامع
Transliteration: ḥikkah fī al-masāmiʿ
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: آذان مسرورة بما تسمعه (flattened paraphrase)
Original: κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν
Category: Apostasy
New term, idiom. knēthomenoi tēn akoēn (4:3) — craving novel, pleasing teaching over confronting truth. Retain the established Van Dyck calque; supply the plain sense where audience clarity requires it, but do not flatten the vivid image entirely.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom of God
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. In 4:1 and 4:18 (qualified ‘heavenly,’ see heavenly_kingdom below) must be kept distinct from a political, territorial state, avoiding resonance with khilafah (caliphate) framing.
Lord Stood By And Strengthened
Approved rendering: الرب وقف معي وقوّاني
Transliteration: al-Rabb waqafa maʿī wa-qawwānī
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Faithfulness
Original: ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη καὶ ἐνεδυνάμωσέν με
Category: Providence
New term. 4:17; God’s personal sustaining presence in danger, reinforcing providence as personal and purposive, not impersonal qadar fate.
Lovers Of Pleasure Vs Lovers Of God
Approved rendering: محبون للملذات أكثر من محبتهم لله
Transliteration: muḥibbūn lil-malladhdhāt akthar min maḥabbatihim li-llāh
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι
Category: Apostasy
New term. philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi (3:4); the climactic bookend of the last-days vice list (3:2-4). Preserve as a deliberate structural pair, not diluted into a generic item within the longer list.
Ministry Service
Approved rendering: الخدمة
Transliteration: al-khidmah
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διακονία
Category: Ministry
New term. diakonia (4:5). Standard Christian Arabic term for practical service-office.
Myths
Approved rendering: خرافات / أساطير
Transliteration: khurāfāt / asāṭīr
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: μῦθος
Category: Apostasy
New term. mythos (4:4). Simple vocabulary, flagged because Islamic apologetic literature sometimes applies this same label to core Christian doctrines (incarnation, Trinity); ensure directionality stays with Paul’s own warning against novel false teaching, not a reverse application.
Overturn Faith
Approved rendering: يقلبون / يُزعزعون
Transliteration: yaqlibūn / yuzaʿziʿūn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New term. anatrepousin tēn tinōn pistin (2:18); false teaching that ‘overturns the faith of some.’ pistis here reuses baseline al-iman family adjective sense.
Patience
Approved rendering: طول الأناة
Transliteration: ṭūl al-anāh
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Ministry
New term. makrothymia (4:2) — forbearance specifically in correcting others, without retaliation; narrower than the general Islamic endurance-virtue sabr.
Pattern Of Sound Words
Approved rendering: نموذج الكلام الصحيح
Transliteration: namūdhaj al-kalām al-ṣaḥīḥ
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων
Category: Doctrine
New term. hypotyposis hygiainontōn logōn (1:13). Shares the ‘sound/healthy’ root caution flagged for sound_teaching above.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Appears in 1:2’s greeting and 2:22’s pursuit-list alongside faith and love.
Poured Out
Approved rendering: أنا الآن أُسكب
Transliteration: anā al-ān uskab
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Reward
New term. spendomai (4:6); sacrificial-cultic metaphor for Paul’s approaching death. A modern reader unfamiliar with drink-offerings may need brief contextual gloss.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Faithfulness
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Appears in 1:7-8, 3:5 (denied by false teachers, see form_of_godliness below), and 4:17 (the Lord’s strengthening presence, see lord_stood_by_and_strengthened below).
Profitable
Approved rendering: نافع / مفيد
Transliteration: nāfi’ / mufīd
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ὠφέλιμος
Category: Scripture
New term. Grounds the sufficiency half of the doctrine alongside artios/exartizo (see fully_equipped).
Promise Of Life
Approved rendering: الوعد
Transliteration: al-waʿd
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
New term. epangelia zōēs (1:1), ‘the promise of life that is in Christ Jesus.’ Parallels the baseline’s covenant entry (al-‘ahd): a relational, divinely-initiated promise, not a mutual contract.
Repay According To Deeds
Approved rendering: سيجازيه الرب حسب أعماله
Transliteration: sayujāzīhi al-Rabb ḥasab aʿmālihi
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Faithfulness
Original: ἀποδώσει αὐτῷ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ
Category: Providence
New term. 4:14, retributive justice against Alexander the coppersmith, an opponent of the gospel. Must be kept pastorally and doctrinally distinct from the believer’s own reward-language (crown_of_righteousness above); conflating the two would reintroduce a deeds-based salvation logic the letter’s grace-framework (1:9) explicitly excludes.
Seal
Approved rendering: الختم
Transliteration: al-khatm
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Faithfulness
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Providence
New term. sphragis (2:19); the Lord’s mark of ownership over his own. A false-friend lexical proximity to ‘Seal of the Prophets’ (khatam al-nabiyyin) exists, but content here is ownership/security, unrelated to prophetic finality; flag for translator/teacher awareness, no vocabulary substitution needed.
Self Discipline
Approved rendering: ضبط النفس / رزانة العقل
Transliteration: ḍabṭ al-nafs / razānat al-ʿaql
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Original: σωφρονισμός
Category: Character
New term. sōphronismos (1:7), NT hapax, part of the Spirit’s gift-triad with power and love; keep the referent of the paired ‘spirit’ clear (Holy Spirit vs. resulting human disposition) to avoid folk-Arabic ruh (spirit/jinn) ambiguity.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: المواهب الروحية
Transliteration: al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: المواهب
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. In 1:6 refers to Timothy’s specific gift received through the laying on of Paul’s hands; retain the ‘spiritual’ qualifier so it is not read as natural talent.
Teacher
Approved rendering: معلّم
Transliteration: muʿallim
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Ministry
New term. didaskalos (1:11), one of Paul’s three offices (herald, apostle, teacher). Pair with fuller titles so ‘teacher’ is not read as Paul’s complete or final identity, per baseline’s khatam al-nabiyyin caution.
Teaching Doctrine
Approved rendering: التعليم
Transliteration: al-taʿlīm
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: العقيدة
Original: διδασκαλία
Category: Doctrine
New term. Prefer التعليم (from ع-ل-م, ‘to teach/know’) over العقيدة (creed) to avoid the Islamic systematized-creed (aqidah) association, especially when qualified as ‘sound’ (4:3, 1:13, 3:16).
Testimony
Approved rendering: شهادة
Transliteration: shahādah
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Transmission
New term. martyrion (1:8); public, courtroom-style witness to the gospel or the Lord, not private conviction.
Training Discipline
Approved rendering: التأديب / التهذيب
Transliteration: al-taʾdīb / al-tahdhīb
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: تربية
Original: παιδεία
Category: Scripture
New term. Established Bible usage (paideia) preferred over the more generic تربية.
Vessel Honor Dishonor
Approved rendering: وعاء للكرامة / للهوان
Transliteration: wiʿāʾ lil-karāmah / lil-hawān
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν / ἀτιμίαν
Category: Doctrine
New term. skeuos eis timēn/atimian (2:20-21); household-vessel metaphor for self-cleansing. Distinct from Romans 9’s potter-and-vessel election argument — do not conflate.
Low Risk Terms
Alexander The Coppersmith
Approved rendering: إسكندر (الصفّار)
Transliteration: Iskandar (al-Ṣaffār)
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; opponent of Paul, 4:14.
Aquila
Approved rendering: أكيلا
Transliteration: Akīlā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:19.
Beloved Child
Approved rendering: الابن الحبيب
Transliteration: al-ibn al-ḥabīb
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Original: τέκνον ἀγαπητόν
Category: Transmission
New term. teknon agapēton (1:2), Paul’s pastoral address to Timothy; relational/pastoral, distinct from the baseline’s Critical adoption/father categories, though thematically resonant.
Carpus
Approved rendering: كاربوس
Transliteration: Kārbūs
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:13.
Claudia
Approved rendering: كلوديا
Transliteration: Klawdiyā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:21.
Correction
Approved rendering: التقويم / الإصلاح
Transliteration: al-taqwīm / al-iṣlāḥ
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἐπανόρθωσις
Category: Scripture
New term. NT hapax (epanorthosis); restoration to right condition. Low collision risk.
Crescens
Approved rendering: كريسكيس
Transliteration: Krīsikīs
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:10.
Erastus
Approved rendering: أراستس
Transliteration: Arāstus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:20.
Eubulus
Approved rendering: أوبولس
Transliteration: Awbūlus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:21.
Eunice
Approved rendering: أفنيكي
Transliteration: Afnīkī
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; Timothy’s mother, 1:5.
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajji’ / ya’iẓ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. Context-sensitive between rebuke and encouragement in 4:2’s charge (ἔλεγξον, ἐπιτίμησον, παρακάλεσον).
Faithful Saying
Approved rendering: هذا القول صادق أمين
Transliteration: hādhā al-qawl ṣādiq amīn
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Doctrine
New term. pistos ho logos (2:11); a recurring Pauline formula marking a trustworthy statement across the Pastoral Epistles.
Foolish Disputes
Approved rendering: المباحثات الغبية، المخاصمات
Transliteration: al-mubāḥathāt al-ghabiyyah, al-mukhāṣamāt
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
New term. mōras zetēseis, machas (2:23); foolish disputes and quarrels to be avoided.
Hermogenes
Approved rendering: هرموجينس
Transliteration: Hirmūjīnis
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; deserted Paul, 1:15.
Hymenaeus
Approved rendering: هيمينايس
Transliteration: Hīmīnāyus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; false teacher, 2:17-18.
In Season Out Of Season
Approved rendering: في وقت مناسب وغير مناسب
Transliteration: fī waqt munāsib wa-ghayr munāsib
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: ترجمة حرفية لِـ eukairōs akairōs
Original: εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως
Category: Ministry
New term, idiom. Do not calque literally; natural Arabic idiom preserves the sense of readiness regardless of convenience (4:2).
Jambres
Approved rendering: يمبريس
Transliteration: Yambrīs
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; Exodus sorcerer, extrabiblical tradition, 3:8.
Jannes
Approved rendering: ينّيس
Transliteration: Yannīs
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; Exodus sorcerer, extrabiblical tradition, 3:8.
Linus
Approved rendering: لينس
Transliteration: Līnus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:21.
Lois
Approved rendering: لوئيس
Transliteration: Lūʾīs
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; Timothy’s grandmother, 1:5, in the sincere-faith transmission example.
Loved This Present Age
Approved rendering: أحب هذا العالم الحاضر
Transliteration: aḥabba hādhā al-ʿālam al-ḥāḍir
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα
Category: Character
New term. agapēsas ton nyn aiōna (4:10), Demas’s desertion. Preserve as a deliberate structural antithesis with 4:8’s ‘loved his appearing.‘
Luke
Approved rendering: لوقا
Transliteration: Lūqā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:11.
Mark
Approved rendering: مرقس
Transliteration: Marqus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:11.
Onesiphorus
Approved rendering: أنيسيفورس
Transliteration: Anīsīfūrus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; showed mercy to Paul, 1:16-18, 4:19.
Pastoral Qualifications
Approved rendering: وديع، صالح للتعليم، محتمل للشر
Transliteration: wadīʿ, ṣāliḥ lil-taʿlīm, muḥtamil lil-sharr
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
New term. epios, didaktikos, anexikakos (2:24); gentle, able to teach, patient with evildoers — qualities for correcting opponents.
Paul
Approved rendering: بولس
Transliteration: Būlus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; the letter’s author, throughout.
Philetus
Approved rendering: فيليتس
Transliteration: Fīlītus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; false teacher, 2:17-18.
Phygelus
Approved rendering: فيجلس
Transliteration: Fījilus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; deserted Paul, 1:15, apostasy-adjacent proper name.
Prisca Priscilla
Approved rendering: بريسكلا
Transliteration: Brīskilā
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:19.
Pudens
Approved rendering: بوديس
Transliteration: Būdīs
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:21.
Rekindle Gift
Approved rendering: تُضرم / تُلهب من جديد
Transliteration: tuḍrim / tulhib min jadīd
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Original: ἀναζωπυρέω
Category: Ministry
New term. anazōpyreō (1:6), NT hapax; preserve the fire-metaphor naturally rather than literally.
Reproof
Approved rendering: التوبيخ / التبكيت
Transliteration: al-tawbīkh / al-tabkīt
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Scripture
New term. Exposure/conviction of error, one of Scripture’s four stated purposes (3:16). Low collision risk.
Rescued From Lions Mouth
Approved rendering: نجّاني من فم الأسد
Transliteration: najjānī min famm al-asad
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Faithfulness
Original: ἐρρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος
Category: Providence
New term. 4:17, idiom for narrow escape from mortal danger; retain the vivid image with brief contextual framing if needed.
Return To Senses
Approved rendering: يرجعوا إلى رشدهم / يصحوا
Transliteration: yarjiʿū ilā rushdihim / yaṣḥū
Doctrine: Repentance
New term. ananēpsōsin (2:26); recovery from deception, paired with snare_of_the_devil.
Snare Of The Devil
Approved rendering: فخ إبليس
Transliteration: fakh Iblīs
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Original: παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου
Category: Apostasy
New term. pagis tou diabolou (2:26); entrapment by the devil, from which God-granted repentance frees. Standard vocabulary.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστῶ
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unaltered. 1:3’s opening thanksgiving formula; broadly compatible with Islamic shukr.
Timothy
Approved rendering: تيموثاوس
Transliteration: Tīmūthāwus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; the letter’s recipient, throughout.
Titus
Approved rendering: تيطس
Transliteration: Tīṭus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:10.
Trophimus
Approved rendering: تروفيمس
Transliteration: Trūfīmus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:20.
Tychicus
Approved rendering: تيخيكس
Transliteration: Tīkhīkus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Established Arabic Christian transliteration; 4:12.
Vice List Last Days
Approved rendering: قائمة الرذائل في الأيام الأخيرة (٢٠ صفة، ٣: ٢-٥)
Transliteration: qāʾimat al-radhāʾil fī al-ayyām al-akhīrah
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
New term, consolidated. Twenty descriptive terms of last-days corruption (3:2-5); individually Low risk standard moral vocabulary, see analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md Chapter 3 table for the full term-by-term breakdown. philedonoi/philotheoi is separately entered above as the climactic structural pair.
Vocational Metaphors
Approved rendering: جندي، متبارٍ رياضي، فلاح/زارع
Transliteration: jundī, mutabārin riyāḍī, fallāḥ/zāriʿ
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
New term. soldier/athlete/farmer metaphors for disciplined ministry (2:3-6). Generic, safe vocabulary; note only that ‘soldier’ framing in some Arabic contexts may evoke jihad-adjacent associations and should be handled with plain military-service framing, not martial-religious framing.
Youthful Passions
Approved rendering: شهوات الشباب
Transliteration: shahawāt al-shabāb
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
New term. neōterikai epithymiai (2:22); paired with the pursuit-list of righteousness, faith, love, peace.
Referenced passages