Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Philippians (English → Arabic)
Legend
- Status: [TM-REUSE] = must match baseline Romans package exactly; [NEW] = new term proposed for this curriculum.
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low, per baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.jsondefinitions. - Doctrine: the curriculum doctrine this term primarily serves.
Christology / Incarnation Terms (Philippians 2 core passage)
| English gloss | Greek | Arabic | Transliteration | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Ch. refs | Collision / rationale notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| form of God | μορφὴ θεοῦ | صورة الله | ṣūrat Allāh | [NEW] | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (Kenosis) | 2:6 | صورة normally = visual image; Islamic tanzīh forbids depicting Allah. Must be taught as essential nature/mode of being, not a physical likeness. Established Van Dyck rendering; retain. |
| equality with God | ἴσα θεῷ | المساواة مع الله / معادلاً لله | al-musāwāh ma’a Allāh | [NEW] | Critical | Deity of Christ (baseline) | 2:6 | Direct, unqualified ontological equality claim — paradigm case of shirk from an Islamic standpoint; no softening permitted, per baseline forbidden-substitution precedent for son_of_god/lord. |
| a thing to be grasped/exploited | ἁρπαγμός | اختلاسا / أمرًا يُتمسّك به | ikhtilāsan | [NEW] | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (Kenosis) | 2:6 | Must not imply Christ merely appeared equal to God or lacked deity; he possessed it truly and declined to exploit it for advantage. Established Van Dyck rendering. |
| he emptied himself (kenosis) | ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν | أخلى نفسه | akhlā nafsahu | [NEW] | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (Kenosis) | 2:7 | Islamic tanzīh: Allah is unchangeable, cannot diminish/alter self. Teach as setting aside outward divine privilege/glory, not surrender of divine nature (avoid heterodox kenotic-heresy reading too). |
| form of a servant/slave | μορφὴν δούλου | صورة عبد | ṣūrat ‘abd | [NEW] | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (Kenosis) | 2:7 | Identical root (ع-ب-د) to the Quran’s “innī ‘abdu Allāh” (Q. 19:30), Jesus’s own permanent ontological identity in Islam. Must contrast: here, servanthood is voluntary and temporary, assumed by One who already possessed deity — not Christ’s eternal, created status. |
| likeness of men | ὁμοίωμα ἀνθρώπων | شبه الناس | shibh al-nās | [NEW] | Critical | Humanity of Christ (baseline) | 2:7 | Shares root ش-ب-ه with Quran’s “shubbiha lahum” (4:157, crucifixion-denial “made to appear”). Must affirm Christ’s humanity is real and full, not illusory appearance — inverse of Quranic usage. |
| found in fashion as a man | σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος | وجد في الهيئة كإنسان | wujida fī al-hay’ah ka-insān | [NEW] | High | Humanity of Christ (baseline) | 2:8 | Same appearance-language caution as ὁμοίωμα; teach as descriptive of a genuinely lived human mode of life, not mere semblance. |
| he humbled himself | ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτόν | اتّضع / وضع نفسه | ittaḍa’a | [NEW] | High | Unity and Humility in the Church | 2:8 | Christ’s active, voluntary self-humbling as God incarnate has no analogue in Islamic theology (Allah’s jalāl/majesty is never lowered) — surface the paradox deliberately, do not smooth it over. |
| obedient (unto death) | ὑπήκοος (μέχρι θανάτου) | طائعًا (حتى الموت) | ṭā’i’an | [NEW] | High | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (Kenosis) | 2:8 | Root overlap with “Islam” (submission) — clarify this is Christ’s obedience that secures salvation for others, not a human work earning standing (contrast with baseline “obedience_of_faith,” which is fruit in believers, not ground). |
| death of the cross / crucifixion | θάνατος σταυροῦ | موت الصليب | mawt aṣ-ṣalīb | [NEW] | Critical | (new) Crucifixion of Christ | 2:8; 3:10,18 | Quran 4:157 denies the crucifixion occurred. Requires the same apologetic historical scaffolding as baseline “resurrection_of_christ” before resurrection/exaltation language has a referent. |
| God highly exalted him | ὑπερύψωσεν | رفعه رفعة عالية جدًا | rafa’ahu rif’ah ‘āliyah jiddan | [NEW] | Critical | Lordship of Christ (baseline) | 2:9 | Must convey superlative exaltation as reward for a real death/resurrection accomplishing atonement — distinct from Islamic raf’ of ‘Isa (Q. 4:158), understood there as rescue from death, not resurrection-reward. |
| the name above every name | τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα | اسم فوق كل اسم | ism fawqa kull ism | [NEW] | Critical | Lordship of Christ / Deity of Christ (baseline) | 2:9 | Direct claim to the supreme divine name/authority; never soften to “a great/honored name.” |
| every knee shall bow | πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ | تجثو كل ركبة | tajthū kull rukbah | [NEW] | Critical | Lordship of Christ / Deity of Christ (baseline) | 2:10 | Quotes Isaiah 45:23 (originally of YHWH alone) and applies it to Jesus — universal worship-level homage, not mere respect. |
| every tongue confess | πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται | كل لسان يعترف | kull lisān ya’tarif | [NEW] | Critical | Universal Scope of the Gospel (baseline) | 2:11 | Parallels Romans 10:9’s public confession structure. |
| Jesus Christ is Lord | κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | يسوع المسيح هو الرب | Yasū’ al-Masīḥ huwa al-Rabb | [TM-REUSE: lord→الرب; jesus→يسوع; messiah→المسيح] | Critical | Lordship of Christ (baseline) | 2:11 | Must use identical definite construction هو الرب to match Romans 10:9’s mandated consistent rendering across the curriculum. |
| glory of God the Father | δόξα θεοῦ πατρός | مجد الله الآب | majd Allāh al-Āb | [TM-REUSE: glory→المجد; father→الآب] | High | (baseline: Sonship/Deity of Christ) | 2:11 | Confession of the Son’s lordship terminates in, not rivals, the Father’s glory — Trinitarian harmony, not shirk-style competition. |
Terms reused verbatim from the Baseline Romans Package [TM-REUSE]
| English gloss | Arabic | Risk | Doctrine | Ch. refs in Philippians |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | الإنجيل | High | Gospel | 1:5,7,12,16,27; 2:22; 4:3,15 |
| grace | النعمة | High | Grace | 1:2,7; 4:23 |
| faith | الإيمان | High | Faith / Righteousness by Faith vs. Law | 1:25,27; 2:17; 3:9 |
| righteousness | البر | Critical | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 1:11; 3:6,9 |
| imputed righteousness | البر المحسوب | Critical | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:9 |
| law (Mosaic) | الناموس | Critical | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:5,6,9 |
| salvation | الخلاص | Critical | Salvation | 1:19,28; 2:12 |
| lord | الرب | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:14; 2:11,19,24,29; 3:1,8,20; 4:1,2,4,5,10,23 |
| son of God | ابن الله | Critical | Sonship of Christ | (implied throughout 2:6-11; cf. baseline note) |
| incarnation | التجسد | Critical | Incarnation and Self-Emptying (Kenosis) | 2:6-8 |
| church | الكنيسة | Medium | Church as God’s People | 4:15 (implied assembly context) |
| fellowship | الشركة | Medium | Partnership in the Gospel | 1:5; 2:1; 3:10 |
| peace | السلام | Medium | Contentment / Peace with God | 4:7,9 |
| glory | المجد | High | Deity of Christ | 1:11; 2:11; 3:19,21; 4:19,20 |
| jesus | يسوع | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout |
| messiah / christ | المسيح | Critical | Messianic Promise | throughout |
| god | الله | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout |
| holy spirit | الروح القدس | Critical | Sanctification | 1:19; 2:1 |
| father | الآب | Critical | Adoption / Sonship of Christ | 1:2; 2:11; 4:20 |
| power of God | قوة الله | Medium | Power of God | 3:10,21 |
| calling | الدعوة | High | Effectual Calling / Pressing on Toward the Goal | 3:14 |
| election / God’s choice | اختيار الله | High | Effectual Calling | (background to 1:6, “he who began a good work in you”) |
| saints | القديسون | High | Sainthood | 1:1; 4:21,22 |
| spiritual gifts | المواهب الروحية | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | (background, not a primary Philippians term) |
| thanksgiving | الشكر | Low | Thanksgiving | 1:3; 4:6 |
New Terms Proposed for the Philippians Curriculum [NEW]
(To be added to translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json, following the same JSON schema as the baseline, before Phase 2 begins.)
| English gloss | Greek | Arabic | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Ch. refs | Rationale summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| joy / rejoice | χαρά / χαίρω | الفرح / يفرح | al-faraḥ / yafraḥ | Medium-High | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 1:4,18,25; 2:2,17-18,28-29; 3:1; 4:1,4,10 | Nearest Islamic analogue is ṣabr (patient endurance), not active joy; must anchor each occurrence to its gospel-grounded cause, avoiding both stoic endurance and fatalistic qadar readings. |
| love | ἀγάπη | المحبة | al-maḥabbah | Medium | Unity and Humility in the Church | 1:9; 2:1,2; 4:1 | Islamic Allah-love (al-Wadūd) classically conditioned on obedience; Pauline agapē here is unconditioned, self-giving, and the ground (not reward) of fellowship. |
| mind-set / to be minded | φρονέω / φρόνημα | الفكر / يفكر بنفس الفكر | al-fikr / yufakkir bi-nafs al-fikr | Low-Medium | Unity and Humility in the Church | 1:7; 2:2,5; 3:15,19; 4:2,10 | Low doctrinal collision; primary risk is cross-occurrence consistency — must render with one consistent Arabic expression-family throughout. |
| bishop / overseer | ἐπίσκοπος | أسقف | usquf | Medium | Church as God’s People (baseline) | 1:1 | Later diocesan-hierarchy connotations must not overwrite the NT sense of a single local congregation’s overseer. |
| deacon | διάκονος | شمّاس | shammās | Low | Church as God’s People (baseline) | 1:1 | Established, low-risk term. |
| partnership in the gospel | κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον | الشركة في الإنجيل | al-sharikah fī al-Injīl | Medium | Partnership in the Gospel | 1:5; 4:15 | Extends baseline “fellowship” to explicitly include material/financial support-giving, not only spiritual participation. |
| citizenship (heavenly) | πολίτευμα / πολιτεύεσθε | مواطنتنا في السماء / عيشوا سيرة تحق | muwāṭanatunā fī al-samā’ | High | Citizenship in Heaven | 1:27; 3:20 | Civic/political “citizenship” language carries real contemporary political sensitivity in Arab contexts (nationality, statelessness); teach strictly as contrast with earthly national identity, not commentary on any specific nationality question. Escalate jointly to human theologian + native-speaker review. |
| goal / press on / prize | σκοπός / διώκω / βραβεῖον | الهدف / يسعى نحو / الجعالة | al-hadaf / yas’ā naḥwa / al-ja’ālah | High | Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ | 3:12-14 | Isolated from context, risks reading as salvation-by-effort/mīzān; must be taught as post-justification sanctification pursuit, not an anxious striving for an uncertain verdict. |
| contentment / self-sufficiency | αὐτάρκεια | القناعة | al-qanā’ah | High | Contentment in All Circumstances | 4:11-12 | Strong positive cultural resonance with a prized Islamic/Arab virtue, but that same virtue is typically framed as self-mastery or submission to qadar; must always be paired with v.13’s Christ-sourced strengthening to avoid both Stoic self-sufficiency and fatalism. |
| the one who strengthens me | ὁ ἐνδυναμῶν με | الذي يقويني | alladhī yuqawwīnī | High | Contentment in All Circumstances | 4:13 | Read inseparably with αὐτάρκεια (4:11-12); not a stand-alone self-help maxim. |
| I have learned the secret | μεμύημαι | تعلّمت السر | ta’allamtu al-sirr | High | Contentment in All Circumstances | 4:12 | Resonates with Sufi sirr (esoteric knowledge reserved for spiritual initiates); must be taught as ordinary, universally accessible experiential wisdom through Christ, not elite gnosis. |
| circumcision | περιτομή | الختان | al-khitān | Medium | Righteousness by Faith versus the Law | 3:3,5 | Also a live Arab/Muslim cultural practice (sunna, not Qur’anic obligation); keep Paul’s argument anchored to Second-Temple Jewish covenant-identity context. |
| death of the cross / crucifixion | θάνατος σταυροῦ | موت الصليب | mawt aṣ-ṣalīb | Critical | (new) Crucifixion of Christ | 2:8; 3:10,18 | Requires apologetic historical scaffolding per Quran 4:157’s denial — same treatment as baseline “resurrection_of_christ.” |
| work out your salvation | κατεργάζεσθε (τὴν σωτηρίαν) | اعملوا لإتمام خلاصكم | a’malū li-itmām khalāṣikum | High | Salvation (baseline) / Sanctification | 2:12-13 | Must always be paired with “God works in you” (v.13) to prevent assimilation into deeds-weighing (mīzān) soteriology. |
| enemies of the cross | ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ | أعداء الصليب | a’dā’ aṣ-ṣalīb | Medium | (new) Crucifixion of Christ | 3:18 | Depends on the crucifixion scaffolding above. |
| virtue | ἀρετή | الفضيلة | al-faḍīlah | Low-Medium | (ethical formation, 4:8 list) | 4:8 | Rare classical-Greek loanword; positive resonance with Arabic Islamic philosophical-ethics tradition (Greek-to-Arabic translation movement); low collision risk. |
| pure (moral) | ἁγνός | طاهر | ṭāhir | Low-Medium | (ethical formation, 4:8 list) | 4:8 | Distinct from baseline’s caution on طاهر for “holy” (ἅγιος, relational set-apartness) — here the ritual/moral-purity sense of طاهر is contextually appropriate; do not conflate the two uses across documents. |
| acceptable sacrifice (of a gift) | θυσία εὐάρεστος | ذبيحة مقبولة ومرضية | dhabīḥah maqbūlah wa marḍiyyah | Medium | Partnership in the Gospel | 4:18 | Metaphorical application of sacrificial language to a financial gift; avoid conflation with literal Islamic qurbān/uḍḥiya ritual sacrifice. |
| poured out (as a libation) | σπένδομαι | مسكوبًا كسكيبة | maskūban ka-sakībah | Medium | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 2:17 | Sacrificial metaphor for costly ministry/possible martyrdom; not literal cultic offering. |
| struggle / conflict | ἀγών | الصراع / النزال | al-ṣirā’ / al-nizāl | Medium | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 1:30 | AVOID جهاد (jihād) entirely despite etymological fit — carries an unavoidable, heavily loaded contemporary Islamic military/religious connotation. |
| chains / bonds / prisoner | δεσμά / δέσμιος | القيود / السجين | al-quyūd / al-sajīn | Low-Medium | Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment | 1:7,13,14,17 | No major religious collision; theological weight carried by surrounding commentary (suffering reframed as gospel-advancing), not the word itself. |
| giving and receiving | δόσις καὶ λῆψις | العطاء والأخذ | al-‘aṭā’ wa al-akhdh | Low | Partnership in the Gospel | 4:15 | Names the Philippians’ concrete financial partnership with Paul’s ministry. |
Chapter Coverage Index (cross-reference to 07_semantic_analysis.md)
| Chapter | New terms contributed | Reused baseline terms present |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ἐπίσκοπος, διάκονος, δεσμά/δέσμιος, κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, φρονέω, ἀγών, πολιτεύεσθε | gospel, grace, faith, righteousness, saints, thanksgiving, fellowship |
| 2:1-11 (core) | ἀγάπη, χαρά, φρονέω, ταπεινοφροσύνη, μορφὴ θεοῦ, ἁρπαγμός, ἴσα θεῷ, ἐκένωσεν, μορφὴν δούλου, ὁμοίωμα ἀνθρώπων, σχῆμα, ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτόν, ὑπήκοος, θάνατος σταυροῦ, ὑπερύψωσεν, ὄνομα ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα, γόνυ κάμψῃ, ἐξομολογήσηται | lord, jesus, messiah, son of God, incarnation, god, glory, father |
| 2:12-30 | κατεργάζεσθε, φόβος καὶ τρόμος, ἄμωμος, σπένδομαι, θυσία/λειτουργία | salvation, holy spirit |
| 3 | περιτομή, σκύβαλα, ζημία/κέρδος, σκοπός/διώκω/βραβεῖον, τέλειος, σύμμορφος, πολίτευμα, ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ, κοιλία | righteousness, law, faith, imputed righteousness, calling, glory, power of God |
| 4 | αὐτάρκεια, ἐνδυναμῶν, ἀρετή (and 4:8 virtue list), θυσία εὐάρεστος, μεμύημαι, πλήρωμα, δόσις καὶ λῆψις | peace, glory, church, thanksgiving, father |
Every chapter of Philippians (1–4) is represented above with distinct load-bearing terms; no chapter is silently omitted.
Critical Risk Terms
Conformed To His Glorious Body
Approved rendering: مشابهًا لجسد مجده
Transliteration: mushābihan li-jasad majdihi
Doctrine: Future Bodily Resurrection and Glorification
Original: σύμμορφος τῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ
Category: Eschatology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: presupposes Christ’s own historical, bodily resurrection (3:21) as the pattern believers’ own future bodies will be conformed to. Requires the same crucifixion/resurrection apologetic scaffolding as ‘death_of_the_cross’ and baseline ‘resurrection.‘
Death Of The Cross
Approved rendering: موت الصليب
Transliteration: mawt aṣ-ṣalīb
Doctrine: Crucifixion of Christ
Original: θάνατος σταυροῦ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: Quran 4:157 denies Jesus was crucified at all. Requires the same apologetic historical scaffolding as the baseline resurrection_of_christ doctrine at every occurrence (2:8; 3:10; 3:18); without it, 2:8’s self-humbling and 3:21’s future bodily hope have no historical referent.
Equality With God
Approved rendering: المساواة مع الله
Transliteration: al-musāwāh ma’a Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: مثل الله, شبيهًا بالله
Original: ἴσα θεῷ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: the direct, unqualified ontological equality claim of Philippians 2:6 — the paradigm case of shirk from an Islamic standpoint. مثل الله (‘like God’) rejected as softening ontological equality into mere likeness; no softening is permitted, per baseline forbidden-substitution precedent for son_of_god/lord.
Every Knee Shall Bow
Approved rendering: تجثو كل ركبة
Transliteration: tajthū kull rukbah
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Quotes Isaiah 45:23 (originally of YHWH alone) and applies it to Jesus (2:10) — universal worship-level homage, not mere respect or rank-acknowledgment.
Every Tongue Confess
Approved rendering: كل لسان يعترف
Transliteration: kull lisān ya’tarif
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: كل لسان يقر
Original: πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Parallels Romans 10:9’s public confession structure (2:11). يقر (‘acknowledge/admit’) rejected as a weaker verb some dynamic-equivalence versions use, which can read as grudging concession rather than worship-confession; retain the stronger يعترف.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Paired risk with Son of God carries over. Philippians occurrences: 1:2; 2:11 (hymn’s climax, ‘to the glory of God the Father’); 4:20.
Form Of A Servant
Approved rendering: صورة عبد
Transliteration: ṣūrat ‘abd
Doctrine: Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: μορφὴν δούλου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: shares the identical root ع-ب-د with the Quran’s ‘innī ‘abdu Allāh’ (Q. 19:30), Jesus’s own permanent, ontological, creaturely identity in Islam. Must always be taught with the contrast: here servanthood is voluntary and temporary, assumed by One who already possessed deity (2:6) — the reverse of the Quranic Jesus’s eternal creaturely ‘ubūdiyyah.
Form Of God
Approved rendering: صورة الله
Transliteration: ṣūrat Allāh
Doctrine: Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Rejected alternatives: طبيعة الله, شبيهًا بالله
Original: μορφὴ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: established Van Dyck rendering (2:6), retained despite صورة’s everyday visual-image sense colliding with Islamic tanzīh’s prohibition on depicting Allah (taṣwīr). طبيعة الله rejected — it would lose the deliberate μορφή-parallel with ‘form of a servant’ (2:7). شبيهًا بالله (documented Muslim-idiom-paraphrase usage) explicitly rejected as diluting essential nature into mere resemblance. Must always be glossed as essential nature/mode of being, not a visual likeness.
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. No viable alternative exists; risk is entirely in content (Trinitarian vs. strictly unitarian conception), intensified in Philippians 2:6’s direct equality claim.
Harpagmos
Approved rendering: اختلاسا
Transliteration: ikhtilāsan
Doctrine: Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Rejected alternatives: فرصة يستغلها
Original: ἁρπαγμός
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Established, pre-Islamic Van Dyck rendering (2:6). فرصة يستغلها (NAV’s ‘an opportunity to exploit’) is theologically compatible but shifts emphasis from possession to use; not preferred where Critical-risk phrasing is being finalized. Must never imply Christ merely appeared equal to God or lacked deity.
Highly Exalted
Approved rendering: رفعه رفعة عالية جدًا
Transliteration: rafa’ahu rif’ah ‘āliyah jiddan
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: رفعه (بدون تكثيف)
Original: ὑπερύψωσεν
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Must convey superlative exaltation as reward for a real death and resurrection accomplishing atonement (2:9), distinct from the Islamic raf’ of ‘Isa (Q. 4:158), understood there as bodily rescue from death rather than resurrection-reward. A bare رفعه without intensification is rejected as insufficient.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must not be conflated with mainstream tafsir’s identification of the identical Quranic phrase with the created angel Jibril. Philippians occurrences: 1:19; 2:1.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Original: ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην / δικαιοσύνην … διὰ πίστεως
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must retain ‘credited/reckoned,’ never ‘earned.’ Governs Philippians 3:9’s righteousness-through-faith clause.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο / ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never الحلول (Sufi pantheistic indwelling) or الظهور (mere appearance, echoing Quran 4:157). Names the doctrinal event narrated in detail by Philippians 2:6-8’s kenosis vocabulary.
Jesus Christ Is Lord
Approved rendering: يسوع المسيح هو الرب
Transliteration: Yasū’ al-Masīḥ huwa al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: يسوع المسيح هو رب (indefinite construction)
NEW TERM (compound of TM-REUSE elements lord/jesus/messiah). Per the baseline cross-document consistency rule for Romans 10:9, this Philippians 2:11 occurrence must use the identical definite construction هو الرب, not the indefinite هو رب found in some Van Dyck printings, so the two confessions read as one consistent doctrinal statement across the curriculum.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never عيسى, the Quranic form. Used throughout Philippians, climactically in 2:10-11.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never substitute شريعة, which today denotes the total Islamic religious-legal system. Philippians occurrences: 3:5,6,9.
Likeness Of Men
Approved rendering: شبه الناس
Transliteration: shibh al-nās
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ظهور
Original: ὁμοίωμα ἀνθρώπων
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. CRITICAL: shares root ش-ب-ه with Quran 4:157’s ‘shubbiha lahum’ (crucifixion-denial ‘it was made to appear’). ظهور explicitly rejected as directly echoing that verse. Must be taught as real, full, lived humanity, not illusory appearance — the inverse of the Quranic usage.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Applying Allah’s own defining title to Jesus is the doctrinally exact and maximally confrontational claim required. Philippians 2:11’s climactic confession must use the identical construction mandated for Romans 10:9; see ‘jesus_christ_is_lord’ entry below.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Every occurrence must actively correct the pre-loaded Quranic ‘Isa al-Masih narrative. Philippians occurrences: 1:1, 2:11, 3:8-9, and throughout.
Name Above Every Name
Approved rendering: اسم فوق كل اسم
Transliteration: ism fawqa kull ism
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: اسم فوق كل اسم آخر
Original: τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομα
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never insert ‘other’ (اسم فوق كل اسم آخر) — this is the documented Jehovah’s Witnesses NWT-AR insertion used to subordinate Christ within a created hierarchy; it has no basis in the Greek. Direct claim to supreme, unrivaled divine authority (2:9); never soften to ‘a great/honored name.‘
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: طاعة الإيمان
Transliteration: ṭā’at al-īmān
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: الطاعة الشرعية
Inherited from Romans package. Must be taught as fruit, never ground, of right standing. Referenced by contrast in Philippians 2:8’s Christological ‘obedient_unto_death’ (see below) — Christ’s obedience secures salvation for others; believers’ obedience-of-faith is the responsive fruit, a distinction Philippians 2 makes vivid.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Quran 4:157 denies the crucifixion occurred at all, so this term requires apologetic scaffolding, not just correct vocabulary. Underlies Philippians 3:10 (power of his resurrection) and 3:21 (conformed to his glorious body); see ‘conformed_to_his_glorious_body’ and ‘death_of_the_cross’ below.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: must never collapse into the Quranic (2:177) works-checklist sense. Philippians 3:9’s ‘not having my own righteousness… but that through faith in Christ’ is Paul’s own concentrated restatement of this argument.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology has no assured salvation (mīzān deeds-weighing). Philippians 2:12’s ‘work out your own salvation’ must always be read with 2:13; see ‘work_out_salvation’ entry below.
Self Emptying Kenosis
Approved rendering: أخلى نفسه
Transliteration: akhlā nafsahu
Doctrine: Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Rejected alternatives: الكينوسيس (transliterated technical term)
Original: ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Established Van Dyck verbal rendering (2:7). Transliterating a Greek/English theological label (‘kenosis’) into general curriculum material rejected as opaque jargon; reserve for specialist theologian-facing footnotes only. Teach as setting aside outward privilege/glory, never as surrender of divine nature (avoid heterodox kenotic-heresy readings) nor as impossible per Islamic immutability objections.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Presupposed throughout the Philippians 2:6-11 hymn and its Father/Son confession (2:11), even though the exact phrase does not recur verbatim in Philippians.
High Risk Terms
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Direction runs opposite the Islamic da’wah (human invitation to Islam). Philippians 3:14’s ‘upward call’ (τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως) is a new directional qualifier on this baseline-fixed term; do not read spatially.
Citizenship In Heaven
Approved rendering: مواطنتنا في السماء
Transliteration: muwāṭanatunā fī al-samā’
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Rejected alternatives: سيرتنا (Van Dyck’s ‘our conduct’), مواطنة (bare noun, unqualified)
Original: πολίτευμα / πολιτεύεσθε
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM. Deliberate departure from Van Dyck’s سيرتنا, which under-delivers Paul’s civic/political metaphor (Philippi as a Roman colony). Bare مواطنة rejected as carrying unwanted contemporary political freight (nationality, statelessness, minority status) without the immediately relocating قualifier في السماء. Must always be taught as a heavenly-versus-earthly allegiance contrast, never as commentary on any specific nationality question. Escalated to joint theologian + native-speaker review.
Contentment
Approved rendering: القناعة
Transliteration: al-qanā’ah
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: αὐτάρκης / αὐτάρκεια
Category: Contentment
NEW TERM. HIGH RISK precisely because of positive resonance: القناعة is a highly celebrated Islamic/Arab virtue (cf. hadith ‘whoever is content is rich’), typically framed as self-mastery or submission to qadar. Must NEVER be presented apart from 4:13’s Christ-sourced strengthening; the pairing is mandatory, not optional.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: ὁ ἐναρξάμενος… ἐπιτελέσει
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must not collapse into folk qadar fatalism. Philippians 1:6’s confidence that ‘he who began a good work… will bring it to completion’ and 3:12,14 describe this same specific, purposive redemptive initiative.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust/reliance in Christ, not creedal assent (Islamic iman). Philippians occurrences: 1:25,27; 2:17; 3:9 (righteousness through faith in Christ).
Found In Human Form
Approved rendering: وجد في الهيئة كإنسان
Transliteration: wujida fī al-hay’ah ka-insān
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Original: σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Describes Christ’s outward, observably human mode of life (2:8); must be taught alongside ‘likeness_of_men’ as together affirming, not undermining, genuine humanity.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid light-based renderings evoking Sufi ishraq mysticism. Philippians occurrences: 1:11; 2:11; 3:19,21; 4:19,20. Contrasted deliberately with κενοδοξία (‘empty glory,’ 2:3).
Goal Prize Press On
Approved rendering: الهدف / يسعى نحو / الجعالة
Transliteration: al-hadaf / yas’ā naḥwa / al-ja’ālah
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Original: σκοπός / διώκω / βραβεῖον
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. HIGH RISK: disconnected from 3:12’s opening clause (‘not that I have already obtained this… but Christ Jesus has made me his own’), this pursuit-and-prize language risks a mīzān-style salvation-by-effort misreading. Must always be processed with its companion clause in the same or adjacent segment.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established term shared with Quranic usage; risk is the mainstream Islamic tahrif framing that today’s Injil is a corrupted successor to a lost original. Philippians occurrences: 1:5,7,12,16,27; 2:22; 4:3,15.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must always be qualified as unearned, apart from works. Philippians occurrences: 1:2,7; 4:23 (opening/closing greetings).
Humbled Himself
Approved rendering: اتّضع
Transliteration: ittaḍa’a
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: ἐταπείνωσεν ἑαυτόν
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Christ’s own active, voluntary self-humbling (2:8), the verb form of ταπεινοφροσύνη (2:3). No parallel exists in Islamic theology, where Allah’s majesty (jalāl) is never described as lowered; surface this paradox deliberately.
Joy
Approved rendering: الفرح
Transliteration: al-faraḥ
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Rejected alternatives: الصبر
Original: χαρά / χαίρω
Category: Suffering and Joy
NEW TERM. الصبر (ṣabr, patient endurance) explicitly rejected as a substitute or synonym-gloss: it is a virtue of forbearance, not active rejoicing. Every occurrence (1:4,18,25; 2:2,17-18,28-29; 3:1; 4:1,4,10) must be anchored to its stated cause (‘in the Lord,’ the gospel’s advance) to avoid collapsing into stoic endurance or fatalistic qadar acceptance.
Learned The Secret
Approved rendering: تعلّمت السر
Transliteration: ta’allamtu al-sirr
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: μεμύημαι
Category: Contentment
NEW TERM. السر resonates strongly with Sufi sirr, esoteric knowledge disclosed only to spiritual initiates within a hierarchical murshid-murid structure. Must be taught as ordinary, universally accessible experiential wisdom (4:12) available to every believer through Christ, the opposite of elite gnosis.
Obedient Unto Death
Approved rendering: طائعًا
Transliteration: ṭā’i’an
Doctrine: Incarnation and Self-Emptying of Christ (Kenosis)
Original: ὑπήκοος μέχρι θανάτου
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Root overlap with ‘Islam’ (submission). Must be taught as Christ’s obedience that secures salvation for others, not a human work earning righteousness — contrast explicitly with the baseline ‘obedience_of_faith,’ which is fruit in believers, never ground.
The One Who Strengthens Me
Approved rendering: الذي يقويني
Transliteration: alladhī yuqawwīnī
Doctrine: Contentment in All Circumstances
Original: ὁ ἐνδυναμῶν με
Category: Contentment
NEW TERM. The Christ-sourced ground of 4:11-12’s contentment (4:13); frequently quoted alone as a free-standing motivational maxim in popular culture — must always retain linkage to 4:11-12, never presented as a stand-alone slogan.
Work Out Salvation
Approved rendering: اعملوا لإتمام خلاصكم
Transliteration: a’malū li-itmām khalāṣikum
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: κατεργάζεσθε τὴν… σωτηρίαν
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM. HIGH RISK: read in isolation, this phrase (2:12) is easily assimilated into mīzān deeds-weighing soteriology. Must ALWAYS be processed in the same segment or immediately adjacent segment as 2:13 (‘for it is God who works in you’); never separate.
Medium Risk Terms
Acceptable Sacrifice Gift
Approved rendering: ذبيحة مقبولة ومرضية
Transliteration: dhabīḥah maqbūlah wa marḍiyyah
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: θυσία εὐάρεστος τῷ θεῷ
Category: Church
NEW TERM. The Philippians’ material gift to Paul described in cultic-sacrificial terms (4:18); must be glossed as metaphorical, not confused with literal Islamic qurbān/uḍḥiya ritual sacrifice.
Bishop Overseer
Approved rendering: أسقف
Transliteration: usquf
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: المشرف
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Established Eastern-church term; المشرف rejected as sounding like a generic secular job title rather than a church office. Must be taught as the shepherd of a single local congregation (Philippians 1:1), not the later regional diocesan office.
Blameless
Approved rendering: بلا لوم / بلا عيب
Transliteration: bilā lawm / bilā ‘ayb
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Originally sacrificial-animal terminology (2:15); must not be misread as sinless perfection.
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Original: ἐκκλησία / ἐπίσκοποι καὶ διάκονοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never الأمة (the pan-Islamic community term). Philippians occurrences: 1:1 (addressed with overseers/deacons), 4:15.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: الختان
Transliteration: al-khitān
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM. Also a live, positively regarded contemporary Arab/Muslim male religious-cultural practice (sunna, not Qur’anic obligation). Paul’s argument (3:3,5) must stay anchored to Second-Temple Jewish covenant-identity reliance, never read as commentary on the unrelated contemporary practice.
Enemies Of The Cross
Approved rendering: أعداء الصليب
Transliteration: a’dā’ aṣ-ṣalīb
Doctrine: Crucifixion of Christ
Original: ἐχθροὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Christology
NEW TERM. Those who live for earthly appetite/glory rather than the cross’s pattern of self-giving (3:18); depends on the crucifixion apologetic scaffolding established for ‘death_of_the_cross.‘
Fellowship
Approved rendering: الشركة
Transliteration: al-sharikah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: الزمالة, الجماعة
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Root-collision caution with shirk (ش-ر-ك) carries over. Philippians occurrences: 1:5; 2:1; 3:10. See ‘partnership_in_the_gospel’ below for the distinct financial-partnership compound this book also requires.
Love
Approved rendering: المحبة
Transliteration: al-maḥabbah
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Islamic al-Wadūd (Allah’s love) is classically conditioned on obedience (Q. 3:134); Pauline agapē in Philippians 1:9; 2:1-2 is unconditioned, self-giving, and the ground (not reward) of fellowship — the pattern of Christ’s self-emptying in 2:5-8.
Mature Complete
Approved rendering: بالغ (النضج الروحي)
Transliteration: bāligh (al-nuḍj al-rūḥī)
Doctrine: Pressing on toward the Goal in Christ
Rejected alternatives: كامل
Original: τέλειος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. كامل (‘perfect/complete’ in the absolute sense) rejected as producing an apparent contradiction with 3:12’s denial of having ‘already attained’ four verses earlier. Render as relative spiritual maturity, never sinless completion.
Mindset
Approved rendering: الفكر / يفكر بنفس الفكر
Transliteration: al-fikr / yufakkir bi-nafs al-fikr
Doctrine: Unity and Humility in the Church
Rejected alternatives: رأي, نظرة, موقف
Original: φρονέω / φρόνημα
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. φρονέω/φρόνημα recurs six times (1:7; 2:2,5; 3:15,19; 4:2,10) binding the letter’s unity theme; stylistic synonym variation is explicitly rejected because it would sever this thread. Use one fixed expression-family at every occurrence.
Partnership In The Gospel
Approved rendering: الشركة في الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-sharikah fī al-Injīl
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: الشركة (بدون تخصيص)
Original: κοινωνία εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Extends the baseline ‘fellowship’ entry to explicitly carry the tangible, financial dimension (1:5; 4:15-16), distinct from a bare الشركة which could ambiguously carry either the spiritual-participation sense (baseline) or this financial-partnership sense.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Relational/legal peace, not Sufi/Quranic ṭumāʼnīnah (heart-tranquility via dhikr). Philippians occurrences: 4:7,9.
Poured Out Libation
Approved rendering: مسكوبًا كسكيبة
Transliteration: maskūban ka-sakībah
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: σπένδομαι
Category: Suffering and Joy
NEW TERM. Sacrificial metaphor for Paul’s possible martyrdom (2:17); must be glossed as metaphorical, not confused with literal Islamic qurbān/uḍḥiya ritual sacrifice.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Broadly compatible with Al-Qawiyy. Philippians occurrences: 3:10 (power of his resurrection), 3:21 (power to subject all things).
Sacrificial Service
Approved rendering: الذبيحة / الخدمة
Transliteration: al-dhabīḥah / al-khidmah
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: θυσία / λειτουργία
Category: Suffering and Joy
NEW TERM. The Philippians’ faith pictured as priestly sacrifice and service (2:17), metaphorical; same caution as poured_out_libation.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never الأولياء (Sufi shrine-veneration overtones). Philippians occurrences: 1:1; 4:21,22.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: المواهب الروحية
Transliteration: al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: المواهب
Original: χαρίσματα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Background concept only in Philippians; not a primary term of this letter but retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Struggle Conflict
Approved rendering: الصراع / النزال
Transliteration: al-ṣirā’ / al-nizāl
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Rejected alternatives: جهاد
Original: ἀγών
Category: Suffering and Joy
NEW TERM. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: جهاد, despite etymological aptness for ἀγών (1:30), carries an unavoidable, heavily loaded contemporary Islamic military/religious connotation and must never be used.
Low Risk Terms
Chains Imprisonment
Approved rendering: القيود / السجين
Transliteration: al-quyūd / al-sajīn
Doctrine: Joy in Suffering and Imprisonment
Original: δεσμά / δέσμιος
Category: Suffering and Joy
NEW TERM. Paul’s literal Roman imprisonment (1:7,13-14,17), reframed as advancing the gospel. Theological weight carried by surrounding commentary, not the word itself.
Deacon
Approved rendering: شمّاس
Transliteration: shammās
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الخادم
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Established, low-risk term paired with ἐπίσκοπος in Philippians 1:1.
Fear And Trembling
Approved rendering: بخوف ورعدة
Transliteration: bi-khawf wa ra’dah
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: φόβος καὶ τρόμος
Category: Sanctification
NEW TERM. Reverent awe and seriousness (2:12), not servile terror; retain the stronger pairing rather than weakening to a generic ‘seriousness/respect.‘
Fullness Supply Need
Approved rendering: يسد كل احتياجكم
Transliteration: yasudd kull iḥtiyājikum
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν
Category: Church
NEW TERM. God’s promised provision (4:19) in response to the Philippians’ material partnership with Paul.
Giving And Receiving
Approved rendering: العطاء والأخذ
Transliteration: al-‘aṭā’ wa al-akhdh
Doctrine: Partnership in the Gospel
Original: δόσις καὶ λῆψις
Category: Church
NEW TERM. Commercial/accounting idiom (4:15) naming the Philippians’ unique, ongoing financial partnership with Paul’s ministry; frame explicitly as Paul’s own chosen metaphor for a genuine, high-value partnership, not a demeaning transactional reduction.
God Is Their Belly
Approved rendering: إلهه بطنه
Transliteration: ilāhuhu baṭnuhu
Doctrine: Citizenship in Heaven
Original: ὧν ὁ θεὸς ἡ κοιλία
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Vivid idiom (3:19) for those enslaved to bodily appetite rather than the heavenly citizenship of 3:20; low collision risk.
Loss And Gain
Approved rendering: خسارة / كسب
Transliteration: khasārah / kasb
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Original: ζημία / κέρδος
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. The ledger-reversal metaphor of Philippians 3:7-8: what Paul once counted as profit he now counts as loss compared to Christ.
Pure Moral
Approved rendering: طاهر
Transliteration: ṭāhir
Doctrine: Ethical Virtue and the Renewed Mind
Original: ἁγνός
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. ἁγνός (4:8), moral/ceremonial purity in this ethical virtue-list context, where طاهر is contextually appropriate — distinct from the baseline’s caution against طاهر for ἅγιος/‘holy’ (corporate, relational set-apartness). Do not conflate the two uses across documents.
Rubbish Loss
Approved rendering: نفاية / قمامة
Transliteration: nifāyah / qimāmah
Doctrine: Righteousness by Faith versus the Law
Rejected alternatives: خسارة (كترجمة وحيدة)
Original: σκύβαλα
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. Paul’s deliberately shocking devaluation of his former pedigree (3:8); a milder ‘loss’-only rendering is rejected as laundering the rhetorical crudeness Paul intends. Distinct from the separate, milder ζημία/κέρδος term below.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Broadly compatible with Islamic shukr. Philippians occurrences: 1:3; 4:6.
Virtue
Approved rendering: الفضيلة
Transliteration: al-faḍīlah
Doctrine: Ethical Virtue and the Renewed Mind
Original: ἀρετή
Category: Ethics
NEW TERM. ἀρετή (4:8), Paul’s only use of this classical Greek philosophical virtue-term. Positive, low-risk bridge with the Arabic Islamic philosophical-ethics tradition (al-Fārābī, Ibn Miskawayh) via the Greek-to-Arabic translation movement.
Referenced passages