High Risk Terms

Abba

Approved rendering: أبّا
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36 is the source Paul later echoes in Romans 8:15; this cross-curriculum link should be surfaced explicitly. The informal register should not be softened despite Islamic tanzih’s emphasis on transcendent divine majesty over intimate address.

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Apostle

Approved rendering: الرسول
Transliteration: al-rasūl
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: المبعوث, التلميذ المرسل
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Founding of the Twelve as apostles occurs at Mark 3:14; their sending is narrated at 6:30. Distinguish the NT office (authorized eyewitness, delegated to found/teach the church) from Muhammad’s own defining title Rasūl Allāh and its finality claim (khatam an-nabiyyin), per baseline note.

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Called

Approved rendering: المدعوون
Transliteration: al-mad’uwwūn
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: المُنتخَبون

Inherited from Romans package. Mark’s calling-vocabulary appears at the calling of the first disciples (1:16-20, καλέω implicit in the narrative act of summoning) and explicitly at 2:17 (‘I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners’). Direction runs from God/Jesus to the person, never the reverse (see ‘calling’ below).

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Calling

Approved rendering: الدعوة
Transliteration: al-da’wah
Doctrine: Divine Calling

Inherited from Romans package. Da’wah is the standard Islamic term for human missionary invitation to Islam; in Mark, as in Romans, this denotes God’s/Jesus’s own sovereign summons of a person (1:16-20; 2:17), the reverse direction. Distinction must be made explicit at first use.

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Election

Approved rendering: اختيار الله
Transliteration: ikhtiyār Allāh
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and the Return of the Son of Man
Rejected alternatives: القدر
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Plural ‘the elect’ (المختارون) needed at 13:20, 22, 27 (Olivet Discourse) — gathered by the Son of Man at his coming through a purposive redemptive-historical act. Must be distinguished from folk-qadar fatalism, per baseline note.

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Faith

Approved rendering: الإيمان
Transliteration: al-īmān
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: الاعتقاد, الثقة
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Central anchor term for Mark’s ‘Faith and Discipleship amid Fear’ doctrine, repeatedly paired with and contrasted against fear (φόβος) as its narrative foil: 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 6:6, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24. 9:24’s ‘I believe; help my unbelief’ must be taught as faith admitting real struggle, not untroubled certainty, against Islamic iman’s primarily creedal-assent register.

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Glory

Approved rendering: المجد
Transliteration: al-majd
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: النور الإلهي
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. James and John’s request to sit in Jesus’s glory (10:37, inside the core passage) is not doctrinally wrong but prematurely timed and wrongly mechanized; also appears at 8:38 and 13:26 (Son of Man’s future glorious coming). Avoid light-metaphor renderings evoking Sufi illumination mysticism.

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Gospel

Approved rendering: الإنجيل
Transliteration: al-Injīl
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: البشارة, الخبر السار
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. In Mark this is the opening word of the book (1:1, textual variant re: ‘Son of God’ noted for reviewers only) and recurs at 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9. Must be taught as the NT record itself, not a corrupted successor to a lost Injil per tahrif doctrine; the deity claim is independently confirmed later (1:11, 9:7, 15:39) regardless of the 1:1 textual variant.

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Grace

Approved rendering: النعمة
Transliteration: al-ni’mah
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: الفضل, الرحمة

Inherited from Romans package. Not an independently load-bearing lexical item in Mark’s narrative vocabulary (Mark shows grace enacted in story rather than expounding it doctrinally, e.g. unearned healing/forgiveness). Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; no contradictory rendering introduced.

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Intercession

Approved rendering: الشفاعة
Transliteration: al-shafā’ah
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession

Inherited from Romans package. Less prominent as a distinct theme in Mark than in Romans 8, but Jesus’s own prayer life (1:35; 6:46; 14:32-39 Gethsemane) and teaching on prayer (11:24-25) underlie it. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; the exclusive, sufficient nature of Christ’s mediation established in Romans applies to the Gethsemane prayer’s Son as well.

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Israel

Approved rendering: إسرائيل
Transliteration: Isrā’īl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Invoked in the Shema quotation (12:29) and implicit in the ‘King of the Jews’ title (15:26). Contemporary political sensitivity intersects here with the fig-tree judgment (ch. 11), the abomination-of-desolation warning tied to the Jerusalem temple site (ch. 13), and the crucifixion title (ch. 15); teach the redemptive-historical sense deliberately apart from present-day political readings.

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Prophet

Approved rendering: نبي
Transliteration: nabī
Doctrine: Prophetic Fulfillment and the Forerunner
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Recurs at the Nazareth rejection (6:4), popular speculation (6:15, 8:28), and Elijah/John typology (9:11-13). Must be paired with fuller Christological titles per baseline’s khatam an-nabiyyin caution, so ‘prophet’ does not exhaust Jesus’s identity.

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Sanctification

Approved rendering: التقديس
Transliteration: al-taqdīs
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: التطهير

Inherited from Romans package. Not an independently load-bearing lexical item in Mark; the Spirit’s ongoing sanctifying work is present thematically (e.g., Mark 7’s relocation of defilement to the heart) rather than named directly. Retained for consistency; distinct from ritual purification (وضوء/غسل).

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Seed Of David

Approved rendering: نسل داود / ابن داود
Transliteration: nasl Dāwūd / ibn Dāwūd
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ / υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package (extended form). The direct vocative messianic title ‘Son of David’ (ابن داود) appears at 10:47-48 and 12:35-37; requires the Davidic covenant background to be supplied, since Bartimaeus’s cry is presented by Mark as unusually clear insight in deliberate contrast to the disciples’ confusion.

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Sin

Approved rendering: الخطية
Transliteration: al-khaṭīyah
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: الذنب, الإثم
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Ties directly to the forgiveness-of-sins controversy (2:1-12) and the blasphemy-against-the-Spirit warning (3:28-30); Mark 7’s relocation of defilement to heart-level moral corruption runs directly against Islamic fitrah doctrine and must be taught explicitly.