Core Glossary

Core Glossary: Ezekiel

How to Read This Table

Column	Meaning
Term	English gloss used in curriculum materials
Original	Hebrew word (Ezekiel’s actual source language)
Translit.	Transliteration
Arabic	Required Arabic rendering
Risk	Critical / High / Medium / Low (per baseline risk_definitions)
Status	REUSE (baseline) or NEW (Ezekiel-specific)
Doctrine	Linked curriculum doctrine
Key Passages	Representative Ezekiel occurrences
Translation Risk Notes	Specific, grounded reason for risk assignment

Group 1 — God’s Identity, Glory, and Sovereignty

Term	Original	Translit.	Arabic	Risk	Status	Doctrine	Key Passages	Translation Risk Notes
God	אֱלֹהִים	Elohim	الله	Critical	REUSE	The Glory and Sovereignty of God	Throughout	Same word used by Arabic-speaking Christians for centuries; risk is entirely in content — Ezekiel’s radically transcendent-yet-present, triune-compatible portrayal of God must not collapse into strict Islamic tawhid’s non-incarnate unitarianism.
the LORD	יְהוָה	YHWH	الرب	Critical	REUSE (extends baseline “lord”)	The Glory and Sovereignty of God	Throughout (~430x)	Van Dyck convention renders the Tetragrammaton as “الرب” (matching English “the LORD” small-caps convention). Must remain visually/typographically distinguishable in study materials from “الرب” used Christologically of Jesus (Romans 10:9), even though the same Arabic word is used — resolve via context notes, not a different Arabic word.
Lord GOD (Adonai YHWH)	אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה	Adonai YHWH	السيد الرب	Medium	NEW	The Glory and Sovereignty of God	~217 occurrences throughout	Compound divine title; must render identically at every occurrence for consistency (per baseline’s cross-document consistency rule).
glory (of the LORD)	כָּבוֹד	kavod	المجد	Critical	REUSE (elevated from baseline High)	The Glory and Sovereignty of God; God’s Presence Departing and Returning	Ch.1, 8-11, 36, 37, 39, 43, 48	In Ezekiel, glory is not an isolated attribute-reference but the narrative spine of the entire book (departs ch.8-11, returns ch.43); mistranslation or inconsistency here damages the book’s overriding theological argument, not just a single doctrine statement.
hand of the LORD	יַד־יְהוָה	yad-YHWH	يد الرب	Medium	NEW	The Glory and Sovereignty of God (Power of God)	1:3, 3:14, 3:22, 8:1, 37:1, 40:1	Structural marker of divinely-compelled prophetic experience; connects to baseline “power_of_god” doctrine.
I will show myself holy / sanctify myself	נִקְדַּשְׁתִּי	niqdashti	أتقدّس / أُظهر قداستي	High	NEW	The Glory and Sovereignty of God	20:41, 28:22, 36:23, 38:16, 38:23, 39:27	God vindicating his own holiness/reputation before the nations — distinct sense from believers’ sanctification (reuse baseline التقديس root but flag the different subject/object relation).
for my name’s sake / for my holy name’s sake	לְמַעַן שְׁמִי / שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי	lema’an shemi / shem qodshi	من أجل اسمي / اسمي القدوس	High	NEW	The Glory and Sovereignty of God; Grace	20:9,14,22,44; 36:21-23,32; 39:25	Key motive clause: God’s redemptive acts are grounded in his own glory/reputation, not Israel’s merit — directly reinforces the Grace doctrine (baseline “grace” entry) that restoration is unearned.
I have spoken and I have done it	דִּבַּרְתִּי וְעָשִׂיתִי	dibarti ve’asiti	أنا الرب تكلمت وفعلت	High	NEW	The Glory and Sovereignty of God	12:25,28; 17:24; 22:14; 24:14; 36:36; 37:14	Recurring divine speech-act formula; must render identically at each occurrence.

Group 2 — The Prophet and Prophecy

Term	Original	Translit.	Arabic	Risk	Status	Doctrine	Key Passages	Translation Risk Notes
Son of man (address to Ezekiel)	בֶּן־אָדָם	ben-adam	ابن آدم	High	NEW	Fulfillment/Inspiration background	~93 occurrences	MUST be kept distinct from NT messianic title “Son of Man” (ابن الإنسان, used of Christ from Daniel 7); conflating the two Arabic phrases would create serious doctrinal confusion in either direction.
prophet / prophesy	נָבִיא / נָבָא	navi / nava	نبي / تنبأ	Medium	REUSE	Inspiration of Scripture	Throughout	Reuse baseline نبي/نبوءة root; retain the performative, effective sense of Ezekiel’s prophetic speech-acts (e.g., ch.37), not merely predictive foretelling.
word of the LORD	דְּבַר־יְהוָה	devar-YHWH	كلمة الرب	Medium	REUSE (extension)	Inspiration of Scripture	Throughout	God’s effective, creative speech; reinforces doctrine that Scripture accomplishes what it declares.
watchman	צֹפֶה	tzofeh	رقيب	High	NEW	Individual Responsibility for Sin	3:16-21; 33:1-9	Founding motif for individual accountability doctrine — the watchman bears personal responsibility to warn; hearers bear responsibility for their own response. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence.
house of rebellion	בֵּית מְרִי	beit meri	بيت التمرد	Medium	NEW	(Background — Israel’s unresponsiveness)	2:5-8; 3:9,26-27; 12:2-3; 24:3; 44:6	Recurring designation; low independent doctrinal risk but high frequency.

Group 3 — Sin, Idolatry, and Individual Responsibility

Term	Original	Translit.	Arabic	Risk	Status	Doctrine	Key Passages	Translation Risk Notes
sin	חֵטְא	chet	الخطية	High	REUSE	Universal Human Accountability; Individual Responsibility for Sin	Throughout	Reuse baseline term; Ezekiel 18’s argument, unlike Romans 5’s federal-headship argument, actually resonates with Islamic denial of inherited guilt-transfer — hold both truths without contradiction (see doctrine notes below).
the soul who sins shall die	הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַחֹטֵאת הִיא תָמוּת	hanefesh hachotet hi tamut	النفس التي تخطئ هي تموت	Critical	NEW	Individual Responsibility for Sin	18:4, 20	Thesis statement of ch.18. Genuine convergence with Quran 6:164/17:15/35:18 (“no soul bears another’s burden”) — a rare positive bridge — BUT must not be used to eclipse or contradict Romans 5’s complementary federal/Adamic solidarity doctrine; theologian review required to hold both together.
iniquity / transgression	עָוֹן / פֶּשַׁע	avon / pesha	إثم / معصية	High	NEW	Individual Responsibility for Sin; Universal Human Accountability	18; 33; throughout	Companion terms to chet (sin); ensure Arabic distinguishes nuance (avon = guilt/twistedness, pesha = willful rebellion) where teaching materials require it.
righteous / wicked	צַדִּיק / רָשָׁע	tzaddiq / rasha	بار / شرير	High	NEW	Individual Responsibility for Sin; Righteousness	Ch.18, 33	Related to but grammatically distinct from baseline “righteousness” (البر, abstract noun); tzaddiq/rasha are substantive person-descriptors — ensure consistent noun forms.
turn / repent	שׁוּב	shuv	يتوب / يرجع	High	NEW	Individual Responsibility for Sin	18:21-23,27-32; 33:11-19	Broadly compatible with Islamic tawbah conceptually, but operates within Romans’ grace framework rather than a deeds-weighing (mizan) framework; do not assume full equivalence.
idols (dung-idols)	גִּלּוּלִים	gillulim	أصنام	High	NEW	Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations	~39 occurrences (ch.6,8,14,16,20,22,23,33,36,37,44)	Standard Arabic rendering (أصنام) loses the original Hebrew’s deliberately insulting “dung-pellet” nuance; supply explanatory note for teaching contexts.
abomination	תּוֹעֵבָה	to’evah	رجس / رجاسة	High	NEW	Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations	Ch.8,16,18,22,33,36,44	Rare case of positively overlapping vocabulary with Quranic “rijs,” but spans a broader range (cultic idolatry + social injustice) than typical Islamic ritual-impurity usage — clarify range in context.
bloodguilt (“his blood on his own head”)	דָּמוֹ בְרֹאשׁוֹ	damo verosho	دمه على رأسه	Medium	NEW	Individual Responsibility for Sin	3:18-21; 33:4-6	Legal-responsibility idiom tied to the watchman motif.
harlotry / covenant unfaithfulness	זְנוּנִים	zenunim	زنى / فجور	High	NEW	Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations	Ch.16, 23	Graphic covenant-unfaithfulness allegory; content-sensitivity note required for public teaching; must be read as covenant-fidelity metaphor, not merely a scandal narrative.

Group 4 — The New Heart, New Spirit, and Resurrection Hope

Term	Original	Translit.	Arabic	Risk	Status	Doctrine	Key Passages	Translation Risk Notes
new heart / new spirit	לֵב חָדָשׁ / רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה	lev chadash / ruach chadashah	قلب جديد / روح جديدة	Critical	NEW	The New Heart and New Spirit	11:19; 18:31; 36:26-27	Central curriculum doctrine; must be taught as God’s own unilateral gracious act (especially 36:26, “I will give you”), in productive tension with 18:31’s imperative (“make yourselves”) — do not resolve the tension by silently favoring one side.
heart of stone / heart of flesh	לֵב הָאֶבֶן / לֵב בָּשָׂר	lev ha’even / lev basar	قلب من حجر / قلب من لحم	High	NEW	The New Heart and New Spirit	11:19; 36:26	Vivid divine-transplant metaphor; distinguish from Islamic notions of self-cultivated heart-softening (dhikr, taqwa) — here the change is entirely God’s initiative.
Spirit / spirit / breath / wind (ruach)	רוּחַ	ruach	روح / ريح / نَفَس (context-dependent)	Critical	NEW (extends baseline “holy_spirit”)	The New Heart and New Spirit; God’s Presence Departing and Returning	Ch.1 (wind/spirit), 2-3 (spirit lifting prophet), 8/11 (spirit transporting), 36:27 (“my Spirit”), 37 (wind/breath/Spirit, all three senses within one passage), 39:29	Same root spans wind, physical breath, and God’s personal indwelling Spirit; a rigid single Arabic rendering across all occurrences would flatten Ezekiel’s deliberate polysemy. Reserve الروح القدس for the most explicit divine-personal instances (36:27, 37:14) only with theologian-reviewed footnoting — do not silently import full NT Trinitarian conclusions into the base OT text.
dry bones live again (national restoration)	וְהַעֲלֵיתִי אֶתְכ�ם מִקִּבְרוֹתֵיכֶם	veha’aleiti etkhem miqivroteikhem	سأُصعدكم من قبوركم	Critical	NEW	Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones	37:1-14	Must be kept distinct from the baseline Critical term “resurrection” (القيامة, reserved for Christ’s unique historical bodily resurrection) — use verbs (أُقيمكم/أُصعدكم), not the noun القيامة, for this national-restoration metaphor, while acknowledging its genuine typological connection to bodily resurrection hope. Also distinct from the general Islamic doctrine of Yawm al-Qiyamah.
bones	עֶצֶם / עֲצָמוֹת	etzem / atzamot	عظم / عظام	Low	NEW	Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones	37:1-14	Central passage symbol; low independent lexical risk.
exceedingly great army	חַיִל גָּדוֹל מְאֹד מְאֹד	chayil gadol me’od me’od	جيش عظيم جدا جدا	Low-Medium	NEW	Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones	37:10	Preserve the doubled intensifier for rhetorical force.
waters flowing from the temple / river of life	מַיִם יֹצְאִים	mayim yotze’im	مياه خارجة / نهر الحياة	High	NEW	Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones; Vision of the New Temple	47:1-12	Echoes ch.37’s death-to-life movement on a cosmic scale; positively resonant with Islamic paradise-river imagery (al-Kawthar) — leverageable bridge, but clarify the river’s specific divine-presence source.

Group 5 — Covenant, Davidic Hope, and the New Temple

Term	Original	Translit.	Arabic	Risk	Status	Doctrine	Key Passages	Translation Risk Notes
covenant	בְּרִית	berit	العهد	Medium	REUSE	Restoration; Vision of the New Temple	16:60; 34:25; 37:26	Reuse baseline term; note frequent qualifiers below.
covenant of peace	בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם	brit shalom	عهد سلام	High	NEW (compound of two baseline terms)	Restoration	34:25; 37:26	Combines baseline العهد + السلام; reinforce relational/comprehensive restoration sense, not a mere cessation-of-hostilities treaty.
everlasting covenant	בְּרִית עוֹלָם	brit olam	عهد أبدي	High	NEW	Restoration; Vision of the New Temple	37:26	Permanence emphasis; links to the New Temple’s permanence and God’s dwelling “forevermore.”
shepherd(s)	רֹעֶה / רֹעִים	ro’eh / ro’im	راعٍ / رعاة	High	NEW	Restoration; Davidic Covenant background	Ch.34	Indictment of false shepherds; background for Christ’s Good Shepherd self-identification (John 10) — flag for cross-curriculum consistency.
my servant David	עַבְדִּי דָוִד	avdi David	عبدي داود	High	REUSE (David proper name) + NEW (phrase)	Restoration; Davidic Covenant	34:23-24; 37:24-25	Reuse baseline داود; must be taught as pointing forward typologically to Messiah (fulfilled in Christ), not a literal expectation of historical David’s return, and not conflated with the Quranic Dawud’s narrower prophet-king portrayal (per baseline “david” note).
tender twig / sprig	צַמֶּרֶת / יוֹנֶקֶת	tzammeret / yonecket	غصن غض / فرخ رقيق	High	NEW	Davidic Covenant background	17:22-24	Messianic/Davidic imagery parallel to Isaiah 11:1; cross-reference Romans “seed_of_david” baseline term.
one nation, one king	לְגוֹי אֶחָד / לְמֶלֶךְ אֶחָד	legoy echad / lemelekh echad	أمة واحدة / ملك واحد	High	NEW	Restoration; Unity of Jews and Gentiles (typological background)	37:22	Reuse baseline “israel” political-sensitivity caution; avoid contemporary political framing.
Gog and Magog	גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג	Gog uMagog	جوج وماجوج	Critical	NEW	Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations (eschatological)	Ch.38-39	HIGHEST-PRIORITY new collision term: near-homophonic with Islamic يأجوج ومأجوج (Ya’juj wa-Ma’juj, Quran 18:94-98, 21:96-97), a related but textually distinct apocalyptic tradition (different narrative role, no barrier/Dhul-Qarnayn figure in Ezekiel). Requires mandatory theologian-reviewed explanatory note at first occurrence; do not harmonize the two traditions into one narrative.
sanctuary / temple	מִקְדָּשׁ / הֵיכָל	miqdash / heikhal	المقدس / الهيكل	High	NEW	The Vision of the New Temple	Ch.8-11, 40-46	Emphasize the vision’s own NT transformation (believers as God’s temple, 1 Corinthians 3:16) rather than expecting an identical literal future rebuilding; avoid the baseline “church” caution about reducing the sacred community to a mere building — here inverted, since a literal structure genuinely is the vision’s subject.
holy of holies	קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים	qodesh haqodashim	قدس الأقداس	Medium	NEW	The Vision of the New Temple	41:4; 43:1-5	Established Arabic Christian compound term.
the LORD is there	יְהוָה שָׁמָּה	YHWH shammah	الرب هناك	High	NEW	God’s Presence Departing and Returning	48:35	Climactic closing statement of the entire book; render prominently and consistently — the capstone of the presence-departing/returning doctrine arc.
shut gate	שַׁעַר סָגוּר	sha’ar sagur	باب مغلق	Medium-High	NEW	God’s Presence Departing and Returning	44:1-2	Symbol of the permanence of the returned presence.
place of the soles of my feet	מְקוֹם כַּפּוֹת רַגְלַי	meqom kapot raglai	موضع أخمصَي قدميّ	High	NEW	God’s Presence Departing and Returning	43:7	Vivid covenantal-presence idiom, not literal embodiment claim; handle with the same analogical caution Ezekiel’s own visionary language models (cf. ch.1).
prince	נָשִׂיא	nasi	رئيس / أمير	High	NEW	The Vision of the New Temple; Kingdom Mission (background)	Ch.34, 44-46	Deliberately not “king” (מֶלֶךְ) — subordinate ruler under God’s true kingship. AVOID خليفة/caliph-adjacent vocabulary per baseline’s “kingdom_mission” khilafah-resonance caution.
uncircumcised in heart	עַרְלֵי־לֵב	arlei-lev	غلف القلوب	Medium-High	NEW	The Vision of the New Temple; (background to Romans 2:29)	44:9	Good bridge point to Romans 2:29’s circumcision-of-the-heart argument.

Group 6 — Other Load-Bearing Terms (Oracles, Visionary Imagery)

Term	Original	Translit.	Arabic	Risk	Status	Doctrine	Key Passages	Translation Risk Notes
cherubim	כְּרוּבִים	keruvim	الكروبيم	Medium	NEW	Glory and Sovereignty of God (background)	Ch.1, 10, 28	No precise Islamic equivalent (angels/malā’ika are the general category); introduce with brief explanation.
living creatures	חַיּוֹת	chayot	كائنات حية	Medium	NEW	Glory and Sovereignty of God (background)	Ch.1, 10	Avoid Van Dyck’s older “حيوانات” (reads as “animals” in Modern Standard Arabic today) — use كائنات حية to preserve appropriate dignity/register.
nations / Gentiles	גּוֹיִם	goyim	الأمم	Medium	REUSE	Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations	Ch.25-32, 36-39	Reuse baseline term exactly; establishes universal scope of God’s sovereignty that undergirds later NT Jew-Gentile theology.
Sheol / the Pit	שְׁאוֹל / בּוֹר	she’ol / bor	الهاوية / الجُبّ	High	NEW	Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations	Ch.26, 31-32	Distinguish explicitly from جهنم (Quranic eternal-punishment Hellfire) — Sheol is a shadowy general realm of the dead, not a developed doctrine of hell.
guardian cherub / seal of perfection	כְּרוּב מִמְשַׁח הַסּוֹכֵךְ / חוֹתָם תָּכְנִית	keruv mimshach hasokhekh / chotam tokhnit	الكروب الحارس الممسوح / ختم الكمال	High	NEW	(Disputed cosmic-fall background)	28:12-19	Debated dual-referent oracle (king of Tyre + possible cosmic-fall imagery); flag for theologian review, avoid overstated certainty.
stand in the gap	עֹמֵד בַּפֶּרֶץ	omed baperetz	يقف في الثغرة	High	NEW	Prayer and Intercession (background)	22:30	Anticipates the need for intercession ultimately and uniquely met in Christ (Romans 8:34); reuse baseline “intercession” الشفاعة conceptually.
atone	כִּפֶּר	kipper	يكفّر / كفّارة	High	NEW	Grace; Restoration	16:63	OT sacrificial-atonement term; connects forward typologically to Christ’s atoning work — must not be treated in isolation from its NT fulfillment.
stick(s)/wood (symbolic act)	עֵץ / עֵצִים	etz / etzim	عصا / عصي	Medium	NEW	Restoration (national reunification)	37:16-17	Companion sign-act to the dry-bones vision; low independent lexical risk, high thematic connection.

Risk Summary for Ezekiel-Specific New Terms

Risk Tier	Count (New Terms)	Review Routing
Critical	5 (soul-who-sins-dies; new heart/new spirit; ruach/Spirit polysemy; dry-bones national restoration language; Gog and Magog)	Human theologian
High	24	Human theologian
Medium	14	Native speaker review
Low	6	Automated review

Note for Phase 2: All terms marked REUSE above must be pulled directly from the existing translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json without modification. All terms marked NEW should be added to those files at the start of Phase 2 processing for Ezekiel, following the version-increment and theologian-flagging procedures specified in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Critical Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

Reuse baseline ‘god’ entry exactly. In Ezekiel, God’s radically transcendent-yet-locally-present, Trinitarian-compatible portrayal (culminating in 43:7) must not collapse into strict Islamic tawhid’s non-incarnate unitarianism. [inherited from Romans package]

Lord

Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى

Reuse baseline ‘lord’ entry exactly. In Ezekiel this same Arabic word renders YHWH (~430x) per Van Dyck small-caps convention. Must remain distinguishable from the Christological use of الرب applied to Jesus (Romans 10:9) via context notes, never a different Arabic word — since ascribing the identical title to both is itself the theological point at stake in both books. [inherited from Romans package]

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification

Reuse baseline ‘holy_spirit’ entry exactly. RESERVE for Ezekiel’s most explicit personal-divine-indwelling instances only (36:27, 37:14), each requiring theologian-approved footnoting bridging to Romans 8/Acts 2. Do NOT default to this term for every bare occurrence of ruach — see new term ‘ruach_spirit_breath_wind’. [inherited from Romans package]

Law

Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع

Reuse baseline ‘law’ entry exactly. Never substitute الشريعة, even in Ezekiel’s narrower cultic-regulation contexts (e.g. ‘law of the house’, 43:12) — see new term ‘law_statutes_and_judgments’. [inherited from Romans package]

Righteousness

Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل

Reuse baseline ‘righteousness’ entry exactly. Ezekiel 18/33 use the related but grammatically distinct person-nouns tzaddiq/rasha (see ‘righteous_and_wicked’) — keep those substantive forms separate from this abstract noun. [inherited from Romans package]

Glory

Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي

Reuse baseline ‘glory’ Arabic rendering exactly, but see the Ezekiel-specific extension entry ‘glory_of_the_lord’ below, which elevates and re-scopes this term’s risk for this book: it is the narrative spine of the entire book (departs ch.8-11, returns ch.43), not an isolated attribute-mention. [inherited from Romans package]

Resurrection

Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ

Reuse baseline ‘resurrection’ entry exactly. RESERVED strictly for Christ’s unique historical bodily resurrection. NEVER use this noun for Ezekiel 37’s national-restoration imagery — see new term ‘dry_bones_national_restoration’, which mandates verb forms only (أُقيمكم/سأُصعدكم). [inherited from Romans package]

Yhwh The Lord

Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

The covenant name YHWH (~430x), rendered الرب per Van Dyck small-caps convention, sharing the same Arabic word as baseline ‘lord’. Distinguish from the Christological Romans 10:9 use via context/study-note apparatus, not a different word.

Glory Of The Lord

Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: kavod-YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God / God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

Elevated from baseline High to Critical for this book: not an isolated attribute-mention but the structural plot-engine of the entire narrative (departs 8-11, returns 43, capstone 48:35). Must render with absolute cross-chapter consistency.

Soul Who Sins Shall Die

Approved rendering: النفس التي تخطئ هي تموت
Transliteration: hanefesh hachotet hi tamut
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַחֹטֵאת הִיא תָמוּת
Category: Sin and Accountability

Thesis statement of ch.18 (18:4,20). Genuine convergence with Quran 6:164/17:15/35:18. Risk is OVER-convergence eclipsing Romans 5’s federal-headship doctrine (‘in Adam all die’); both truths must be taught together. Mandatory theologian review for any teaching material drawing on this term.

New Heart And New Spirit

Approved rendering: قلب جديد / روح جديدة
Transliteration: lev chadash / ruach chadashah
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: לֵב חָדָשׁ / רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה
Category: Sanctification and Inner Renewal

Central curriculum doctrine (11:19; 18:31; 36:26-27). Must be taught as God’s own unilateral gracious act (36:26 ‘I will give you’), held in productive tension with 18:31’s imperative (‘make yourselves’) — never silently resolve toward either side. Guard against Islamic dhikr/taqwa-style self-cultivation readings of the imperative form.

Ruach Spirit Breath Wind

Approved rendering: روح / ريح / نَفَس (context-dependent)
Transliteration: ruach
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit / Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Original: רוּחַ
Category: Sanctification and Inner Renewal

A single Hebrew root spanning wind, physical breath, and God’s personal indwelling Spirit — deployed with deliberate polysemy, most acutely within Ezekiel 37:1-14 itself (wind v.9, breath vv.5,6,8,9,10, Spirit v.14). A rigid single Arabic rendering flattens this deliberate wordplay; select context-appropriate rendering verse by verse. RESERVE الروح القدس exclusively for the most climactic, personal, divine-indwelling instances (36:27, 37:14) with theologian-approved footnoting bridging to Romans 8/Acts 2 — never silently import the full NT Trinitarian conclusion into the OT base text.

Dry Bones National Restoration

Approved rendering: سأُصعدكم من قبوركم / أُقيمكم
Transliteration: veha’aleiti etkhem miqivroteikhem
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Rejected alternatives: القيامة (forbidden as a noun rendering here)
Original: וְהַעֲלֵיתִי אֶתְכֶם מִקִּבְרוֹתֵיכֶם
Category: Restoration and Resurrection Hope

God’s promise to ‘raise you from your graves’ (37:12-13) — national-restoration metaphor for Israel’s return from exile via reanimation imagery. Must be kept distinct from (a) Christ’s unique historical bodily resurrection (baseline Critical القيامة) and (b) the general Islamic doctrine of Yawm al-Qiyamah. Use verb forms only (أُقيمكم/أُصعدكم); NEVER the noun القيامة. Genuine, non-identical typological foreshadowing of bodily resurrection hope may be footnoted.

Gog And Magog

Approved rendering: جوج وماجوج
Transliteration: Gog uMagog
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment: Gog and Magog
Rejected alternatives: يأجوج ومأجوج (forbidden — this is the distinct Quranic tradition, not a synonym)
Original: גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Highest-priority collision term in the entire curriculum: near-homophonic with Quranic يأجوج ومأجوج (18:94-98; 21:96-97), a related but textually/narratively distinct tradition (no barrier/Dhul-Qarnayn figure in Ezekiel; different geography, timing, role). Mandatory theologian-authored explanatory note at first occurrence (ch.38): shared name, distinct traditions; Ezekiel’s Gog is decisively defeated BY God, not an unresolved apocalyptic sign. Never harmonize the two accounts.

High Risk Terms

Sin

Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: חֵטְא
Category: Sin and Accountability

Reuse baseline ‘sin’ entry exactly. Ezekiel 18’s individual-accountability argument resonates positively with Islamic denial of inherited guilt-transfer, unlike Romans 5’s federal-headship argument; both truths must be taught together, never one displacing the other. [inherited from Romans package]

Israel

Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Reuse baseline ‘israel’ entry exactly. Ezekiel’s extensive restoration promises to ‘Israel’ (ch.36-37, 47-48) require deliberate pastoral framing so the 6th-century-BC exilic context is never read as commentary on the present-day Israeli-Palestinian situation. [inherited from Romans package]

Seed Of David

Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant

Reuse baseline ‘seed_of_david’ entry exactly. Cross-reference with Ezekiel’s ‘tender twig/sprig’ (17:22-24) and ‘my servant David’ (34:23; 37:24-25) as parallel Davidic-heir imagery. [inherited from Romans package]

Prophet

Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture

Reuse baseline ‘prophet’ entry exactly. Root of new term ‘prophesy’ (Ezekiel’s performative speech-act sense). [inherited from Romans package]

Intercession

Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession

Reuse baseline ‘intercession’ entry exactly. Ezekiel 22:30’s ‘stand in the gap’ anticipates this need, ultimately and uniquely met in Christ (Romans 8:34) — never suggest general human intercessory sufficiency. [inherited from Romans package]

Sanctify Myself

Approved rendering: أتقدّس / أُظهر قداستي
Transliteration: niqdashti
Doctrine: Divine Holiness and God’s Reputation
Original: נִקְדַּשְׁתִּי (root קדש)
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

God as subject sanctifying HIMSELF in reputation before onlooking nations (20:41, 28:22, 36:23, 38:16, 38:23, 39:27) — distinct grammatical/theological relation from believers’ sanctification (التقديس). Constructed reflexive paraphrase; no pre-existing fixed Arabic Christian compound — theologian sign-off required before standard use.

For My Names Sake

Approved rendering: من أجل اسمي / من أجل اسمي القدوس
Transliteration: lema’an shemi / lema’an shem-qodshi
Doctrine: Divine Holiness and God’s Reputation / Grace
Original: לְמַעַן שְׁמִי / לְמַעַן שֵׁם־קָדְשִׁי
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

Recurring motive clause (20:9,14,22,44; 36:21-23,32; 39:25): God acts for his own reputation, not Israel’s merit. Reinforces baseline Grace doctrine. Genuine bridge to Islamic tawhid’s jalal-emphasis, but must not imply restoration is earned — the text explicitly denies this (36:22,32).

Son Of Man Address

Approved rendering: ابن آدم
Transliteration: ben-adam
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: ابن الإنسان
Original: בֶּן־אָדָם
Category: Revelation and Prophecy

God’s habitual address to Ezekiel (~93x); mortal frailty, NOT a divine/messianic title. MUST be kept categorically distinct from the NT title ‘Son of Man’ (ابن الإنسان, Daniel 7, used by Christ). Enforce this hard distinction at every occurrence, both directions.

Watchman

Approved rendering: رقيب
Transliteration: tzofeh
Doctrine: The Watchman and Individual Accountability
Original: צֹפֶה
Category: Revelation and Prophecy

Founding metaphor (3:16-21; 33:1-9) for individual accountability: the watchman bears personal responsibility to warn, hearers bear responsibility for their own response. No exact parallel to this dual-accountability structure in popular da’wah frameworks (Quran 5:99’s message-delivery-is-sufficient default). Theologian review required at every occurrence.

Iniquity And Transgression

Approved rendering: إثم / معصية
Transliteration: avon / pesha
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: עָוֹן / פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin and Accountability

Companion terms to chet (sin): avon = guilt/crookedness (إثم), pesha = willful rebellion (معصية). Distinguish nuance where teaching materials require it, especially ch.18, 33.

Righteous And Wicked

Approved rendering: بار / شرير
Transliteration: tzaddiq / rasha
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: צַדִּיק / רָשָׁע
Category: Sin and Accountability

Substantive person-descriptors used throughout ch.18, 33’s case-law-style argument. Related to but grammatically distinct from baseline abstract noun البر — keep consistent substantive forms (بار as person-noun).

Turn Repent

Approved rendering: يتوب / يرجع
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Sin and Accountability

Pivotal verb of ch.18, 33 (18:21-23,27-32; 33:11-19). Broadly compatible with Islamic tawbah conceptually, but tawbah operates within a deeds-weighing (mizan) framework without assured outcome, whereas shuv, read canonically with Romans, issues toward grace-secured restoration — do not assume full equivalence.

Idols

Approved rendering: أصنام
Transliteration: gillulim
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: גִּלּוּלִים
Category: Sin and Accountability

Ezekiel’s most frequent idolatry term (~39x), likely from a root meaning ‘dung pellets’ — deliberately contemptuous in Hebrew. Standard rendering أصنام is doctrinally safe (shared negative category with pre-Islamic jahiliyyah idol-worship) but loses the visceral insult-nuance; supply explanatory footnote for teaching contexts.

Abomination

Approved rendering: رجس / رجاسة
Transliteration: to’evah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: תּוֹעֵבָה
Category: Sin and Accountability

Detestable covenant-breaking act (ch.8,16,18,22,33,36,44), spanning cultic idolatry AND social injustice. Rare positive overlap with Quranic ‘rijs’ (5:90), but Ezekiel’s range is broader than typical ritual-impurity usage — clarify scope explicitly.

Harlotry Covenant Unfaithfulness

Approved rendering: زنى / فجور
Transliteration: zenunim
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: זְנוּנִים
Category: Sin and Accountability

Extended prostitution/infidelity allegory (ch.16, 23) for covenant unfaithfulness. Content-sensitivity note required given honor-shame dynamics in many Arabic-speaking contexts; teach as covenant-fidelity metaphor, not merely a scandal narrative.

Heart Of Stone Heart Of Flesh

Approved rendering: قلب من حجر / قلب من لحم
Transliteration: lev ha’even / lev basar
Doctrine: The New Heart and New Spirit
Original: לֵב הָאֶבֶן / לֵב בָּשָׂר
Category: Sanctification and Inner Renewal

Vivid divine-transplant metaphor (11:19; 36:26); distinguish sharply from Islamic devotional heart-softening (dhikr, taqwa) — here the transplant is entirely God’s initiative, per the baseline Grace doctrine.

River Of Life

Approved rendering: مياه خارجة / نهر الحياة
Transliteration: mayim yotze’im
Doctrine: The River of Life and Healing of the Nations
Original: מַיִם יֹצְאִים
Category: Restoration and Resurrection Hope

47:1-12; echoes ch.37’s death-to-life movement cosmically. Positively resonant with Islamic paradise-river imagery (rivers of Paradise, al-Kawthar) — genuine bridge, but the river’s specific SOURCE (God’s own temple-presence) must be clarified so the bridge does not collapse into generic shared-symbol equivalence.

Covenant Of Peace

Approved rendering: عهد سلام
Transliteration: brit shalom
Doctrine: Covenant of Restoration
Original: בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

34:25; 37:26. Compound of baseline العهد + السلام. Contemporary Arabic political register (اتفاقية سلام, ‘peace agreement’) risks reading this as a diplomatic ceasefire rather than comprehensive relational restoration — gloss explicitly.

Everlasting Covenant

Approved rendering: عهد أبدي
Transliteration: brit olam
Doctrine: Covenant of Restoration / The Vision of the New Temple
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

37:26; permanence emphasis links to the New Temple’s permanence and ‘the LORD is there’ (48:35).

Shepherd

Approved rendering: راعٍ / رعاة
Transliteration: ro’eh / ro’im
Doctrine: Shepherd Leadership and the True King
Original: רֹעֶה / רֹעִים
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

Ch.34: Israel’s kings indicted as false shepherds; God himself will shepherd his people directly. Direct background for Christ’s Good Shepherd self-identification (John 10) — flag for cross-curriculum consistency.

My Servant David

Approved rendering: عبدي داود
Transliteration: avdi David
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Hope
Original: עַבְדִּי דָוִד
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

34:23-24; 37:24-25. Reuses baseline داود exactly. Must be taught as pointing typologically to Christ, not a literal expectation of David’s bodily return, and not conflated with the narrower Quranic Dawud portrayal.

Tender Twig Sprig

Approved rendering: غصن غض / فرخ رقيق
Transliteration: tzammeret / yonecket
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Hope
Original: צַמֶּרֶת / יוֹנֶקֶת
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

17:22-24; God plants a tender sprig that becomes a great tree — messianic/Davidic hope parallel to Isaiah 11:1. Cross-reference baseline ‘seed_of_david’.

One Nation One King

Approved rendering: أمة واحدة / ملك واحد
Transliteration: legoy echad / lemelekh echad
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones / Unity of Jews and Gentiles (typological background)
Original: לְגוֹי אֶחָד / לְמֶלֶךְ אֶחָד
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

37:22; reunification of divided kingdoms under one Davidic king. Reuse baseline ‘israel’ political-sensitivity caution — avoid contemporary political framing.

Sanctuary Temple

Approved rendering: المقدس / الهيكل
Transliteration: miqdash / heikhal
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: מִקְדָּשׁ / הֵיכָל
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

Ch.8-11, 40-46. Emphasize the vision’s NT typological fulfillment (believers as God’s temple, 1 Corinthians 3:16) rather than an expected identical literal rebuilding — acute contemporary sensitivity given the Temple Mount/al-Aqsa site; teaching materials must remain strictly within the ancient text’s own trajectory.

The Lord Is There

Approved rendering: الرب هناك
Transliteration: YHWH shammah
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: יְהוָה שָׁמָּה
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

48:35; the book’s closing name and capstone statement — God’s permanent, settled presence becomes the restored city’s very identity. Render prominently and consistently; directly answers the departure narrated in ch.8-11.

Place Of The Soles Of My Feet

Approved rendering: موضع أخمصَي قدميّ
Transliteration: meqom kapot raglai
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning / Localized and Universal Divine Presence
Original: מְקוֹם כַּפּוֹת רַגְלַי
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

43:7. Intimate, near-anthropomorphic image of God’s settled dwelling. Islamic tanzih strongly resists physically-embodied predication of God; render literally but pair with the same analogical caution Ezekiel’s own visionary language models (cf. ch.1’s ‘likeness of,’ ‘appearance of’ hedges) — teach as vivid covenantal-presence idiom, not literal embodiment.

Prince

Approved rendering: رئيس / أمير
Transliteration: nasi
Doctrine: Shepherd Leadership and the True King / The Vision of the New Temple
Rejected alternatives: خليفة, إمام
Original: נָשִׂיא
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

Ch.34, 44-46. Deliberately NOT ‘king’ (מֶלֶךְ) — subordinate ruler under God’s true kingship. رئيس is preferred as the primary rendering (its blandness is a feature); أمير retained only as a secondary gloss, since it can evoke a regional sovereign ruler. AVOID خليفة/إمام entirely per baseline’s khilafah-resonance caution.

Sheol The Pit

Approved rendering: الهاوية / الجُبّ
Transliteration: she’ol / bor
Doctrine: Sheol and the Realm of the Dead
Rejected alternatives: جهنم
Original: שְׁאוֹל / בּוֹר
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.26, 31-32. Shadowy, generalized realm of the dead. Must be explicitly distinguished from جهنم, the Quranic term for Hellfire’s fully developed eternal-conscious-punishment doctrine — Sheol is underdeveloped and communal, not a final-judgment destination.

Guardian Cherub Seal Of Perfection

Approved rendering: الكروب الحارس الممسوح / ختم الكمال
Transliteration: keruv mimshach hasokhekh / chotam tokhnit
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations (disputed cosmic-fall background)
Original: כְּרוּב מִמְשַׁח הַסּוֹכֵךְ / חוֹתָם תָּכְנִית
Category: Judgment and the Nations

28:12-19. Widely (though disputedly) read by Christian tradition as also depicting the primeval fall of Satan alongside the historical king of Tyre. Flag for theologian review; avoid overstating certainty on this debated dual-referent oracle.

Stand In The Gap

Approved rendering: يقف في الثغرة
Transliteration: omed baperetz
Doctrine: Intercession
Original: עֹמֵד בַּפֶּרֶץ
Category: Judgment and the Nations

22:30. God’s search for an intercessor to avert judgment, finding none — anticipates the need ultimately and uniquely met in Christ’s intercession (Romans 8:34); do not suggest general human intercessory sufficiency, echoing the baseline’s شفاعة caution.

Atone

Approved rendering: يكفّر / كفّارة
Transliteration: kipper
Doctrine: Atonement and Forgiveness
Original: כִּפֶּר
Category: Judgment and the Nations

16:63. OT sacrificial-atonement term not present in the Romans-baseline (NT Greek) glossary; must not be treated as a self-standing, complete atonement in isolation from its NT fulfillment in Christ. Especially sensitive given the Quran’s explicit denial of substitutionary sin-bearing (6:164).

Law Statutes And Judgments

Approved rendering: الناموس / فرائض وأحكام
Transliteration: chuqqim umishpatim / torah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness / The Vision of the New Temple
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة
Original: חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים / תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

Ch.20, 43-46. Reuse baseline الناموس for the general body of Mosaic law and فرائض وأحكام for specific statutes/judgments; never الشريعة, per baseline caution.

Know That I Am The Lord

Approved rendering: فتعلمون أني أنا الرب
Transliteration: vida’tem ki-ani YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God

The single most repeated formula in Ezekiel (~70x). Every judgment and restoration act exists so Israel and the nations recognize YHWH’s sole sovereignty. Must render identically at every occurrence throughout the book.

Four Winds

Approved rendering: الرياح الأربع
Transliteration: arba ruchot
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:9; part of the deliberate ruach wordplay within the core passage — cosmic totality of the life-giving breath’s reach. See ‘ruach_spirit_breath_wind’ for full disambiguation guidance.

Land Of Israel

Approved rendering: أرض إسرائيل
Transliteration: admat Yisrael
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:12; reuse baseline ‘israel’ political-sensitivity caution. Render with pastoral framing distinguishing the ancient covenant land promise from any contemporary political claim.

Bear Iniquity

Approved rendering: يحمل إثمهم
Transliteration: nasa avon
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

Ch.4; prophet symbolically bears the nation’s guilt-consequence in his own body. Do not let this be read as atoning substitution — that is Christ’s unique work; this is representative enactment of judgment, not atonement.

Medium Risk Terms

Holy

Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: קָדוֹשׁ (root ק-ד-ש)
Category: Sanctification and Inner Renewal

Reuse baseline ‘holy’ entry exactly. Shares ق-د-س root with al-Quds/al-Quddus, generally safe. Ezekiel extends this with God’s own self-vindicating holiness (see ‘sanctify_myself’), a distinct sense beyond the baseline’s simple set-apart meaning. [inherited from Romans package]

Covenant

Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant and Messianic Hope

Reuse baseline ‘covenant’ entry exactly. Ezekiel frequently qualifies this term (see ‘covenant_of_peace’, ‘everlasting_covenant’). [inherited from Romans package]

Peace

Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة

Reuse baseline ‘peace’ entry exactly. Ezekiel 13:10,16 uses the same word for false prophets’ hollow reassurance (‘Peace, peace,’ when there is no peace) — see new term ‘peace_false_and_true’; context must disambiguate which sense is active. [inherited from Romans package]

David

Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant

Reuse baseline ‘david’ entry exactly. Ezekiel’s ‘my servant David’ (34:23-24; 37:24-25) must be taught as pointing typologically to the Messiah, not a literal expectation of David’s bodily return, and not conflated with the Quranic Dawud’s narrower prophet-king portrayal. [inherited from Romans package]

Gentiles

Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: الكفار

Reuse baseline ‘gentiles’ entry exactly. Governs Ezekiel’s oracles against the nations (ch.25-32) and the general ‘goyim’ term — never الكفار. [inherited from Romans package]

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله

Reuse baseline ‘kingdom_of_god’ entry exactly. Governs the ‘prince’ vs ‘king’ distinction in Ezekiel’s temple/restoration vision (ch.34, 44-46) — the human ruler is deliberately subordinate to God’s own kingship; avoid khilafah-resonant framing. [inherited from Romans package]

Adonai Yhwh Lord God

Approved rendering: السيد الرب
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: الرب الإله
Original: אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

Compound divine title (~217 occurrences). Must render identically at every single occurrence throughout Ezekiel; established Van Dyck compound.

Hand Of The Lord

Approved rendering: يد الرب
Transliteration: yad-YHWH
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: יַד־יְהוָה
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

Marks Ezekiel’s visionary experiences as divinely compelled, forcible prophetic seizure, not gentle self-generated inspiration (1:3, 3:14, 3:22, 8:1, 37:1, 40:1).

I Have Spoken And Done It

Approved rendering: أنا الرب تكلمت وفعلت
Transliteration: dibarti ve’asiti
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Original: דִּבַּרְתִּי וְעָשִׂיתִי
Category: God’s Identity and Sovereignty

Recurring divine speech-act formula (12:25,28; 17:24; 22:14; 24:14; 36:36; 37:14). Must render identically at every occurrence.

Prophesy

Approved rendering: تنبأ
Transliteration: nava / hinnave
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of the Prophetic Word
Original: נָבָא (הִנָּבֵא)
Category: Revelation and Prophecy

Reuses baseline نبي/نبوءة root. Retain the performative, effective sense — in ch.37 the spoken prophecy itself becomes the instrument of God’s life-giving power, not mere forecast.

Word Of The Lord

Approved rendering: كلمة الرب
Transliteration: devar-YHWH
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of the Prophetic Word
Original: דְּבַר־יְהוָה
Category: Revelation and Prophecy

God’s effective, creative speech, accomplishing what it declares — contrast with Islamic wahy’s verbatim-dictation model; Ezekiel speaks in his own voice.

House Of Rebellion

Approved rendering: بيت التمرد
Transliteration: beit meri
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Rejected alternatives: بيت عاصٍ
Original: בֵּית מְרִי
Category: Revelation and Prophecy

Recurring designation for unrepentant Israel (2:5-8; 3:9,26-27; 12:2-3; 24:3; 44:6). Low independent doctrinal risk; render consistently.

Bloodguilt Idiom

Approved rendering: دمه على رأسه
Transliteration: damo verosho
Doctrine: The Watchman and Individual Accountability
Original: דָּמוֹ בְרֹאשׁוֹ
Category: Sin and Accountability

Legal-responsibility idiom (3:18-21; 33:4-6) tied to the watchman motif; render consistently alongside رقيب passages.

Holy Of Holies

Approved rendering: قدس الأقداس
Transliteration: qodesh haqodashim
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Original: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

41:4; 43:1-5. Established Arabic Christian compound term; reuse exactly.

Shut Gate

Approved rendering: باب مغلق
Transliteration: sha’ar sagur
Doctrine: God’s Presence Departing and Returning
Original: שַׁעַר סָגוּר
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

44:1-2. The east gate through which the Glory returned remains permanently shut — symbol of the permanence of the returned presence.

Uncircumcised In Heart

Approved rendering: غلف القلوب
Transliteration: arlei-lev
Doctrine: Circumcision of the Heart
Original: עַרְלֵי־לֵב
Category: Temple and Divine Presence

44:9. True covenant belonging is a matter of the heart, not merely external ritual — good bridge point to Romans 2:29’s circumcision-of-the-heart argument.

Cherubim

Approved rendering: الكروبيم
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: Localized and Universal Divine Presence
Original: כְּרוּבִים
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.1, 10, 28. No precise Islamic equivalent (malā’ika is the general angel category); introduce with brief explanation. Transliterate rather than paraphrase to preserve the specific technical class.

Living Creatures

Approved rendering: كائنات حية
Transliteration: chayot
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: حيوانات
Original: חַיּוֹת
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.1, 10. AVOID the older Van Dyck rendering حيوانات, which in contemporary Modern Standard Arabic reads primarily as ‘animals’ and risks unintended demeaning register for beings attending God’s throne.

Sign Act

Approved rendering: آية / علامة
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Prophetic Sign-Acts
Original: אוֹת
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.4, 12, 24. آية also denotes a Quranic verse; context must always make clear this refers to an enacted prophetic drama, not a scripture-citation.

Divination

Approved rendering: عرافة / كهانة
Transliteration: qesem
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: קֶסֶם
Category: Judgment and the Nations

21:21; Babylon’s king consults omens. Must be sharply distinguished from true prophecy (نبوءة) — explicitly a pagan practice contrasted with, not a variant of, authentic revelation.

High Places

Approved rendering: المرتفعات / الشوامخ
Transliteration: bamot
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.6. Elevated illicit cultic worship sites associated with syncretism.

Vengeance

Approved rendering: نقمة / انتقام
Transliteration: neqamah
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Original: נְקָמָה
Category: Judgment and the Nations

25:12-17; ch.35. Must be framed explicitly as God’s own righteous prerogative alone, never sanction for personal human vengeance.

Exile Captivity

Approved rendering: السبي / الجالية
Transliteration: golah
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: גּוֹלָה
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.12; names the entire book’s actual historical addressee community — the exiles.

Stick Symbolic Act

Approved rendering: عصا / عصي
Transliteration: etz / etzim
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Original: עֵץ / עֵצִים
Category: Restoration and Resurrection Hope

37:16-17; two sticks joined as a sign-act of national reunification, a companion image to the dry-bones vision — teach alongside it as a paired restoration image.

Peace False And True

Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Sin and Accountability

13:10,16: false prophets’ hollow ‘Peace, peace’ when there is no peace, contrasted with the true covenantal peace (baseline السلام). Context must clarify which sense is active in each occurrence.

Dry

Approved rendering: يابسة
Transliteration: yavesh
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:2,11; must retain full force of hopelessness and finality — do not soften to merely ‘old’ or ‘weathered.‘

Hope

Approved rendering: رجاء
Transliteration: tikvah
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:11; the exiled nation’s own self-assessment of covenant despair, directly reversed by God’s restoring act.

Cut Off

Approved rendering: قد انقطعنا / أُبِدنا
Transliteration: nigzarnu
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:11; exile experienced as covenant excommunication, total severance from identity and promise.

My People

Approved rendering: شعبي
Transliteration: ammi
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:12-13; reaffirms the covenant bond despite judgment — grace restoring what judgment broke.

Likeness Appearance

Approved rendering: شبه / منظر
Transliteration: demut / mar’eh
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God

Ch.1; cautious visionary language emphasizing something glimpsed and approximated, not fully comprehended — a genuine resource for dialogue with Islamic tanzih concerns, since Ezekiel does not claim to see God’s essence directly.

Throne

Approved rendering: عرش
Transliteration: kisse
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: كرسي

Ch.1, 10; God’s sovereign rule enthroned above creation. Avoid political/usurpation connotations of modern usage; established Arabic Bible term is عرش.

Mark Tav

Approved rendering: علامة
Transliteration: tav
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

9:4-6; protective mark on those who grieve the city’s sin — judgment is discriminating, not indiscriminate, reinforcing individual responsibility within corporate judgment. Note the paleo-Hebrew tav’s cross-like shape as historical curiosity only, not intentional doctrine.

Wheels

Approved rendering: العجلات / الدواليب
Transliteration: ophanim / galgal
Doctrine: Localized and Universal Divine Presence

Ch.1, 10; symbol of God’s mobile, unrestricted sovereignty, not bound to one geographic location.

Noah Daniel Job

Approved rendering: نوح، دانيال، أيوب
Transliteration: Noach, Dani’el, Iyov
Doctrine: Individual Responsibility for Sin

14:12-20; paradigmatic righteous individuals who could only save themselves, not their children — early anticipation of ch.18’s thesis. Note: this ‘Dani’el’ may be a legendary ancient sage distinct from the later biblical prophet Daniel — a text-critical footnote, not a translation risk.

Jealousy Image

Approved rendering: تمثال الغيرة
Transliteration: semel haqin’ah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness

8:3-5; a specific idol placed in God’s own temple, provoking his covenant jealousy.

The End

Approved rendering: النهاية / القضاء الأخير
Transliteration: ha-qetz
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

Ch.7; imminent covenant judgment announced as historically final, not merely rhetorical.

Whitewash Untempered Mortar

Approved rendering: طلاء رديء / كذب مموّه
Transliteration: tafel taphel
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of the Prophetic Word

Ch.13; metaphor for false prophets’ superficial reassurance masking real structural danger.

Sabbaths

Approved rendering: سبوتي
Transliteration: shabtotai
Doctrine: Divine Holiness and God’s Reputation

20:12,20; covenant sign distinguishing Israel from the nations.

Oholah Oholibah

Approved rendering: أهولة وأهوليبة
Transliteration: Oholah / Oholibah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Unfaithfulness

Ch.23; symbolic sisters representing Samaria and Jerusalem’s harlotry allegory; same content-sensitivity caution as ‘harlotry_covenant_unfaithfulness’.

Desire Of Your Eyes

Approved rendering: بهجة عينيك
Transliteration: machmad eineikha
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

24:16; Ezekiel’s wife’s death as a living sign-act paralleling Jerusalem’s devastation. Pastoral sensitivity note required for teaching contexts involving grief and suffering as prophetic sign.

Law Of The House

Approved rendering: ناموس البيت
Transliteration: torat habayit
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple
Rejected alternatives: شريعة البيت

43:12; comprehensive regulations governing worship in the restored temple. Reuse baseline ‘law’ caution — never الشريعة, even in this narrower cultic-regulation sense.

Healing Leaves

Approved rendering: للشفاء
Transliteration: litrufah / lemarpe
Doctrine: The River of Life and Healing of the Nations

47:12; leaves of the trees along the river of life are for healing — strong canonical connection to Revelation 22:2, flagged for cross-curriculum consistency.

Low Risk Terms

Prophecy

Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy

Reuse baseline ‘prophecy’ entry exactly. [inherited from Romans package]

Bones

Approved rendering: عظام
Transliteration: etzem / atzamot
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Original: עֶצֶם / עֲצָמוֹת
Category: Restoration and Resurrection Hope

Core passage’s central visual symbol (37:1-14), representing the totality of the exiled nation’s apparent death. Low independent lexical risk but high thematic load-bearing weight.

Exceedingly Great Army

Approved rendering: جيش عظيم جدًا جدًا
Transliteration: chayil gadol me’od me’od
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones
Original: חַיִל גָּדוֹל מְאֹד מְאֹד
Category: Restoration and Resurrection Hope

37:10; preserve the doubled Hebrew intensifier (‘very very’) for rhetorical emphasis — restoration is to purposeful, mobilized national life, not mere existence.

Lament

Approved rendering: مرثاة
Transliteration: qinah
Doctrine: Prophetic Lament Genre
Original: קִינָה
Category: Judgment and the Nations

Ch.19, 27, 32. Genre marker for poetic mourning; broadly compatible with the Arabic literary marthiya tradition.

Valley

Approved rendering: البقعة
Transliteration: biq’ah
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

37:1; established Van Dyck rendering for the vision’s setting.

Amber Glowing Metal

Approved rendering: نحاس لامع
Transliteration: chashmal
Doctrine: The Glory and Sovereignty of God

1:4,27; a deliberately indescribable, dazzling substance in the throne-vision; interpretive approximation, not literal equivalence.

Scroll

Approved rendering: درج / مخطوطة
Transliteration: megillah
Doctrine: Inspiration and Authority of the Prophetic Word

Ch.2-3; God’s word given in written, tangible form to be internalized before being spoken.

Parable Mashal

Approved rendering: مثل
Transliteration: mashal
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

Ch.15, 17, 19, 21, 24; establishes Ezekiel’s frequent use of extended prophetic allegory as a genre marker.

Riddle Chidah

Approved rendering: لغز
Transliteration: chidah
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Hope

17:2; paired with mashal to frame prophetic communication as requiring interpretive unpacking.

Sword

Approved rendering: سيف
Transliteration: cherev
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

Ch.21; personified as God’s own instrument of judgment.

Dross

Approved rendering: زغل / خبث المعدن
Transliteration: sig
Doctrine: Judgment on Jerusalem and the Nations

22:18-22; refining-fire imagery for purifying judgment.

Fugitive Escapee

Approved rendering: ناجٍ / هارب
Transliteration: palit
Doctrine: Restoration and the Valley of Dry Bones

33:21; historical hinge-point — a survivor’s news of Jerusalem’s fall shifts Ezekiel’s message from judgment to restoration.

Measuring Reed

Approved rendering: قصبة القياس
Transliteration: qeneh hamiddah
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple

Ch.40; symbol of divine precision and intentionality in restoring worship.

Terumah Offering

Approved rendering: تقدمة / فريضة
Transliteration: terumah
Doctrine: The Vision of the New Temple

Ch.45; the prince’s and priests’ holy contribution/offering portion within the restored temple’s economy.

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