Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Luke 1–24 (English → Arabic)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire book of Luke. Terms marked [REUSE] are carried over from the baseline Romans translation_memory.json exactly as recorded — no deviation permitted. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed additions specific to the Luke curriculum, risk-scored on the same Critical/High/Medium/Low scale as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json, and should be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 1 Step 8 (Core Glossary) processing.
A. Reused Terms from the Romans Baseline (Unchanged)
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Key Luke Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | الله | Allāh | Critical | all | [REUSE] |
| Jesus | يسوع | Yasū’ | Critical | all | [REUSE] — never عيسى |
| Lord | الرب | al-Rabb | Critical | 1, 2, 4, 19, 20, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Son of God | ابن الله | Ibn Allāh | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 8, 22 | [REUSE] |
| Messiah/Christ | المسيح | al-Masīḥ | Critical | 2, 3, 4, 9, 20, 22-24 | [REUSE] |
| Holy Spirit | الروح القدس | al-Rūḥ al-Qudus | Critical | 1-4, 9-12, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Father (of God) | الآب | al-Āb | Critical | 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 15, 22, 23 | [REUSE] |
| Incarnation | التجسد | al-tajassud | Critical | 1, 2 | [REUSE] |
| Resurrection | القيامة | al-qiyāmah | Critical | 7 (contrast), 9, 20, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Salvation | الخلاص | al-khalāṣ | Critical | 1, 2, 7, 17-19, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Justification | التبرير | al-tabrīr | Critical | 18 | [REUSE] — direct Pharisee/tax collector parallel |
| Adoption | التبني | al-tabannī | Critical | (background to 11 Lord’s Prayer, 15 father/son) | [REUSE] |
| Imputed righteousness | البر المحسوب | al-birr al-mahsūb | Critical | (background to 18) | [REUSE] |
| Righteousness | البر | al-birr | Critical | 18, 23 | [REUSE] |
| Grace | النعمة | al-ni’mah | High | 1 (Mary “full of grace”), 2, 4 | [REUSE] |
| Faith | الإيمان | al-īmān | High | 5, 7, 8, 17, 18 | [REUSE] |
| Gospel (noun) | الإنجيل | al-Injīl | High | (background to 4:18 verb) | [REUSE] |
| Apostle | الرسول | al-rasūl | High | 6, 9-10 (Twelve/Seventy), 24 | [REUSE] |
| Called/Calling | المدعوون / الدعوة | al-mad’uwwūn / al-da’wah | High | 5 (calling of disciples), 14 (banquet) | [REUSE] |
| Holy | مقدس | muqaddas | High/Medium | throughout | [REUSE] |
| Saints | القديسون | al-qiddīsūn | Medium | (minimal direct Lukan usage) | [REUSE] |
| Sanctification | التقديس | al-taqdīs | High | (background to 3, ch.5 baptism) | [REUSE] |
| Glory | المجد | al-majd | High | 2, 9, 21 | [REUSE] |
| Peace | السلام | al-salām | Medium | 1, 2, 7, 8, 19 | [REUSE] |
| Prophet | نبي | nabī | High | 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 16, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Prophecy | نبوءة | nubū’ah | Low | 1, 4, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Covenant | العهد | al-‘ahd | Medium | 1, 16, 22 | [REUSE] |
| Law (Mosaic) | الناموس | al-nāmūs | Critical | 2, 5, 16, 24 | [REUSE] — never الشريعة |
| Sin | الخطية | al-khaṭīyah | High | 3, 5, 7, 15, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Gentiles/Nations | الأمم | al-umam | Medium | 2, 21, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Kingdom of God | ملكوت الله | malakūt Allāh | Medium | 4, 6, 8-19 (recurring), 21-23 | [REUSE] |
| Power of God | قوة الله | quwwat Allāh | Medium | 1, 4, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Seed of David | نسل داود | nasl Dāwūd | High | 1, 20 | [REUSE] |
| David | داود | Dāwūd | Medium | 1, 2, 20 | [REUSE] |
| Israel | إسرائيل | Isrā’īl | High | 1, 2 | [REUSE] |
| Election | اختيار الله | ikhtiyār Allāh | High | (background, minimal explicit use) | [REUSE] |
| Intercession | الشفاعة | al-shafā’ah | High | (background to 11, 22 prayer) | [REUSE] |
| Providence | العناية الإلهية | al-‘ināyah al-ilāhiyyah | Medium | 12 (sparrows), 22 | [REUSE] |
| Mission | الإرسالية | al-irsāliyyah | Medium | 9-10, 24 | [REUSE] |
| Church | الكنيسة | al-kanīsah | Medium | (post-ascension, minimal direct Lukan use) | [REUSE] |
| Abba | أبّا | Abbā | High | (conceptual background to 11, 22) | [REUSE] |
| Spiritual gifts | المواهب الروحية | al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah | Medium | (background, minimal direct Lukan use) | [REUSE] |
| Thanksgiving | الشكر | al-shukr | Low | 17 (grateful Samaritan), 22 | [REUSE] |
| Fellowship | الشركة | al-sharikah | Medium | (conceptual background to table-fellowship scenes) | [REUSE] |
| Exhort | يشجع / يعظ | yushajji’ / ya’iẓ | Low | throughout teaching sections | [REUSE] |
| Obedience of faith | طاعة الإيمان | ṭā’at al-īmān | Critical | (conceptual background to 3, 5, 7 fruit-of-repentance) | [REUSE] |
B. New Terms Proposed for the Luke Curriculum
B.1 Christology & the Person of Christ
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savior (title) | المخلّص | al-mukhalliṣ | Critical | 2 | — | Personal savior-title claim; no Islamic equivalent mediating category. |
| Son of Man | ابن الإنسان | Ibn al-Insān | High | 5, 21, 24 | — | Must always pair with higher titles; risks reduction to prophet-only Christology if isolated. |
| Most High (title, applied to God/Christ) | العلي | al-‘Aliyy | High | 1, 24 | — | One of the 99 Names of Allah; compounds the Son-of-God collision when paired with “Son of the Most High.” |
| Cross | الصليب | aṣ-ṣalīb | Critical | 9, 14, 23 | — | Same crucifixion-denial issue as القيامة (baseline); also historically loaded (aṣ-ṣalībiyyūn, Crusades). |
| Ascension | الصعود | aṣ-ṣu’ūd | Critical | 24 | — | Must never sound like Qur’an 4:158’s “raised instead of dying”; teach full sequence: death → resurrection → ascension. |
| Righteous/Innocent (adj., of Christ) | بريء / صدّيق | barī’ / ṣiddīq | Medium-High | 23 | — | Ambiguous legal/moral sense at centurion’s confession; choose deliberately and flag. |
B.2 Salvation, Repentance & Forgiveness (D4)
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repentance | التوبة | at-tawbah | Critical | 3, 5, 13, 15, 24 | — | Central Islamic category (tawbah + deeds restores standing); teach as Spirit-enabled turning that receives forgiveness secured at the cross, never a meritorious cause. |
| Forgiveness/Release (of sin) | المغفرة / الغفران | al-maghfirah / al-ghufrān | High | 3, 5, 7, 17, 24 | — | Al-Ghafūr/al-Ghaffār are Names of Allah; Qur’anic ghufrān is deeds-weighed and sovereign-discretionary, not substitution-grounded. |
| Release (of captives) | الإفراج / العتق | al-ifrāj / al-‘itq | High | 4 (core passage) | — | Preserve the deliberate ἄφεσις wordplay linking this to sin-forgiveness in the same pericope. |
| Baptism | المعمودية | al-ma’mūdiyyah | High | 3 | — | Distinguish from wuḍū’/ghusl ritual purification. |
| Redemption | الفداء | al-fidā’ | High | 2, 21, 22 | — | Distinguish from Islamic fidyah (legal ransom payment); this is atonement-grounded. |
| Paradise (immediate post-death state) | الفردوس | al-firdaws | Critical | 23 | — | Highest tier of Islamic Paradise, deeds-attained; here granted by dying trust alone — a maximal doctrinal contrast point. |
| Hades (intermediate state) | الهاوية | al-hāwiyah | High | 16 | — | Also a named level of Qur’anic Hellfire; teach as intermediate, not final, state. |
B.3 Poor, Marginalized & Table Fellowship (D3, D8)
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor | المساكين | al-masākīn | High | 4 (core), 6, 7, 14, 16 | — | Overlaps Qur’anic zakāt-eligibility category; must not be reduced to a charitable-transaction class. |
| Rich | الغني | al-ghanī | Medium | 12, 16, 18 | — | Sustained contrast term to المساكين. |
| Tax collector | العشّار | al-‘ashshār | Medium | 5, 18-19 | — | Social-contempt connotation must be retained for the doctrine to land. |
| Sinner(s) | الخاطئ / الخطاة | al-khāṭi’ / al-khuṭāh | Medium | 5, 7, 15 | — | Shares root with [REUSE] الخطية. |
| Leper | الأبرص | al-abraṣ | Medium | 5, 17 | — | Ritual/social exclusion category. |
| Neighbor | القريب | al-qarīb | Medium | 10 | — | Doctrinal payload is the radical redefinition, not the word itself. |
| Samaritan | السامري | as-Sāmirī | High | 9, 10, 17 | — | Qur’anic collision: as-Sāmirī is the golden-calf idolater of Qur’an 20:85-97 in mainstream reading — a wholly different referent from the Gospel ethnic-religious group. Requires explicit disambiguating note at every occurrence. |
| Compassion (moved with) | تحنّن | taḥannun | Medium | 7, 10, 15 | — | Preserve visceral intensity; recurring verb across D8’s key scenes. |
| Mercy | الرحمة | ar-raḥmah | High | 1, 6, 18 | — | Bridge vocabulary (Ar-Raḥmān/Ar-Raḥīm) but Islamic raḥmah is typically obedience-responsive; Luke’s mercy flows to the undeserving. |
| Fasting | الصوم | aṣ-ṣawm | High | 5 | — | One of the Five Pillars of Islam; Jesus reframes as relational, not pillar-obligatory. |
| Blessed (Beatitude formula) | طوبى | ṭūbā | Medium | 6 | — | Positive resonance (Paradise-tree association in some ḥadīth); preserve the present-tense paradox. |
| Woe | الويل | al-wayl | Low | 6 | — | Compatible Qur’anic register. |
| Lost (sheep/coin/son) | الضال / الهالك | aḑ-ḑāll / al-hālik | Medium-High | 15, 19 | — | Aḑ-ḑāllīn is the closing petition of every Fātiḥah recitation (5x daily); powerful potential bridge, requires deliberate handling. |
B.4 Prayer, Discipleship & the Spirit (D5, D7, D2)
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prayer | الصلاة | aṣ-ṣalāh | High | 11, 19, 22 | — | One of Islam’s Five Pillars (ritual, prescribed); teach as relational communion flowing from adoption/Abbā intimacy, not pillar-fulfillment. No viable substitute term exists. |
| Disciple | التلميذ / التلاميذ | at-tilmīdh / at-talāmīdh | Medium | 5, 6, 9, 10 | — | Avoid collapsing into Sufi shaykh–murīd or madrasa-student framing; retain costly, cross-bearing sense. |
| Follow (discipleship) | يتبع | yatba’ | Medium | 5, 9, 14, 18 | — | — |
| Joy | الفرح | al-faraḥ | Low-Medium | 10, 15 | — | The “joy” half of D7. |
| Authority | السلطة | as-sulṭah | Medium | 4, 5, 9 | السلطان (rejected — personal-ruler-title connotation) | Prefer abstract-authority form over political-title form. |
| Temptation/Testing | التجربة | at-tajribah | Medium | 4, 11 (Lord’s Prayer) | — | Shared “trial” vocabulary; the wilderness narrative content itself is unique to the Gospels. |
| Devil/Satan | إبليس / الشيطان | Iblīs / ash-Shayṭān | Medium | 4, 8, 10, 11, 22 | — | Same being as Islamic cosmology’s adversary; distinct specific narrative content. |
| Demon/Unclean spirit | شيطان / روح نجسة | shayṭān / rūḥ najisah | Medium | 4, 8, 9, 11 | — | Same identity-cluster as devil/Satan entry. |
B.5 Covenant, Fulfillment & Institution Narratives
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scripture (this specific text) | الكتاب / هذا الكتاب | al-kitāb / hādhā al-kitāb | High | 4 (core, v.17, v.21), 16, 24 | bare الكتاب unqualified (avoid) | Al-Kitāb is the Qur’an’s own primary self-designation; always qualify (هذا الكتاب / الكتاب المقدس) in context. |
| Fulfilled | تَمَّ / قد تحقق | tamma / qad taḥaqqaq | High | 4 (core, v.21), 24 | — | Guards against a naskh (abrogation) reading; Christ fulfills, does not replace, the OT. |
| Acceptable year of the Lord (Jubilee) | سنة الرب المقبولة | sanat al-Rabb al-maqbūlah | High | 4 (core, v.19) | — | Requires explicit Leviticus 25 Jubilee background teaching. |
| Passover | الفصح | al-fiṣḥ | Medium | 22 | — | Shared vocabulary with Judaism; typological teaching (lamb/blood) not self-evident without instruction. |
| New Covenant | العهد الجديد | al-‘ahd al-jadīd | High | 22 | — | No Islamic category for a covenant ratified by substitutionary sacrificial death. |
| Body / Blood (Eucharistic) | الجسد / الدم | al-jasad / ad-damm | High | 22 | — | Qur’anic blood-consumption prohibition (5:3) risks real revulsion; teach as symbolic/memorial, not literal. |
| Witness(es) | شاهد / شهود | shāhid / shuhūd | High | 24 | — | Heavy resonance with shahāda (creedal declaration) and shahīd (martyr); distinguish from both. |
B.6 Minor / Supporting Terms
| English Term | Arabic Term | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabbath | السبت | al-sabt | Low | 1 (core, v.16), 6, 13 | Shared calendar term. |
| Synagogue | المجمع | al-majma’ | Low | 4 (core, v.16), 6 | Distinct from الكنيسة (church). |
| Angel | الملاك | al-malak | Medium | 1, 2 | Shared vocabulary; distinct narrative content from Jibrīl’s Qur’anic role. |
| Virgin | العذراء | al-‘adhrā’ | Medium | 1 | Shared affirmation; differing theological purpose. |
| Manger | المذود | al-madwad | Low | 2 | High doctrinal weight despite low linguistic risk (poverty of the incarnation). |
| Shepherd | الراعي / الرعاة | ar-rā’ī / ar-ru’āh | Low-Medium | 2 | Socially marginal occupation, first evangelized. |
| Consolation | التعزية | at-ta’ziyah | Low-Medium | 2 | — |
| Preach (verb, good news) | يُبَشِّر | yubashshir | Medium | 4 (core, v.18) | Verb form; distinct grammatical function from [REUSE] noun الإنجيل — do not conflate with the baseline’s rejection of البشارة as a noun-substitute. |
| Proclaim/Herald | يكرز | yakriz | Low | 4 (core, v.18-19) | Established kerygma-root term. |
| Sent (verb) | أرسل | arsala | High | 4 (core, v.18) | Same root as [REUSE] الرسول; Jesus applies “sent one” language to himself before conferring it on others. |
| Wrath | الغضب | al-ghaḍab | Low-Medium | 3 | — |
| Mammon/Wealth | المال / مامون | al-māl / māmūn | Low-Medium | 16 | — |
| Eternal life | الحياة الأبدية | al-ḥayāh al-abadiyyah | High | 10, 18 | Must retain present-tense inaugurated sense against a purely future-reward reading. |
| Agony (Gethsemane) | كرب شديد | karb shadīd | Medium | 22 | Avoid جهاد-root vocabulary due to modern political/military connotation. |
Risk Summary for New Terms (Section B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 6 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 16 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 8 | Automated review |
Total new terms proposed for the Luke curriculum: 50, in addition to the 40 reused terms carried over unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json (Section A).
All Critical and High risk new terms above must be added to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json and cross-referenced into an updated doctrine_risk_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the enforcement rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: التبني
Transliteration: al-tabannī
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: الاستلحاق
Original: υἱοθεσία (background category, cf. the father-son restoration of the Prodigal Son, 15:11-32)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Quran 33:4-5 denies adopted sons true filial/inheritance status. The prodigal’s father restoring full sonship, robe, and ring (15:22) is a vivid narrative counter-image and should be taught alongside the term; also background to the Lord’s Prayer’s ‘Father’ address (11:2).
Ascension
Approved rendering: الصعود
Transliteration: aṣ-ṣu’ūd
Doctrine: Christology
Original: ἀνελήμφθη / ἀνάληψις
Category: Christology
CRITICAL, non-obvious trap: Quran 4:158 affirms Jesus was raised to God as an alternative to death and crucifixion, not after them. Luke’s ascension (24:51) must always be taught as stage three of a genuine death-resurrection-ascension sequence; never truncate to ‘taken up to heaven’ alone.
Cross
Approved rendering: الصليب
Transliteration: aṣ-ṣalīb
Doctrine: Christology
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: doubly loaded — (1) same crucifixion-denial issue flagged for القيامة (Quran 4:157); without an affirmed historical crucifixion, ‘take up your cross’ (9:23, 14:27) has no real referent; (2) historically associated with aṣ-ṣalībiyyūn (the Crusades) in Arab collective memory. Requires the same apologetic scaffolding as القيامة at every occurrence, not only in the Passion narrative (23:26-49).
Father
Approved rendering: الآب
Transliteration: al-Āb
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Paired risk with Son of God. Directly addressed by Jesus in the Lord’s Prayer (11:2) and Gethsemane (22:42).
God
Approved rendering: الله
Transliteration: Allāh
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: no viable alternative word exists. Luke’s Trinitarian narrative (Father, Son, Spirit all active from ch.1 onward) must be actively distinguished from tawhid’s strictly unitarian conception of the same referent.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: الروح القدس
Transliteration: al-Rūḥ al-Qudus
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: identical phrase in Quran 2:87, 253, mainstream tafsir identifying it with the created angel Jibrīl. Active at Christ’s conception (1:35), baptism (3:22), anointing for ministry (4:18), and disciples’ empowerment (24:49) — a co-eternal divine Person requiring this distinction made explicit at every occurrence, not just once.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر المحسوب
Transliteration: al-birr al-mahsūb
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: البر المكتسب
Original: ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην (background category)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never البر المكتسب. Luke’s narrative examples (18:14 tax collector, 23:43 dying criminal) make an even starker case than Romans’ propositional argument: neither has time or ability to perform qualifying deeds.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: التجسد
Transliteration: al-tajassud
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول, الظهور
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (theological category; cf. Luke 1:31-35, 2:7)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never الحلول (Sufi pantheistic indwelling) or الظهور (mere appearance). Luke 1:35’s ‘overshadow’ verb (see ‘overshadow’ below) must reinforce genuine assumption of flesh.
Jesus
Approved rendering: يسوع
Transliteration: Yasū’
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: عيسى
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never عيسى (the Quranic form). Consistent throughout all 24 chapters of Luke, birth to ascension.
Justification
Approved rendering: التبرير
Transliteration: al-tabrīr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: التزكية, الحكم بالبراءة
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never use التزكية (self-purification through deeds). Luke 18:9-14, the Pharisee and tax collector, is a direct narrative enactment of this doctrine and should be cross-referenced explicitly in curriculum teaching.
Law
Approved rendering: الناموس
Transliteration: al-nāmūs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: الشريعة, الشرع
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never substitute الشريعة/الشرع. Luke 16:16-17’s claim that not one stroke of the Law will pass away, paired with fulfillment not abrogation, must be read against naskh, not as an attack on Islamic law.
Lord
Approved rendering: الرب
Transliteration: al-Rabb
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: السيد, المولى
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: applied to Jesus at multiple distinct narrative points in Luke — the infant (2:11), the triumphal entry (19:38), and the Psalm 110 argument (20:41-44) — making the deity claim unavoidable across the whole Gospel, not confined to a single confession formula as in Romans 10:9.
Messiah
Approved rendering: المسيح
Transliteration: al-Masīh
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: pre-loaded with Quran 4:171’s competing narrative. Every occurrence in Luke — especially the anointing language of 4:18 and the Emmaus exposition (24:26-27) — must actively correct rather than assume neutrality.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد الجديد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd al-jadīd
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
CRITICAL: ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood’ (22:20). No Islamic category exists for a covenant ratified by substitutionary sacrificial death; must be taught as fulfillment (not abrogation, guard against naskh) of the Mosaic covenant already flagged Critical for الناموس.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: طاعة الإيمان
Transliteration: ṭā’at al-īmān
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: الطاعة الشرعية
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως (conceptual background)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: ‘Islam’ means submission. Theological background to John’s demand for ‘fruit… of repentance’ (3:8-14) and the woman’s ‘she loved much’ response to forgiveness (7:47) — always fruit, never ground, of right standing.
Overshadow
Approved rendering: يُظلِّل
Transliteration: yuẕallil
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: الحلول
CRITICAL: the Spirit’s causative, generative action conceiving the incarnate Son (1:35; cf. transfiguration cloud, 9:34). Must never be read through the Sufi حلول (pantheistic indwelling) framework already forbidden for التجسد; describes a discrete divine act, not a vague symbolic presence.
Paradise
Approved rendering: الفردوس
Transliteration: al-firdaws
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: Παράδεισος
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: al-Firdaws names the highest tier of Islamic Paradise, ordinarily attained through a lifetime of deeds weighed at judgment. In Luke 23:43, a condemned criminal with no time for any deeds is promised immediate entry on a dying plea of trust — the single most vivid narrative contradiction of a deeds-based mizan soteriology in the Gospel; must be taught with full deliberate weight.
Repentance
Approved rendering: التوبة
Transliteration: at-tawbah
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: at-tawbah is the central Islamic category for turning back to Allah, functioning within a system where sincere tawbah plus subsequent deeds ordinarily restores standing. Luke’s repentance (3:3, 13:3,5, 15:1-32, 17:3-4, 24:47) must be taught throughout as a Spirit-enabled response that receives forgiveness secured at the cross, never its meritorious cause.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: القيامة
Transliteration: al-qiyāmah
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: requires the historical crucifixion (ch.23) affirmed first per Quran 4:157’s denial. Luke 20:27-40’s Sadducee debate concerns the general resurrection (genuine overlap with Yawm al-Qiyamah); Christ’s own resurrection (ch.24) is distinct and requires the full apologetic scaffolding.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: البر
Transliteration: al-birr
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: الصلاح, العدل
Original: δίκαιος / δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: al-birr appears in the Quran (2:177) as a works-checklist. In Luke, also used adjectivally of Christ at the cross (23:47, centurion’s confession) — see ‘righteous_innocent’ below for the translation choice this requires.
Salvation
Approved rendering: الخلاص
Transliteration: al-khalāṣ
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: النجاة, الفوز بالجنة
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: mainstream Islamic soteriology has no assured salvation apart from the deeds-weighing mizan. Luke deliberately uses the same verb (σῴζω) for bodily healing and eternal salvation (7:50, 8:48, 17:19, 18:42, 19:9-10); this ambiguity is theologically rich and must not be resolved away.
Savior
Approved rendering: المخلّص
Transliteration: al-mukhalliṣ
Doctrine: Christology
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
Personal Savior-title claim: ‘a Savior is born to you’ (2:11), the first explicit application of this title to Jesus in Luke. Shares its root with Critical الخلاص but names Jesus personally as the mediating deliverer. Mainstream Islamic soteriology has no equivalent personal-mediator-savior category, since each soul stands independently before the mizan; must be taught deliberately.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ابن الله
Transliteration: Ibn Allāh
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: الحبيب من الله, الكلمة من الله (بدون ‘ابن’)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: Quran 112:3, 19:35. Luke’s own genealogy (3:38) applies ‘son of God’ to Adam in a creaturely sense within the same book that makes the strongest ontological claims for Christ (1:32-35, 3:22, 9:35, 22:70); this internal tension does not exist in Romans and requires explicit disambiguation at 3:38 every time it recurs.
High Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: أبّا
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptual background to Jesus’ own address to God as Father in Luke’s prayer scenes (11:2, 22:42), even where the untransliterated Aramaic term itself is not present in Luke’s Greek text.
Acceptable Year Of The Lord
Approved rendering: سنة الرب المقبولة
Transliteration: sanat al-Rabb al-maqbūlah
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Covenant
Allusion to the Jubilee year (Leviticus 25), declared inaugurated in Jesus’ ministry (4:19), inside the curriculum’s own core passage. Requires explicit OT Jubilee background teaching; without it, the phrase flattens to a vague blessing rather than a once-for-all eschatological release announcement.
Apostle
Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. الرسول is Muhammad’s own defining title. In Luke, the Twelve are first named apostles at 6:13, distinct from the Seventy of ch.10; Luke uniquely shows Jesus applying ‘sent one’ language to himself first (4:18,43) before conferring the title — see ‘sent_verb’ below.
Baptism
Approved rendering: المعمودية
Transliteration: al-ma’mūdiyyah
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sanctification
John’s ritual immersion signifying repentance (3:3,7,12,16) and Jesus’ own baptism (3:21-22). Must be distinguished explicitly from wuḍū’/ghusl ritual ablution, which restores ritual purity for worship rather than signifying a once-for-all repentance-event.
Body And Blood
Approved rendering: الجسد / الدم
Transliteration: al-jasad / ad-damm
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Covenant
The institution words (22:19-20). Beyond ordinary translation difficulty, ‘drinking blood’ risks real revulsion given Quran 5:3’s blood-consumption prohibition; must be explained clearly as symbolic/memorial participation in Christ’s atoning death, never literal or ritual blood-consumption.
Called
Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون
Original: κλητός (conceptual; cf. κλῆσις in the calling of the disciples, 5:1-11)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive. In Luke, chiefly the sovereign call to discipleship (5:1-11, 27-28) and to the wedding banquet (14:16-24).
Calling
Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις (conceptual)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Da’wah is the standard Islamic term for human missionary invitation to Islam. In Luke’s calling narratives God/Christ is always the initiator calling the human, never the reverse.
Election
Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: ἐκλογή (background; cf. the sovereign initiative in the calling of the disciples and the Seventy)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Must not collapse into folk qadar fatalism. Conceptually present in the calling of the disciples and the Seventy (5:1-11, 6:12-16, 10:1).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: الحياة الأبدية
Transliteration: al-ḥayāh al-abadiyyah
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
Asked about by the rich ruler (18:18,30) and the lawyer (10:25). Compatible in form with the Islamic afterlife (al-ḥayāh al-ākhirah/al-jannah), but Luke’s inaugurated-already sense — a present relational reality, not solely a post-mortem deeds-tallied reward — must be actively taught.
Faith
Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Iman is creedal assent in Islam; Pauline/Lukan faith is personal trust/reliance in Christ. In Luke, the Gentile centurion’s faith (7:9) is commended above any found ‘in Israel,’ and the recurring formula ‘your faith has saved/healed you’ (8:48, 17:19, 18:42) must be read as personal reliance on Christ specifically.
Fasting
Approved rendering: الصوم
Transliteration: aṣ-ṣawm
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: νηστεία
Category: Sanctification
Aṣ-ṣawm is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The wineskins/fasting controversy (5:33-39) and the Pharisee’s boast of fasting (18:12) both require Jesus’ reframing of fasting as relational response to the bridegroom’s presence, not pillar-fulfillment, to be taught deliberately.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: المغفرة / الغفران
Transliteration: al-maghfirah / al-ghufrān
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Salvation
Al-Ghafūr/al-Ghaffār are Names of Allah; Quranic ghufrān is sovereign-discretionary and deeds-weighed, with no substitutionary basis. Announced by John (3:3), enacted for the paralytic (5:20-24) and the sinful woman (7:47-48), commanded interpersonally (17:3-4), culminating in the Great Commission (24:47).
Fulfilled
Approved rendering: تَمَّ / قد تحقق
Transliteration: tamma / qad taḥaqqaq
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: πληρόω
Category: Covenant
The thesis claim of the Nazareth manifesto (4:21) and the Emmaus exposition (24:44). Must be paired with explicit teaching against a naskh (abrogation) reading: Jesus fulfills, not replaces or supersedes, the Isaiah/OT text.
Glory
Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid light-based renderings evoking Sufi ishraq mysticism. The angels’ announcement (2:14) and the transfiguration (9:32) both display it around Christ, previewing resurrection glory.
Good News To Poor Doctrine Title
Approved rendering: التبشير للمساكين والمهمّشين
Transliteration: at-tabshīr lil-masākīn wal-muhammashīn
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Rejected alternatives: البشارة للمساكين
Fixed curriculum doctrine-title phrase built on the established verb root يُبَشِّر, never on the noun البشارة (already rejected in the Romans baseline as a substitute for الإنجيل). Locks the doctrine section header so no Phase 2 worker defaults to the noun form when generating this doctrine’s materials.
Gospel
Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established term shared with Quranic usage (Injil = the revelation given to ‘Isa). Risk is not word-choice but background assumption: mainstream Islamic doctrine holds the Injil in circulation today is corrupted (tahrif) from an original lost revelation. Segments must not concede this framing; al-Injil here means the NT record itself. In Luke, the noun is background to the verbal form used at 4:18 (يُبَشِّر) — see ‘preach_good_news_verb’ below; the two must never be conflated.
Grace
Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. الفضل and الرحمة both function in Islamic theology as favor responsive to obedience, not favor apart from merit. In Luke, Mary is called ‘full of grace’ (1:28,30) as its recipient, not its source; must be taught as unearned divine initiative.
Hades
Approved rendering: الهاوية
Transliteration: al-hāwiyah
Doctrine: Eschatology
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
Al-hāwiyah is also a named level of Hellfire in the Quran (101:9). The rich man is in torment there (16:23); established Christian Arabic usage nonetheless employs it for Hades — must be taught as the intermediate state awaiting final judgment, not the Quranic final-hell referent.
Intercession
Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις (background; cf. Jesus’ own prayer life, esp. Gethsemane 22:32,39-46)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus prays for Peter (22:32) and for his executioners (23:34); must be taught as unique to his mediatorial role, not one intercessor among several, against the contested Islamic shafā’ah category.
Israel
Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Contemporary spoken Arabic overwhelmingly associates ‘Isra’il’ with the modern nation-state. Invoked in the Magnificat/Benedictus (1:54,68) and Simeon’s prophecy (2:32,34); needs deliberate pastoral framing distinct from present-day political readings.
Lost
Approved rendering: الضال / الهالك
Transliteration: aḑ-ḑāll / al-hālik
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation
Aḑ-ḑāllīn (‘those who go astray’) closes every recitation of Sūrat al-Fātiḥah, prayed five times daily. Central image of all three parables of ch.15 and 19:10. Functions either as a powerful positive bridge (God actively seeks the very aḑ-ḑāllīn category) or a term already carrying stigma; must be handled deliberately, not left implicit.
Mercy
Approved rendering: الرحمة
Transliteration: ar-raḥmah
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Ar-Rahman/ar-Rahim are foremost Names of Allah — genuine shared bridge vocabulary — but Islamic rahmah is typically responsive to obedience/piety. Central to the Magnificat/Benedictus (1:50,54,58,72,78), commanded of disciples (6:36), and pled by the tax collector (18:38-39); Luke’s mercy is initiated by covenant faithfulness flowing toward the undeserving.
Most High
Approved rendering: العلي
Transliteration: al-‘Aliyy
Doctrine: God
Original: Ὕψιστος
Category: God
One of the 99 Names of Allah. Applied to God and, paired as ‘Son of the Most High’ (1:32), to Jesus — stacking directly onto the Critical Son-of-God collision and compounding doctrinal density in a single verse. Also recurs at 24:49 (‘power from on high’).
Poor
Approved rendering: المساكين
Transliteration: al-masākīn
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: πτωχός
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Al-masākīn/al-fuqarā’ are also the named first two zakāt-eligible categories in Quran 9:60. Explicit primary addressees of the Nazareth manifesto (4:18) and the first Beatitude (6:20:22); must be taught as comprehensive personal salvation, not a charitable-almsgiving transaction.
Prayer
Approved rendering: الصلاة
Transliteration: aṣ-ṣalāh
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: الدعاء
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith
Aṣ-ṣalāh is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a fixed, ritually prescribed observance; it remains the established, unavoidable Christian Arabic term (الدعاء/du’ā’ rejected as too narrow — supplication only, not the full communion sense). Must be taught as relational communion flowing from Abbā/Father intimacy (11:1-13, 18:1-14, 22:39-46), not pillar-fulfillment.
Prophet
Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Isaiah (4:17), John the Baptist (1:76, 7:26), and, by the crowds, to Jesus himself (7:16, 9:8,19). Must be paired with fuller Christological titles wherever applied to Jesus, since crowds repeatedly stop at this category (9:19-20).
Redemption
Approved rendering: الفداء
Transliteration: al-fidā’
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
Anna awaits ‘the redemption of Jerusalem’ (2:38); Jesus speaks of a future redemption drawing near (21:28) — brackets the whole Gospel, already/not yet. Islamic fidyah denotes a legal ransom-payment without an atonement-for-sin framework; must be taught as atonement-grounded.
Release Of Captives
Approved rendering: الإفراج / العتق
Transliteration: al-ifrāj / al-‘itq
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: ἄφεσις (in the captivity sense, 4:18)
Category: Salvation
The captivity-release sense of ἄφεσις in the core passage (4:18), deliberately paired in the same verse with the sin-forgiveness sense. If flattened only to ‘freedom,’ the Arabic can lose this wordplay; translator notes must preserve the connection to المغفرة (3:3, 24:47).
Righteous Innocent
Approved rendering: بريء / صدّيق
Transliteration: barī’ / ṣiddīq
Doctrine: Christology
Original: δίκαιος
Category: Christology
Centurion’s confession over the crucified Jesus (23:47), ambiguous between legal innocence (بريء) and moral/theological righteousness (صدّيق). Translators must deliberately choose and flag the choice for curriculum-wide consistency, cross-referenced to the Critical البر doctrine notes.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: السامري
Transliteration: as-Sāmirī
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Significant, non-obvious collision: in Quran 20:85-97, ‘al-Sāmirī’ is the specific proper name of the man who made the golden-calf idol for the Israelites — a notorious idolater figure, wholly unrelated to Luke’s ethnic-religious people-group. Hero of the parable (10:33), one of the grateful ten lepers (17:16), subject of a hostile village episode (9:52-56). Every occurrence needs a disambiguating note.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير
Original: ἁγιασμός (background)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from ritual purification; theological background to John’s baptism as a sign-act (ch.3) pointing toward the Spirit’s ongoing holiness-work.
Scripture This Text
Approved rendering: الكتاب / هذا الكتاب
Transliteration: al-kitāb / hādhā al-kitāb
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: γραφή
Category: Covenant
Bare الكتاب unqualified is avoided: it is the Quran’s own primary self-designation. Established Christian Arabic usage always qualifies it (هذا الكتاب / الكتاب المقدس), particularly at 4:17,21 where textual authority is the scene’s entire point, and at 24:27,32,45.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: نسل داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (background; cf. 1:27,32,69; 2:4)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Established for both Mary and Joseph, and for Jesus, at the outset of Luke (1:27,32,69, 2:4); requires the same Davidic-covenant background teaching as the Romans baseline.
Sent Verb
Approved rendering: أرسل
Transliteration: arsala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
Shares its root with the High-risk الرسول. Jesus applies ‘sent one’ language to himself first (4:18,43) before conferring it on the Twelve and Seventy — a useful bridge/contrast to Muhammad’s own defining title (Rasūl Allāh); flag for theologian review alongside the apostle doctrine.
Sin
Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Islamic fitrah doctrine holds each person born pure. Luke’s repeated, deliberate targeting of named ‘sinners’ (5:30-32, 7:34,37,39, 15:1-2) as Jesus’ particular objects of compassion runs directly against fitrah-based self-sufficiency.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ابن الإنسان
Transliteration: Ibn al-Insān
Doctrine: Christology
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
Danielic messianic self-designation, first used at the paralytic’s forgiveness (5:24) and recurring through the passion predictions (9:22,44), homelessness sayings (9:58), eschatological return (21:27,36), and Sanhedrin trial (22:69). Risks reduction to a prophet-only Christology unless always paired with the accompanying divine-prerogative act.
Witness
Approved rendering: شاهد / شهود
Transliteration: shāhid / shuhūd
Doctrine: Church
Original: μάρτυς
Category: Church
The Great Commission charge (24:48). Shahīd/shahāda vocabulary carries very heavy Islamic resonance — the shahāda (creedal declaration) and shahīd (martyr, esp. jihad-death). Luke’s sense (eyewitness testimony to the resurrection) must be carefully distinguished from both.
Medium Risk Terms
Agony
Approved rendering: كرب شديد
Transliteration: karb shadīd
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: جهاد نفسي
Original: ἀγωνία
Category: Christology
Intense inward struggle in Gethsemane (22:44), reinforcing the true, full humanity of Christ against any docetic, shubbiha-lahum-style reading. جهاد-root vocabulary is rejected due to its modern political/military connotation.
Angel
Approved rendering: الملاك
Transliteration: al-malak
Doctrine: God
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God
Shared vocabulary (Jibrīl/Mīkā’īl affirmed in Islam), but readers may import Jibrīl’s specific Quranic revelation-bearer role rather than Luke’s direct birth-announcement (1:11,26) and resurrection-witness (24:4-7) content.
Authority
Approved rendering: السلطة
Transliteration: as-sulṭah
Doctrine: Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: السلطان
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Kingdom
السلطان (a personal-ruler title) is rejected in favor of the abstract السلطة, to avoid a political-monarch reading of Jesus’ teaching and exorcistic authority (4:32,36) and the authority later granted to the disciples (9:1, 10:19).
Blessed Beatitude
Approved rendering: طوبى
Transliteration: ṭūbā
Doctrine: Kingdom
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
A state of divine favor pronounced paradoxically over the poor, hungry, weeping, and hated (6:20-22). Ṭūbā also names a tree of Paradise in some hadith traditions (positive resonance); the present-tense paradox — blessedness in present hardship, not merely deferred reward — must be preserved.
Church
Approved rendering: الكنيسة
Transliteration: al-kanīsah
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: الجماعة, الأمة
Original: ἐκκλησία (post-ascension; minimal direct Lukan occurrence)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never الأمة (pan-Islamic ummah). Anticipated at the Great Commission (24:47-49) and realized in Acts; minimal direct Lukan occurrence.
Compassion
Approved rendering: تحنّن
Transliteration: taḥannun
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Visceral, gut-level compassion; the widow of Nain (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), the prodigal’s father (15:20). Warm and positively received in Arabic devotional register; must retain visceral intensity, not flatten to polite sympathy.
Covenant
Approved rendering: العهد
Transliteration: al-‘ahd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: الميثاق
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Retain the relational, unilaterally-initiated covenant sense; recalled in the Benedictus (1:72-73). See ‘new_covenant’ below for the Last Supper’s specific, higher-risk extension.
David
Approved rendering: داود
Transliteration: Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The Quranic Dawud carries less covenant-king typology; Luke’s Psalm 110 argument (20:41-44, David’s son who is also David’s Lord) requires this background supplied explicitly.
Demon
Approved rendering: شيطان / روح نجسة
Transliteration: shayṭān / rūḥ najisah
Doctrine: Kingdom
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Kingdom
Malevolent spiritual beings cast out by Jesus as a recurring kingdom-arrival sign (4:33-41, 8:26-39, 11:14-23). Shared cosmological ground with jinn/Shayṭān belief; each exorcism’s kingdom-sign significance must be taught, not assumed self-evident.
Devil
Approved rendering: إبليس / الشيطان
Transliteration: Iblīs / ash-Shayṭān
Doctrine: Christology
Original: διάβολος
Category: Christology
Same being as Islamic Iblīs/Shayṭān in general cosmology, but the wilderness-temptation narrative (4:1-13) and entry into Judas (22:3) are unique to the Gospels, not found in the Quran’s Iblīs account (refusal to bow to Adam).
Disciple
Approved rendering: التلميذ / التلاميذ
Transliteration: at-tilmīdh / at-talāmīdh
Doctrine: Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
First called at 5:1-11 and recurring throughout. Could be flattened to a Sufi shaykh-murīd or madrasa student-teacher relationship; must retain Luke’s costly, cross-bearing, life-reordering sense (chs.9,14).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: الشركة
Transliteration: al-sharikah
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: الزمالة, الجماعة
Original: κοινωνία (conceptual background to Luke’s table-fellowship scenes)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Shares its root with shirk; avoid pairing with vocabulary that could suggest ‘partnership with God.’ Conceptual background to Luke’s table-fellowship scenes with tax collectors and sinners.
Follow
Approved rendering: يتبع
Transliteration: yatba’
Doctrine: Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
The recurring verb of costly discipleship (5:11,28, 9:57-62, 18:22,28). Standard vocabulary; risk is doctrinal (the cost narrated must not be softened), not lexical.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: الأمم
Transliteration: al-umam
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: الكفار
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never الكفار. Explicit target of Simeon’s ‘light… to the Gentiles’ (2:32) and the closing commission ‘to all nations’ (24:47).
Holy
Approved rendering: مقدس
Transliteration: muqaddas
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: طاهر
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid طاهر’s ritual-purity connotation. Also underlies the demon’s confession ‘the Holy One of God’ at 4:34 — القدوس, sharing the same root, is also a Name of Allah (al-Quddūs); the demon’s correct confession functions rhetorically and should be taught, not flagged as an error.
Kingdom Already Not Yet
Approved rendering: الملكوت: حاضر الآن وآتٍ بعد
Transliteration: al-Malakūt: ḥāḑir al-ān wa-ātin ba’d
Doctrine: Kingdom
New fixed curriculum-level compound phrase distinguishing the Kingdom’s present inauguration (11:20, 17:20-21) from its future consummation (ch.21, 22:16-18). No single Arabic idiom exists for this tension; use consistently wherever the already/not-yet balance is taught, locked in translation memory as of this curriculum.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ملكوت الله
Transliteration: malakūt Allāh
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: مملكة الله
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish God’s present-and-future spiritual reign from a political state; avoid khilāfah-adjacent resonance. Luke 17:20-21’s ‘in your midst’ is the Gospel’s sharpest ‘already’ statement — see ‘kingdom_already_not_yet’ below for the standing curriculum formula.
Leper
Approved rendering: الأبرص
Transliteration: al-abraṣ
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: λεπρός
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Ritual/social-exclusion category; healed at 5:12-14 and among the ten at 17:11-19. The exclusion-connotation must be retained for the boundary-crossing healing narratives’ doctrinal weight.
Mission
Approved rendering: الإرسالية
Transliteration: al-irsāliyyah
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: الرسالة
Original: ἀποστολή (background; cf. the sending of the Twelve and Seventy, chs.9-10, and the Great Commission, 24:47-49)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Prefer over الرسالة to avoid comparison with Muhammad’s own risalah. Enacted in the sending of the Twelve and Seventy (chs.9-10) and the Great Commission (24:47-49).
Neighbor
Approved rendering: القريب
Transliteration: al-qarīb
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: πλησίον
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
The lawyer’s question ‘who is my neighbor?’ (10:29) is answered by radically redefining the category beyond ethnicity/religion. The word itself is simple; the doctrinal payload is the redefinition and must be foregrounded in teaching.
Passover
Approved rendering: الفصح
Transliteration: al-fiṣḥ
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
The Last Supper is explicitly framed as a Passover meal (22:1,7-15). Shared, compatible vocabulary with Judaism’s own festival; the lamb/blood/deliverance typology is not self-evident without explicit teaching connecting it to the New Covenant institution that follows.
Peace
Approved rendering: السلام
Transliteration: al-salām
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: الأمان, الطمأنينة
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In Luke, announced by angels (2:14, cosmic/messianic) and pronounced by Jesus over the forgiven and healed (7:50, 8:48) — feeds forward into Romans 5:1’s relational/legal peace.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: قوة الله
Transliteration: quwwat Allāh
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Broadly compatible with al-Qawiyy. Compounded risk in Luke 1:35 and 24:49, where it is paired with العلي (Most High), stacking onto that title’s own High-risk note.
Preach Good News Verb
Approved rendering: يُبَشِّر
Transliteration: yubashshir
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Jesus’ self-description of his mission (4:18,43, 7:22). A distinct grammatical (verbal) function from the Critical noun الإنجيل; the baseline’s rejection of البشارة as a noun-substitute does not extend to this established Christian Arabic verb, but a translator note distinguishing verb from noun usage is mandatory.
Providence
Approved rendering: العناية الإلهية
Transliteration: al-‘ināyah al-ilāhiyyah
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: πρόνοια (background; cf. the sparrows/anxiety teaching, 12:6-7,22-32)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Keep distinct from folk qadar fatalism. Taught through the sparrows/lilies illustrations (12:6-7, 22-32).
Rich
Approved rendering: الغني
Transliteration: al-ghanī
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Sustained contrast term to المساكين running through the rich fool (12:16-21), the rich man of ch.16, and the rich ruler (18:18-30). Native-speaker sensitivity needed to avoid landing as blanket wealth-condemnation.
Saints
Approved rendering: القديسون
Transliteration: al-qiddīsūn
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: الأولياء
Original: ἅγιοι (background; minimal direct occurrence in Luke)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid الأولياء’s Sufi shrine-veneration connotation. Minimal direct occurrence in Luke compared to the Epistles.
Sinners
Approved rendering: الخاطئ / الخطاة
Transliteration: al-khāṭi’ / al-khuṭāh
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Shares its root with the High-risk الخطية. Recurring social-outcast category paired with tax collectors (5:30-32, 7:34,37,39, 15:1-2); the term’s stigmatizing force must be preserved.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: المواهب الروحية
Transliteration: al-mawāhib al-rūḥiyyah
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: المواهب
Original: χαρίσματα (background; minimal direct Lukan occurrence)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Minimal direct occurrence in Luke; conceptually present in the empowerment of the Twelve and Seventy (chs.9-10).
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: المؤاكلة
Transliteration: al-mu’ākalah
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Classical Arabic term for shared commensality, adopted as the curriculum-level doctrinal label for Jesus’ deliberate meals with tax collectors and sinners (5:29-32, 7:36-50, 15:1-2, 19:1-10). Gloss on first use per document as ‘مشاركة الطعام والحياة’ (sharing food and life).
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: العشّار
Transliteration: al-‘ashshār
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: τελώνης
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Social/religious contempt-category; Levi (5:27-29), Zacchaeus (19:1-10), and the parable figure (18:9-14). The connotation must be retained, not softened, for Jesus’ deliberate table-fellowship to register doctrinally.
Temptation
Approved rendering: التجربة
Transliteration: at-tajribah
Doctrine: Christology
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω
Category: Christology
The forty-day wilderness temptation (4:1-13) and the Lord’s Prayer petition (11:4). Genuinely shared vocabulary with fitnah/ibtilā’, but the specific narrative content — a personal adversary directly confronting the divine Son — has no Quranic parallel.
Virgin
Approved rendering: العذراء
Transliteration: al-‘adhrā’
Doctrine: Christology
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
Mary’s virginity (1:27,34), sign of miraculous divine initiative in the incarnation. Genuinely shared ground with Islam (Quran 19 affirms the virgin birth), but here serves the Critical incarnation doctrine, not merely a sign of prophetic honor.
Low Risk Terms
Consolation
Approved rendering: التعزية
Transliteration: at-ta’ziyah
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Salvation
Comfort awaited by Simeon, ‘the consolation of Israel’ (2:25). Low collision risk; standard vocabulary.
Cost Of Discipleship
Approved rendering: ثمن التلمذة
Transliteration: thaman at-tilmidhah
Doctrine: Discipleship
New curriculum-level compound coinage for Luke’s cost sayings (9:23-25, 9:57-62, 14:25-33, 18:22-30). Paired contrastively with فرح التلمذة for the doctrine’s dual cost/joy emphasis.
Exhort
Approved rendering: يشجع / يعظ
Transliteration: yushajji’ / ya’iẓ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (background; teaching sections throughout)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive between admonishing and encouraging; used throughout Luke’s teaching sections.
Joy Of Discipleship
Approved rendering: فرح التلمذة
Transliteration: faraḥ at-tilmidhah
Doctrine: Discipleship
New curriculum-level compound coinage paired with ثمن التلمذة, naming the joy half of the Cost and Joy of Discipleship doctrine (10:17-21, 24:52).
Joy
Approved rendering: الفرح
Transliteration: al-faraḥ
Doctrine: Discipleship
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship
The Seventy’s return (10:17), Jesus’ own Spirit-filled rejoicing (10:21), and heaven’s joy over repentance (15:7,10,32). Doctrinal weight lies in its pairing with the cost of discipleship as the joy-fruit half of that doctrine.
Mammon
Approved rendering: المال / مامون
Transliteration: al-māl / māmūn
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Material wealth personified as a rival master (16:13). Low collision risk; standard vocabulary.
Manger
Approved rendering: المذود
Transliteration: al-madwad
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: φάτνη
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
The animal feeding-trough that is the Savior’s first bed (2:7,12,16). Low linguistic risk but high doctrinal weight — narrative embodiment of good news to the poor, a King born in visible poverty.
Marginalized Meta
Approved rendering: المهمّشون
Transliteration: al-muhammashūn
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Standard Modern Standard Arabic sociological term with no religious loading, used only as an umbrella curriculum-level category label for commentary/headers — never substituted into Scripture-text renderings themselves, where Luke’s own concrete terms (المساكين، العشّار، الأبرص، السامري) must stand.
Proclaim Herald
Approved rendering: يكرز
Transliteration: yakriz
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: κηρύσσω
Category: Salvation
Established Christian Arabic term (root of الكرازة, gospel proclamation/kerygma), used of the Nazareth manifesto’s release/Jubilee announcement (4:18-19). Low collision risk.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: نبوءة
Transliteration: nubū’ah
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: προφητεία (background)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Low independent risk beyond consistency with نبي. Fulfilled in Christ per 4:21, 24:44.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: السبت
Transliteration: al-sabt
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
Shared calendar term, no major collision with Islamic practice (jumu’ah is distinct). Custom-driven venue of the Nazareth manifesto (4:16) and site of repeated healing controversies (6:1-11, 13:10-17).
Shepherd
Approved rendering: الراعي / الرعاة
Transliteration: ar-rā’ī / ar-ru’āh
Doctrine: Poverty and Marginalization
Original: ποιμήν
Category: Poverty and Marginalization
Herders of low social status, first to hear and spread the birth announcement (2:8-20). Doctrinal point — the socially marginal as first evangelized and first evangelists — carried by narrative context, not word choice.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: المجمع
Transliteration: al-majma’
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Covenant
Standard Christian Arabic term, distinct from الكنيسة (church) and from Islamic institutions. Venue of the Nazareth manifesto (4:16) and Sabbath controversies (6:6, 13:10).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: الشكر
Transliteration: al-shukr
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Compatible Islamic virtue. Exemplified by the one grateful Samaritan leper (17:16-19, note the compounded Samaritan-identity risk there) and at the Last Supper (22:19).
Woe
Approved rendering: الويل
Transliteration: al-wayl
Doctrine: Kingdom
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
Judgment exclamation paired with the Beatitudes over the rich, full, laughing, and well-regarded (6:24-26). Frequent Quranic judgment-exclamation as well; compatible register.
Wrath
Approved rendering: الغضب
Transliteration: al-ghaḍab
Doctrine: Sin
Original: ὀργή
Category: Sin
Righteous divine anger against sin, warned of by John (3:7). Low collision risk; standard vocabulary.
Referenced passages