Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Isaiah (Arabic Destination Language Package)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering every chapter of Isaiah 1–66 with primary depth on the core passage (Isaiah 53:1-12). Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json are marked REUSE and carry their baseline risk tier and rendering unchanged. New terms specific to Isaiah’s doctrinal content receive full risk assessment here for the first time and must be added to the project’s translation memory before Phase 2 processing begins.
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans TM) Occurring Throughout Isaiah
| Term (EN) | Arabic (Baseline) | Risk | Key Isaiah Passages | Note for Isaiah Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | الله | Critical | throughout | Isaiah’s insistent monotheistic polemic (chs. 44–46) is a genuine point of contact with Islamic tawhid; the doctrinal risk remains distinguishing the Trinitarian referent from strict Islamic unitarianism, per baseline note. |
| Lord | الرب | Critical | throughout; esp. 6:1, 45:23, 63:16 | Multiple Isaiah passages (45:23 “every knee shall bow,” applied to Christ in Phil 2:10) directly feed the deity_of_christ argument already anchored in the baseline “lord” entry. |
| Holy Spirit | الروح القدس | Critical | 11:2; 32:15; 40:13(?); 44:3; 61:1; 63:10-11 | Isaiah’s Spirit-anointing-of-the-Messiah texts (11:2; 61:1) are directly claimed by Jesus (Luke 4:18); reinforce baseline note distinguishing the divine Person from the Quran’s identification of “the holy spirit” with a created angel (Jibril). |
| Father | الآب | Critical | 63:16; 64:8 | Genuine OT anchor for filial divine address; teach as consonant with, not identical to, the NT’s fuller Father/Son Trinitarian revelation. |
| Messiah / Christ | المسيح | Critical | 7; 9; 11; 45:1 (Cyrus, non-technical use); 53; 61 | See glossary entry “Anointed one (general use)” below for the Cyrus disambiguation; reserve المسيح exclusively for the Messiah of promise. |
| Son of God | ابن الله | Critical | typologically anticipated (9:6 “Mighty God,” “Everlasting Father”); not the literal Hebrew phrase in Isaiah | Isaiah does not use this exact phrase, but 9:6’s divine titles for the promised child are the OT basis on which the NT title rests; teach the connection explicitly. |
| Incarnation | التجسد | Critical | 7:14; 9:6; 64:1 | Isaiah supplies the anticipatory texts (Immanuel, “rend the heavens and come down”) that the NT incarnation doctrine fulfills; never render with الحلول or الظهور per baseline forbidden-substitution rule. |
| Resurrection | القيامة | Critical | 25:8; 26:19; 53:10-11 | Isaiah supplies OT resurrection hope; still requires the same apologetic scaffolding as the baseline resurrection_of_christ doctrine regarding the historical crucifixion. |
| Salvation | الخلاص | Critical | 12:2-3; 25:9; 43:11; 45:21-22; 49:6; 52:7,10; 59:16-17; 60:16 | Isaiah’s exclusivist salvation claims (“besides me there is no savior,” 43:11) reinforce the baseline note on assured, once-for-all deliverance against a deeds-weighing (mizan) framework. |
| Righteousness | البر | Critical | 1:27; 5:7; 11:4-5; 32:17; 45:8, 24-25; 51:6-8; 53:11; 56:1; 58; 61:3, 10-11; 62:1-2 | Isaiah pairs righteousness with justice (mishpat) as a social-ethical standard as well as a forensic-salvation category (53:11); both senses must be taught without collapsing one into the other. |
| Justification | التبرير | Critical | 53:11 (“shall justify many”) | The single strongest OT lexical anchor (יַצְדִּיק) for this baseline Critical term; never render with التزكية. |
| Imputed Righteousness | البر المحسوب | Critical | 53:6 (guilt imputed to the Servant, the inverse movement); 53:11 | 53:6 supplies the “our guilt credited to him” half of the double imputation the NT completes; teach both movements together. |
| Faith | الإيمان | High | 7:9 (“if you are not firm in faith…”); 28:16 (“whoever believes will not be in haste”); 53:1 | 28:16 is quoted in Romans 9:33/10:11 — a direct OT-NT faith bridge; reinforce trust/reliance sense over Islamic creedal-assent sense. |
| Grace | النعمة | High | 55:1-3 (free invitation, “without money and without price”) | Strong OT anchor for grace apart from merit against the Islamic fadl/rahmah default. |
| Sin | الخطية | High | 1:18; 6:7; 53:5-6, 10-12; 59:2, 12 | Isaiah’s sin vocabulary (pesha’, avon, chet) is richer than the single Romans term; teach the nuance (rebellion / guilt / missing the mark) while reusing الخطية as the umbrella rendering. |
| Glory | المجد | High | 6:3; 40:5; 60:1-2; 66:18-19 | Isaiah’s glory-fills-the-earth vision (6:3) universalizes the term beyond Israel — reinforce baseline caution against light-mysticism (ishraq) readings. |
| Covenant | العهد | High | 54:10; 55:3; 59:21; 61:8 | ”Everlasting covenant” recurs; reuse العهد with أبدي modifier. |
| Israel | إسرائيل | High | throughout, esp. 40-66 | Contemporary political sensitivity around “Isra’il” requires the same deliberate pastoral framing flagged in the baseline, especially for 59:20/Romans 11:26. |
| David / Seed of David | داود / نسل داود | High/Medium | 7; 9:7; 11:1, 10; 16:5; 22:22; 55:3; 61 | Reuse exactly; Isaiah’s Davidic-covenant texts are the direct OT grounding for the baseline seed_of_david entry. |
| Law | الناموس | Critical | 2:3; 8:20; 42:4, 21; 51:4 | ”Out of Zion shall go the law” (2:3) — never render as الشريعة/الشرع per baseline forbidden-substitution rule. |
| Gentiles / Nations | الأمم | Medium | throughout, esp. 2; 42; 49; 56; 60; 66 | Central to the Salvation Extended to the Nations doctrine; never render as الكفار. |
| Election | اختيار الله | High | 41:8-9; 42:1; 44:1-2 | Reuse exactly; distinguish from folk qadar fatalism per baseline note. |
| Providence | العناية الإلهية | Medium | 46:9-11; 64:8 | Reuse exactly. |
| Intercession | الشفاعة | High | 53:12; 59:16 | 53:12 is the strongest OT root of Christ’s exclusive intercessory office; reinforce baseline note against the contested Islamic shafā’ah category. |
| Power of God | قوة الله | Medium | 40:26, 29; 63:12 | Reuse exactly. |
| Peace | السلام | High | 9:6; 26:3; 32:17; 48:22; 53:5; 57:19; 66:12 | Isaiah’s “chastisement of our peace” (53:5) directly grounds the baseline peace_with_god doctrine’s forensic basis. |
| Prophet / Prophecy | نبي / نبوءة | Low/High | throughout | Isaiah is himself the paradigm biblical prophet; reuse exactly. |
| Jesus | يسوع | Critical | not named; typologically present throughout | Every messianic/Servant reference in this book culminates in يسوع; never permit عيسى. |
Section B — New Isaiah-Specific Terms (require new translation-memory entries)
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Translit. | Arabic Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy One of Israel | קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל | qədôsh Yisrā’êl | قدوس إسرائيل | Critical | Holiness and Majesty of God | — | Shares root with Al-Quddus (Allah’s name); teach that this transcendent Holy One later became approachable in the incarnate Servant/Messiah, directly engaging tanzih assumptions. |
| Trisagion (“Holy, holy, holy”) | קָדוֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ | qādôsh qādôsh qādôsh | قدوس، قدوس، قدوس | Critical | Holiness and Majesty of God | — | Hebrew grammatical function is intensive superlative; teach traditional Trinitarian resonance as a legitimate secondary/typological reading, not a grammatical proof, to avoid overclaiming. |
| Seraphim | שְׂרָפִים | śərāfîm | السّرافيم | Medium | Holiness and Majesty of God | الأولياء (rejected — carries Sufi venerated-intercessor connotation) | Distinct throne-attendant beings, not intercessory saints. |
| Servant of the LORD | עֶבֶד יהוה | ’eved YHWH | عبد الرب | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | — | CRITICAL: direct collision with the pervasive Islamic devotional category ‘abd Allah (“servant of God”), applied to every human, prophet, and even Muhammad himself (“‘abduhu wa rasuluhu”). Isaiah’s Servant is a specific, unique, individual redemptive figure whose suffering atones for others — not a generic pious-submission designation shared by all believers. This distinction must be taught explicitly at every occurrence (42, 49, 50, 52-53). |
| Anointed one (general use, e.g. Cyrus) | מָשִׁיחַ (of Cyrus, 45:1) | māshîaḥ | ممسوح / الممسوح (never المسيح) | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Sovereignty over Nations | المسيح (explicitly rejected for this lower-register use) | Same Hebrew root as “Messiah” but denotes here a chosen instrument (a pagan king), not the promised divine Redeemer. Reserving المسيح exclusively for the true Messiah is essential to prevent doctrinal confusion. |
| Immanuel | עִמָּנוּ אֵל | ’immānû ‘êl | عِمّانوئيل | Critical | Coming Messiah / Incarnation | — | Directly touches the incarnation doctrine’s core collision with tanzih. |
| Virgin / young woman | עַלְמָה | ’almāh | العذراء | High | Coming Messiah / Incarnation | الفتاة، الشابة (rejected — lose the virgin-conception force carried by LXX parthenos and Matthew’s citation) | Genuine common ground with Quranic Maryam al-‘Adhrā’; pivot from shared virgin-birth affirmation to the diverging theological conclusion (incarnation vs. miraculous-prophet-birth). |
| Mighty God (title) | אֵל גִּבּוֹר | ’êl gibbôr | الإله القدير / إله جبار | Critical | Coming Messiah / Deity of Christ | إله عظيم فقط، حاكم شبيه بالله (rejected — softens the direct divine-name ascription) | Direct OT ascription of a divine title to the promised child, prior to and independent of the NT; paradigm collision comparable to “Lord” and “Son of God” in the baseline registry. |
| Everlasting Father (title) | אֲבִיעַד | ’ăvî’ad | أبو الأبدية | Critical | Coming Messiah / Sonship of Christ | — | Royal title for the Messiah’s own eternal, fatherly rule; must not be taught as identifying the Son with the first Person of the Trinity (avoid modalism). Flag for theologian review at every occurrence. |
| Wonderful Counselor | פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ | peleh yô’êṣ | المشير العجيب | High | Coming Messiah | — | Part of the Isaiah 9:6 throne-name cluster; teach together with the other titles, not in isolation. |
| Prince of Peace | שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם | sar-shālôm | رئيس السلام | Medium | Coming Messiah | — | Ties to baseline peace_with_god doctrine, now with a royal-messianic dimension. |
| Branch/Shoot (of Jesse / of the LORD) | נֵצֶר / חֹטֶר / צֶמַח | nêṣer / ḥōṭer / ṣemaḥ | غصن (من جذع يسّى) / نسل يسّى | High | Coming Messiah / Davidic Covenant | — | Consistent rendering required across chs. 4, 11, 53:2 for the same messianic trajectory. |
| Remnant | שְׁאָר / שְׁאָרִית | shə’ār / shə’ērît | البقيّة | High | Effectual Calling / Election | — | Quoted Romans 9:27; teach as sovereign preserving grace, not survivor’s merit; distinguish from folk qadar fatalism. |
| Justice (mishpat) | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpāṭ | العدل | Medium | Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice | — | Broadly compatible with Al-‘Adl (Allah’s attribute); distinguish Isaiah’s social-ethical-covenantal justice mandate from an abstract, impersonal cosmic-balance concept. |
| Redeemer / Redemption (go’el) | גֹּאֵל / גְּאֻלָּה | gō’êl / gə’ûlāh | الفادي / الفداء | Critical | Comfort and Restoration / Salvation | — | No equivalent kinsman-redeemer/substitutionary-ransom category in mainstream Islamic theology; reinforces the Quran 6:164 collision already flagged for “salvation” in the baseline. |
| Comfort | נָחַם | nāḥam | التعزية / يعزّي | Low-Medium | Comfort and Restoration | — | Broadly safe pastoral vocabulary. |
| Light to the Nations | אוֹר לַגּוֹיִם | ’ôr la-gôyim | نور للأمم | High | Salvation Extended to the Nations | — | Foundational for Simeon’s and Paul’s Christological/missional application (Luke 2:32; Acts 13:47). |
| Cornerstone / Stone of Stumbling | פִּנָּה יְקָרָה / אֶבֶן נֶגֶף | pinnāh yəqārāh / ‘even negef | حجر الزاوية الكريم / حجر عثرة | Critical | Coming Messiah / Deity of Christ | — | Same stone functions as salvation or judgment depending on faith-response (8:14; 28:16); quoted Rom 9:33, 1 Pet 2:6. |
| Day of the LORD | יוֹם יהוה | yôm YHWH | يوم الرب | High | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | — | Must be distinguished pastorally from the generic Islamic Yawm al-Qiyāmah, which lacks the Christ-centered redemptive-historical content Isaiah gives this Day. |
| New Heavens and New Earth | שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה | shāmayim ḥădāshîm wā-‘āreṣ ḥădāshāh | سماوات جديدة وأرض جديدة | Critical | The New Heavens and New Earth | — | Teach as cosmic, corporate renewal secured now, distinct from the Islamic Jannah-and-mizan framework of an individually earned post-mortem garden reward. |
| Idols | עֲצַבִּים / אֱלִילִים | ’ăṣabbîm / ‘ĕlîlîm | الأصنام / الأوثان | Medium | Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice | — | Genuine common ground with Islamic anti-shirk conviction; use deliberately while distinguishing Isaiah’s fuller (Trinitarian-compatible) monotheism from strict tawhid. |
| Zion | צִיּוֹן | Ṣiyyôn | صهيون | High | Judgment / Comfort and Restoration | — | Contemporary Arabic political usage (“الصهيونية”) requires deliberate pastoral framing to keep the theological referent primary. |
| Man of Sorrows | אִישׁ מַכְאֹבוֹת | ’îsh mak’ōvôt | رجل الأحزان | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | — | Establishes the historicity of Christ’s genuine suffering, the necessary precondition for the resurrection to have an event to refer to (per baseline resurrection_of_christ note). |
| Guilt Offering (asham) | אָשָׁם | ’āshām | ذبيحة الإثم / كبش الإثم | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Salvation | تضحية عامة (rejected — too generic, loses specific Levitical guilt-bearing sense) | The single most theologically load-bearing sacrificial term in Isaiah 53; direct collision point with Quran 6:164’s denial of substitutionary bearing. |
| Bore / Carried (substitutionary bearing) | נָשָׂא / סָבַל | nāśā’ / sāval | حَمَل / تحمّل | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | تعاطف مع، اقترب من (rejected — soften bearing into mere sympathy, destroying the substitutionary force) | Direct scriptural answer to Quran 6:164; must never be softened. |
| Wounds / Stripes | חַבּוּרָה | ḥabbûrāh | جراحه / جروحه / حبره | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | — | Primary referent is healing from sin’s guilt and power (cf. sanctification), not merely physical healing. |
| Lamb led to the slaughter | כַּשֶּׂה לַטֶּבַח | ka-śśeh la-ṭṭevaḥ | كالحمل يُساق إلى الذبح | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | ضحية عادية (rejected — loses sacrificial/Passover typology) | Direct typological root for “Lamb of God” (John 1:29); quoted Acts 8:32. |
| Cut off from the land of the living | נִגְזַר מֵאֶרֶץ חַיִּים | nigzar mē’ereṣ ḥayyîm | قُطع من أرض الأحياء | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Resurrection of Christ | — | States plainly that the Servant died — necessary historical anchor before resurrection has an event to refer to. |
| ”I am He” / self-existence formula | אֲנִי הוּא | ’ănî hû’ | أنا هو | Critical | Deity of Christ | — | Echoed in John 8:58; a strong OT root for the deity_of_christ doctrine. |
| I am the first and the last | אֲנִי רִאשׁוֹן וַאֲנִי אַחֲרוֹן | ’ănî ri’shôn wa-‘ănî ‘aḥărôn | أنا الأول والآخر | Critical | Deity of Christ | — | Directly echoed by the risen Christ in Revelation 1:8, 17; 22:13. |
| Every knee shall bow | כִּי־לִי תִּכְרַע כָּל־בֶּרֶךְ | kî-lî tikra’ kol-berek | كل ركبة تجثو | Critical | Deity of Christ | — | Quoted Philippians 2:10-11 of Christ; part of the cumulative deity-of-Christ case alongside “Lord” and “Son of God.” |
| Arm of the LORD | זְרוֹעַ יהוה | zərôa’ YHWH | ذراع الرب | High | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant | — | Pair explicitly with baseline قوة الله (power_of_god) in teaching notes. |
| Divine Warrior (winepress imagery) | פּוּרָה דָּרַכְתִּי לְבַדִּי | pûrāh dārakti lə-vaddî | دُست المعصرة وحدي | High | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | — | Echoed in Revelation 19:13-15 applied to Christ; avoid triumphalist misapplication to present-day conflict. |
| Day Star, son of Dawn | הֵילֵל בֶּן־שָׁחַר | hêlêl ben-shāḥar | كوكب الصبح / زهرة الصبح | Medium-High | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | — | Primarily a satirical taunt over a proud human king; the later Satan-fall identification is a secondary Christian tradition, not the text’s direct claim — flag both readings without overclaiming. |
| Shepherd | רֹעֶה | rō’eh | الراعي | Low-Medium | Comfort and Restoration | — | Generally positive, cross-culturally compatible bridge image; claimed by Jesus in John 10:11. |
| Potter and clay | יֹצֵר / חֹמֶר | yōṣêr / ḥōmer | الجابل (الفاخوري) والطين | Medium | Sovereignty of God over the Nations | — | Genuine bridge with Quranic creation-from-clay imagery (Quran 15:26); foreground Isaiah’s covenant-relationship context, not merely shared origin-imagery. |
| Vineyard (Israel) | כֶּרֶם | kerem | الكرم | Low-Medium | Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice | — | Reused 5:1-7 and 27:2-6. |
| Justify many (yatsdiq) | יַצְדִּיק | yaṣdîq | يُبرِّر (reuse التبرير) | Critical | Coming Messiah and Suffering Servant / Justification | — | Strongest single OT lexical bridge to the baseline “justification” doctrine; teach as forensic declaration, never self-purification (تزكية). |
| Bridegroom and Bride | חָתָן וְכַלָּה | ḥātān wə-kallāh | العريس والعروس | Medium | Comfort and Restoration | — | Echoed in NT church-as-bride imagery (Eph 5; Rev 19, 21). |
| A house of prayer for all peoples | בֵּית־תְּפִלָּה לְכָל־הָעַמִּים | bêt-təfillāh lə-kol-hā-‘ammîm | بيت صلاة لجميع الشعوب | High | Salvation Extended to the Nations | — | Quoted by Jesus (Mark 11:17); foundational for radical covenant inclusion of foreigners/eunuchs. |
| Sign | אוֹת | ’ôt | آية / علامة | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy | — | آية is also the Quranic term for a verse; prefer علامة where ambiguity would be unhelpful. |
| True fasting | צוֹם | ṣôm | صوم | Medium | Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice | — | Comparative-religious sensitivity given Ramadan practice; frame pastorally (ethics over ritual), not polemically. |
| Rend the heavens and come down | קָרַעְתָּ שָׁמַיִם יָרַדְתָּ | qāra’tā shāmayim yāradtā | يا لو مزّقت السماوات ونزلت | High | Incarnation | — | Anticipatory yearning fulfilled climactically, though not explicitly detailed, in Christ’s incarnation. |
| Yeshuah (salvation) / Yasu’ (Jesus) wordplay | יְשׁוּעָה | yəshû’āh | الخلاص (reuse) — flag etymological note to يسوع | Critical | Salvation | — | Shared root (ישע) between the abstract noun “salvation” and the personal name “Jesus”; surface this explicitly at 12:2’s first occurrence. |
Section C — Risk Summary (Isaiah-Specific New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms, Section B) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | Human theologian |
| High | 12 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 10 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium | 3 | Native speaker review |
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the Pre-flight Checklist in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md. All Section A terms are enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline Romans package; no deviation is permitted.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God / Deity of Christ
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah’s insistent monotheistic polemic (chs. 44-46, ‘I am God, and there is no other’) is genuine common ground with Islamic tawhid; the referent must be taught as Trinitarian, not strictly unitarian - the risk is theological content, not vocabulary.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ / Deity of the Coming Messiah
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 45:23 (‘every knee shall bow,’ quoted Phil 2:10-11) and 6:1’s throne vision directly feed the deity_of_christ/lordship_of_christ argument already anchored in the baseline; never soften.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Holy Spirit / Coming Messiah
Original: רוּחַ יהוה / רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah’s Spirit-anointing texts (11:2; 32:15; 44:3; 61:1, claimed by Jesus in Luke 4:18) reinforce the baseline distinction from mainstream tafsir’s identification of ‘the holy spirit’ with the created angel Jibril.
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family / Sonship of Christ
Original: אָב
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 63:16; 64:8 supply OT anchors for intimate filial address to God, consonant with but theologically distinct from the NT’s fuller Trinitarian Father/Son revelation - teach continuity without collapsing the two.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: (not named; Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ shares root with יְשׁוּעָה, ‘salvation’)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Never permit عيسى, the Quranic form. Isaiah 12:2’s يشوعاه (‘my salvation’) shares the exact Hebrew root as يسوع; surface this etymological bridge explicitly at first occurrence as an apologetic anchor.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Reserved exclusively for the Messiah of promise (Isaiah 7; 9; 11; 53; 61). Isaiah 45:1 uses the identical Hebrew root for Cyrus, a pagan king - that occurrence must NEVER be rendered المسيح; see new term ‘anointed_general_use’.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah does not use this literal Hebrew phrase, but the throne-titles of 9:6 (‘Mighty God,’ ‘Everlasting Father’) are the OT basis on which the NT title rests; teach the connection explicitly as typological anticipation, not the literal source text.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Original: עִמָּנוּ אֵל (7:14); קָרַעְתָּ שָׁמַיִם יָרַדְתָּ (64:1)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 7:14 (Immanuel) and 64:1 (‘rend the heavens and come down’) supply the book’s anticipatory incarnation texts. Never render with الحلول (Sufi pantheistic indwelling) or الظهور (mere appearance, echoing the Quran’s crucifixion-denial vocabulary).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 25:8; 26:19; 53:10-11 supply OT resurrection hope but still require the same apologetic scaffolding as the baseline: the historical crucifixion (denied by Quran 4:157) must be established before this hope has an event to refer to.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: יְשׁוּעָה / ישע
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah’s exclusivist claims (‘besides me there is no savior,’ 43:11) reinforce the baseline note against the deeds-weighing (mizan) framework; also carries the etymological link to يسوع surfaced at 12:2.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Original: צְדָקָה / צֶדֶק
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah pairs البر with mishpat (justice, 5:7; 32:17; 58) as a social-ethical standard as well as a forensic-salvation category (53:11); both senses must be taught without collapsing one into the other, continuing to guard against Quran 2:177’s works-checklist sense.
Justification
Approved rendering: التبرير
Transliteration: al-tabrīr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الحكم بالبراءة
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 53:11’s יַצְדִּיק (yatsdiq, ‘he will justify many’) is the single strongest OT lexical anchor for this term; never render as التزكية.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 2:3 (‘out of Zion shall go the law’), 8:20, 42:4,21, and 51:4 continue this usage; never substitute الشريعة/الشرع, per the baseline forbidden-substitution rule.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 53:6 (‘the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all’) supplies the reverse-direction half of this doctrine - our guilt credited to him; see new term ‘imputed_guilt’. Never render as earned righteousness.
Holy One Of Israel
Approved rendering: قدوس إسرائيل
Transliteration: qedosh Yisra’el
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Original: קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Holiness
Defining divine title (1:4; 5:19; 6; 41:14; 43:3; 54:5; 60:9) binding together God’s transcendent holiness and his covenant commitment to a specific people. Shares ق-د-س root with Al-Quddus (generally safe); teach that this transcendent Holy One later became approachable in the incarnate Servant/Messiah, directly engaging tanzih assumptions.
Trisagion
Approved rendering: قدوس، قدوس، قدوس
Transliteration: qadosh qadosh qadosh
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Original: קָדוֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Holiness
Isaiah 6:3, quoted Rev 4:8. The Hebrew grammatical function is an intensive superlative (‘utterly holy’), not an explicit doctrinal statement of three Persons. Teach traditional Trinitarian resonance as a legitimate secondary/typological reading only; never overclaim it as grammatical proof.
Atonement Kaphar
Approved rendering: كُفِّر عنه
Transliteration: kuffira ‘anhu
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God / Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: تكفير (بصيغته المطلقة)
Original: כָּפַר
Category: Holiness
Isaiah 6:7, root of Yom Kippur vocabulary; anticipates the guilt-offering (asham) vocabulary of 53:10. NEVER use the bare noun تكفير, which in contemporary Arabic denotes ‘takfir’ (declaring a fellow Muslim an unbeliever) - restrict strictly to this passive compound in narrow liturgical context.
Servant Of The Lord
Approved rendering: عبد الرب
Transliteration: ‘eved YHWH
Doctrine: Identity of the Servant of the LORD
Original: עֶבֶד יהוה
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: direct collision with the pervasive Islamic devotional category ‘abd Allah, applied to every human, prophet, and Muhammad himself. Isaiah’s Servant (chs. 42, 49, 50, 52-53) is a unique, individual, atoning redemptive figure - must be disambiguated explicitly at every occurrence, and distinguished from ch. 41’s corporate ‘Servant Israel’.
Servant Of The Lord Suffering
Approved rendering: عبد الرب المتألم
Transliteration: ‘abd al-Rabb al-muta’allim
Doctrine: Identity of the Servant of the LORD
Fixed technical study-material compound label for the individual Suffering Servant of the four Servant Songs, distinct from bare عبد الرب used in running text; use consistently in headings and doctrine-notes to keep the unique referent visible to readers.
Anointed General Use
Approved rendering: ممسوح الرب
Transliteration: mamsūh al-Rabb
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations / Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: المسيح
Original: מָשִׁיחַ (of Cyrus, 45:1)
Category: Christology
Isaiah 45:1, Cyrus the pagan king called God’s ‘anointed’ instrument. Same root (م-س-ح) as المسيح but NEVER render as المسيح - use ممسوح الرب or الذي مسحه الرب to prevent implying Cyrus is the divine, suffering, resurrected Redeemer of chs. 7, 9, 11, 53.
Immanuel
Approved rendering: عِمّانوئيل
Transliteration: ‘Immānū’īl
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation Anticipated
Original: עִמָּנוּ אֵל
Category: Christology
Isaiah 7:14, ‘God with us’ as a proper name functioning as theological statement (fulfilled Matt 1:23). Directly touches the incarnation doctrine’s core collision with tanzih, which holds God’s transcendence makes assuming a body unthinkable.
Mighty God Title
Approved rendering: الإله القدير
Transliteration: al-ilāh al-qadīr
Doctrine: Deity of the Coming Messiah
Rejected alternatives: إله عظيم فقط, حاكم شبيه بالله
Original: אֵל גִּבּוֹר
Category: Christology
Isaiah 9:6, direct ascription of a divine name-element (‘el gibbor) to the promised royal child - a paradigm shirk collision comparable to الرب/ابن الله in the baseline registry. Never soften to ‘a godlike ruler’ or ‘a divinely empowered man’.
Everlasting Father Title
Approved rendering: أبو الأبدية
Transliteration: abū al-abadiyyah
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation Anticipated
Original: אֲבִיעַד
Category: Christology
Isaiah 9:6 royal title expressing the Messiah’s own eternal, fatherly governance - NOT a claim that the Son is the first Person of the Trinity. Flag for theologian review at every occurrence to prevent a modalist misreading, in addition to the Father/Son shirk-sensitivity already flagged in the baseline.
Redeemer Go El
Approved rendering: الفادي
Transliteration: go’el / ge’ullah
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: منقذ, فدية (بمعناها الفقهي)
Original: גֹּאֵל / גְּאֻלָּה
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 54:5; 59:20; 63:9. No equivalent kinsman-redeemer/substitutionary-ransom category in mainstream Islamic theology, reinforcing the Quran 6:164 collision already flagged for ‘salvation’. Distinguish explicitly from Islamic فدية’s transactional legal-compensation sense.
Cornerstone Stumbling Stone
Approved rendering: حجر الزاوية الكريم / حجر عثرة
Transliteration: pinnat yiqrat musad / ‘even negef
Doctrine: Deity of the Coming Messiah
Original: פִּנַּת יִקְרַת מוּסָד (28:16) / אֶבֶן נֶגֶף (8:14)
Category: Christology
Isaiah 28:16 (cornerstone) and 8:14 (stumbling stone) - the same stone functions as salvation or judgment depending on the response of faith; quoted Rom 9:33, 1 Pet 2:6. Teach both texts together, not only the positive image.
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: سماوات جديدة وأرض جديدة
Transliteration: shamayim chadashim wa-‘arets chadashah
Doctrine: The New Heavens and New Earth
Original: שָׁמַיִם חֲדָשִׁים וָאָרֶץ חֲדָשָׁה
Category: Eschatology
Isaiah 65:17-25; 66:22, quoted 2 Pet 3:13; Rev 21:1. Must be taught as total, corporate, cosmic renewal already secured in Christ - structurally distinct from the Islamic Jannah/mizan framework of an individually-earned, pending post-mortem reward.
Man Of Sorrows
Approved rendering: رجل الأحزان
Transliteration: ‘ish mak’ovot vidua choli
Doctrine: Genuine Humanity and Historical Suffering of the Servant
Original: אִישׁ מַכְאֹבוֹת וִידוּעַ חֹלִי
Category: Christology
Isaiah 53:3, ‘a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.’ Establishes the historicity of Christ’s genuine suffering, directly confronting the Quranic denial (4:157) that Jesus suffered at all - the necessary precondition for resurrection to have an event to refer to.
Guilt Offering Asham
Approved rendering: ذبيحة الإثم
Transliteration: ‘asham
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: تضحية عامة
Original: אָשָׁם
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:10 (‘asham), one of the five Levitical sacrifice categories. The single most theologically load-bearing sacrificial term in the chapter; direct collision point with Quran 6:164’s denial of substitutionary atonement. Never generalize to تضحية.
Bore Carried Substitution
Approved rendering: حَمَل / تحمّل
Transliteration: nasa’ / saval
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: تعاطف مع, اقترب من
Original: נָשָׂא / סָבַל
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:4,11,12 (nasa’/saval). Direct scriptural answer to Quran 6:164 (‘no bearer of burdens shall bear another’s burden’); must never be softened to mere sympathy or nearness.
Wounds Stripes
Approved rendering: جراحه / حبره
Transliteration: chavburah
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Original: חַבּוּרָה
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:5 (ḥavurah). Primary referent is healing from sin’s guilt and power (cf. sanctification), not a health-and-wealth physical-healing reading; caution translators against the latter.
Lamb Led To Slaughter
Approved rendering: كالحمل يُساق إلى الذبح
Transliteration: ka-sseh la-ttevach yuval
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ضحية عادية
Original: כַּשֶּׂה לַטֶּבַח יוּבָל
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:7, quoted Acts 8:32. Direct typological root for ‘Lamb of God’ Christology (John 1:29); must retain full sacrificial/Passover force, not be generalized to ‘a victim’.
Cut Off From Land Of Living
Approved rendering: قُطع من أرض الأحياء
Transliteration: nigzar me’eretz chayyim
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ / Genuine Humanity of the Servant
Original: נִגְזַר מֵאֶרֶץ חַיִּים
Category: Christology
Isaiah 53:8, quoted Acts 8:32-33. States plainly and historically that the Servant died - the crucial factual anchor required before resurrection has anything to refer to, directly countering Quran 4:157.
Self Existence Ani Hu
Approved rendering: أنا هو
Transliteration: ‘ani hu’
Doctrine: Deity of the Coming Messiah
Original: אֲנִי הוּא
Category: Christology
Isaiah 41-48, repeated self-existence/exclusive-identity formula, echoed in John 8:58. Strong OT root for the deity_of_christ doctrine; directly relevant to the shirk-sensitivity already flagged for الرب/ابن الله.
First And Last
Approved rendering: أنا الأول والآخر
Transliteration: ‘ani rishon wa-‘ani ‘acharon
Doctrine: Deity of the Coming Messiah
Original: אֲנִי רִאשׁוֹן וַאֲנִי אַחֲרוֹן
Category: Christology
Isaiah 41:4; 44:6; 48:12, echoed by the risen Christ in Rev 1:8,17; 22:13 (‘Alpha and Omega’).
Every Knee Shall Bow
Approved rendering: كل ركبة تجثو
Transliteration: ki-li tikra’ kol-berek
Doctrine: Deity of the Coming Messiah
Original: כִּי־לִי תִּכְרַע כָּל־בֶּרֶךְ
Category: Christology
Isaiah 45:23, quoted Phil 2:10-11 and applied directly to Christ - Paul transfers an exclusive worship-claim of YHWH onto Jesus; teach alongside الرب/ابن الله as part of the same cumulative deity-of-Christ case.
Justify Many
Approved rendering: يُبرِّر
Transliteration: yatsdiq la-rabbim
Doctrine: Justification - Old Testament Root
Rejected alternatives: يُزكّي
Original: יַצְדִּיק לָרַבִּים
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:11’s yatsdiq, the single strongest OT lexical bridge to the baseline justification doctrine. Reuse baseline التبرير exactly; never render with tazkiyah-family vocabulary; teach as a one-time forensic declaration, never a self-purification process.
Imputed Guilt
Approved rendering: وضع عليه إثم جميعنا
Transliteration: hifgi’a bo ‘et ‘awon kullanu
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Original: הִפְגִּיעַ בּוֹ אֵת עֲוֹן כֻּלָּנוּ
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:6, ‘the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all.’ Supplies the reverse-direction half of the double imputation the NT completes with البر المحسوب (‘his righteousness credited to us’); teach both movements together.
Yeshuah Yasu Wordplay
Approved rendering: الخلاص (مع ملاحظة الجذر المشترك مع “يسوع”)
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: Salvation
Isaiah 12:2’s yeshu’ah shares the exact Hebrew root (ישע) as the name Yeshua/Yasū’; no equivalent Arabic root-pun exists - surface this explicitly as a footnote/teaching point at first occurrence rather than attempting to reproduce it in running text.
Swallow Up Death
Approved rendering: يُبطل الموت إلى الأبد
Transliteration: billa’ ha-mawet la-netsach
Doctrine: The New Heavens and New Earth / Resurrection
Original: בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת לָנֶצַח
Category: Eschatology
Isaiah 25:8, quoted 1 Cor 15:54 as the resurrection-victory hope fulfilled in Christ.
Exclusivity Of God
Approved rendering: ليس مخلّص غيري
Transliteration: ‘en moshia’ biladay
Doctrine: The Exclusivity of God and of Salvation
Original: וּמִבַּלְעָדַי אֵין מוֹשִׁיעַ / אֵין אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Isaiah 43:10-11; 44:6; 45:5,21-22. Genuine common ground with tawhid’s uniqueness claim, but the doctrinal risk is downstream: the NT transfers this exclusivity onto Christ as sole mediator, a move Islamic theology rejects. Teach the OT claim first, then its Christological application, without collapsing them prematurely.
No Form No Majesty
Approved rendering: لا صورة له ولا جمال
Transliteration: lo to’ar ve-lo hadar
Doctrine: Genuine Humanity and Historical Suffering of the Servant
Isaiah 52:14; 53:2, the Servant’s incarnate humility deliberately withholds outward glory - a direct counterpoint to the expectation that a true prophet/king of God display visible honor; teach as intentional self-emptying (kenosis), not failure or divine abandonment.
Poured Out Soul To Death
Approved rendering: سكب للموت نفسه
Transliteration: he’erah la-mmavet nafsho
Doctrine: Genuine Humanity and Historical Suffering of the Servant
Isaiah 53:12, emphasizes the Servant’s voluntary self-offering, countering any reading of the crucifixion as something merely done to a passive victim.
Delight Of The Lord Will
Approved rendering: مسرّة الرب / سُرَّ الرب
Transliteration: chafets YHWH
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Isaiah 53:10, places the Servant’s crushing within the Father’s own sovereign purpose. Must be taught alongside the father/son_of_god doctrine as a unified triune purpose the Son embraces (cf. John 10:17-18), not divine cruelty toward an unwilling victim.
Righteous One My Servant
Approved rendering: عبدي البار / الصدّيق عبدي
Transliteration: tsaddiq ‘avdi
Doctrine: Identity of the Servant of the LORD
Isaiah 53:11, combines the Servant title with an explicit declaration of his own sinlessness (contrast v.9) - he does not need justifying himself; he justifies others.
Offspring Prolong Days
Approved rendering: يرى نسلاً وتطول أيامه
Transliteration: yir’eh zera’ ya’arikh yamim
Doctrine: Old Testament Resurrection Hope
Isaiah 53:10, astonishing juxtaposition immediately after the Servant’s death; must be taught explicitly as anticipating resurrection, not merely metaphorical legacy through disciples.
Redeemer Will Come To Zion
Approved rendering: يأتي إلى صهيون فادٍ
Transliteration: u-va le-tziyon go’el
Doctrine: Israel’s Future and the Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Isaiah 59:20, quoted Romans 11:26. Teach within Paul’s redemptive-historical argument, explicitly guarding against contemporary political misreading of Zion/Israel.
Spirit Of The Lord Upon Me
Approved rendering: روح السيد الرب عليّ
Transliteration: ruach adonay YHWH ‘alay
Doctrine: Coming Messiah / Holy Spirit
Isaiah 61:1, directly quoted by Jesus in Luke 4:18-19 as his own Messianic self-identification and inaugural sermon text - one of the strongest single Christological self-claims rooted in Isaiah.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: אָמַן / הֶאֱמִין
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 7:9 and 28:16 (‘whoever believes will not be in haste,’ quoted Rom 9:33/10:11) reinforce the trust/reliance sense over Islamic creedal-assent iman; 53:1’s ‘who has believed our report’ also anchors this term.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: חֶסֶד / חִנָּם
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 55:1-3’s free invitation (‘without money and without price’) is a strong OT anchor for grace apart from merit against the Islamic fadl/rahmah default.
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: חֵטְא / עָוֹן / פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah’s three overlapping Hebrew terms (chet’, ‘awon, pesha’) collapse into this single Arabic umbrella; teach the nuance explicitly at 1:2 and 53:5-12. Isaiah’s universal indictment runs directly against fitrah doctrine.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 6:3 universalizes glory beyond Israel (‘the whole earth is full of his glory’); continue avoiding light-mysticism (ishraq) renderings.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Requires deliberate pastoral framing throughout Isaiah 40-66, especially 59:20 (quoted Rom 11:26), against contemporary political readings.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: בָּחַר
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 41:8-9; 42:1; 44:1-2 ground the Servant’s/Israel’s election; distinguish from folk qadar fatalism per baseline note.
Intercession
Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: יַפְגִּיעַ
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 53:12 and 59:16 are the strongest OT roots of Christ’s exclusive intercessory office, directly engaging the contested Islamic shafā’ah category (Muhammad’s ‘greater intercession’).
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 53:5 (‘the chastisement that brought us peace’) supplies the OT sacrificial grounding for this doctrine; 9:6’s ‘Prince of Peace’ gives it a royal-messianic dimension.
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah is himself the paradigm biblical prophet; pair with fuller Christological titles at messianic passages so ‘prophet’ is not read as Christ’s complete or final identity (khatam an-nabiyyin caution).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Reinforced by Isaiah’s Branch/Shoot imagery (4:2; 11:1,10; 53:2); see new term ‘branch_shoot_messianic’ for consistent cross-chapter rendering.
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification / Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 6’s throne-vision is the book’s foundational holiness text; shares root with Al-Quddus/al-Quds (generally safe), but content must be taught with full transcendent weight, not collapsed into a ritual-purity sense.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling / Election and the Remnant
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 49:1 (‘named/called from the womb’) extends this to the Servant’s pre-natal calling; direction of address (God summons, never human da’wah) must remain explicit.
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 6:8’s ‘Here am I; send me’ establishes the pattern of prophetic commissioning - God summons, the prophet responds, never the reverse (human da’wah) direction the baseline flags.
Virgin Young Woman
Approved rendering: العذراء
Transliteration: al-‘adhrā’
Doctrine: Messianic Promise / Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الفتاة, الشابة
Original: עַלְמָה
Category: Christology
Isaiah 7:14’s ‘almah. Genuine common ground with Quranic Maryam al-‘Adhrā’ (virgin conception affirmed by both traditions); pivot explicitly from the shared premise to the diverging theological conclusion (incarnation vs. miraculous-prophet-birth).
Wonderful Counselor Title
Approved rendering: المشير العجيب
Transliteration: al-mushīr al-‘ajīb
Doctrine: Coming Messiah
Original: פֶּלֶא יוֹעֵץ
Category: Christology
First of the Isaiah 9:6 throne-name cluster; teach together with the other titles as a single cumulative unit, not in isolation.
Branch Shoot Messianic
Approved rendering: غصن (من جذع يسّى)
Transliteration: ghusn (min jidh’ Yassā)
Doctrine: Coming Messiah / Davidic Covenant
Original: נֵצֶר / חֹטֶר / צֶמַח
Category: Christology
Consistent rendering required across Isaiah 4:2 (غصن الرب), 11:1,10 (غصن من جذع يسّى), and 53:2 (‘root out of dry ground’) for a single tracked messianic trajectory; must be taught as fulfilled exclusively in Jesus, not a generic righteous-ruler ideal.
Remnant
Approved rendering: البقيّة
Transliteration: she’ar / she’erit
Doctrine: Election and the Remnant
Original: שְׁאָר / שְׁאָרִית
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 10:20-22, quoted Romans 9:27. Teach as sovereign preserving grace, not survivor’s merit; distinguish from folk qadar fatalism.
Light To The Nations
Approved rendering: نور للأمم
Transliteration: ‘or la-goyim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: אוֹר לַגּוֹיִם
Category: Restoration
Isaiah 42:6; 49:6; foundational for Simeon’s (Luke 2:32) and Paul’s (Acts 13:47) Christological/missional application.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: يوم الرب
Transliteration: yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the LORD and Final Judgment
Original: יוֹם יהוה
Category: Sovereignty
Isaiah 2:12; 13:6,9; 34:8. Must be distinguished pastorally from the generic Islamic Yawm al-Qiyamah/Yawm al-Din, which lacks the Christ-centered redemptive-historical content Isaiah progressively attaches.
Zion
Approved rendering: صهيون
Transliteration: Tsiyyon
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice / Comfort and Restoration
Original: צִיּוֹן
Category: Judgment
Metonym for Jerusalem, the covenant people, and the future redeemed city. Contemporary Arabic political usage (الصهيونية) requires deliberate pastoral framing throughout, especially chs. 60-62 and 59:20, so the term is read theologically, not politically.
Arm Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ذراع الرب
Transliteration: zeroa’ YHWH
Doctrine: Suffering Servant / Power of God
Original: זְרוֹעַ יהוה
Category: God
Isaiah 51:9; 53:1, idiom for God’s active, effective saving power revealed paradoxically through the Servant’s suffering. Always pair with قوة الله in teaching notes; never present as a literal anthropomorphism.
Divine Warrior Winepress
Approved rendering: دُست المعصرة وحدي
Transliteration: purah darakti levaddi
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Original: פּוּרָה דָּרַכְתִּי לְבַדִּי
Category: Sovereignty
Isaiah 63:3, echoed Rev 19:13-15 of the returning Christ. Teach carefully alongside Revelation 19; avoid triumphalist misapplication to present-day political or military conflict in the region.
House Of Prayer For All Peoples
Approved rendering: بيت صلاة لجميع الشعوب
Transliteration: bet-tefillah le-khol ha-‘ammim
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Original: בֵּית־תְּפִלָּה לְכָל־הָעַמִּים
Category: Restoration
Isaiah 56:7, quoted Mark 11:17 of the Temple’s true purpose. Radical inclusion of foreigners and eunuchs excluded under the Law; teach explicitly as covenant-boundary-breaking inclusion.
Rend Heavens Come Down
Approved rendering: يا لو مزّقت السماوات ونزلت
Transliteration: lu’-qara’ta shamayim yaradta
Doctrine: Sonship and Incarnation Anticipated
Isaiah 64:1, a plea for God’s direct personal descent. Read by Christians as anticipatory of the Incarnation, though the text does not specify the mode of descent; teach as anticipatory yearning fulfilled climactically, not explicitly detailed, in Christ.
Despised And Rejected
Approved rendering: محتقر ومخذول من الناس
Transliteration: nivzeh va-chadal ishim
Doctrine: Genuine Humanity and Historical Suffering of the Servant
Isaiah 53:3, establishing real social rejection, not merely theological abstraction.
Gone Astray
Approved rendering: ضللنا
Transliteration: ta’inu
Doctrine: Universal Human Sinfulness
Isaiah 53:6, ‘all we like sheep have gone astray’ - universal indictment without exception; ties directly to universal_human_accountability, taught against the fitrah assumption of innate purity.
Numbered With Transgressors
Approved rendering: أُحصي مع أثمة
Transliteration: ve-hu’ ba-posh’im nimnah
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Isaiah 53:12, fulfilled literally in the Gospels (crucified between two criminals, Luke 23:32-33).
All Flesh Shall Worship
Approved rendering: يأتي كل بشر ليسجد أمامي
Transliteration: u-va khol basar le-hishtachavot le-fanay
Doctrine: Salvation Extended to the Nations
Isaiah 66:23, the book’s climactic vision of universal, eschatological worship - the fulfillment of the nations doctrine introduced at 2:2-3.
Transgression Rebellion Pesha
Approved rendering: معصية / عصيان
Transliteration: pesha’
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice
Isaiah 1:2, pesha’ - willful covenant-breaking rebellion, stronger than a mere mistake; use alongside الخطية as a covenant-rebellion-specific nuance.
Sprinkle Nations Ambiguity
Approved rendering: يُطهّر / يُبهت أممًا كثيرة
Transliteration: yazzeh goyim rabbim
Doctrine: Suffering Servant’s Substitutionary Atonement
Isaiah 52:15, genuine textual/lexical ambiguity (priestly cleansing vs. ‘astonish,’ reflected in LXX thaumasontai). Prefer the sacrificial-cleansing sense given 53:5-10’s sacrificial vocabulary, but note the alternate reading rather than suppressing it.
Medium Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah repeatedly specifies an ‘everlasting covenant’ (54:10; 55:3; 61:8) - always pair with the أبدي modifier; see new term ‘everlasting_covenant_modifier’.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah’s Davidic-covenant texts (7; 9:7; 11:1,10; 55:3) are the direct OT grounding for ‘seed_of_david’; the Quranic Dawud carries less forward-pointing covenant-king typology and this must be supplied explicitly.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Central to Isaiah’s Salvation Extended to the Nations doctrine (chs. 2, 42, 49, 56, 60, 66); never render as الكفار.
Providence
Approved rendering: العناية الإلهية
Transliteration: al-‘ināyah al-ilāhiyyah
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: עֵצָה / עַצְמָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 46:9-11 and the potter-and-clay imagery of 64:8 develop this doctrine; keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: כֹּחַ / זְרוֹעַ יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering). Isaiah 40:26,29 and 63:12 reinforce this; pair explicitly with the new term ‘arm_of_the_lord’ so readers see this is not a literal anthropomorphism.
Seraphim
Approved rendering: السّرافيم
Transliteration: serafim
Doctrine: Holiness and Majesty of God
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: שְׂרָפִים
Category: Holiness
Six-winged throne-attendant beings (6:2-3). No direct Islamic angelological equivalent by name; must not be rendered with vocabulary evoking الأولياء (Sufi venerated ‘friends of God/saints,’ an intercessory-shrine class) - seraphim are created, worship-only throne attendants.
Prince Of Peace Title
Approved rendering: رئيس السلام
Transliteration: ra’īs al-salām
Doctrine: Coming Messiah / Peace with God
Original: שַׂר־שָׁלוֹם
Category: Christology
Isaiah 9:6; ties forward to the baseline peace_with_god doctrine with a royal-messianic dimension.
Justice Mishpat
Approved rendering: العدل
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Judgment
Isaiah 5:7’s justice/righteousness word-pair; broadly compatible with Al-‘Adl (Allah’s attribute) but must retain Isaiah’s social-ethical, covenant-grounded sense rather than an abstract cosmic-balance concept. The ironic negative sense at 53:8 (unjust trial) must not be confused with the positive sense elsewhere.
Comfort
Approved rendering: التعزية
Transliteration: nacham
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration
Original: נָחַם
Category: Restoration
Isaiah 40:1 (‘Comfort, comfort my people’) opens the ‘Book of Consolation’; broadly safe pastoral vocabulary, pairs naturally with the shared virtue of sabr (patience) as a teaching bridge.
Idols
Approved rendering: الأصنام / الأوثان
Transliteration: ‘atsabbim / ‘elilim
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice
Original: עֲצַבִּים / אֱלִילִים
Category: Judgment
Isaiah 44:9-20’s extended satire; genuine common ground with Islamic anti-shirk conviction - use deliberately while distinguishing Isaiah’s Trinitarian-compatible monotheism, grounded in covenant redemption, from strict tawhid’s abstract unitarian argument.
Potter And Clay
Approved rendering: الجابل والطين
Transliteration: yotser / chomer
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Original: יֹצֵר / חֹמֶר
Category: Sovereignty
Isaiah 64:8, creaturely dependence on the sovereign Creator. Genuine bridge with Quranic creation-from-clay imagery (Quran 15:26); foreground Isaiah’s covenant-relationship context, not merely shared origin-imagery.
Bridegroom And Bride
Approved rendering: العريس والعروس
Transliteration: chatan we-khallah
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration
Original: חָתָן וְכַלָּה
Category: Restoration
Isaiah 62:5, marital-covenant intimacy imagery; later echoed in the NT’s church-as-bride imagery (Eph 5; Rev 19, 21).
Sign Ot
Approved rendering: علامة
Transliteration: ‘ot
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy and Confirming Signs
Rejected alternatives: آية (تُفضَّل عليها علامة عند وجود لبس)
Original: אוֹת
Category: Covenant
Isaiah 7:11,14; 38:7-8. آية is also the technical term for a Quranic verse; prefer علامة where that association would create unhelpful ambiguity.
True Fasting
Approved rendering: صوم
Transliteration: tsom
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: צוֹם
Category: Judgment
Isaiah 58:3-7, subordinates ritual fasting to ethical obedience. Comparative-religious sensitivity given Ramadan practice; frame pastorally as ethics-over-ritual within Israel’s own covenant, never as polemic against a specific present-day practice.
Leviathan
Approved rendering: لوياثان
Transliteration: livyatan
Doctrine: Cosmic and Historical Judgment Imagery
Rejected alternatives: تنين (بمفرده دون تعريب)
Isaiah 27:1, mythic sea-monster/dragon subdued by YHWH, echoed in Rev 12-13. Transliterate with gloss (الوحش البحري الأسطوري) rather than translating as bare تنين, which loses the specific mythic-chaos-combat register.
Voice Crying Wilderness
Approved rendering: صوت صارخ في البرية
Transliteration: qol qore’ ba-midbar
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Isaiah 40:3, quoted of John the Baptist (Matt 3:3) as the Messiah’s forerunner.
Everlasting Covenant Modifier
Approved rendering: عهد أبدي
Transliteration: berit ‘olam
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration / Davidic Covenant
Isaiah 54:10; 55:3; 61:8. Always pair العهد with this أبدي modifier where the Hebrew specifies ‘everlasting’; do not drop the modifier for brevity.
Holy Way
Approved rendering: طريق القدس
Transliteration: derekh ha-qodesh
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration / Sanctification
Isaiah 35:8-9, a purified, dedicated road exclusively for the redeemed - restoration doctrine’s roadway image, reusing baseline holy/sanctification vocabulary.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Inherited from Romans package (exact rendering); reused throughout Isaiah’s predictive-messianic material.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Day Star Son Of Dawn
Approved rendering: كوكب الصبح
Transliteration: heilel ben-shachar
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations / Cosmic Judgment Imagery
Original: הֵילֵל בֶּן־שָׁחַר
Category: Sovereignty
Isaiah 14:12, primarily a satirical taunt-dirge over the fallen pride of the king of Babylon; the later Christian tradition’s identification with Satan’s fall (via Latin lucifer) is a secondary theological extrapolation, not the text’s direct claim - note both readings without overclaiming the latter.
Sheol
Approved rendering: الهاوية
Transliteration: she’ol
Doctrine: The New Heavens and New Earth / Resurrection Hope
Rejected alternatives: الجحيم
Isaiah 14:9-11; 38:18, the OT’s shadowy pre-judgment realm of the dead. NEVER render as الجحيم, which in Quranic usage is specifically post-judgment hellfire - a different eschatological referent entirely; use the established Van Dyck term الهاوية exclusively.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Shepherd
Approved rendering: الراعي
Transliteration: ro’eh
Doctrine: Comfort and Restoration
Original: רֹעֶה
Category: Restoration
Isaiah 40:11, pastoral care imagery for God, later claimed by Jesus (John 10:11). Generally positive, cross-culturally compatible bridge image.
Vineyard
Approved rendering: الكَرْم
Transliteration: kerem
Doctrine: Judgment on Idolatry and Injustice
Original: כֶּרֶם
Category: Judgment
Isaiah 5:1-7; 27:2-6, Israel as God’s cultivated, cared-for people. Homograph risk in unvocalized script with الكَرَم (‘generosity/nobility’) - supply vocalization or a disambiguating gloss at first occurrence per chapter.
Rahab Sea Monster
Approved rendering: راهاب (الوحش البحري)
Transliteration: rahav
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over the Nations
Isaiah 51:9, a mythic sea-monster name distinct from the biblical woman Rahab (Joshua 2). Transliterate with a disambiguating footnote to prevent conflation in Arabic script.
Referenced passages