Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: Revelation (English → Arabic)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the whole book, Revelation 1–22. Terms marked “Reused” are already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and must be rendered identically in all Revelation materials — no deviation permitted. Terms marked “New” are proposed additions to translation memory for this curriculum, with risk tier assigned using the identical Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json. Grounded reasons follow the baseline convention of naming the specific competing doctrine or vocabulary collision.
A. Reused Terms (Baseline Romans TM — render exactly as recorded)
| English Term | Arabic (baseline) | Risk (baseline) | Chapters Occurring | Note for Revelation Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | الله | Critical | throughout | See ch.1 Almighty/Pantokrator compounding |
| Lord | الرب | Critical | 1, 4, 11, 17, 19, 21, 22 | Compounds with “King of kings” (19:16) and “Alpha/Omega” (22:13) for maximal deity claim |
| Jesus | يسوع | Critical | 1, 12, 17, 19, 20, 22 | Never عيسى; consistency with 22:20/22:21 closing confession is Critical |
| Christ / Messiah | المسيح | Critical | 1, 11, 12, 20 | See 11:15 “kingdom… of our Lord and of his Christ” |
| Holy Spirit | الروح القدس | Critical | 1, 2-3 (repeated refrain), 14, 19, 22 | ”Seven Spirits” (1:4; 4:5; 5:6) is symbolic fullness of this one Spirit — must not read as plural persons |
| Father | الآب | Critical | 1, 14 | |
| Son of God | ابن الله | Critical | (implicit Christological background; direct title less frequent than in Romans) | Distinguish from generic “son” language of 21:7 |
| Holy | مقدس | Medium/High | 4-5 (“holy, holy, holy”), 21-22 | |
| Saints | القديسون | Medium/High | 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16-19 | Corporate designation of all believers, not an ascetic elite |
| Church | الكنيسة | Medium | 1-3, 22 | Plural: الكنائس السبع |
| Faith | الإيمان | High | throughout (esp. ch. 2-3, 13-14) | Root of ἄπιστοι (unbelieving), 21:8 |
| Grace | النعمة | High | 1, 22 | Closing benediction (22:21) |
| Salvation | الخلاص | Critical | 7, 12, 19 | ”Salvation belongs to our God” (7:10; 19:1) |
| Glory | المجد | High | 1, 4-5, 21 | Avoid light-metaphor drift in New Jerusalem’s “glory as light” (21:11, 23) |
| Gospel | الإنجيل | High | 14 | ”Eternal gospel” (14:6) — reinforce non-abrogated, unchanging content |
| Resurrection | القيامة | Critical | 1, 11, 20 | Requires crucifixion-affirmation scaffolding at every occurrence |
| Sin | الخطية | High | (implicit throughout judgment material) | Fitrah-collision reinforced by “curse” (22:3) |
| Gentiles / Nations | الأمم | Medium | 5, 7, 15, 21-22 | |
| Kingdom of God | ملكوت الله | Medium | 1, 11, 12 | Compounds with sovereignty/reign doctrines |
| Covenant | العهد | Medium | 11 (ark of the covenant, 11:19) | |
| Israel | إسرائيل | High | 7, 21 | 144,000/twelve tribes symbolic count; New Jerusalem’s twelve gates |
| David | داود | Medium | 3, 5, 22 | ”Key of David” (3:7); “Root and offspring of David” (22:16) |
| Calling / Called | الدعوة / المدعوون | High | (implicit — invited to the marriage supper, 19:9) | |
| Prophet | نبي | High | 10-11, 16, 18, 22 | Compounds with “false prophet” (13, 16, 19, 20) — see New Term below |
| Prophecy | نبوءة | Low | 1, 10, 19, 22 | ”Spirit of prophecy” (19:10); warning against altering “the words of this prophecy” (22:18-19) |
| Amen | آمين | Low | 1, 3, 5, 7, 19, 22 | |
| Apostle | الرسول | High | 18 (fall of Babylon lament), 21 | ”Twelve apostles of the Lamb” (21:14) |
| Elect / Election | اختيار الله | High | (implicit — those whose names are in the book of life) |
B. New Terms Proposed for Revelation Translation Memory
| # | English Term | Greek / Translit. | Arabic Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Revelation / Unveiling | ἀποκάλυψις / apokalypsis | رؤيا / إعلان | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 1 | Must not use وحي (waḥy), the specific term for verbatim revelation to Muhammad; establishes book as an unveiling of what already is, given through Christ. |
| 2 | Testimony / Witness | μαρτυρία, μάρτυς / martyria, martys | الشهادة / الشاهد | Critical (inverse risk) | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1, 2-3, 6, 11, 12, 17, 19, 22 | الشهادة is the correct, unavoidable, established term but is also the core word of الشهادتين, Islam’s creedal confession; every occurrence must specify its object (“testimony of/to Jesus”) to prevent conflation. |
| 3 | Martyr (one killed for testimony) | (μάρτυς in context of death) | القتلى من أجل شهادتهم (descriptive; avoid one-word شهيد gloss) | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6, 7, 12, 20 | شهيد in standard Arabic usage denotes a warrior who dies in jihad/battle with an assured, un-judged entry to Paradise — a distinct soteriological category from Christian death for verbal testimony, vindicated by Christ’s finished work, not the manner of death. |
| 4 | Overcomer / Conqueror | ὁ νικῶν / ho nikōn | الغالب | Medium-High | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 2-3, 12, 21 | Revelation’s extensive war/army imagery risks the term being read as endorsing literal violent conquest; must be anchored to 12:11 (victory “by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony”). |
| 5 | Throne | θρόνος / thronos | العرش | Critical | Sovereignty of God over History; Deity of Christ | 1, 3-5, 7, 12, 16, 19-22 | Al-‘Arsh is the specific, named Throne of Allah in Quranic cosmology; the Lamb’s co-enthronement (5:6; 22:1, 3) is a direct, unsoftened deity claim. |
| 6 | Lamb (Revelation’s title for Christ) | ἀρνίον / arnion | الخروف | Critical | Worship of the Lamb; Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty of God over History | 5-7, 12-19, 21-22 | Converges three risks: substitutionary atoning death (contradicts Q6:164’s denial), worthiness of worship (paradigm case of shirk if unexplained), and co-enthronement with God (direct deity claim). Distinct Van Dyck rendering from ἀμνός/حمل (John 1:29). |
| 7 | Slain / Slaughtered | ἐσφαγμένον / esphagmenon | مذبوح | High | Worship of the Lamb | 5, 13 | Shares the ذ-ب-ح root with Islamic ritual slaughter (dhabḥ) and the Ibrahim/dhabīḥ narrative; must be taught as a unique, once-for-all atoning sacrifice, not a repeatable ritual reenactment. |
| 8 | Worship (prostration) | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | يسجد / السجود | Critical | Worship of the Lamb | 4-5, 7, 9, 11, 13-14, 19, 22 | Shares its root with سجود, the specific prostration of Muslim ṣalāh; giving this to the Lamb without qualification is the doctrinal center of the book (Rev 5) — must never be softened, and must be paired pastorally with 22:8-9’s refusal of angel-worship. |
| 9 | Alpha and Omega / First and Last | τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ, ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος | الألف والياء / الأول والآخر | Critical | Sovereignty of God over History; Deity of Christ; Return and Reign of Christ | 1, 21, 22 | Al-Awwal and al-Ākhir are two of the ninety-nine names of Allah (Q57:3); applying this title to Jesus (22:13) is a maximal, unambiguous deity claim equivalent in weight to the baseline’s الرب/Lord collision. |
| 10 | It Is Done | Γέγοναν / Gegonan | قد تمّ / صار | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 16, 21 | Should echo, without merging into, the established rendering of John 19:30’s “It is finished.” |
| 11 | Given Freely / Without Price | δωρεάν / dōrean | مجانًا / بلا ثمن | High | The Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of Final Victory | 21, 22 | Direct continuity with the baseline’s grace doctrine: the water of life is received, not purchased through merit — tension with a deeds-weighed (mīzān) framework. |
| 12 | Inherit / Inheritance | κληρονομέω / klēronomeō | يرث | High | Adoption into God’s Family (baseline extension) | 21 | Parallels the baseline’s adoption caution (Q33:4-5 denies adopted sons inheritance); applies the same corrective at the individual-believer reward level. |
| 13 | Son (believer’s adoptive sonship) | υἱός / huios | ابن | Critical | Adoption into God’s Family | 21 | Must be rendered as “ابنًا” (indefinite) and explicitly distinguished from the unique, reserved title ابن الله (Christ’s eternal Sonship, baseline Critical). |
| 14 | Second Death | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος / ho thanatos ho deuteros | الموت الثاني | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Assurance of Final Victory | 2, 20, 21 | No exact Islamic one-word equivalent; must be defined on first use as eternal separation from God, distinct from ordinary bodily death, and distinct from barzakh (intermediate-state) concepts. |
| 15 | Lake of Fire | λίμνη τοῦ πυρός / limnē tou pyros | بحيرة النار (والكبريت) | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 19, 20, 21 | Shares vivid fire-imagery with Jahannam (a genuine point of contact) but destiny here turns on the Book of Life, not a cumulative deeds-weighing (mīzān); must teach the difference explicitly. |
| 16 | Faithful and True | πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός / pistos kai alēthinos | الأمين والصادق | High | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 3, 19, 21, 22 | الأمين (“al-Amīn”) was Muhammad’s own pre-Islamic personal honorific; applying it as a divine title of the returning Christ requires explicit teaching to avoid unintended biographical comparison. |
| 17 | Idolaters | εἰδωλολάτραι / eidōlolatrai | عبدة الأصنام | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 21 (and implicit throughout) | Genuine bridge with Islamic anti-shirk teaching, but Revelation extends “idolatry” to Beast/state-power worship (13:4, 8; 14:9), broader than literal images — clarify scope. |
| 18 | Dragon | δράκων / drakōn | التنين | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of Final Victory | 12-13, 16, 20 | Must be identified explicitly and immediately as Satan/الشيطان at every occurrence, not left as generic mythical imagery. |
| 19 | The Ancient Serpent | ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος / ho ophis ho archaios | الحية القديمة | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 12, 20 | Roots the book’s conflict explicitly in the historical Genesis 3 Fall, reinforcing the baseline’s sin doctrine against fitrah’s denial of an inherited fall. |
| 20 | Satan / Devil | Σατανᾶς, διάβολος / Satanas, diabolos | الشيطان / إبليس | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 2, 12, 20 | Shared vocabulary with Islamic Shaytān/Iblīs; briefly distinguish the Genesis/Revelation deceiver-accuser narrative from the Quranic Iblīs refusal-to-prostrate narrative rather than assuming identical content. |
| 21 | They Overcame Him by the Blood of the Lamb | ἐνίκησαν … διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου / enikēsan … dia to haima tou arniou | غلبوه بدم الخروف وبكلمة شهادتهم | Critical | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 12 | The essential anchor-text preventing all νικάω/overcomer vocabulary in the book from being misread as endorsing believer-initiated violence. |
| 22 | The Beast | θηρίον / thērion | الوحش | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked; Return and Reign of Christ | 13, 14-17, 19-20 | Strong parallel with, and risk of conflation with, al-Masīḥ al-Dajjāl (the Islamic Antichrist figure defeated by Jesus’s return per hadith); use as an apologetic bridge while explicitly correcting the crucifixion/resurrection basis of the Beast’s actual defeat (ch. 19). |
| 23 | False Prophet | ψευδοπροφήτης / pseudoprophētēs | النبي الكذاب | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 13, 16, 19, 20 | Ties to the baseline’s prophet caution (khātam al-nabiyyīn); frame as a specific future counterfeit figure, not a general statement about prophetic claims. |
| 24 | Mark (of the Beast) | χάραγμα / charagma | علامة / وسم | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 13-14, 16, 19-20 | Negative counterpart to God’s protective seal (ch. 7); keep the two senses of the seal-root distinct (see #25). |
| 25 | Seal (of God’s servants) | σφραγίζω, σφραγίς / sphragizō, sphragis | خَتْم / يَخْتِم | High | Assurance of Final Victory; Sovereignty of God over History | 6-9 | خَتْم carries strong “finality of office” resonance from khātam al-nabiyyīn (Muhammad as “Seal of the Prophets”); here the sense is ownership/protection, not finality — must be explicitly disambiguated. |
| 26 | 144,000 / Twelve Tribes | δώδεκα φυλαί, 144,000 / dōdeka phylai | الأسباط الاثنا عشر / مئة وأربعة وأربعون ألفًا | High | Church as Bride of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 7, 14, 21 | Symbolic completeness of the redeemed covenant people, not a literal census; reuses the baseline’s caution on إسرائيل’s contemporary political loading. |
| 27 | Great Multitude | ὄχλος πολύς / ochlos polys | جمهور كثير / جمع عظيم | Medium | Church as Bride of Christ | 7, 19 | Reinforces universal, multi-ethnic scope of redemption. |
| 28 | Tribulation / Affliction | θλῖψις / thlipsis | الضيق / الشدة | Medium | Perseverance and Faithful Witness | 1-2, 7 | Central vocabulary for the doctrine of enduring persecution faithfully. |
| 29 | Washed in the Blood of the Lamb | πλύναντες ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου / plynantes en tō haimati tou arniou | غسلوا ثيابهم بدم الخروف | Critical | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 7 | Directly parallels the baseline’s imputed_righteousness doctrine: standing is credited through the Lamb’s blood, never self-purified/earned — never render with self-purification vocabulary (compare rejection of التزكية). |
| 30 | Abyss / Bottomless Pit | ἄβυσσος / abyssos | الهاوية / الهوة السحيقة | Medium | Sovereignty of God over History | 9, 11, 17, 20 | No precise Islamic parallel; teach as a prison under God’s sovereign control, not a rival power. |
| 31 | Mystery | μυστήριον / mystērion | السر | Medium-High | Sovereignty of God over History; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1, 10, 17 | السر also carries Sufi esoteric-knowledge (bāṭin) connotations; must be taught as disclosed mystery, revealed to all who believe, not secret knowledge for spiritual initiates. |
| 32 | Two Witnesses | μάρτυρες / martyres | الشاهدان | Critical | Perseverance and Faithful Witness; Judgment of the Wicked | 11 | (See #2-3.) Their death-and-resurrection vindication pattern must be tied explicitly to Christ’s own resurrection, requiring the baseline’s resurrection apologetic scaffolding. |
| 33 | Kingdom of the World Become the Kingdom of Our Lord and of His Christ | βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου … τοῦ κυρίου καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ / basileia tou kosmou … tou kyriou kai tou Christou | ملكوت العالم … لربنا ومسيحه | Critical | Sovereignty of God over History; Return and Reign of Christ | 11 | Joint-sovereignty declaration over “Lord” and “Christ (Messiah)” together receiving the kingdom — compound deity/messianic claim; teach with baseline’s lordship_of_christ and messianic_promise notes together. |
| 34 | Seven Spirits of God | ἑπτὰ πνεύματα τοῦ θεοῦ / hepta pneumata tou theou | الأرواح السبعة لله | High | Sovereignty of God over History; Church as Bride of Christ (worship context) | 1, 3-5 | Symbolic fullness (7 = completeness) of the one Holy Spirit’s ministry, not multiple divine persons; especially sensitive given existing Trinitarian plurality concerns. |
| 35 | Wrath (of God / of the Lamb) | ὀργή / orgē | غضب الله / غضب الخروف | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty of God over History | 6, 14-16, 19 | Personal, righteous divine response to sin, not impersonal cosmic retribution or fatalistic decree. |
| 36 | Wormwood | ἄψινθος / apsinthos | الأفسنتين | Low | Judgment of the Wicked | 8 | Symbolic plague-name; low independent risk. |
| 37 | Babylon the Great | Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη / Babylōn hē megalē | بابل العظيمة | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 14, 16-18 | Distinct from the Quran’s Babil/sorcery narrative (Q2:102); symbolizes the corrupt idolatrous world-system, not the literal ancient city. |
| 38 | The Great Prostitute / Harlot | πόρνη / pornē | الزانية العظيمة | Medium | Judgment of the Wicked | 17, 19 | OT prophetic marriage-unfaithfulness imagery (idolatry), corporate and symbolic, not a comment on individual sexual morality alone. |
| 39 | Word of God (title of Christ) | Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ / Logos tou Theou | كلمة الله | Critical | Deity of Christ; Return and Reign of Christ | 19 | Q3:45 calls Jesus “a Word from Him” (kalimatun minhu), but mainstream tafsīr reduces this to describing the miraculous virgin conception, not eternal personal deity as in John 1:1/Rev 19:13 — bridge, then correct, exactly as with “Son of God”/“Holy Spirit.” |
| 40 | King of Kings and Lord of Lords | βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων / basileus basileōn kai kyrios kyriōn | مَلِك الملوك ورَبُّ الأرباب | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 17, 19 | Parallels Mālik al-Mulk (Q3:26), Allah’s title of absolute kingship; applied to the returning Christ, this is the book’s most direct superlative sovereignty/deity claim — never soften. |
| 41 | Marriage Supper of the Lamb | γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου / gamos tou arniou | عرس الخروف / وليمة عرس الخروف | High | Church as Bride of Christ | 19, 21 | See #42; marital-covenant intimacy applied to Christ and his people has no clear analogue given tanzīh’s emphasis on divine transcendence. |
| 42 | Bride | νύμφη / nymphē | العروس | Critical | Church as Bride of Christ | 19, 21-22 | No comparable concept exists in Islamic theology of the redeemed community as the intimate covenant-bride of God/Christ; must be taught deliberately, not assumed intuitive, per the same pattern as the baseline’s Father/Son and Abba notes. |
| 43 | Hallelujah | Ἁλληλουϊά / Hallelouia | هللويا | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 19 | Established transliteration, per baseline cross-reference conventions. |
| 44 | Thousand Years / Millennium | χίλια ἔτη / chilia etē | الألف سنة | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 20 | Primarily an internal Christian interpretive question; no directly corresponding Islamic eschatological concept — requires positive explanation, not correction of a competing claim. |
| 45 | Gog and Magog | Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ / Gōg kai Magōg | يأجوج ومأجوج | High | Judgment of the Wicked; Sovereignty of God over History | 20 | Named explicitly in the Quran (18:94; 21:96) as an apocalyptic destructive horde — strong shared vocabulary but a different narrative sequence/role; teach the parallel-and-difference explicitly. |
| 46 | Book of Life | βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς / biblion tēs zōēs | كتاب الحياة | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints; Assurance of Final Victory | 3, 13, 17, 20-21 | Distinguish sharply from the Islamic Kitāb (deeds-register weighed at judgment); this records names/belonging through the Lamb, not a cumulative moral tally. |
| 47 | Judgment | κρίσις, κρίνω / krisis, krinō | الدينونة | High | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6, 11, 14, 16, 18-20 | Genuine bridge with Yawm al-Dīn (shared expectation of a final, personal judgment), but the basis (standing in Christ vs. deeds-weighing) differs and must be taught. |
| 48 | New Jerusalem | Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἡ καινή / Ierousalēm hē kainē | أورشليم الجديدة | High | The New Heaven and New Earth; Church as Bride of Christ | 3, 21 | Established Bible-tradition أورشليم distinguishes the theological referent from القدس, the modern city’s everyday/political name — reuses the baseline’s Israel caution to prevent contemporary political misreading. |
| 49 | Temple (its absence) | ναός / naos | الهيكل (لا هيكل فيها) | High | The New Heaven and New Earth | 3, 7, 11, 14-16, 21 | Given the sensitivity of the historical Temple Mount/al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf in contemporary discourse, frame pastorally: God’s own presence, not possession of a sacred structure or site, is the substance of the eschatological hope. |
| 50 | Tree of Life | ξύλον/δένδρον τῆς ζωῆς / xylon/dendron tēs zōēs | شجرة الحياة | Medium-High | The New Heaven and New Earth | 2, 22 | Contrasts with the Quran’s forbidden “tree of immortality” (Q20:120); Revelation’s tree is a restored, freely-given healing gift, reversing rather than repeating the Eden temptation narrative. |
| 51 | River of the Water of Life | ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς / potamos hydatos zōēs | نهر ماء الحياة | Medium | The New Heaven and New Earth | 22 | Positive resonance with Quranic paradise-rivers imagery (Q47:15) as a bridge, but the specific dual source — the shared throne of God and the Lamb — is a Christological detail that must not be lost. |
| 52 | Curse (its removal) | κατάρα / katara | اللعنة | High | The New Heaven and New Earth; Assurance of Final Victory | 22 | Fitrah anthropology has no concept of an ongoing inherited curse from Adam; the significance of this promise must be taught, not assumed self-evident. |
| 53 | His Servants (will worship him) | δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ / douloi autou | عبيده / عباده | Low-Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 22 | Positive-resonance vocabulary shared with Islam’s central self-designation (‘Abd Allāh); note this “servant” identity in Revelation is completed by, not opposed to, the more intimate “son” and “bride” identities elsewhere in the book. |
| 54 | Morning Star | ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός / astēr ho prōinos | كوكب الصبح المنير | Low | Return and Reign of Christ | 2, 22 | Low independent collision risk. |
| 55 | Come, Lord Jesus | ἔρχου, κύριε Ἰησοῦ / erchou, kyrie Iēsou | تعال أيها الرب يسوع | Critical | Return and Reign of Christ; Assurance of Final Victory | 22 | Eschatological counterpart to Romans 10:9’s Lordship confession; must be rendered with the same non-negotiable consistency, no softening. |
| 56 | Living Creatures | ζῷα / zōa | الكائنات الحية | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4-6, 14-15, 19 | Standard, low-risk apocalyptic imagery term. |
| 57 | Twenty-Four Elders | πρεσβύτεροι / presbyteroi | الشيوخ (الأربعة والعشرون شيخًا) | Low | Worship of the Lamb | 4-5, 7, 11, 14, 19 | Standard, low-risk apocalyptic imagery term. |
| 58 | Worthy | ἄξιος / axios | مستحق / جدير | Medium | Worship of the Lamb | 4-5 | Compounds the Critical worship/Lamb risk above. |
| 59 | Son of Man | υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου / huios anthrōpou | ابن الإنسان | Medium | Return and Reign of Christ | 1, 14 | No close Islamic parallel (distinct from Sufi “al-insān al-kāmil”); must convey full humanity combined with Daniel 7 heavenly judging authority. |
| 60 | The Living One | ὁ ζῶν / ho zōn | الحي | High | Deity of Christ | 1 | Al-Ḥayy is one of Allah’s 99 names; applied to the risen Christ, asserts his own eternal, self-existent divine life. |
| 61 | Keys of Death and Hades | κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου / kleis tou thanatou kai tou hadou | مفاتيح الموت والهاوية | High | Resurrection of Christ (baseline extension); Return and Reign of Christ | 1 | Requires the baseline’s resurrection apologetic scaffolding (crucifixion must first be affirmed as historical). |
| 62 | Synagogue of Satan | συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ / synagōgē tou Satana | مجمع الشيطان | High | Judgment of the Wicked | 2-3 | Requires explicit historical framing (a specific first-century local conflict) to prevent misuse as a general anti-Jewish slogan. |
C. Chapter Coverage Confirmation
| Chapter(s) | Coverage Status |
|---|---|
| 1 | New terms: apokalypsis, martyria, Pantokratōr, Alpha/Omega, First/Last, the Living One, keys of Death/Hades, Son of Man |
| 2–3 | New terms: metanoeō (repent), ho nikōn, tree of life (first mention), crown of life, second death (first mention), synagogue of Satan, key of David, “the Amen, the faithful and true witness” |
| 4–5 | New terms: thronos, zōa, presbyteroi, arnion, esphagmenon, axios, proskyneō, agorazō, seven spirits |
| 6 | New terms: sphragis (judgment sense), orgē tou arniou, “souls under the altar” / martyrdom vocabulary |
| 7 | New terms: sphragizō (protection sense), 144,000/twelve tribes, ochlos polys, thlipsis, “washed in the blood of the Lamb” |
| 8–9 | New terms: incense/prayers of saints (extends ch.5-6), abyssos, Abaddōn/Apollyōn, apsinthos |
| 10 | New terms: mystērion |
| 11 | New terms: “two witnesses” martyres, “kingdom of the world… of our Lord and of his Christ” |
| 12 | New terms: drakōn, ho ophis ho archaios, Satanas/diabolos, katēgoros, “they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb…“ |
| 13 | New terms: thērion, pseudoprophētēs, charagma, 666 |
| 14 | New terms: euangelion aiōnion (extends الإنجيل), therismos, lēnos tou thymou tou theou, “blessed are the dead who die in the Lord” |
| 15–16 | New terms: phialai tou thymou tou theou (extends orgē), “song of Moses and the Lamb,” Harmagedōn |
| 17–18 | New terms: Babylōn hē megalē, pornē, mystērion Babylōn |
| 19 | New terms: pistos kai alēthinos (title), Logos tou Theou, basileus basileōn kai kyrios kyriōn, gamos tou arniou, Hallelouia |
| 20 | New terms: chilia etē, Gōg kai Magōg, biblion tēs zōēs, krisis |
| 21 (vv. 1-8, core; vv. 9-27) | Core passage fully treated in 07_semantic_analysis.md Part A; vv. 9-27 add: dōdeka pylai/apostoloi, naos (absence of), doxa tou theou (as light), ta ethnē |
| 22 | New terms: potamos hydatos zōēs, xylon tēs zōēs, katara, douloi/latreusousin, astēr ho prōinos, “Spirit and Bride say Come,” “Come, Lord Jesus,” closing grace benediction |
Every chapter of Revelation, first to last, has been reviewed and either contributes new load-bearing vocabulary (documented above) or explicitly extends previously documented terms (noted where applicable, e.g., chs. 2-3, 8-9, 15-16 primarily extend rather than introduce). No chapter is silently omitted.
This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the baseline Romans translation_memory.json. All Section A terms must be copied into the Revelation translation memory file verbatim before Phase 2 begins. All Section B terms require theologian sign-off (Critical/High rows) or native-speaker review (Medium rows) before entering translation memory, per the same routing rules as doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: الألف والياء
Transliteration: al-Alif wa-l-Yā’
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: God
Established Van Dyck-tradition Arabic rendering (first/last letters of the Arabic alphabet functioning as the letter-title). Applying this exact divine self-designation to Jesus at 22:13 is a maximal, unambiguous deity claim; never soften or paraphrase, and never re-transliterate as ‘ألفا وأوميغا,’ which would sever the intended echo of Isaiah 44:6/48:12.
Beast
Approved rendering: الوحش
Transliteration: al-waḥsh
Doctrine: Deception of the Beast and False Prophet
Original: θηρίον
Category: Judgment
A satanically-empowered, blasphemous world-power/figure demanding worship, defeated at Christ’s return (ch. 13; 19:19-20; 20:10). Strong parallel with, and real risk of conflation with, al-Masīḥ al-Dajjāl (the Islamic Antichrist defeated by a returning, never-crucified ‘Isa per hadith). Use as a genuine apologetic bridge in commentary only, never in running text as equivalence, while explicitly correcting the crucifixion/resurrection basis of the Beast’s actual defeat in ch. 19.
Bride
Approved rendering: العروس
Transliteration: al-‘arūs
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church
The Church, corporately, in consummated covenant union with Christ (19:7-9; 21:2, 9; 22:17). No analogous concept exists in Islamic theology of the redeemed community as a bride of God — tanzīh (God’s utter transcendence) makes intimate marital-covenant imagery toward the Creator/Christ theologically unthinkable in that framework, closer to anthropomorphism than reverence. Must be actively taught, not assumed intuitive, exactly as the baseline teaches Father/Son and Abba.
Come Lord Jesus
Approved rendering: تعال أيها الرب يسوع
Transliteration: ta’āl ayyuhā al-Rabb Yasū’
Doctrine: Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἔρχου, κύριε Ἰησοῦ
Category: Christology
The book’s and the New Testament’s closing prayer (22:20), directly confessing Christ’s Lordship in anticipation of his return. Eschatological counterpart to Romans 10:9’s confession; must be rendered with the same non-negotiable consistency, never softened.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: grounds the overcomer’s promised inheritance and sonship (21:7); no new collision beyond the baseline’s Father/Son pairing caution.
First And Last
Approved rendering: الأول والآخر
Transliteration: al-Awwal wa-l-Ākhir
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος
Category: God
Al-Awwal and al-Ākhir are two of the ninety-nine names of Allah (Q57:3). Applied to Jesus (1:17; 22:13), structurally identical in weight to the baseline’s الرب/Lord collision — a maximal deity claim that must never be softened.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: God’s self-titles (Almighty/Pantokrator, Alpha and Omega, First and Last) are applied jointly to God and to the Lamb throughout the book, compounding the baseline’s tawhid-collision caution into a repeated co-equal deity claim for Christ.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Seven Spirits and Trinitarian Worship
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: ‘the seven Spirits’ (1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6) is symbolic sevenfold fullness of this one Spirit’s ministry, never a multiplication of divine persons; disambiguate at first occurrence given existing Trinitarian-plurality polemics.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the exact doctrinal parallel required to teach ‘washed their robes in the blood of the Lamb’ (7:14) correctly — standing is credited through Christ’s blood, never self-purified or earned; never render with البر المكتسب.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: must be kept terminologically distinct from the ongoing, consummated ‘dwelling’ of God with his people in 21:3 (see new term ‘skene_dwelling’) — one is a one-time historical event, the other its eschatological fulfillment; do not merge or use interchangeably.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: consistency through the book’s closing confession (22:20-21) is Critical; never عيسى, including in any Muslim-idiom-adjacent accessibility material reviewed in 05_translation_landscape.md.
Justification
Approved rendering: التبرير
Transliteration: al-tabrīr
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الحكم بالبراءة
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the forensic, credited standing this term protects is the doctrinal engine behind ‘washed in the blood of the Lamb’ (7:14) and the Book of Life’s basis of final destiny (20:12-15); never render with التزكية’s self-purification sense.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: مَلِك الملوك ورَبُّ الأرباب
Transliteration: Malik al-mulūk wa-Rabb al-arbāb
Doctrine: Return and Reign of Christ
Original: βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ κύριος κυρίων
Category: Christology
The book’s climactic sovereignty title for the returning Christ (17:14; 19:16). Directly parallels Malik al-Mulk (Q3:26), Allah’s title of absolute kingship. The book’s single most direct, superlative claim of Christ’s total divine sovereignty; never soften to ‘a great king’ or ‘a powerful ruler,’ and never compress the double title into a single descriptive phrase (see 05_translation_landscape.md caution against TAV/GNA-style compression).
Kingdom Of The World Become Our Lords
Approved rendering: ملكوت العالم … لربنا ومسيحه
Transliteration: malakūt al-‘ālam … li-Rabbinā wa-Masīḥihi
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Transferred to Christ’s Reign
Original: ἣ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου … τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ
Category: Kingdom
The seventh trumpet’s proclamation of God’s and Christ’s shared, total sovereignty over history’s outcome (11:15). The pairing ‘our Lord and his Christ’ jointly receiving the kingdom is a direct joint-sovereignty/deity claim; teach together with الرب and المسيح’s Critical notes, never softened to an unequal human-divine partnership.
Lamb
Approved rendering: الخروف
Transliteration: al-Kharūf
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: الحمل (reserved for John 1:29’s ἀμνός)
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Christology
Revelation’s dominant Christological title (28 occurrences). Converges three risks: substitutionary atoning death (contradicting Q6:164’s denial of bearing another’s sin), worthiness of divine worship (paradigm shirk if unexplained), and co-enthronement with God (5:6, 13; 7:17; 22:1, 3). Distinct Greek word (ἀρνίον) and Van Dyck rendering from ἀμνός/حمل الله (John 1:29); never conflate the two Arabic renderings across documents (see 05_translation_landscape.md §3 on NAV’s occasional حمل/خروف interchange, which must not be followed).
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: climaxes in the compound title ‘King of kings and Lord of lords’ (19:16) and the closing invocation ‘Come, Lord Jesus’ (22:20), the eschatological counterpart to Romans 10:9 requiring identical non-negotiable consistency.
Martyr Descriptive
Approved rendering: القتلى من أجل شهادتهم
Transliteration: al-qatlā min ajl shahādatihim
Doctrine: Testimony and Martyrdom
Rejected alternatives: شهيد
Original: μάρτυς (in context of death for testimony)
Category: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Fixed descriptive rendering for those killed for testimony to Christ (6:9-11; 7:14; 12:11; 20:4). شهيد in standard Arabic usage denotes a warrior who dies in jihad/battle with assured, un-judged Paradise entry — a distinct soteriological category. Do NOT permit شهيد to enter translation memory as a one-word gloss under any future revision; this is a permanent fencing decision.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package (recorded there as ‘messiah’). Revelation extension: the joint declaration ‘the kingdom… of our Lord and of his Christ’ (11:15) is a compound sovereignty claim; every occurrence must actively correct al-Masih’s pre-loaded Quranic content (honored, non-divine, non-crucified, non-risen prophet).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις (implicit: ‘raised,’ ‘keys of death’)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: grounds Christ’s self-titles ‘the Living One’ and ‘keys of Death and Hades’ (1:17-18), the Two Witnesses’ vindication (11:11-12), and the martyrs’ ‘first resurrection’ (20:4-6); requires the same crucifixion-affirmation apologetic scaffolding at every occurrence.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: underlies the theological logic of ‘washed in the blood of the Lamb’ (7:14) and ‘clothed in fine linen, bright and pure… the righteous deeds of the saints’ (19:8, itself credited/given, not self-achieved); never let al-birr default to the Quranic works-checklist sense in Revelation’s worthiness/standing passages.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: proclaimed as an already-accomplished fact belonging to God and the Lamb (7:10; 12:10; 19:1), reinforcing the baseline’s Critical caution against a mizan-based probabilistic salvation pending Judgment Day.
Second Death
Approved rendering: الموت الثاني
Transliteration: al-mawt al-thānī
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Salvation
Final, eternal separation from God’s presence, distinguished from ordinary bodily death (2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8). No exact one-word Islamic theological equivalent; must be defined on first use in every document — distinct from ordinary death and from barzakh (intermediate-state) concepts, which operate on a different theological logic.
Son Believers Adoptive
Approved rendering: ابن (ابنًا)
Transliteration: ibn (ibnan)
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ابن الله (forbidden here)
Original: υἱός
Category: Salvation
The believing overcomer’s adoptive sonship and inheritance (21:7), distinct from Christ’s unique title. Must be rendered indefinitely (ابنًا), never ابن الله. Footnote every occurrence distinguishing believers’ adoptive sonship (echoing 2 Samuel 7:14) from Christ’s unique eternal Sonship.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: this reserved title must be kept sharply distinct from the generic believer-sonship of 21:7 (rendered indefinitely, ابنًا) — see new term ‘son_believers_adoptive’ below; never let the two collapse into one another.
Testimony Witness
Approved rendering: الشهادة / الشاهد
Transliteration: al-shahādah / al-shāhid
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μαρτυρία, μάρτυς
Category: Perseverance and Faithful Witness
The correct, unavoidable, established term for John’s, the church’s, and Christ’s own authoritative testimony (1:2, 9; 12:17; 19:10; 22:20). Also the core word of الشهادتين, Islam’s creedal confession; every occurrence must be anchored to its specific object (‘testimony of/to Jesus’) so it is never read as invoking or paralleling the Islamic shahada.
They Overcame By Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: غلبوه بدم الخروف وبكلمة شهادتهم
Transliteration: ghalabūhu bi-dam al-Kharūf wa-bi-kalimat shahādatihim
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν
Category: Perseverance and Faithful Witness
Revelation 12:11 — the definitive statement of how ‘overcoming’ actually happens: through Christ’s atoning death and faithful verbal testimony, never through the believer’s own violence. The essential anchor-text preventing all overcomer/νικάω vocabulary in the book from being misread; cross-reference every time ὁ νικῶν appears elsewhere.
Throne
Approved rendering: العرش
Transliteration: al-‘Arsh
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: θρόνος
Category: God
Al-‘Arsh is the specific, named Throne of Allah in Quranic cosmology (Q7:54; Q20:5; Ayat al-Kursi Q2:255). The Lamb’s repeated co-enthronement with God (5:6, 13; 7:17; 22:1, 3) is a direct, unsoftened claim of co-equal deity for Christ and must never be reduced to a lesser seat of honor.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: الشاهدان
Transliteration: al-shāhidān
Doctrine: Testimony and Martyrdom
Original: μάρτυρες
Category: Perseverance and Faithful Witness
Two prophetic figures (ch. 11) maintaining faithful testimony unto death, then bodily vindicated. Their death-and-resurrection vindication pattern must be tied explicitly to Christ’s own resurrection, requiring the same crucifixion-affirmation apologetic scaffolding.
Washed In Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: غسلوا ثيابهم بدم الخروف
Transliteration: ghasalū thiyābahum bi-dam al-Kharūf
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: πλύναντες ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Salvation
The redeemed multitude’s purification and standing before God, secured entirely through the Lamb’s atoning blood (7:14). Directly parallels the baseline’s imputed_righteousness doctrine: standing is credited, never self-purified/earned; must never be rendered with vocabulary suggesting self-directed ritual purification (compare the baseline’s rejection of التزكية for justification).
Word Of God Title
Approved rendering: كلمة الله
Transliteration: Kalimat Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Christ’s eternal, personal, pre-existent identity as God’s self-expression, applied to the triumphant returning King (19:13). The Quran calls Jesus ‘a Word from Him’ (kalimatun minhu, Q3:45) — genuine textual contact — but mainstream tafsīr reduces this to the miraculous manner of his conception, not eternal personal deity as in John 1:1/Rev 19:13. Handle exactly as ‘Son of God’/‘Holy Spirit’: bridge, then correct.
Worship Proskyneo
Approved rendering: يسجد / السجود
Transliteration: yasjud / al-sujūd
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Worship
Prostration/worship directed to God and, repeatedly and without qualification, to the Lamb (chs. 4-5, 7, 11, 13-14, 19, 22). Shares its root with سجود, the specific physical prostration of Muslim ṣalāh; giving this worship to the Lamb without qualification is the doctrinal center of the book — never soften to a lesser gesture of honor. Pair pastorally with 22:8-9 (John’s own prostration to an angel refused), which shows Revelation itself distinguishing legitimate divine worship from illegitimate creature-worship.
High Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: ‘the twelve apostles of the Lamb’ as foundations of the New Jerusalem (21:14) again invites comparison with Muhammad’s own defining title (Rasūl Allāh); reinforce delegated eyewitness-founder status against the Islamic finality-of-prophetic-office claim.
Blessed Are The Dead Who Die In The Lord
Approved rendering: مبارك الأموات الذين يموتون في الرب
Transliteration: mubārak al-amwāt al-ladhīna yamūtūna fī al-Rabb
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: μακάριοι οἱ νεκροὶ οἱ ἐν κυρίῳ ἀποθνήσκοντες
Category: Assurance of God’s Final Victory
Present assurance and rest for believers who die faithful (14:13). Directly parallels the baseline’s Critical assurance_of_salvation caution: confident, present-tense blessing pronounced over the dead, not a hedge pending the deeds-scale outcome of Judgment Day.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: كتاب الحياة
Transliteration: Kitāb al-Ḥayāh
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
The record of those who belong to Christ by grace, the decisive basis of final judgment for the redeemed (3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12-15; 21:27). Distinguish sharply from the Islamic Kitāb, the register of every individual’s deeds weighed at judgment (Q17:13-14; Q18:49): this records names/belonging, while the separate ‘books’ of 20:12 record deeds only for those NOT found in it.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: ‘Blessed are those who are called to the marriage supper of the Lamb’ (19:9) — those invited to the Bride’s consummation, not self-selected participants.
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: extended as the invitation to the marriage supper of the Lamb (19:9); the direction of address (God’s sovereign summons, not human da’wah-invitation to a religion) must remain explicit.
Curse Removal
Approved rendering: اللعنة
Transliteration: al-la’nah
Doctrine: Sin and the Curse
Original: κατάρα
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
The final, total removal of the Genesis 3 curse (22:3), the concrete resolution of the Fall. Islamic fitrah anthropology has no concept of an ongoing inherited curse from Adam requiring eschatological removal; the significance of this promise must be taught, not assumed as self-evident common ground.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: ἐκλογή (implicit)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: those whose names are written in the Book of Life ‘before the foundation of the world’ (13:8; 17:8) reflect this same sovereign, specific redemptive choice; must not collapse into folk qadar fatalism.
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل الأبدي
Transliteration: al-Injīl al-abadī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
The gospel’s unchanging, everlasting content proclaimed to all nations before final judgment (14:6). Reinforces that this is the same unchanging Injīl record, not subject to later abrogation (naskh) — connects to the baseline’s fulfillment_of_prophecy caution about Islamic supersession doctrine.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: its absence (ἄπιστοι, 21:8, ‘the unbelieving’) must be rendered غير المؤمنين بالمسيح, explicitly anchored to unbelief toward Christ, never left as a bare الكافرون (a loaded Islamic religious-judgment label).
Faithful And True
Approved rendering: الأمين والصادق
Transliteration: al-Amīn wa-l-Ṣādiq
Doctrine: Return and Reign of Christ
Original: πιστὸς καὶ ἀληθινός
Category: Christology
Title of the returning Christ (19:11) and of God’s own words (21:5), joined to ‘the Amen’ at 3:14. الأمين (‘al-Amīn’) was Muhammad’s own pre-Islamic personal honorific among the Meccans and remains closely associated with him in popular memory. Retain the doctrinally correct term but footnote explicitly that this is God’s/Christ’s own self-attested reliability, not a human character trait comparable to Muhammad’s biographical epithet.
False Prophet
Approved rendering: النبي الكذاب
Transliteration: al-nabī al-kadhdhāb
Doctrine: Deception of the Beast and False Prophet
Original: ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Judgment
The second beast, empowering worship of the first — a specific end-times deceiver figure (13:11-17; 16:13; 19:20; 20:10). Ties to the baseline’s prophet caution (khātam al-nabiyyīn); frame as a specific future counterfeit figure, not a general statement about prophetic claims.
Given Freely
Approved rendering: مجانًا / بلا ثمن
Transliteration: majjānan / bilā thaman
Doctrine: Grace
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
The water of life given gratuitously, at no cost to the recipient (21:6; 22:17). Direct continuity with the baseline’s grace doctrine (Romans 4:4-5; 11:5-6): the final consummation is received, not purchased through accumulated merit, standing in direct tension with a deeds-weighed (mīzān) framework for final destiny.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the New Jerusalem’s light-source (21:11, 23) — the ‘no need of sun’ imagery increases risk of an ishrāq-style illuminationist misreading; anchor firmly in God’s radiant presence and honor, never a mystical light-absorption experience.
Gog And Magog
Approved rendering: يأجوج ومأجوج
Transliteration: Ya’jūj wa-Ma’jūj
Doctrine: Gog and Magog: History’s Final Rebellion
Original: Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ
Category: Judgment
A final, futile rebellion against God’s people, swiftly crushed at the end of the millennium (20:7-10). Named explicitly in the Quran (18:94; 21:96) as a destructive apocalyptic horde — a strong shared vocabulary item, but the narrative sequence differs (Revelation places it after the millennium; developed Islamic eschatology ties the barrier-breach to the Dajjāl/Mahdi sequence earlier). Teach the parallel-and-difference explicitly, not as identical content.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: ‘the eternal gospel’ (14:6, see new term ‘eternal_gospel’) reinforces that this is the same unchanging Injīl record, not subject to later abrogation (naskh).
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: frames the book’s opening greeting (1:4) and closing benediction (22:21); the water of life given مجانًا/بلا ثمن (21:6; 22:17) stands in direct tension with a deeds-weighed (mizan) framework for final destiny.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (baseline risk Medium, elevated to High in the Revelation registry given its load-bearing role in the thrice-repeated declaration of God’s transcendent holiness, 4:8). No additional independent collision from the triple repetition itself.
Inherit
Approved rendering: يرث
Transliteration: yarith
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: κληρονομέω
Category: Salvation
To receive as an heir, by right of sonship, not by achievement; the overcomer’s promised reward (21:7). Parallels the baseline’s adoption caution — the Quran (33:4-5) denies adopted sons true inheritance rights; apply the same corrective force at the individual-believer reward level.
Intercession
Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: ‘the prayers of the saints’ rising like incense before the throne (5:8; 8:3-4) is corporate prayer offered to God directly, not intercession through a mediating saint-figure; keep distinct from Christ’s own exclusive intercession established in the baseline.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Israel and the Nations
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the symbolic 144,000/twelve tribes (7:4-8) and the New Jerusalem’s twelve gates (21:12) require the same deliberate pastoral framing against contemporary إسرائيل political associations documented in the baseline.
Judgment Krisis
Approved rendering: الدينونة
Transliteration: al-dīnūnah
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: κρίσις, κρίνω
Category: Judgment
The final, universal, personal judgment before God’s throne (6:10; 11:18; 14:7; 16:5, 7; 18:8, 10, 20; 19:2, 11; 20:4, 12-13). Genuine bridge with Yawm al-Dīn (shared expectation of a final, personal accounting), but the basis (standing in Christ vs. deeds-weighing) differs and must be taught after using the bridge.
Keys Of Death And Hades
Approved rendering: مفاتيح الموت والهاوية
Transliteration: mafātīḥ al-mawt wa-l-hāwiyah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου
Category: Christology
Christ’s total authority over death and the realm of the dead, secured by his resurrection (1:18). Requires the baseline’s resurrection apologetic scaffolding — the historical crucifixion must first be affirmed as real (against Q4:157’s denial) before this phrase has any referent.
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: بحيرة النار (والكبريت)
Transliteration: buḥayrat al-nār (wa-l-kibrīt)
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: λίμνη τοῦ πυρός καὶ θείου
Category: Judgment
The final place of judgment for the unrepentant (19:20; 20:10, 14-15; 21:8). Shares vivid fire-imagery with Jahannam (a genuine point of contact), but destiny turns on the Book of Life, not a cumulative deeds-weighing (mīzān); teach this distinction explicitly.
Living One
Approved rendering: الحي
Transliteration: al-Ḥayy
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ὁ ζῶν
Category: God
Al-Ḥayy (The Living) is one of Allah’s 99 names. Self-designation of the risen Christ (1:18), affirming his own eternal, self-existent divine life — must not be softened to ‘the one who is alive again.‘
Marriage Supper Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: عرس الخروف / وليمة عرس الخروف
Transliteration: ‘urs al-Kharūf / walīmat ‘urs al-Kharūf
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
The consummation of Christ and his Church’s covenant union, celebrated corporately (19:9; 21:2). Carries the same tanzīh-related caution as ‘bride’; teach as the consummation of a covenant already established through the Lamb’s blood, not romantic/erotic language.
Mystery
Approved rendering: السر
Transliteration: al-sirr
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
God’s redemptive plan, previously hidden, now disclosed (1:20; 10:7; 17:5, 7). السر also carries Sufi esoteric-knowledge (bāṭin) connotations; must be taught as disclosed mystery, revealed openly to all who believe through the gospel, not secret knowledge reserved for spiritual initiates.
New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: أورشليم الجديدة
Transliteration: Ūrshalīm al-jadīdah
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἡ καινή
Category: Church
The eschatological, heavenly city, the consummated dwelling place of God’s people (3:12; 21:2, 9-27). Established Bible-tradition أورشليم distinguishes the theological referent from القدس, the modern city’s everyday/political name (parallel to the baseline’s Israel caution). State explicitly this is a symbolic/eschatological reality, not a claim about or endorsement of any contemporary geopolitical city or territorial claim.
Overcomer
Approved rendering: الغالب
Transliteration: al-ghālib
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ὁ νικῶν
Category: Perseverance and Faithful Witness
The recurring reward-formula of chs. 2-3 and 21:7 (ὁ νικῶν). Revelation’s extensive war/army/sword imagery creates real risk of a jihad/mujāhid-adjacent misreading of ‘overcoming’ as literal violent conquest; must be anchored explicitly at every occurrence to 12:11’s controlling anchor-text (see ‘they_overcame_by_blood_of_lamb’).
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: compounds with the counterfeit ‘false prophet’ (chs. 13, 16, 19, 20); must be paired with fuller titles so ‘prophet’ is not read through khatam al-nabiyyin’s finality-of-office lens.
Revelation Unveiling
Approved rendering: رؤيا / إعلان
Transliteration: ru’yā / i’lān
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: الوحي
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Inspiration of Scripture
The book’s genre-title (1:1): an unveiling of realities already true in heaven, given through Christ to John. Never use الوحي, the specific term for verbatim revelation to Muhammad understood as angelic dictation; establishes the book as disclosure of what already is, not a new revelatory system competing with Scripture’s closure.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the corporate, persecuted body of ordinary believers throughout chs. 5, 8, 11, 13-14, 16-19; must not evoke أولياء (Sufi venerated, shrine-intercession ‘friends of God’).
Seal Of Gods Servants
Approved rendering: خَتْم / يَخْتِم
Transliteration: khatm / yakhtim
Doctrine: Seal and Mark of Ownership
Original: σφραγίζω, σφραγίς
Category: Judgment
God’s mark of ownership and protection on his servants’ foreheads (ch. 7), and the seven seals opening the scroll (ch. 6). خَتْم carries strong ‘finality of office’ resonance from khātam al-nabiyyīn (Muhammad as ‘Seal of the Prophets’); here the sense is ownership/protection, not finality, and must be explicitly disambiguated from both the Islamic sense and the judgment-progression sense of the same root in ch. 6.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: conceptually parallel to ‘the Root and offspring of David’ (5:5; 22:16) — physical lineage and covenant fulfillment culminating in the returning, reigning King.
Skene Dwelling
Approved rendering: مسكن الله / يسكن
Transliteration: maskan Allāh / yaskun
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: σκηνή / σκηνόω
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
The OT tabernacle presence finally and permanently fulfilled: God’s unmediated dwelling with his people (21:3), echoing John 1:14’s ἐσκήνωσεν. Distinct from التجسد (a one-time historical event, see baseline ‘incarnation’); this is the ongoing, consummated dwelling of God with his people in the new creation — must not be flattened into a generic ‘God is with us’ without the OT tabernacle-fulfillment weight.
Slain
Approved rendering: مذبوح
Transliteration: madhbūh
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἐσφαγμένον
Category: Christology
The Lamb’s death, described with sacrificial-cultic vocabulary (5:6, 9, 12; 13:8). Shares the ذ-ب-ح root with Islamic ritual slaughter (dhabḥ) and the near-sacrifice narrative of Ibrahim’s son (dhabīḥ Allāh); must be taught as a unique, once-for-all atoning sacrifice, not a repeatable ritual reenactment like the non-atoning, annual Eid al-Adha sacrifice.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: مجمع الشيطان
Transliteration: majma’ al-Shayṭān
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Judgment
A polemical phrase referring to a specific first-century local opposition group (2:9; 3:9), not Judaism as such. Requires explicit historical framing at every occurrence to prevent misuse as a general anti-Jewish slogan.
Temple Absence
Approved rendering: الهيكل (لا هيكل فيها)
Transliteration: al-haykal (lā haykal fīhā)
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ναός
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
Notably absent from the New Jerusalem (21:22): ‘the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb are its temple.’ Given the sensitivity of the historical Temple Mount/al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf in contemporary discourse, frame pastorally: God’s own direct presence, not possession of a sacred structure or site, is the substance of the eschatological hope.
Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: شجرة الحياة
Transliteration: shajarat al-ḥayāh
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ξύλον/δένδρον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
A restored, freely-available source of healing for the nations (2:7; 22:2, 14), reversing Eden’s loss. Contrasts with the Quran’s forbidden ‘tree of immortality’ (shajarat al-khuld, Q20:120), deceptively offered by Iblīs — the opposite narrative role. Revelation’s tree is God’s own good, freely-given eschatological gift; teach this contrast explicitly.
Twelve Tribes 144000
Approved rendering: الأسباط الاثنا عشر / مئة وأربعة وأربعون ألفًا
Transliteration: al-asbāṭ al-ithnā ‘ashar / mi’ah wa-arba’ah wa-arba’ūn alfan
Doctrine: Unity of Israel and the Nations
A symbolic number (12 x 12 x 1,000) representing the complete, redeemed covenant people (7:4-8; 14:1-5). Must be taught explicitly as symbolic completeness, not a literal genealogical count, reusing the baseline’s caution on إسرائيل’s contemporary political loading in everyday Arabic.
Wrath Of God And Lamb
Approved rendering: غضب الله / غضب الخروف
Transliteration: ghaḍab Allāh / ghaḍab al-Kharūf
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὀργή, θυμός
Category: God
God’s and the Lamb’s personal, righteous judgment on unrepentant evil (6:16-17; 14:10, 19; 15-16). Must be taught as the personal, morally-grounded response of a holy God to sin, not impersonal cosmic retribution or a fatalistic qadar-style decree; the completeness of the final bowls (15:1, ‘the wrath of God is finished’) must be preserved as definitively closed.
Medium Risk Terms
Abyss
Approved rendering: الهاوية / الهوة السحيقة
Transliteration: al-hāwiyah / al-hūwah al-saḥīqah
Doctrine: The Abyss and Demonic Powers Under God’s Sovereignty
Original: ἄβυσσος
Category: Sovereignty of God over History
The prison-realm of demonic forces, released only under God’s sovereign permission (9:1-11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1-3, 7). No precise Islamic parallel; must be taught as a prison under God’s sovereign control, not a rival power, reinforcing Sovereignty of God over History even over apparent chaos.
Almighty Pantokrator
Approved rendering: القادر على كل شيء / ضابط الكل
Transliteration: al-Qādir ‘alā kulli shay’ / Ḍābiṭ al-Kull
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
Compatible with Al-Qadir/Al-Qawiyy, established Allah-names; broadly safe shared vocabulary. Flag when it co-occurs with Alpha/Omega or First/Last in the same verse (1:8) — the compounding of titles is where the deity claim sharpens.
Ancient Serpent
Approved rendering: الحية القديمة
Transliteration: al-ḥayyah al-qadīmah
Doctrine: Sin and the Curse
Original: ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος
Category: Sin
Ties the dragon directly to the Genesis 3 serpent (12:9; 20:2), rooting Revelation’s cosmic conflict in the historical Fall. Reinforces the baseline’s sin doctrine against fitrah’s denial of an inherited fall.
Babylon The Great
Approved rendering: بابل العظيمة
Transliteration: Bābil al-‘aẕīmah
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Symbolic name for the corrupt world-system allied with the Beast (14:8; 16:19; chs. 17-18). Distinct from the Quran’s Babil/sorcery narrative associated with Hārūt and Mārūt (Q2:102); clarify Revelation’s Babylon symbolizes idolatrous, oppressive worldly power, not the literal ancient city.
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: plural الكنائس السبع for the seven local churches of chs. 1-3; reinforce the living, gathered-people sense over the physical-building sense.
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the ark of the covenant seen in the heavenly temple (11:19) ties Revelation’s imagery to the whole covenant-history arc culminating in the New Jerusalem.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαβίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: Christ holds ‘the key of David’ (3:7) and is ‘the Root and offspring of David’ (5:5; 22:16) — covenant-king typology the Quranic Dawud figure lacks; supply this background explicitly.
Dragon
Approved rendering: التنين
Transliteration: al-tinnīn
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: δράκων
Category: Sovereignty of God over History
Identified explicitly as Satan/the devil (12:9), cosmic opposition to God and his Messiah, finally cast down (chs. 12-13, 16, 20). Must be identified explicitly and immediately as الشيطان at every occurrence, not left as generic mythical creature-imagery.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Unity of Israel and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the redeemed nations bring their glory into the New Jerusalem (21:24, 26) and stand in the great multitude (7:9; 15:4) — never الكفار.
Great Multitude
Approved rendering: جمهور كثير / جمع عظيم
Transliteration: jumhūr kathīr / jam’ ‘aẕīm
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: ὄχλος πολύς
Category: Church
The innumerable, multi-ethnic redeemed company standing before the throne (7:9; 19:1, 6). Reinforces the universal, multi-ethnic scope of redemption; teach alongside the 144,000 as a complementary, not contradictory, image of one redeemed people.
Great Prostitute
Approved rendering: الزانية العظيمة
Transliteration: al-zāniyah al-‘aẕīmah
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: πόρνη
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
OT prophetic marriage-unfaithfulness imagery applied to systemic spiritual adultery/idolatry (ch. 17, 19:2). Retain the symbolic, corporate sense (idolatrous unfaithfulness to God) rather than allowing it to be read as merely a vivid insult.
Idolaters
Approved rendering: عبدة الأصنام
Transliteration: ‘abadat al-aṣnām
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: εἰδωλολάτραι
Category: Judgment
Those who give worship due to God alone to created things, including the Beast/state power (9:20; 13:4, 8; 14:9; 21:8; 22:15). Genuine bridge with Islamic anti-shirk teaching, but Revelation extends ‘idolatry’ to Beast/state-power worship, broader than literal statue-images; clarify the extended scope.
Key Of David
Approved rendering: مفتاح داود
Transliteration: miftāḥ Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: κλεῖς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Christ’s authority over the Davidic messianic kingdom (3:7). Builds on the baseline’s Davidic covenant note; the Quranic Dawud lacks this covenant-heir typology.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: distinguish God’s present-and-coming spiritual reign, advancing to final consummation (1:9; 12:10), from a political, territorial, khilafah-style state.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: علامة / وسم
Transliteration: ‘alāmah / wasm
Doctrine: Seal and Mark of Ownership
Original: χάραγμα
Category: Judgment
A mark of allegiance/ownership on the forehead or hand, the negative counterpart to God’s protective seal (13:16-17; 14:9-11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4). Keep distinct from the positive protective-seal sense (see ‘seal_of_gods_servants’).
Mission
Approved rendering: الإرسالية
Transliteration: al-irsāliyyah
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: الرسالة
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the ‘eternal gospel’ proclaimed ‘to every nation, tribe, language, and people’ (14:6) reinforces the same corporate-sending sense; avoid الرسالة’s Muhammad-commission resonance.
New Creation Kainos
Approved rendering: جديد
Transliteration: jadīd
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καινός
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
Qualitatively new, renewed order (καινός), contrasted with νέος, merely new in time (21:1, 5). Standard Arabic does not lexically distinguish ‘new-in-kind’ from ‘new-in-time’ as sharply as Greek; teaching notes must state explicitly this is qualitative renewal, not replacement of God’s original creation project.
No More Sea
Approved rendering: لا بحر بعد
Transliteration: lā baḥr ba’d
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ἡ θάλασσα οὐκ ἔστιν ἔτι
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
The final removal of chaos, threat, and the source of the Beast’s emergence (13:1), not merely a geographic claim (21:1). Functions symbolically in addition to its literal sense; readers must be told this, or ‘no more sea’ reads as a strange, arbitrary detail.
Number Of The Beast 666
Approved rendering: عدد الوحش ٦٦٦
Transliteration: ‘adad al-waḥsh 666
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἀριθμὸς αὐτοῦ, χξς
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
The symbolic number of imperfection attached to the counterfeit figure (13:18). Primary risk is speculative numerology/date-setting distraction rather than a specific Islamic collision; teach symbolically and discourage contemporary-figure identification.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: undergirds Pantokrator/Almighty (see new term ‘almighty_pantokrator’) and doxological refrains (‘power and might be to our God,’ 7:12); broadly compatible with Al-Qawiyy.
Providence
Approved rendering: العناية الإلهية
Transliteration: al-‘ināyah al-ilāhiyyah
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: anchor to specific redemptive-historical outcomes (the scroll opened, the kingdom given, 5:1-14; 11:15), not generic fate; avoid drift into folk qadar fatalism.
Repent Metanoeo
Approved rendering: يتوب / التوبة
Transliteration: yatūb / al-tawbah
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Perseverance and Faithful Witness
Turning from sin back to faithful devotion, addressed to the churches themselves (2:5, 16, 21-22; 3:3, 19). Genuine bridge with tawba, a major Islamic virtue, but the object here is Christ specifically (‘the first works’) — anchor explicitly, not a generic moral-reform program.
River Of Water Of Life
Approved rendering: نهر ماء الحياة
Transliteration: nahr mā’ al-ḥayāh
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς
Category: New Heaven and New Earth
Flowing ‘from the throne of God and of the Lamb’ (22:1), reinforcing co-sovereignty. Positive resonance with Quranic paradise-rivers imagery (Q47:15) as a useful bridge, but the specific shared throne source — God and the Lamb together — is a Christological detail that must not be lost in translation.
Satan Devil
Approved rendering: الشيطان / إبليس
Transliteration: al-Shayṭān / Iblīs
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Σατανᾶς, διάβολος
Category: Sovereignty of God over History
The personal, defeated (though still active) enemy, cast down and judged (2:9-13, 24; 3:9; 12:9-12; 20:2, 7, 10). Shared vocabulary with Islamic Shaytān/Iblīs, but the Quranic Iblīs narrative (refusal to prostrate before Adam, Q7:11-18) differs in emphasis from the Genesis/Revelation serpent-deceiver-accuser narrative; briefly distinguish rather than assume identical content.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ابن الإنسان
Transliteration: Ibn al-Insān
Doctrine: Return and Reign of Christ
Original: υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Daniel 7:13-14 messianic-royal title (1:13; 14:14). No close Islamic parallel exists (Sufi al-insān al-kāmil, the Perfect Man, is not equivalent); must convey full humanity combined with heavenly authority to judge and reign, not merely ‘a human being.‘
Thousand Years Millennium
Approved rendering: الألف سنة
Transliteration: al-alf sanah
Doctrine: Millennium and Christ’s Interim Reign
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Eschatology
A defined period of Christ’s reign preceding the final judgment (20:1-6), interpreted variously (literal, symbolic, already-inaugurated) across Christian traditions. Primarily an internal Christian interpretive question rather than an Islamic-collision risk; Islamic eschatology has no directly corresponding millennium concept, so this requires positive explanation rather than correction of a competing claim.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: الضيق / الشدة
Transliteration: al-ḍīq / al-shiddah
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Perseverance and Faithful Witness
The suffering out of which the redeemed have come (1:9; 2:9-10; 7:14). Central vocabulary for enduring persecution faithfully; low independent collision risk beyond standard care.
Worthy
Approved rendering: مستحق / جدير
Transliteration: mustaḥiqq / jadīr
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
The Lamb alone is declared worthy to open the scroll and receive worship (5:9, 12). Compounds the Critical worship/Lamb risk; a deity-level claim of worthiness.
Low Risk Terms
Accuser
Approved rendering: المُشتكي / الوشّاء
Transliteration: al-mushtakī / al-washshā’
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: κατήγορος
Category: Sovereignty of God over History
Satan’s role as prosecutor against the saints, now overthrown (12:10). Low independent collision risk.
Amen
Approved rendering: آمين
Transliteration: Āmīn
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Worship
Not present as a standalone key in the Romans baseline TM but used consistently there per baseline transliteration standards; added here as a first-class Revelation TM entry given its frequent liturgical closing role (1:6-7; 3:14; 5:14; 7:12; 19:4; 22:20-21). Established, low-ambiguity transliteration shared broadly, including with Islamic prayer usage as a linguistic cognate, not liturgical borrowing.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: هرمجدون
Transliteration: Harmajaddūn
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Judgment
The symbolic gathering-place/name for the final confrontation between God and rebellious world powers (16:16). Transliterated proper name; avoid literalistic geographic speculation in teaching notes.
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: هللويا
Transliteration: Hallilūyā
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: Ἁλληλουϊά
Category: Worship
Untranslated Hebrew liturgical exclamation, retained across languages (19:1, 3-4, 6). Established transliteration, per baseline cross-reference conventions.
Living Creatures
Approved rendering: الكائنات الحية
Transliteration: al-kā’ināt al-ḥayyah
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ζῷα
Category: Worship
Four heavenly worship-leaders continually declaring God’s holiness (chs. 4-6, 14-15, 19). Standard, low-risk apocalyptic imagery term.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: كوكب الصبح المنير
Transliteration: kawkab al-ṣubḥ al-munīr
Doctrine: Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός
Category: Christology
A messianic self-title of Christ (2:28; 22:16), signaling the dawn of the new age. Low independent collision risk; standard messianic imagery.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Revelation extension: the closing warning against altering ‘the words of this prophecy’ (22:18-19) reinforces canonical closure, a useful contrast with claims of ongoing revelation superseding it.
Servants Of God
Approved rendering: عبيده / عباده
Transliteration: ‘abīduhu / ‘ibāduhu
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ
Category: Worship
The redeemed’s eternal identity as devoted servants who worship him (7:3; 22:3, 6, 9). Positive-resonance vocabulary shared with Islam’s central self-designation (‘Abd Allāh); this identity coexists with, and is completed by, the more intimate ‘son’ (21:7) and ‘bride’ (21:2; 22:17) identities.
Twenty Four Elders
Approved rendering: الشيوخ (الأربعة والعشرون شيخًا)
Transliteration: al-shuyūkh (al-arba’ah wa-l-‘ishrūn shaykhan)
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Worship
Representative heavenly worship-leadership, likely symbolizing the redeemed people of both covenants (chs. 4-5, 7, 11, 14, 19). Standard, low-risk apocalyptic imagery term.
Wormwood
Approved rendering: الأفسنتين
Transliteration: al-afsantīn
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἄψινθος
Category: Judgment
The star/plague name symbolizing bitter judgment on corrupted water sources (8:10-11). Symbolic plague-name; low independent collision risk.
Referenced passages