Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Galatians (German)
Full-book term list: terms inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline (marked TM) and terms new to Galatians (marked NEW), in order of first occurrence.
| # | English term | Greek | First occurrence(s) | German rendering | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jews / Gentiles | Ἰουδαῖοι / ἔθνη | 2:15 | Juden / Heiden | TM | Historical-sensitivity flag applies to every pairing (baseline rule, intensified here). |
| 2 | justification | δικαιόω | 2:16 | Rechtfertigung | TM | Forensic sense only; never infused/process. |
| 3 | works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10 | Werke des Gesetzes | NEW | Never bare “gute Werke.” |
| 4 | faith (in Christ) | πίστις | 2:16 | Glaube (an Jesus Christus) | TM | Objective genitive resolution for πίστις Χριστοῦ. |
| 5 | flesh | σάρξ | 2:16; 5:16-24 | Fleisch | NEW | Disambiguate ethical sense from neutral bodily sense on first use. |
| 6 | crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω | 2:19-20 | mit Christus gekreuzigt | NEW | Passive, definite, perfect-tense abiding result. |
| 7 | Son of God | υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ | 2:20 | Sohn Gottes | TM | — |
| 8 | grace | χάρις | 2:21 | Gnade | TM | — |
| 9 | righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | 2:21 | Gerechtigkeit | TM | — |
| 10 | different/false gospel | εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον | 1:6-9 | ein anderes Evangelium | NEW | Must read as no-gospel-at-all, not one option among several. |
| 11 | anathema/accursed | ἀνάθεμα | 1:8-9 | verflucht | NEW | Solemn curse-formula; never “im Unrecht.” |
| 12 | circumcision | περιτομή | 2:3; 5:2-6; 6:12-15 | Beschneidung | NEW | Keep strictly to Paul’s argument; avoid contemporary German legal-debate resonance. |
| 13 | false brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | 2:4 | falsche Brüder | NEW | — |
| 14 | freedom | ἐλευθερία | 2:4; 5:1, 13 | Freiheit | NEW | Single highest-density German-specific risk term; see 07 for the Luther-treatise connection. |
| 15 | hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | 2:13 | Heuchelei | NEW | — |
| 16 | curse of the law | κατάρα τοῦ νόμου | 3:10, 13 | Fluch des Gesetzes | NEW | Judicial verdict, never folk-magic curse. |
| 17 | seed/offspring | σπέρμα | 3:16, 19, 29 | Same / Nachkomme | NEW | Singular/plural argument requires explicit exposition. |
| 18 | guardian (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός | 3:24-25 | Zuchtmeister | NEW | Temporary, now-ended office. |
| 19 | elemental spirits | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | 4:3, 9 | die Elemente der Welt | NEW | Avoid literal-chemistry misreading. |
| 20 | works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | 5:19-21 | Werke des Fleisches | NEW | — |
| 21 | fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | 5:22-23 | Frucht des Geistes | NEW | Singular “Frucht,” never pluralized. |
| 22 | law of Christ | ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 6:2 | das Gesetz Christi | NEW | Reappropriated “Gesetz”; tie to the love-command of 5:14. |
| 23 | sowing and reaping | σπείρειν / θερίζειν | 6:7-8 | säen / ernten | NEW | Keep God as explicit subject; keep flesh/Spirit contrast attached. |
| 24 | new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | 6:15 | neue Schöpfung | NEW | No rebirth false-friend risk in German; guard against under-emphasis. |
| 25 | marks of Jesus | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | 6:17 | die Malzeichen Jesu | NEW | Distinguish from later medieval-mystical stigmata tradition. |
Coverage confirmation
25 glossary entries span all six chapters: chapter 1 (rows 10-11), chapter 2 (rows 1-9, 12-15), chapter 3 (rows 16-18), chapter 4 (row 19), chapter 5 (rows 5, 20-21, and row 14 continued), and chapter 6 (rows 22-25). Terms already established in the Romans baseline (rows 1, 2, 4, 6-9) are reused verbatim; none of their translations have been altered.
Critical Risk Terms
Justification
Approved rendering: Rechtfertigung
Transliteration: Rechtfertigung
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Forensic sense only; never infused/process. Repeated three times in Galatians 2:16 alone.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Sohn Gottes
Transliteration: Sohn Gottes
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Galatians 2:20, 4:4-6.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: Gerechtigkeit
Transliteration: Gerechtigkeit
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Galatians 2:21, 3:6, 21.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: Werke des Gesetzes
Transliteration: Werke des Gesetzes
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: gute Werke (good works generally)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Deeds prescribed by Mosaic Torah specifically — circumcision, food laws, calendar. NEVER bare ‘gute Werke.’ Galatians 2:16 (x3); 3:2, 5, 10.
Flesh
Approved rendering: Fleisch
Transliteration: Fleisch
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Ethical, sinful-nature sense. Disambiguate from neutral Körper/Leib sense on first occurrence. Galatians 2:16; 5:13-24; 6:8.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: mit Christus gekreuzigt
Transliteration: mit Christus gekreuzigt
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Passive, definite; preserve the Greek perfect tense’s abiding present-tense result. Galatians 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14.
False Gospel
Approved rendering: ein anderes Evangelium
Transliteration: ein anderes Evangelium
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: εὐαγγέλιον ἕτερον
Category: Gospel
NEW. Must read as absolute denial (‘obwohl es kein anderes ist’), never one option among several. Galatians 1:6-9.
Anathema
Approved rendering: verflucht
Transliteration: verflucht
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: im Unrecht (merely mistaken)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
NEW. Solemn curse-formula. Galatians 1:8-9.
Freedom
Approved rendering: Freiheit
Transliteration: Freiheit
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Highest-density German-specific risk term. Carries Luther’s own ‘Von der Freiheit eines Christenmenschen’ resonance alongside Enlightenment and post-1989 political associations. Every occurrence needs enough context for the Christ-given sense to be unmistakable. Galatians 2:4; 5:1, 13.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: Fluch des Gesetzes
Transliteration: Fluch des Gesetzes
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Judicial verdict, never a folk-magic curse. Galatians 3:10, 13.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: Werke des Fleisches
Transliteration: Werke des Fleisches
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:19-21.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: Frucht des Geistes
Transliteration: Frucht des Geistes
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: Früchte des Geistes (plural)
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Singular ‘Frucht’ matching Luther’s own rendering — nine qualities as one unified fruit. Galatians 5:22-23.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: säen / ernten
Transliteration: säen / ernten
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: σπείρειν / θερίζειν
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Keep Gott as explicit subject of accountability; keep the flesh/Spirit contrast of verse 8 explicit alongside the related German proverb. Galatians 6:7-8.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: Gnade
Transliteration: Gnade
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Galatians 2:21, 5:4.
Law
Approved rendering: Gesetz
Transliteration: Gesetz
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Highest-frequency reused term in Galatians (2:16-21; 3:2-24; 4:4-5, 21; 5:3-4, 14, 18, 23; 6:2, 13).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: Heiden
Transliteration: Heiden
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paired with Juden throughout Galatians; historical-sensitivity flag applies at every occurrence, intensified relative to Romans.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: Same
Transliteration: Same
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Collective singular preserving the singular/plural argument; requires explicit exposition since contemporary readers do not automatically parse it as strictly singular. Galatians 3:16, 19, 29.
Law As Guardian
Approved rendering: Zuchtmeister
Transliteration: Zuchtmeister
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
NEW. Temporary, now-ended custodial office; pair with explicit ‘bis Christus kam’ framing. Galatians 3:24-25.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: das Gesetz Christi
Transliteration: das Gesetz Christi
Doctrine: Faith Working Through Love
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Reappropriated ‘Gesetz’; tie explicitly to the love-command of 5:14. Galatians 6:2.
New Creation
Approved rendering: neue Schöpfung
Transliteration: neue Schöpfung
Doctrine: Circumcision and New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. No rebirth false-friend risk in German; guard against under-emphasis. Galatians 6:15.
Medium Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: Glaube
Transliteration: Glaube
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Objective genitive resolution for πίστις Χριστοῦ (Glaube an Jesus Christus).
Adoption
Approved rendering: Kindschaft
Transliteration: Kindschaft
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Galatians 4:5; the Abba-cry of 4:6 must match Romans 8:15 verbatim.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: Beschneidung
Transliteration: Beschneidung
Doctrine: Circumcision and New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Law and Grace
NEW. Keep strictly to Paul’s first-century argument; avoid resonance with Germany’s 2012 circumcision legal controversy. Galatians 2:3-5; 5:2-6; 6:12-15.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: falsche Brüder
Transliteration: falsche Brüder
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:4.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: Heuchelei
Transliteration: Heuchelei
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:11-14.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: die Elemente der Welt
Transliteration: die Elemente der Welt
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Covenant
NEW. Avoid literal-chemistry misreading of ‘Elemente.’ Galatians 4:3, 9.
Low Risk Terms
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: die Malzeichen Jesu
Transliteration: die Malzeichen Jesu
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Distinguish from later medieval-mystical stigmata tradition. Galatians 6:17.
Referenced passages