Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Thessalonians (Greek → Arabic)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all three chapters of 2 Thessalonians. Terms marked Reused are fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and must be carried over exactly, with no deviation. Terms marked New are proposed additions for this curriculum, built on the same Critical/High/Medium/Low risk framework and Van Dyck/NAV register as the baseline, pending incorporation into an updated translation memory at Phase 2.
A. Reused Baseline Terms (verified present in 2 Thessalonians)
| Term (EN) | Greek | Arabic | Risk | Primary 2 Thess. passages | Baseline doctrine tie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | الله | Critical | 1:1-2,3,8,12; 2:4,11,13,16; 3:5 | god |
| Lord | κύριος | الرب | Critical | 1:1-2,7-9,12; 2:1-2,8,13-14,16; 3:1,3-5,6,12,16,18 | lord |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | يسوع | Critical | throughout | jesus |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός | المسيح | Critical | throughout | messiah |
| Father | πατήρ | الآب | Critical | 1:1-2; 2:16 | father |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) | الروح القدس | Critical | 2:13 | holy_spirit |
| grace | χάρις | النعمة | High | 1:2,12; 2:16; 3:18 | grace |
| peace | εἰρήνη | السلام | Medium | 1:2; 3:16 | peace |
| faith | πίστις | الإيمان | High | 1:3,4,11; 2:13; 3:2 | faith |
| church | ἐκκλησία | الكنيسة | Medium | 1:1,4 (implicit “churches of God”) | church |
| glory | δόξα | المجد | High | 1:9,10,12; 2:14; 3:1 | glory |
| saints | ἅγιοι | القديسون | High | 1:10 | sainthood |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός | التقديس | High | 2:13 | sanctification |
| salvation | σωτηρία | الخلاص | Critical | 2:13 (implied throughout ch.2) | salvation |
| calling | κλῆσις | الدعوة | High | 1:11 | divine_calling / effectual_calling |
| election | εἵλατο (chose) | اختيار الله | High | 2:13 | effectual_calling |
| power of God | δύναμις (θεοῦ) | قوة الله | Medium | 1:11; 2:9 | power_of_god_for_salvation |
| fellowship | (implied, κοινωνία-family: ἀδελφός “brother,” 3:6,15) | الشركة | Medium | 3:6,15 | christian_fellowship |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς | الشيطان | Medium | 2:9 | (new context; general adversary vocabulary) |
| Law (Mosaic, background contrast) | νόμος root, contrast term for ἀνομία | الناموس (never الشريعة) | Critical | contrast term for 2:3,7-8 ἀνομία | law |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστέω | الشكر | Low | 1:3; 2:13 | thanksgiving |
| revealed/revelation | ἀποκαλύπτω / ἀποκάλυψις | يُستعلَن / الاستعلان | High | 1:7; 2:3,6,8 | fulfillment_of_prophecy (related) |
B. New Terms Required for This Curriculum
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Arabic | Arabic transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Primary passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα τοῦ Κυρίου | hēmera tou Kyriou | يوم الرب | Yawm al-Rabb | Critical | The Day of the Lord | 2:2 | Established OT-prophetic Van Dyck rendering; must be taught as this specific day centered on Christ’s return, not casually equated with generic Islamic Yawm al-Qiyāmah/al-Sā’ah without comment on the contested identity of the Judge. |
| coming / parousia | παρουσία | parousia | مجيء | al-majī’ | Critical | Day of the Lord | 2:1,8,9 | Technical term for Christ’s visible bodily return; must not be diluted to a generic or repeatable “presence.” |
| appearing / epiphany | ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | ظهور | zuhūr | Critical | Day of the Lord | 2:8 | Established Van Dyck rendering, used here in the opposite sense from its rejection under baseline “incarnation” — affirms a real, visible, substantial event; every occurrence needs explicit context reinforcing this is not mere semblance, to avoid accidental resonance with Quranic crucifixion-denial (“shubbiha lahum”) framing. |
| gathering together | ἐπισυναγωγή | episynagōgē | الاجتماع | al-ijtimā’ | Medium-High | Day of the Lord | 2:1 | Retain explicit “to him” (Christ); distinguish from the general Islamic eschatological gathering (al-ḥashr) of all humanity for judgment. |
| rebellion / apostasy | ἀποστασία | apostasia | الارتداد | al-irtidād | Critical | The Day of the Lord / Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | Identical to the Islamic legal-theological term for apostasy from Islam (a category carrying serious real-world social/legal risk); every use requires explicit framing as a future, corporate, end-times religious rebellion, never as description of or allusion to conversion out of Islam. Flag for theologian review with safety awareness. |
| man of lawlessness | ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας (v.l. ἁμαρτίας) | anthrōpos tēs anomias / hamartias | إنسان الخطية | insān al-khaṭīyah | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | Established Van Dyck rendering follows the ἁμαρτίας (TR) variant, reusing baseline “sin” term (الخطية) exactly. Translator note required flagging the ἀνομίας/ἁμαρτίας textual variant. Must not be conflated with, nor illustrated using, the extrabiblical folklore details of al-Masīḥ al-Dajjāl (physical description, 40-day reign, death at Lydda, etc.) — the biblical text affirms only the outline: a self-deifying deceiver destroyed by Christ at his coming. |
| son of destruction | υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας | huios tēs apōleias | ابن الهلاك | ibn al-halāk | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:3 | Paired title with “man of lawlessness”; shares root هلاك with “eternal destruction” below — preserve this intra-book consistency. |
| lawlessness | ἀνομία | anomia | الإثم | al-ithm | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:7 (mystery of lawlessness) | Must be kept distinct from الناموس (the Mosaic Law, Critical, baseline) — this is comprehensive moral rebellion against God’s authority, not a statement about Torah or sharia. |
| the lawless one | ἄνομος | anomos | الأثيم | al-athīm | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:8 | Established Van Dyck rendering; same figure as “man of lawlessness,” named by his defining trait. |
| mystery of lawlessness | μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας | mystērion tēs anomias | سر الإثم | sirr al-ithm | Critical | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:7 | Presently active, hidden satanic principle preceding full manifestation; distinguish from Pauline “mystery” used positively elsewhere (Romans 11:25, 16:25). |
| restrainer / that which restrains | ὁ κατέχων / τὸ κατέχον | ho katechōn / to katechon | المانع / الذي يمنع | al-māni’ / alladhī yamna’ | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:6-7 | Exegetically underdetermined in the Greek itself (state church, Spirit, gospel proclamation, or other identifications proposed historically); Arabic rendering must preserve, not resolve, this ambiguity. Flag for theologian review. |
| self-exaltation | ὑπεραίρομαι | hyperairomai | يستكبر / يرتفع | yastakbir / yartafi’ | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | Positive collision opportunity: shares root ك-ب-ر with Quranic al-mutakabbirūn (“the arrogant”), a category Islam also condemns — usable as common ground in teaching. |
| object of worship | σέβασμα | sebasma | معبود | ma’būd | Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | Established Van Dyck rendering. |
| temple of God | ναός τοῦ θεοῦ | naos tou theou | هيكل الله | haykal Allāh | Medium-High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:4 | Must not bleed into a general suspicion-of-divine-claims principle that could undercut the true, distinct claim of Christ’s own deity (baseline “deity_of_christ,” Critical). |
| lie / falsehood | ψεῦδος | pseudos | الكذب | al-kadhib | Low-Medium | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9,11 | Straightforward; qualifies the false signs and the delusion. |
| signs and wonders (false) | σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους | sēmeia kai terata pseudous | آيات وعجائب كاذبة | āyāt wa ‘ajā’ib kādhibah | High | The Man of Lawlessness | 2:9 | آية/آيات is the central Quranic term for Quran verses/divine signs; established, pre-Islamic shared Christian Arabic vocabulary for miracles generally. The qualifier كاذبة (“false”) must never be separated from آيات in this context. |
| working of delusion | ἐνέργεια πλάνης | energeia planēs | عمل الضلال | ’amal al-ḍalāl | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment / Man of Lawlessness | 2:11 | Direct lexical overlap with الضالّين of Sūrat al-Fātiḥa (recited in daily Muslim prayer). Must be taught as a specific judicial act of God against those who have already rejected the truth — not a general statement about humanity’s default condition apart from revelation (avoid collision with fiṭrah doctrine, per baseline “sin”). Flag every occurrence for theologian review. |
| truth | ἀλήθεια | alētheia | الحق | al-ḥaqq | High | Man of Lawlessness / God’s Righteous Judgment | 2:10,12,13 | Al-Ḥaqq is also a divine name (The Truth/The Real) — broadly positive shared vocabulary; ensure “the truth” retains its specific referent (the gospel concerning Christ), not generic philosophical truth. |
| righteous judgment | κρίσις δικαία (ἔνδειξις τῆς δικαίας κρίσεως) | krisis dikaia | قضاء الله العادل / الدينونة العادلة | qaḍā’ Allāh al-‘ādil / al-dīnūnah al-‘ādilah | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:5 | Built on baseline البر root (Critical); reinforces that God’s judging character is not works-merit righteousness but the basis for his just verdict — parallel yet distinct use of the root. |
| vengeance / retribution | ἐκδίκησις | ekdikēsis | النقمة | al-niqmah | High | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:8 | Same root as Romans 12:19 (“vengeance is mine”); judicial, not personal vindictiveness. Basis given is unbelief/non-obedience to the gospel, not deeds-failure — reinforce against baseline “obedience_of_faith” cautions. |
| eternal destruction | ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος | olethros aiōnios | هلاك أبدي | halāk abadī | Critical | God’s Righteous Judgment | 1:9 | Shares root with ابن الهلاك (2:3); preserve consistency. Frame primarily as exclusion from God’s presence and glory (1:9’s own emphasis), not only physical torment, to avoid unexamined conflation with common depictions of jahannam. |
| testimony | μαρτύριον | martyrion | الشهادة | al-shahādah | Medium-High | Inspiration/Fulfillment of Prophecy (background) | 1:10 | Shared, pre-Islamic Christian vocabulary; also the specific term for the Islamic shahāda creedal declaration. Context should keep referent to apostolic Christ-centered testimony clear. |
| love | ἀγάπη | agapē | المحبة | al-maḥabbah | Medium | (supports Perseverance under Persecution / Standing Firm) | 1:3; 2:10,16; 3:5 | Established Van Dyck term; keep the self-giving, God-originated theological register distinct from romantic or generic affection. |
| hope | ἐλπίς | elpis | الرجاء | al-rajā’ | High | Assurance-adjacent (ties to baseline “assurance_of_salvation”) | 2:16 | Christian hope here is settled confidence grounded in God’s promise, not the mixed hope-alongside-fear-of-uncertain-outcome (rajā’/khawf) posture common in mainstream Sunni piety regarding one’s own final salvation (cf. baseline “assurance_of_salvation,” Critical). |
| endurance / perseverance | ὑπομονή | hypomonē | الصبر | al-ṣabr | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4; 3:5 | Shares vocabulary with a major Islamic virtue (ṣabr, paired with shukr, per baseline “thanksgiving” note); broadly compatible, but reinforce this is confident endurance grounded in hope of Christ’s return, not resigned stoic patience. |
| persecution | διωγμός | diōgmos | الاضطهاد | al-idtihād | High | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4 | Describes a present, real-world risk for many readers (esp. converts from Islam); write with pastoral awareness of genuine safety stakes, paralleling baseline “evangelism” caution. |
| affliction / tribulation | θλῖψις | thlipsis | الضيق | al-ḍīq | Medium | Perseverance under Persecution | 1:4,6 | Consistent with Romans 5:3 usage; reinforce hope-producing, not merely negative, function in context. |
| traditions (apostolic teaching) | παράδοσις | paradosis | التعاليم | al-ta’ālīm | Critical | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 2:15; 3:6 | Established Van Dyck rendering for Paul’s own positive apostolic instruction; deliberately avoids التقليد (al-taqlīd), rejected here because of its specific Islamic legal-theological meaning (uncritical deference to established scholarly authority, contrasted with ijtihād) and its resonance with ḥadīth/sunnah as a body of authoritative transmitted tradition second only to the Quran. Paul’s “traditions” are his own apostolic instruction (oral and written), not a parallel category to hadith transmission chains — this distinction must be made explicit at first use. |
| faithful (of God/Christ) | πιστός | pistos | أمين | amīn | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions (supporting) | 3:3 | Minor resonance with al-Amīn, Muhammad’s pre-prophetic epithet; keep referent to God’s own covenant-keeping character unambiguous. |
| command (apostolic) | παραγγέλλω | parangellō | نأمر / نوصي | na’mur / nūṣī | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions / Apostleship (background) | 3:4,6,10,12 | Stronger than baseline “exhort” (يشجع/يعظ, Low) — directive apostolic authority; note the connection to, but distinction from, “apostle” (baseline High) since 2 Thessalonians’ salutation does not use the title ἀπόστολος even though apostolic authority is exercised throughout chs. 2-3. |
| disorderly / idle | ἀτάκτως / ἀργός | atakōs / argos | بلا ترتيب / متعطل | bilā tartīb / muta’aṭṭil | Low | Standing Firm in the Traditions (practical) | 3:6,7,11 | Practical church-discipline vocabulary; low doctrinal risk. |
| pattern / example (to imitate) | τύπος / μιμεῖσθαι | typos / mimeisthai | قدوة / يُقتدى به | qudwah / yuqtadā bihi | Medium | Standing Firm in the Traditions | 3:7,9 | Resonance with qudwah ḥasanah (Quran 33:21, Muhammad’s exemplary status); frame Paul’s example as secondary/derivative — pointing to Christ, limited to the specific matter of diligent labor — not a claim of comprehensive moral finality. |
| sign (of authentication) | σημεῖον (epistolary sense) | sēmeion | علامة | ’alāmah | Medium | Inspiration of Scripture (background) | 3:17 | Distinct homonym from “signs and wonders” (2:9); supports the baseline “inspiration_of_scripture” doctrine by showing Paul actively guarding letter authenticity — useful contrast to a single-dictation (wahy) model of revelation. |
| Satan / the evil one | Σατανᾶς / ὁ πονηρός | Satanas / ho ponēros | الشيطان / الشرير | al-Shayṭān / al-Sharīr | Medium | (background to Man of Lawlessness) | 2:9; 3:3 | Broadly compatible shared vocabulary; note minor divergence (jinn vs. fallen angel identification in mainstream Islamic tradition) as background teaching point only. |
C. Risk Summary for This Curriculum’s New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 10 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 11 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium / Low | 6 | Native speaker or automated, per baseline convention |
Notes for Phase 2 integration:
- All terms in Section A must be pulled from the existing baseline
translation_memory.jsonwith zero deviation; no new entries are needed for these. - All terms in Section B must be added as new entries to an updated
translation_memory.json(version increment) andbible_term_registry.jsonbefore Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - The Section B risk tiers and routing must be reflected in an updated
doctrine_risk_registry.jsonentry for each of the five curriculum doctrines (Day of the Lord, Man of Lawlessness, Perseverance under Persecution, God’s Righteous Judgment, Standing Firm in the Traditions), following the same schema as the baseline Romans registry. - Two systemic cross-document risks require standing instructions in any updated AI translation requirements document: (a) the ἀποστασία/الارتداد apostasy-safety concern, and (b) the al-Masīḥ al-Dajjāl narrative-collision risk surrounding the Man of Lawlessness passage as a whole — both should be added as named escalation rules, not left implicit in individual term notes.
Critical Risk Terms
Apostasia
Approved rendering: الارتداد
Transliteration: al-irtidād
Doctrine: The End-Times Rebellion (Apostasy)
Rejected alternatives: الردة (a vaguer paraphrase that reduces terminological weight, used by some dynamic-equivalence versions)
Original: ἀποστασία
Category: Eschatology
STANDING ESCALATION RULE (safety-critical): identical to the precise Islamic legal-theological term for apostasy from Islam, a category carrying severe social and, in some jurisdictions or communities, criminal or extrajudicial consequence. Every occurrence must be explicitly framed as a future, corporate, end-times falling-away from faith in God generally — never as description of, endorsement of, or veiled reference to individuals leaving Islam for Christianity. Flag for human theologian review with an explicit real-world safety annotation at every occurrence, distinct from ordinary doctrinal review.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: يوم الرب
Transliteration: Yawm al-Rabb
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: يوم القيامة, يوم الدين, الساعة
Original: ἡμέρα τοῦ Κυρίου
Category: Eschatology
Established OT-prophetic Van Dyck rendering (Joel, Amos, Zephaniah, Malachi), retained for canonical continuity (2:2). The rejected alternatives are the standard Islamic eschatological terms (Yawm al-Qiyamah, Yawm al-Din, al-Sa’ah) for the general Last Day affirmed for all humanity; يوم الرب must be taught as this same broad reality specifically centered on the Lord Jesus Christ’s own visible return and judgment. The identity of the Judge, not the existence of a final day, is the contested claim requiring deliberate teaching at every occurrence, never an assumed shared referent.
Epiphaneia
Approved rendering: ظهور
Transliteration: zuhūr
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: ظهور غير محسوس (invisible/insubstantial appearing, per NWT framework)
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
SPECIAL-CASE CLARIFICATION: the baseline register rejects ظهور (zuhūr) as a rendering for the Incarnation because of its ‘mere appearance/semblance’ resonance with the Quran’s crucifixion-denial (‘shubbiha lahum’) language. HERE (2:8), by contrast, ظهور is the established, CORRECT, and REQUIRED Van Dyck rendering for ἐπιφάνεια, affirming a real, visible, substantial, historical event — the opposite doctrinal direction from its baseline rejection. Do not let the incarnation-context forbidden-substitution rule suppress this term’s correct use here. Every occurrence must carry explicit contextual reinforcement that this describes an actual, visible, historical appearing, not an appearance-only phenomenon.
Eternal Destruction
Approved rendering: هلاك أبدي
Transliteration: halāk abadī
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: عذاب أبدي في جهنم (foregrounds popular Jahannam torment imagery over the text’s own relational-exclusion emphasis)
Original: ὄλεθρος αἰώνιος
Category: Judgment
The everlasting ruin of those who do not obey the gospel, described specifically as exclusion from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his might (1:9). Shares the root هلاك with ابن الهلاك (2:3); preserve this consistency deliberately. Frame primarily as exclusion from God’s presence and glory, per the verse’s own emphasis, rather than foregrounding physical torment alone.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Named in the letter’s opening greeting and closing benediction (1:1-2; 2:16). No safe substitute exists for this relationship category given Islamic tanzih sensitivities around begetting-language.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed alongside ‘the Lord Jesus Christ’ in a single grammatical construction in 1:12 (‘the grace of our God and Lord Jesus Christ’) — a construction requiring Arabic syntax that preserves, rather than obscures, its potential force as a direct deity-of-Christ statement (cf. Titus 2:13, 2 Peter 1:1 pattern).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα (ἅγιον)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The agent of believers’ sanctification unto salvation (2:13). The co-equal, co-eternal divine Person must be distinguished from the Quranic identification of ‘Holy Spirit’ with the created angel Jibril.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used consistently throughout 2 Thessalonians; never عيسى (‘Isa), the Quranic form, which already carries the non-crucified, non-divine, prophet-only theology this letter’s eschatology directly contradicts.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: νόμος (background contrast term for ἀνομία)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians, functions only as contrastive background against which ‘lawlessness’ (ἀνομία, 2:3, 2:7-8) is defined. The man of lawlessness is not primarily a violator of Torah but a rebel against God’s authority as such; never substitute الشريعة, which would make the passage sound like commentary on Islamic law specifically.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Jesus throughout this letter (1:1-2, 1:7-9, 1:12; 2:1-2, 2:8, 2:13-14, 2:16; 3:1, 3:3-6, 3:12, 3:16, 3:18), including ‘the Lord of peace himself’ (3:16). Must never be softened to master/teacher; this is the paradigm shirk claim from an Islamic standpoint and must be preserved at full force in every occurrence, including 2:8 where the Lord Jesus is the one who destroys the lawless one.
Man Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: إنسان الخطية
Transliteration: insān al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: إنسان الإثم (rendering the modern critical-text ἀνομίας variant, not used by the Van Dyck tradition)
Original: ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἀνομίας (v.l. ἁμαρτίας)
Category: Eschatology
Established Van Dyck rendering following the Textus Receptus ἁμαρτίας reading, reusing the baseline ‘sin’ term (الخطية) exactly — see the sin entry’s disambiguation note above. A translator note must flag the ἀνομίας/ἁμαρτίας textual variant at every occurrence. STANDING ESCALATION RULE (narrative-collision): must never be illustrated or conflated with the extrabiblical folklore details of al-Masih al-Dajjal (physical description, forty-day reign, death at the gate of Lydda) — teach only the sober biblical outline (a self-exalting, temple-usurping, satanically-empowered deceiver destroyed at Christ’s coming) while acknowledging the narrative parallel as a legitimate point of discussion, never identity.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Joined with ‘Lord’ and ‘Jesus’ throughout this letter’s greetings, thanksgivings, and eschatological teaching. Every occurrence must actively correct, not assume neutral, the pre-loaded Quranic ‘Isa al-Masih narrative (honored prophet, not divine, not crucified, not risen).
Mystery Of Lawlessness
Approved rendering: سر الإثم
Transliteration: sirr al-ithm
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: μυστήριον τῆς ἀνομίας
Category: Eschatology
The presently active, hidden satanic principle already at work, fully revealed only in the man of lawlessness (2:7). Distinguish sharply from Paul’s positive use of ‘mystery’ (سر) elsewhere in the corpus (Romans 11:25, 16:25) — here the referent is entirely negative and ominous, not a hidden truth graciously disclosed; a valence note is required at first use.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: طاعة الإيمان
Transliteration: ṭā’at al-īmān
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: الطاعة الشرعية
Inherited from Romans package. Background doctrine directly relevant to 2 Thessalonians 1:8’s ‘do not obey the gospel’ (see obey_the_gospel below): the obedience in view is the response of faith to the gospel message, never a separate meritorious deeds-category. Must not be absorbed into Islam’s own defining category of submission-obedience as the substance of right standing.
Parousia
Approved rendering: مجيء
Transliteration: al-majī’
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: حضور, زيارة, حضور غير منظور (invisible presence, per Jehovah’s Witness NWT framework)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
Established Van Dyck/NAV technical term for Christ’s future, visible, bodily return (2:1, 2:8, 2:9). Must consistently denote a singular, visible, personal, future return — never a vague, generic, or repeatable ‘presence,’ and explicitly never the Jehovah’s Witness ‘invisible presence since 1914’ doctrine, which this rendering must actively contradict, not accommodate.
Righteous Judgment
Approved rendering: قضاء الله العادل / الدينونة العادلة
Transliteration: qaḍā’ Allāh al-‘ādil / al-dīnūnah al-‘ādilah
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: البر (bare root, risks confusion with the works-merit righteousness sense the baseline flags Critical in Romans)
Original: κρίσις δικαία (cf. δίκαιον παρὰ θεῷ)
Category: Judgment
God’s just verdict, repaying affliction to those who afflict believers and vindicating believers who suffer for the kingdom (1:5-8). Built on the same البر root the baseline flags Critical for works-merit collision in Romans (righteousness/justification), but this is a distinct, positive use — God’s own just character as judge, not a deeds-checklist standard applied to anyone. Reviewers must not confuse the two uses of the root.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians 2:13-14, salvation is chosen from the beginning and secured through sanctification and belief of the truth, set in sharp contrast to the destruction of those who reject the truth (2:10-12). This believer/perishing contrast must never be softened into the probabilistic mizan-based outcome the baseline’s Critical-risk note describes.
Son Of Destruction
Approved rendering: ابن الهلاك
Transliteration: ibn al-halāk
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας
Category: Eschatology
A Hebraic idiom describing the man of lawlessness as characterized by, and destined for, ultimate ruin (2:3). Shares the root هلاك with ‘eternal destruction’ (1:9, see below); preserve this intra-book consistency deliberately across all occurrences.
Traditions
Approved rendering: التعاليم
Transliteration: al-ta’ālīm
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: التقليد (the specific Islamic legal-theological term for uncritical deference to established scholarly authority, contrasted with ijtihad, and resonant with hadith/sunnah transmission-chain categories)
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Apostolic Authority
Paul’s own apostolic instruction, delivered by word or by letter, which believers are commanded to stand firm in and hold fast (2:15; 3:6). التقليد is a HARD FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION, not merely a dispreferred alternative — even in informal oral paraphrase. Paul’s ‘traditions’ are his own closed apostolic teaching, now Scripture, not a parallel isnad-style transmission-chain category; this distinction must be explicit at first use.
Working Of Delusion
Approved rendering: عمل الضلال
Transliteration: ‘amal al-ḍalāl
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐνέργεια πλάνης
Category: Judgment
Established Van Dyck rendering (2:11). MAJOR COLLISION RISK: الضلال / الضالّين is the exact vocabulary of the closing petition of Surat al-Fatiha, recited by Muslims in every unit of daily prayer (‘…nor of those who have gone astray’). Must be explicitly taught as a specific judicial act of God against those who have already, freely, rejected the truth (2:10) — never as a description of humanity’s default, morally neutral condition apart from revelation, which would collide with fitrah doctrine. Flag for human theologian review at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Anomia
Approved rendering: الإثم
Transliteration: al-ithm
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة/عدم الشريعة (would wrongly suggest opposition to Torah or, worse, Islamic sharia specifically)
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Eschatology
Comprehensive rebellion against God’s authority as such, already secretly at work and destined to be fully embodied in the man of lawlessness (2:7, ‘mystery of lawlessness’). Must be kept sharply distinct from الناموس (the baseline term for the Mosaic Law, Critical risk). Note the disambiguation from the unrelated baseline ‘sin’ entry recorded above.
Anomos
Approved rendering: الأثيم
Transliteration: al-athīm
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ἄνομος
Category: Eschatology
Established Van Dyck rendering for ‘the lawless one’ (2:8) — the same figure as the man of lawlessness, named by his defining trait. Keep the same distinction from الناموس noted under anomia above.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Original: καλέω (verb form; cf. κλητός)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians 2:14 this is God’s own act of summoning believers to salvation and glory through the gospel — the effectual-calling sense — originating entirely with God, never human religious invitation (da’wah).
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians 1:11, the basis of Paul’s prayer that believers be made worthy of it. Keep distinct from da’wah, the Islamic term for human invitation to Islam — the direction of address runs the opposite way.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: αἱρέομαι (εἵλατο, “he chose”)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians 2:13 (εἵλατο, ‘he chose’), God’s sovereign choice of believers for salvation from the beginning, worked out through sanctification and belief of the truth. Must not collapse into folk qadar fatalism; this is God’s specific redemptive purpose through means, not impersonal fate.
Episynagoge
Approved rendering: الاجتماع
Transliteration: al-ijtimā’
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: الحشر (the general Islamic eschatological gathering of all humanity for judgment)
Original: ἐπισυναγωγή
Category: Eschatology
Believers’ being gathered together to Christ at his coming (2:1). The clause ‘to him’ (إليه) must always be retained explicitly so the gathering is not read as an ordinary congregational meeting. Distinguish from al-hashr, the general Islamic gathering of all humanity for judgment — this gathering is specifically believers’ gathering to Christ.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. 3:2’s stark statement ‘not all have faith’ (لَيْسَ الْإِيمَانُ لِلْجَمِيعِ) underscores personal trust/reliance distinguishing believer from unbeliever, not generalized creedal assent shared by an entire community by default, per the baseline’s Islamic iman caution.
False Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: آيات وعجائب كاذبة
Transliteration: āyāt wa ‘ajā’ib kādhibah
Doctrine: Satanic Deception and Counterfeit Power
Rejected alternatives: آيات وعجائب (without the كاذبة qualifier — risks validating these wonders as authentic divine signs)
Original: σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα ψεύδους
Category: Eschatology
Established Van Dyck rendering (2:9). آية/آيات is the central Quranic term for the Quran’s own verses as divine signs, and Van Dyck also uses it for Jesus’s own true miracles elsewhere — unavoidable, pre-Islamic shared Christian vocabulary. The qualifier كاذبة (‘false/lying’) must never be dropped, abbreviated, or separated from آيات by more than minimal grammatical distance.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God’s radiant honor, the object of thanksgiving and the believers’ destiny, shared in Christ at his coming (1:9, 1:10, 1:12; 2:14; 3:1). Avoid light-metaphor renderings evoking Sufi illumination (ishraq) mysticism.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians the gospel is the message some refuse to obey (1:8, see obey_the_gospel below) and the means of the effectual call to salvation (2:14). Same tahrif-framing caution applies: al-Injil denotes the NT record itself, not a lost predecessor text.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in every epistolary greeting and benediction of this short letter (1:2, 1:12, 2:16, 3:18); must remain unmerited favor throughout, never obedience-responsive favor per Islamic faḍl/raḥmah.
Hope
Approved rendering: الرجاء
Transliteration: al-rajā’
Doctrine: Assurance and Hope in Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: رجاء مع خوف (the mixed hope-alongside-fear-of-uncertain-outcome posture common in mainstream Sunni piety regarding one’s own final salvation)
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Faith
The ‘good hope’ given by grace, alongside eternal comfort, grounding believers’ present strengthening (2:16). This is settled confidence grounded in God’s own promise, not the rajā’/khawf uncertainty typical of mainstream Sunni piety — directly extending the baseline assurance_of_salvation caution.
Obey The Gospel
Approved rendering: يطيعون الإنجيل
Transliteration: yuṭī’ūna al-Injīl
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Rejected alternatives: يخضعون لأحكام الإنجيل (implies law-code-style deeds compliance rather than a faith-response to a proclaimed message)
Original: ὑπακούω τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ (cf. ὑπακοή, baseline “obedience_of_faith”)
Category: Judgment
The response of faith to the gospel message, whose absence — not failure to keep a deeds-checklist — is the stated basis for God’s vengeance (1:8). Must be taught consistently as the response of faith, never as a separate meritorious category of works, directly reinforcing the baseline obedience_of_faith caution.
Persecution
Approved rendering: الاضطهاد
Transliteration: al-idtihād
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: διωγμός
Category: Perseverance
The persecutions and afflictions the Thessalonian believers endure, cited as evidence of God’s righteous judgment to come (1:4-6). Describes a present, real-world risk for many Arabic-speaking readers, particularly converts from a Muslim-background family; write and teach with pastoral safety awareness, paralleling the baseline’s evangelism caution.
Restrainer
Approved rendering: المانع / الذي يمنع
Transliteration: al-māni’ / alladhī yamna’
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Rejected alternatives: الروح القدس المانع (resolving the ambiguity to the Holy Spirit specifically), الإمبراطورية الرومانية (resolving the ambiguity to the Roman Empire specifically, per some Catholic-tradition footnotes)
Original: ὁ κατέχων / τὸ κατέχον
Category: Eschatology
STANDING FIREWALL: this is inherently exegetically underdetermined in the Greek text itself (2:6-7), not primarily a translation problem — historically identified variously as the Roman state, the preaching of the gospel, the archangel Michael, or the Holy Spirit’s restraining presence. The Arabic rendering (a functional participial compound, not a naming noun) must preserve this same open-endedness rather than resolving the ambiguity through word choice. Flag every occurrence for theologian review to ensure no single identification is smuggled in.
Revealed Revelation
Approved rendering: يُستعلَن / الاستعلان
Transliteration: yusta’lan / al-isti’lān
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord / Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ظهور (zuhūr) as the primary rendering for ἀποκαλύπτω/ἀποκάλυψις — reserved instead for ἐπιφάνεια only, to avoid vocabulary collapse between two related but distinct Greek terms
Used of the revealing of the Lord Jesus from heaven with his angels (1:7) and of the man of lawlessness being revealed (2:3, 2:6, 2:8). Established Christian Arabic root ع-ل-ن (‘to declare/manifest openly’), deliberately distinct from ظهور (zuhur, ‘appearance’) to avoid any suggestion of mere semblance for this separate Greek verb family. Ties chapter 1’s judgment scene directly to the Day of the Lord doctrine developed in chapter 2.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians 2:13, given as one of the twin grounds (with belief of the truth) of believers’ chosen salvation. The Spirit’s ongoing work of setting apart, not ritual purification (wudu/ghusl).
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Inherited from Romans package. Directly reused in 2 Thessalonians 2:3’s established Van Dyck rendering إنسان الخطية (‘man of sin,’ following the Textus Receptus ἁμαρτίας variant reading — see man_of_lawlessness below). IMPORTANT DISAMBIGUATION: the baseline explicitly rejects الإثم as an alternative rendering for this term (sin, ἁμαρτία); however, this curriculum separately and correctly renders a DIFFERENT Greek word, ἀνομία (‘lawlessness’), as الإثم (see anomia/anomos below) per established Van Dyck convention. These are two distinct source terms; do not treat the shared Arabic root as evidence the two Greek concepts have merged.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: هيكل الله
Transliteration: haykal Allāh
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
God’s own sanctuary, blasphemously occupied by the man of lawlessness while he proclaims himself to be God (2:4). This condemns a false, future imposter’s usurped claim to deity — structurally the same category of sin Islamic theology condemns as shirk — but reviewers must ensure no bleed-through where a reader concludes Scripture condemns any claim to deity for a human being as a general principle, which would wrongly undercut Christ’s own true, unique divine claim (baseline deity_of_christ, Critical).
Truth
Approved rendering: الحق
Transliteration: al-ḥaqq
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness / God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἀλήθεια
Category: Faith
The gospel truth concerning Christ, loved and believed by some (2:10, 2:13) and refused by others (2:12). Al-Haqq is also one of the 99 names of Allah — broadly positive shared vocabulary — but the object must remain recoverable from context as specifically the gospel message about Christ, not a generic philosophical or mystical pursuit of truth.
Vengeance
Approved rendering: النقمة
Transliteration: al-niqmah
Doctrine: God’s Righteous Judgment
Original: ἐκδίκησις
Category: Judgment
God’s legal, judicial retribution against those who do not know God and do not obey the gospel (1:8). Same root as Romans 12:19 (‘vengeance is mine, I will repay’), giving strong intra-canonical consistency. The stated basis is unbelief/non-obedience to the gospel message, not deeds-failure — reinforce against the baseline obedience_of_faith caution.
Medium Risk Terms
Affliction
Approved rendering: الضيق
Transliteration: al-ḍīq
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance
The tribulation believers presently endure, which God will repay with affliction to those who inflict it (1:4, 1:6). Consistent with Romans 5:3 usage; reinforce its hope-producing, not merely negative, function in context.
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed in the letter’s salutation (1:1, 1:4, ‘the churches of God’). Reinforce the living, gathered-people sense over a physical-building or minority-community sense; never الأمة (Ummah).
Command
Approved rendering: نأمر / نوصي
Transliteration: na’mur / nūṣī
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Rejected alternatives: يشجع/يعظ (the baseline ‘exhort’ vocabulary — too weak; lacks apostolic directive authority)
Original: παραγγέλλω
Category: Apostolic Authority
Paul’s directive apostolic charge, given in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, regarding orderly conduct and diligent labor (3:4, 3:6, 3:10, 3:12). Stronger than baseline exhort; notable since 2 Thessalonians’ salutation does not use the title ‘apostle’ even though apostolic authority is exercised throughout chapters 2-3.
Endurance
Approved rendering: الصبر
Transliteration: al-ṣabr
Doctrine: Perseverance under Persecution
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
Steadfast perseverance amid persecutions and afflictions, cited as grounds for boasting among other churches (1:4), and modeled on Christ’s own steadfastness (3:5). Shares vocabulary with a major Islamic virtue (paired with shukr); must be taught as confident endurance grounded in the hope of Christ’s return, not resigned stoic patience or a merit-earning act.
Epistolary Sign
Approved rendering: علامة
Transliteration: ‘alāmah
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authenticity of Scripture
Original: σημεῖον (in its epistolary sense, distinct from “signs and wonders”)
Category: Apostolic Authority
Paul’s own handwritten mark in every letter, guarding against the very forged-letter risk raised in 2:2 (3:17). Distinct homonym from ‘signs and wonders’ (2:9). Supports the doctrine of the authenticity and careful transmission of Scripture — a useful contrast to a single, unmediated dictation (wahy) model of revelation.
Faithful
Approved rendering: أمين
Transliteration: amīn
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: πιστός
Category: God
The Lord’s own trustworthy, covenant-keeping character, the basis of confidence that he will establish and guard believers (3:3). Minor resonance with al-Amin, Muhammad’s pre-prophetic honorific epithet; keep the referent to God’s own covenant character unambiguous, not a comparison of trustworthy figures.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: الشركة
Transliteration: al-sharikah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: الزمالة, الجماعة
Original: implied by ἀδελφός, “brother,” the relational term used throughout 3:6, 3:13, 3:15 for church members
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians, implied by the relational term ‘brother’ (ἀδελφός) used throughout 3:6, 3:13, 3:15, within which correction and admonition take place. Avoid pairing with vocabulary suggesting the unrelated shirk root resonance.
Lie Falsehood
Approved rendering: الكذب
Transliteration: al-kadhib
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ψεῦδος / τὸ ψεῦδος
Category: Sin
The specific lie of the lawless one’s self-deification claim, believed by those who are perishing (2:9, 2:11). Straightforward, low collision risk, but must remain attached to its specific referent, not treated as a generic abstract statement.
Love
Approved rendering: المحبة
Transliteration: al-maḥabbah
Doctrine: Love and God’s Faithful Character
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Faith
Selfless, God-originated love, abounding among believers (1:3), directed toward the truth (2:10), and directing hearts toward God and Christ’s steadfastness (3:5). Should not be flattened into romantic love or mere fellow-feeling; keep the theological, self-giving register.
Object Of Worship
Approved rendering: معبود
Transliteration: ma’būd
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: σέβασμα
Category: Sin
Established Van Dyck rendering for σέβασμα in the phrase ‘all that is called god or an object of worship’ (2:4).
Pattern Example
Approved rendering: قدوة
Transliteration: qudwah
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: τύπος / μιμεῖσθαι
Category: Apostolic Authority
Paul’s own diligent labor, offered as a pattern to imitate specifically regarding not being a burden to others (3:7, 3:9). Strong resonance with qudwah hasanah (Quran 33:21, Muhammad’s comprehensive exemplary status); frame Paul’s example as secondary, derivative (pointing to Christ, cf. 1 Corinthians 11:1), and narrow in scope to diligent labor, never comprehensive moral/spiritual finality.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in greeting (1:2) and named directly of Christ as ‘the Lord of peace’ (3:16) — a Christological title, not merely a wish. Distinguish from tuma’ninah, Sufi/Quranic subjective heart-tranquility attained through dhikr.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Invoked as the means by which believers’ resolve for good is fulfilled (1:11), and explicitly contrasted with Satan’s imitation power (2:9) — the contrast (genuine power vs. counterfeit, not comparable in kind or ultimate authority) must be made explicit in context.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Thessalonians 1:10, all believers glorified together with the Lord at his coming. Must not evoke awliya’ (Sufi ‘friends of God’), a venerated shrine-intercession class distinct from ordinary believers.
Satan
Approved rendering: الشيطان / الشرير
Transliteration: al-Shayṭān / al-Sharīr
Doctrine: Satanic Deception and Counterfeit Power
Original: Σατανᾶς / ὁ πονηρός
Category: Sin
The personal adversary whose activity empowers the lawless one’s counterfeit signs (2:9), and from whom the Lord will guard believers (3:3). Broadly compatible shared vocabulary with Islamic angelology/demonology (Shaytan/Iblis); note as background teaching only the minor divergence that mainstream Islamic tradition identifies Iblis as a jinn rather than a fallen angel.
Self Exaltation
Approved rendering: يستكبر
Transliteration: yastakbir
Doctrine: The Man of Lawlessness
Original: ὑπεραίρομαι
Category: Sin
The man of lawlessness’s arrogant self-exaltation above every claimed or true object of worship (2:4). Shares the root ك-ب-ر with the Quranic al-mutakabbirun (‘the arrogant/those who exalt themselves’), a strongly negative Quranic category condemning self-exaltation against God — a genuinely positive collision point worth surfacing pastorally as common ground rather than avoiding.
Testimony
Approved rendering: الشهادة
Transliteration: al-shahādah
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authenticity of Scripture
Original: μαρτύριον
Category: Covenant
The apostolic testimony concerning Christ, vindicated among the saints at his coming (1:10). Shared, pre-Islamic Christian vocabulary also used of martyrs (shuhada’); also the specific term for the Islamic shahada creedal declaration. Context must keep the referent unambiguous as the apostles’ Christ-centered testimony, not an invocation of the Islamic creedal formula.
Low Risk Terms
Disorderly
Approved rendering: بلا ترتيب
Transliteration: bilā tartīb
Doctrine: Standing Firm in the Traditions
Original: ἀτάκτως
Category: Church
Conduct out of step with the received apostolic tradition, specifically idleness rather than diligent labor (3:6, 3:11). Practical church-discipline vocabulary; low doctrinal risk.
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajji’ / ya’iẓ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Functions in this letter as the weaker background category deliberately contrasted with parangellō/command (نأمر / نوصي, see below), which conveys directive apostolic authority. Do not use exhort-vocabulary where the source text uses the stronger command vocabulary of 3:4, 3:6, 3:10, 3:12.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Offered by Paul ‘always’ for the Thessalonians (1:3) and required of them for their own salvation (2:13). Broadly compatible with shukr as an Islamic virtue; low risk.
Referenced passages