Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 1 John | English → Hungarian
Purpose
This glossary compiles every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning 1 John chapters 1–5. Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSED and carry their baseline rendering and risk tier forward unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. New terms are marked NEW and are proposed here for incorporation into an updated, 1 John-extended translation memory in Phase 2. Risk tiers follow the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework as the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Romans Translation Memory
| Term (English) | Hungarian | Risk (baseline) | 1 John Occurrences | Contextual Note for This Curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Isten | Critical | throughout | No change; foundational to “God is Light and God is Love.” |
| Jesus | Jézus | Critical | throughout | No change. |
| Son of God | Isten Fia | Critical | 1:3; 3:8; 4:9-10, 15; 5:5, 10-13, 20 | No change; central to “The Incarnation and Antichrist” and “Assurance.” |
| Holy Spirit | Szentlélek | Critical | 3:24; 4:2, 13; 5:6-8 | No change; must remain personal, never impersonal force. |
| Father | Atya | Critical | 1:2-3; 2:1, 13-16, 22-24; 3:1; 4:14 | No change. |
| Sin | bűn | Medium | throughout, esp. ch. 1, 3, 5 | Baseline tier retained for general use; see NEW term “sin unto death” below for an elevated, distinct Critical extension specific to 5:16-17. |
| Fellowship | közösség | Low | 1:3, 6-7 | Contextual note: 1 John’s vertical (with God) as well as horizontal usage warrants Medium-level teaching attentiveness in this curriculum; rendering itself unchanged. |
| Faith / believe | hit / hisz | High | 3:23; 4:16; 5:1, 4-5, 10, 13 | No change; object of faith (God’s love, the Son) must remain recoverable per baseline registry note. |
| Salvation | üdvösség | Critical | 4:14 (“Savior of the world”) | No change; connects to NEW term “eternal life” below. |
| Law | törvény | High | 3:4 (background) | No change; NEW term “lawlessness” (ἀνομία) builds on this baseline entry. |
| Righteousness | igazság | Critical | 1:9; 2:1, 29; 3:7, 10 | No change; note lexical overlap risk with distinct NEW term “truth” (ἀλήθεια), also “igazság” in Hungarian — see Table 2. |
| Lord | Úr | Critical | (incidental) | No change; retained for consistency though less prominent than in Romans. |
| Apostle | apostol | Low | (incidental, authorial background) | No change. |
Table 2 — New Terms Proposed for 1 John (Full Risk Detail)
| # | Term (English) | Greek | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages | Grounded Reason for Risk Tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Love | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | szeretet / szeret | Critical | God is Light and God is Love; Love for the Brethren | 2:5, 15; 3:1, 11, 16-18; 4:7-21 | Central term of the whole epistle and the core passage; must carry John’s own “love as evidence of new birth, not merit” argument without silently resolving into either the Catholic caritas/merit-adjacent framework or a Reformed evidence-of-election-only framework as the text’s sole meaning. |
| 2 | God is love (identity statement) | ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν | Isten szeretet | Critical | God is Light and God is Love | 4:8, 16 | Predicate-nominative identity claim about God’s essential nature, structurally parallel to 1:5 “Isten világosság” (God is light); must not be weakened to an attributive “Isten szerető” (God is loving), which would reduce an ontological claim to a mere character trait. |
| 3 | Born of God | γεννάω (perfect passive) | Istentől született | Critical | Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth; Assurance of Salvation | 2:29; 3:9; 4:7; 5:1, 4, 18 | Direct collision with the Hungarian Catholic/Reformed fault line on regeneration: Catholic tradition connects new birth closely to baptismal regeneration (sacramentally mediated); Hungarian Reformed tradition holds regeneration as the Holy Spirit’s sovereign, monergistic work, ordinarily though not necessarily coincident with baptism. Must render John’s own claim (love as evidence of a birth already accomplished by God) without resolving this systematic question. |
| 4 | Confess (sin) | ὁμολογέω (+ sins as object) | megvall(ás) | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin | 1:9 | Must use general “megvall/megvallás” and explicitly NOT “gyón/gyónás” (the specific Catholic sacramental term for auricular confession to a priest with priestly absolution); the text’s own model is direct confession to God, paralleling the baseline’s existing sensitivity around “intercession” and priestly/saintly mediation. |
| 5 | Confess (faith) | ὁμολογέω (+ Jesus as Son of God as object) | megvall(ja) | High | The Incarnation and Antichrist; Assurance of Salvation | 2:23; 4:2-3, 15 | Same verb root as #4 but distinct object (confession of Christ’s identity, not of sin); must be kept lexically and conceptually distinct in teaching materials though the same Hungarian verb root is used for both. |
| 6 | Advocate / Paraclete | παράκλητος | Szószóló | High | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin; Fellowship with God | 2:1 | Same Greek word used of the Holy Spirit elsewhere in John’s writings; recommend distinguishing the Hungarian rendering from “Szentlélek” role-language, and note the overlap with the baseline’s “intercession” (közbenjárás) sensitivity — Christ’s advocacy is direct and unmediated by any human or saintly figure. |
| 7 | Propitiation / atoning sacrifice | ἱλασμός | engesztelő áldozat | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin; The Incarnation and Antichrist | 2:2; 4:10 | ”Áldozat” (sacrifice) risks activating Catholic sacramental theology of the Mass as an ongoing re-presentation of Christ’s sacrifice; must preserve the once-for-all sufficiency of Christ’s atoning death without affirming or polemicizing against Catholic Eucharistic theology within the text. |
| 8 | Anointing | χρῖσμα | kenet | Critical | Testing the Spirits; Fellowship with God | 2:20, 27 | ”Kenet” is the standard Hungarian term for sacramental chrism oil (Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick); Catholic readers may default to a sacramental-ritual reading, while the text describes the Holy Spirit’s non-ritual, universally given teaching presence in every believer. Mandatory clarifying note required on every occurrence, per the same escalation pattern the baseline requires for “szentek.” |
| 9 | Antichrist | ἀντίχριστος | Antikrisztus | High | The Incarnation and Antichrist | 2:18, 22; 4:3 | Historic Hungarian Reformed polemical tradition at times identified “the Antichrist” with the Papacy; teaching materials must present only the text’s own stated criterion (denial that Jesus is the Christ come in the flesh) without extending or narrowing it to that historic identification. |
| 10 | Test the spirits | δοκιμάζω (τὰ πνεύματα) | vizsgáljátok meg a lelkeket | High | Testing the Spirits | 4:1 | Connects to the baseline’s “spiritual_gifts” caution regarding Hungary’s smaller Pentecostal/Charismatic presence; must be taught with the text’s own stated criterion, avoiding both cessationist dismissal and uncritical acceptance. |
| 11 | Spirit of truth / spirit of error | πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας / πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης | az igazság Lelke / a hamisság lelke | High | Testing the Spirits; The Incarnation and Antichrist | 4:6 | Must retain personal, morally culpable sense of deception (πλάνη), consistent with the antichrist discussion; not merely “intellectual error.” |
| 12 | Witness / testimony (three witnesses) | μαρτυρία / μαρτυρέω | tanúbizonyság / bizonyságot tesz | Critical | Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life | 5:6-11 | Elevated to Critical specifically because of the Comma Johanneum textual-tradition issue (see #13); apart from that issue, would otherwise be Medium. |
| 13 | Comma Johanneum (Trinitarian witness clause) | (TR addition at) 1 John 5:7-8 | — (textual note, not a lexical rendering) | Critical | Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life; Deity of Christ (cross-ref. baseline) | 5:7-8 | Historic Károli/Textus Receptus tradition includes an explicit Trinitarian clause absent from the modern critical text used by most current Hungarian translations (including RÚF 2014). Recommend following the critical text (shorter reading) with an explicit disclosing footnote on the variant; flag every occurrence for human theologian review. |
| 14 | Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | örök élet | Critical | Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life | 5:11-13, 20 | 5:13 is 1 John’s own assurance thesis-statement, functioning for this curriculum as Romans 8:28-39 functions in the baseline; the Reformed/Catholic assurance divide already documented under the baseline’s “assurance_of_salvation” and “salvation” entries applies with full force here. |
| 15 | Sin leading to death / not leading to death | ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον / οὐ πρὸς θάνατον | halálra vezető bűn / nem halálra vezető bűn | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin | 5:16-17 | Must NOT use the fixed Hungarian Catholic catechetical phrase “halálos bűn” (mortal sin, paired systematically with “bocsánatos bűn,” venial sin), which would import a developed sacramental category requiring priestly confession not present in this form in Reformed theology. Periphrastic rendering recommended and required. |
| 16 | Lawlessness | ἀνομία | törvényszegés | Medium-High | Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth (sin defined) | 3:4 | Builds on baseline’s “law” (High) entry; John’s usage concerns relationship to God’s will broadly, not the Mosaic ceremonial law debated in Romans — the Reformed “threefold use of the law” framework should not be assumed as the default lens. |
| 17 | Commandment | ἐντολή | parancsolat | Medium | Love for the Brethren; Overcoming the World | 2:3-4, 7-8; 3:22-24; 4:21 | Connects to baseline’s “law” and “obedience_of_faith” entries; this is Christ’s relational directive flowing from love already received, not Sinai legislation or independent rule-compliance. |
| 18 | Perfect / complete love | τελεία ἀγάπη / τελειόω | teljes szeretet / teljességre jut | Medium | God is Light and God is Love | 4:12, 17-18 | Must not be read through a Wesleyan-holiness “entire sanctification/sinless perfection achievable in this life” lens (a minority view in some Hungarian free-church circles); denotes love reaching its designed, mature expression, not eradication of the sin nature. |
| 19 | Children of God | τέκνα θεοῦ | Isten gyermekei | Medium | Assurance of Salvation; Love for the Brethren | 3:1-2, 10 | Distinct organic birth-image from the baseline’s legal-adoption image (“örökbefogadás”); both serve the same doctrine through complementary, not competing, metaphors — must not be silently conflated in teaching materials. |
| 20 | World (kosmos) | κόσμος | világ | Medium-High | Overcoming the World | 2:15-17; 4:4-5, 9, 14; 5:4-5, 19 | Ranges from neutral (“creation/humanity,” 4:9) to morally opposed (“world-system in rebellion,” 2:15-17); each occurrence must be checked for which sense is active. |
| 21 | Overcome / victory | νικάω / νίκη | legyőz / győzelem | Medium-High | Overcoming the World | 2:13-14; 4:4; 5:4-5 | Must be taught as victory through faith/union with Christ, not human effort or a prosperity/triumphalist framing detached from 5:5’s stated means (faith in the Son of God). |
| 22 | Confidence / boldness | παρρησία | bizalom / bátorság | High | Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life | 3:21; 4:17; 5:14 | Same fault line as the baseline’s “assurance_of_salvation” (Critical in Romans 8): Reformed settled-assurance reading versus Catholic ongoing-uncertainty reading; must preserve John’s own confident assertion without adjudicating between the two systems. |
| 23 | Know (relational) | γινώσκω | ismer(i) | Medium | Fellowship with God; Assurance | 2:3-5, 13-14; 3:1, 6, 16, 20; 4:6-8, 13, 16 | Experiential/relational knowing; Hungarian “ismer” partially but not perfectly maps this distinction against “tud” (see #24) — track per occurrence. |
| 24 | Know (settled/factual) | οἶδα / εἰδέναι | tud(ja) | Medium | Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life | 2:20-21, 29; 3:2, 5, 14-15; 5:13, 15, 18-20 | Settled, factual knowing distinct from #23; John’s alternation between these two verbs is a deliberate epistemological structure supporting the assurance doctrine and should not be flattened to a single undifferentiated Hungarian verb throughout. |
| 25 | Truth / lie / liar | ἀλήθεια / ψεῦδος / ψεύστης | igazság / hazugság / hazug | Medium-High | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin; The Incarnation and Antichrist | 1:6, 8, 10; 2:4, 21-22, 27; 3:18-19; 4:20; 5:10 | Hungarian “igazság” is the same word already assigned to δικαιοσύνη (righteousness, baseline Critical); ἀλήθεια (truth) is a distinct Greek term sharing the same Hungarian rendering — a genuine lexical-overlap risk requiring explicit context-sensitive teaching notes in every occurrence to prevent conflating “truth” and “righteousness” senses. |
| 26 | Word of Life | ὁ λόγος τῆς ζωῆς | az élet Igéje | Critical | The Incarnation and Antichrist | 1:1 | Continuous with baseline’s “incarnation” (megtestesülés) and “son_of_god” entries; must preserve identification of the eternal, preexistent Word with the historically seen, heard, touched Jesus, guarding against docetic readings. |
| 27 | Confess Christ come in the flesh | ὁμολογεῖ…ἐν σαρκὶ ἐληλυθότα | megvallja, hogy…testben jött el | Critical | The Incarnation and Antichrist; Testing the Spirits | 4:2-3; cf. 2:22-23 | The epistle’s own definitional test for true versus false spirits; must preserve Christ’s real, physical, historical humanity against ancient and modern Docetic-type minimizing. |
| 28 | Abide / remain | μένω | marad(ni) / lakozik | Medium | Fellowship with God and One Another; Overcoming the World | 2:6, 10, 14, 17, 19, 24, 27-28; 3:6, 9, 14-17, 24; 4:12-16 | Structural Johannine relational-indwelling term; must be rendered consistently across the whole epistle, not varied stylistically, given its doctrinal load. |
| 29 | Light / darkness | φῶς / σκοτία, σκότος | világosság / sötétség | Medium | God is Light and God is Love | 1:5-7; 2:8-11 | Ethical-relational categories (holiness/truth vs. sin/falsehood), not cosmological/Manichaean-type dualism; teaching note required to forestall a metaphysical-dualism misreading. |
| 30 | Cleanse | καθαρίζω | megtisztít | High | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin | 1:7, 9 | Connects to the confession/gyónás fault line (#4); must not imply a sacramental rite is the necessary means, since the text presents God’s faithfulness and Christ’s blood, received through confession/faith, as the effecting cause. |
| 31 | Devil / evil one | διάβολος / πονηρός | ördög / gonosz | Medium | Love for the Brethren; Overcoming the World | 2:13-14; 3:8, 10, 12; 5:18-19 | Standard, stable terms with no significant folk-religious collision in Hungary; ensure the two distinct Greek terms are not flattened into a single undifferentiated Hungarian word. |
| 32 | Seed of God | σπέρμα αὐτοῦ | Isten magva | Medium | Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth | 3:9 | Unusual image for modern readers; requires an explanatory teaching note (abiding transformative presence producing inability to make sin one’s settled practice, not sinless perfection) to prevent overclaim or underclaim. |
| 33 | Lay down one’s life | τιθέναι τὴν ψυχήν | életét adja / áldozza | Medium | Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth | 3:16 | Sacrificial self-giving-love pattern modeled on, but categorically distinct from, Christ’s unique atoning sacrifice (#7); must not blur that distinction. |
| 34 | Savior of the world | σωτῆρα τοῦ κόσμου | a világ Megváltója/Üdvözítője | Critical | Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life | 4:14 | Inherits baseline “salvation” (üdvösség) Critical weight; universal-offer sense (cf. baseline “universal_scope_of_gospel”) must not be misread as universal-outcome (automatic salvation of all). |
| 35 | True (genuine) | ἀληθινός | igaz (valódi) | Medium | The Incarnation and Antichrist; Assurance of Salvation | 5:20 | Distinct from ἀλήθεια (#25) though sharing a root sense; denotes genuineness versus counterfeit (contrasted with idols in 5:21), not a propositional-truth claim per se — must be distinguished from #25 in teaching notes. |
| 36 | Idols | εἴδωλα | bálványok | Low-Medium | Overcoming the World; The Incarnation and Antichrist | 5:21 | Literal idol worship is not a live contemporary Hungarian practice; primary task is making the figurative extension (anything functionally displacing the true God) available through teaching notes without diluting the concrete original referent. |
| 37 | Fear (servile dread) | φόβος | félelem | Medium | God is Light and God is Love; Assurance of Salvation | 4:18 | Must be distinguished in teaching notes from the positive, reverential “fear of the Lord” sense found elsewhere in Scripture; here specifically servile dread of judgment, cast out by love. |
| 38 | Liar | ψεύστης | hazug | Medium-High | Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth | 1:10; 2:4, 22; 4:20; 5:10 | Strong moral term for self-contradictory false claims to Christian standing; must not be softened to “mistaken” — see also #25. |
| 39 | Blood of Jesus | τὸ αἷμα Ἰησοῦ | Jézus vére | Medium-High | Confession and Forgiveness of Sin | 1:7 | Objective ground of cleansing from sin, connected to propitiation (#7); ensure a once-for-all sense, not requiring ongoing sacramental re-application. |
Risk Summary for This Glossary Extension
| Risk Tier | Count (New Terms, Table 2) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 8 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 6 | Human theologian (recommended) / Native speaker (minimum) |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium | 2 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 0 | — |
| Total new terms | 39 |
Combined with the 13 baseline terms reused without modification (Table 1), this glossary provides full-book term coverage of 1 John for Phase 2 processing. All Critical and High risk new terms above must be added to an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required per the baseline’s enforcement instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md) before any Phase 2 segment translation of 1 John proceeds, with theologian review flags set at initial entry for every Critical and High term per that document’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Isten
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: God is Light and God is Love
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous. Foundational to 1 János 1:5 and 4:8, 16’s identity statements (‘Isten világosság,’ ‘Isten szeretet’).
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jézus
Transliteration: Iēsous
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ; The Incarnation and Antichrist
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard across all Hungarian Bible traditions; no variant-form risk.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Isten Fia
Transliteration: huios tou theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ; The Incarnation and Antichrist
Rejected alternatives: Isten fia általános értelemben, minden hívőre alkalmazva, szeretett Fia, csak megtisztelő értelemben, az egyszülöttség kizárásával
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain categorically distinct from the new-term ‘Isten gyermekei’ (children of God, organic-birth image applied to believers, 3:1-2). μονογενής (4:9) is rendered ‘egyszülött Fia’ to preserve the full uniqueness the baseline entry requires.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Szentlélek
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Sanctification; Testing the Spirits; Anointing of the Holy Spirit
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain personal, divine third Person of the Trinity, never an impersonal force; governs 1 János 4:13 (the Spirit given) and underlies the 2:20, 27 anointing (kenet) discussion.
Father
Approved rendering: Atya
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family; Children of God and Divine Sonship
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous.
Salvation
Approved rendering: üdvösség
Transliteration: sōtēria
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 1 János 4:14 (‘Savior of the world,’ see new-term ‘savior_of_the_world’) and the epistle’s assurance argument at 5:11-13 (see new-term ‘eternal_life’).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: igazság
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness of Sin
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 János 1:9, dikaiosynē describes God’s own righteous character as the ground of forgiveness, a doctrinally continuous but distinct use from Romans’ forensic-justification sense. Hungarian ‘igazság’ also renders the distinct Greek term alētheia (truth) — see new-term ‘truth_lie_liar’ for the resulting lexical-overlap risk, which is denser in 1 John than in Romans.
Lord
Approved rendering: Úr
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Less prominent in 1 János than in Romans but must remain rendered identically wherever it occurs.
Love
Approved rendering: szeretet / szeret
Transliteration: agapē / agapaō
Doctrine: God is Light and God is Love; Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth
Rejected alternatives: szeretet mint kizárólag érdemeket gyarapító karitász (tridenti túlhangsúly), szeretet mint kizárólag egy már megtörtént kiválasztás bizonyítéka, minden parancsoló erő nélkül (kizárólagos református szisztematikus olvasat)
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Love
The central term of the whole epistle and of the core passage (4:7-21). Must carry John’s own argument — love as the observable evidence of new birth, not its cause or its merit — without silently resolving either the Catholic caritas/merit-adjacent framework or a Reformed evidence-of-election-only framework as the text’s sole meaning.
God Is Love
Approved rendering: Isten szeretet
Transliteration: ho theos agapē estin
Doctrine: God is Light and God is Love
Rejected alternatives: Isten szerető (attributív jelző, mely gyengíti az ontológiai állítást), Isten a szeretet (a névelő betoldása, mely elmossa a szerkezeti párhuzamot az 1:5 ‘Isten világosság’ állítással)
Original: ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν
Category: God
Predicate-nominative identity statement about God’s essential nature, structurally parallel to 1:5’s ‘Isten világosság.’ Must NEVER be weakened to the attributive ‘Isten szerető,’ which reduces an ontological claim to a mere character trait. This is the core passage’s thesis statement (4:8, 16) and must be rendered identically at every occurrence across all curriculum documents.
Born Of God
Approved rendering: Istentől született
Transliteration: gegennētai ek tou theou
Doctrine: Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag szentségi (keresztségi) újjászületésként értve, a Lélek szuverén munkája nélkül (katolikus szisztematikus olvasat kényszerítése), kizárólag a Lélek ellenállhatatlan, monergista munkájaként értve, szentségi mozzanat lehetősége nélkül (református szisztematikus olvasat kényszerítése)
Original: γεγέννηται ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Perfect passive construction: a past act of God with continuing present result. Direct collision with the Hungarian Catholic/Reformed regeneration fault line. Render John’s own claim — love as evidence of a birth already accomplished by God — without resolving this systematic question for either tradition.
Confess Sin
Approved rendering: megvall / megvallás
Transliteration: homologōmen tas hamartias
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness of Sin
Rejected alternatives: gyón / gyónás (a katolikus szentségi, paphoz kötött és feloldozással járó bűnbánati rítus kifejezése — TILOS 1:9-ben)
Original: ὁμολογῶμεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Sin
1:9’s own model is direct confession to God, with Christ alone as Advocate (2:1), no human priestly intermediary named or implied. MUST use the general verb ‘megvall/megvallás’; MUST NOT use any form of ‘gyón/gyónás’ in the translated text.
Confess Incarnation
Approved rendering: megvallja, hogy Jézus Krisztus testben jött el
Transliteration: homologei Iēsoun Christon en sarki elēlythota
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Antichrist; Testing the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: Jézus Krisztus csak látszólagos, nem valódi testi eljövetele (dokéta félreolvasás)
Original: ὁμολογεῖ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἐληλυθότα
Category: Christology
The epistle’s own definitional test for the spirit of truth versus the spirit of the antichrist (4:2-3; cf. 2:22-23). Must preserve Christ’s real, physical, historical humanity against ancient Docetism and any modern minimizing of his genuine humanity.
Propitiation
Approved rendering: engesztelő áldozat
Transliteration: hilasmos
Doctrine: Propitiatory Atonement of Christ
Rejected alternatives: folytatódó, megismételt engesztelő cselekedetként értve (a misebemutatás mint áldozat, tridenti értelmezés kényszerítése)
Original: ἱλασμός
Category: Salvation
‘Áldozat’ (sacrifice) is the same word used of the Roman Catholic Mass understood as an ongoing re-presentation of Christ’s sacrifice. Must preserve the once-for-all sufficiency of Christ’s atoning death (2:2; 4:10) without affirming or polemicizing against Catholic Eucharistic theology within the translated text itself.
Anointing
Approved rendering: kenet
Transliteration: chrisma
Doctrine: Anointing of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag szentségi kenetként (bérmálás, betegek szentségi kenete) értve, rituális cselekedet nélkül nem érvényes olvasatként kényszerítve
Original: χρῖσμα
Category: Sanctification
‘Kenet’ is the standard Hungarian term for sacramental chrism oil used in Confirmation (bérmálás) and Anointing of the Sick (betegek szentségi kenete/utolsó kenet). MANDATORY clarifying note required at every occurrence (2:20, 27): this is the Holy Spirit’s already-possessed, non-ritual, universally-given teaching presence in every believer, not a ministerial rite — same escalation pattern the baseline requires for ‘szentek.‘
Spirit Water Blood
Approved rendering: a Lélek, a víz és a vér
Transliteration: to pneuma kai to hydōr kai to haima
Doctrine: Testimony of the Spirit, Water, and Blood
Rejected alternatives: a Textus Receptus hosszabb, explicit Szentháromságos betétmondatának (Comma Johanneum, 5:7-8) hallgatólagos, jegyzet nélküli beillesztése, a betétmondat hallgatólagos, feltáró jegyzet nélküli kihagyása
Original: τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὸ αἷμα
Category: God
TEXTUAL-TRADITION RISK: the historic Károli 1590 Vizsolyi Biblia and Textus Receptus include an additional Trinitarian clause at 5:7-8 absent from the modern critical text most current Hungarian translations (including RÚF 2014) follow. Follow the modern critical (shorter) text as the base translation and supply an explicit disclosing footnote on the variant. Flag every occurrence for human theologian review.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: örök élet
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
1 János 5:13 is the epistle’s own assurance thesis-statement, functioning for this curriculum exactly as Romans 8:28-39 functions in the baseline’s ‘assurance_of_salvation’ entry. Must translate John’s own confident, present-tense claim without adjudicating between the Reformed settled-assurance and Catholic ongoing-uncertainty readings. Must be rendered identically wherever quoted across all curriculum documents.
Sin Unto Death
Approved rendering: halálra vezető bűn / nem halálra vezető bűn
Transliteration: hamartia pros thanaton / ou pros thanaton
Doctrine: Sin Unto Death
Rejected alternatives: halálos bűn / bocsánatos bűn (a fix katolikus morálteológiai páros kategória, mely paphoz kötött gyónást feltételez — TILOS)
Original: ἁμαρτία πρὸς θάνατον / οὐ πρὸς θάνατον
Category: Sin
The standard fixed Hungarian Catholic catechetical term for grave sin, ‘halálos bűn’ (paired with ‘bocsánatos bűn’), MUST NOT be used, since it would import a developed sacramental category not present in this form in the text or in Reformed theology. The periphrastic rendering is required. Flag every occurrence for human theologian review.
Word Of Life
Approved rendering: az élet Igéje
Transliteration: ho logos tēs zōēs
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Antichrist
Rejected alternatives: a Logosz-cím elhagyása, puszta körülírással (‘Krisztusról, aki maga az élet’), a cím-jelleg elvesztésével
Original: ὁ λόγος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Christology
The message/person that is life itself (1:1) — echoes John’s Gospel prologue’s Logos Christology. Must preserve the identification of the eternal, preexistent Word with the historically seen, heard, and touched Jesus (1:1-3), guarding against any docetic reading.
Savior Of The World
Approved rendering: a világ Megváltója / Üdvözítője
Transliteration: sōtēra tou kosmou
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel; Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: univerzalista olvasat, mely szerint minden ember automatikusan üdvözül
Original: σωτῆρα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Salvation
Christ as the sole Savior sent by the Father for the world (4:14). Inherits the baseline ‘üdvösség’ Critical weight; the universal-offer sense must not be misread as universal-outcome (automatic salvation of all humanity).
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: hit
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: Faith; Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In 1 János 4:16, the unusual direct object of pisteuō is ‘the love God has for us’ rather than a proposition about Christ; ensure the object of faith remains recoverable per the baseline registry’s general note.
Law
Approved rendering: törvény
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Lawlessness and the Definition of Sin
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. 1 János 3:4 uses anomia (lawlessness) to define sin in relation to God’s revealed will broadly, not the Mosaic ceremonial law specifically debated in Romans 7; do not silently import the baseline Reformed ‘törvény hármas haszna’ (threefold use of the law) framework as the lens for this broader Johannine usage.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: megtestesülés
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Antichrist
Inherited from Romans package. Standard, unambiguous term shared across Hungarian Catholic and Reformed Bibles. In 1 János, underlies the anti-Docetic argument of 1:1-3 (see new-term ‘word_of_life’) and the confession formula of 4:2-3 (see new-term ‘confess_incarnation’); guards against ancient Docetism’s denial of Christ’s real, physical humanity.
Confess Faith
Approved rendering: megvallja
Transliteration: homologēsē hoti Iēsous estin ho huios tou theou
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Antichrist; Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: a bűnvallás (‘confess_sin’) fogalmi körével összemosott fordítás, jóllehet más a mondat tárgya
Original: ὁμολογήσῃ ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Same Hungarian verb root (‘vall-’) as ‘confess_sin’ but a distinct object (Christ’s identity, not personal sin); must be kept lexically and conceptually distinct in teaching materials. The boundary marker of genuine fellowship with God (2:23; 4:2-3, 15).
Advocate
Approved rendering: Szószóló
Transliteration: paraklētos
Doctrine: Advocacy of Christ (Paraclete)
Rejected alternatives: a Szentlélek szerepkörével (Szentlélek) összemosott fordítás, szentek vagy Mária közbenjárásaként bemutatott olvasat (katolikus népi áhítat mint az egyetlen érvényes keret)
Original: παράκλητος
Category: Christology
The same Greek word is used elsewhere in John’s writings of the Holy Spirit; ‘Szószóló’ must be kept distinct from ‘Szentlélek’ role-language. Functions like the baseline’s ‘közbenjárás’ entry: Christ’s advocacy before the Father (2:1) is direct and unmediated by any human or saintly figure.
Antichrist
Approved rendering: Antikrisztus
Transliteration: antichristos
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Antichrist
Rejected alternatives: az Antikrisztus kizárólagos, intézményes azonosítása a Pápasággal (történelmi református polemikus olvasat kényszerítése)
Original: ἀντίχριστος
Category: Christology
Historic Hungarian Reformed polemical tradition at times identified ‘the Antichrist’ with the Papacy; teaching materials must present only 1 John’s own stated criterion (denial that Jesus is the Christ come in the flesh, 2:22-23; 4:2-3), never extending or narrowing it to that historic institutional identification.
Test The Spirits
Approved rendering: vizsgáljátok meg a lelkeket
Transliteration: dokimazete ta pneumata
Doctrine: Testing the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag cessationista elutasítás minden lelki jelenség iránt, kritikátlan elfogadás bármely lelki állítás iránt
Original: δοκιμάζετε τὰ πνεύματα
Category: Church
Careful, discerning evaluation of spiritual claims against the text’s own fixed criterion (4:2-3), avoiding both a cessationist dismissal of all spiritual claims and an uncritical acceptance of any spiritual claim.
Spirit Of Truth And Error
Approved rendering: az igazság Lelke / a hamisság lelke
Transliteration: pneuma tēs alētheias / pneuma tēs planēs
Doctrine: Testing the Spirits; The Incarnation and Antichrist
Rejected alternatives: puszta értelmi félreértésként fordítva, erkölcsi felelősség nélkül
Original: πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας / πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης
Category: God
Must retain the personal, morally culpable sense of planē (active, culpable deception), consistent with the antichrist discussion in chapter 2, not merely ‘intellectual error.‘
Lawlessness
Approved rendering: törvényszegés
Transliteration: anomia
Doctrine: Lawlessness and the Definition of Sin
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag mózesi szertartási törvény megszegéseként értve, a református ‘törvény hármas haszna’ rendszer egyetlen érvényes kereteként kényszerítve
Original: ἀνομία
Category: Sin
John’s usage (3:4) concerns disregard for God’s revealed will broadly, not the Mosaic ceremonial law specifically debated in Romans; the baseline’s Reformed threefold-use-of-the-law systematic framework should not be silently assumed as the interpretive lens.
World
Approved rendering: világ
Transliteration: kosmos
Doctrine: Overcoming the World
Original: κόσμος
Category: World
Ranges from the neutral created order/humanity (4:9, 14) to the morally-opposed world-system in rebellion against God (2:15-17; 4:4-5; 5:19). Hungarian ‘világ’ does not lexically distinguish these senses; each occurrence must be checked in context.
Confidence
Approved rendering: bizalom / bátorság
Transliteration: parrēsia
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: παρρησία
Category: Salvation
Sits on the same fault line as the baseline’s ‘assurance_of_salvation’ doctrine: Reformed settled-assurance reading versus Catholic ongoing-uncertainty reading. Must preserve John’s own confident assertion (3:21; 4:17; 5:14) without adjudicating between the two systems.
Truth Lie Liar
Approved rendering: igazság / hazugság / hazug
Transliteration: alētheia / pseudos / pseustēs
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness of Sin; The Incarnation and Antichrist
Rejected alternatives: ‘hazug’ gyengítése ‘téves’ vagy ‘zavaros’ jelentésre, ártalmatlan félreértésként
Original: ἀλήθεια / ψεῦδος / ψεύστης
Category: Faith
Hungarian ‘igazság’ is the same word already assigned to dikaiosynē (righteousness); alētheia (truth) is a distinct Greek term sharing the same Hungarian rendering, requiring explicit context-sensitive teaching notes at every occurrence. ‘Hazug’ must retain full moral force — self-contradiction disqualifying a claim to Christian standing, not innocent error.
Cleanse
Approved rendering: megtisztít
Transliteration: katharizō
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness of Sin
Rejected alternatives: szentségi rítus (pl. feloldozás) mint szükséges közvetítő eszköz kényszerítése
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Sin
Moral cleansing from sin’s guilt and defilement (1:7, 9), accomplished by God’s faithfulness and Christ’s blood, received through confession/faith; must not imply a sacramental rite is the necessary means, since no priestly intermediary is named in the text.
Blood Of Jesus
Approved rendering: Jézus vére
Transliteration: to haima Iēsou
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness of Sin; Propitiatory Atonement of Christ
Rejected alternatives: folytatódó szentségi újraalkalmazást igénylő olvasat
Original: τὸ αἷμα Ἰησοῦ
Category: Salvation
Christ’s atoning death as the objective ground of cleansing from sin (1:7), connected to propitiation; ensure a once-for-all sense, not requiring ongoing sacramental re-application.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: bűn
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness of Sin
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package at baseline Medium tier for general occurrences (1:7-10; 3:4-9). See the distinct, elevated new-term entries ‘sin_unto_death’ (Critical) and ‘lawlessness’ (High) below for 1 John-specific extensions.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: közösség
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Fellowship with God and One Another
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; baseline risk was Low, reflecting Romans’ predominantly horizontal usage. Risk is elevated to Medium for this curriculum because 1 János 1:3, 1:6-7 apply koinōnia explicitly to fellowship WITH the Father and the Son (vertical), not only among believers (horizontal); a clarifying teaching note (‘Istennel / egymással való közösség’) is required at every occurrence.
Testimony
Approved rendering: tanúbizonyság / bizonyságot tesz
Transliteration: martyria / martyreō
Doctrine: Testimony of the Spirit, Water, and Blood
Original: μαρτυρία / μαρτυρέω
Category: Salvation
Eyewitness, formal testimony/witness, distinct from mere personal opinion (1:2; 4:14). Risk is elevated to Critical specifically where this term clusters around the three witnesses of 5:6-11 — see ‘spirit_water_blood.‘
Commandment
Approved rendering: parancsolat
Transliteration: entolē
Doctrine: Commandment and Obedience
Rejected alternatives: törvény szinonimájaként kezelve, mintha szinai törvényadás volna
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Faith
Christ’s own relational directive flowing from and confirming love already received (2:3-4, 7-8; 3:22-24; 4:21), not Sinai legislation or independent rule-compliance; must not collapse into ‘törvény.‘
Perfect Love
Approved rendering: teljes szeretet / teljességre jut
Transliteration: teleia agapē / teleioō
Doctrine: God is Light and God is Love
Rejected alternatives: tökéletes, bűntelen erkölcsi állapotként értve (wesleyánus ‘teljes megszentelődés’ olvasat kényszerítése)
Original: τελεία ἀγάπη / τελειόω
Category: Love
Love reaching its intended, mature, full expression (4:12, 17-18), not sinless moral perfection; must not be read through an entire-sanctification lens found in some minority Hungarian free-church circles.
Children Of God
Approved rendering: Isten gyermekei
Transliteration: tekna theou
Doctrine: Children of God and Divine Sonship
Rejected alternatives: összemosva az ‘örökbefogadás’ (Róma 8, jogi/örökbefogadási kép) fogalmával, összemosva a kizárólag Krisztusra vonatkozó ‘Isten Fia’ kategóriával
Original: τέκνα θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
Believers as God’s born ones (organic birth-image, from tiktō), distinct from the baseline’s legal-adoption image (‘örökbefogadás’) and categorically distinct from ‘Isten Fia’ (Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship). Both family-belonging images serve the same doctrine through complementary, not competing, metaphors.
Overcome
Approved rendering: legyőz / győzelem
Transliteration: nikaō / nikē
Doctrine: Overcoming the World
Rejected alternatives: diadalista, jólétet ígérő olvasat, mely elszakítja a győzelmet az 5:5-ben megnevezett eszköztől (hit a Fiúban)
Original: νικάω / νίκη
Category: Faith
Must be taught as victory accomplished through faith in the Son of God (5:5), not human strength, moral effort, or a prosperity/triumphalist framing detached from the text’s own stated means.
Know Relational
Approved rendering: ismer(i)
Transliteration: ginōskō
Doctrine: Fellowship with God and One Another; Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: γινώσκω
Category: Faith
Experiential, relational, often progressive knowing, contrasted with settled factual knowing (oida). Hungarian ‘ismer’ partially but not perfectly maps this distinction; track which Greek verb is used at each occurrence.
Know Settled
Approved rendering: tud(ja)
Transliteration: oida / eidenai
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: οἶδα / εἰδέναι
Category: Salvation
Settled, factual knowing distinct from ginōskō; John’s deliberate alternation between the two verbs is an epistemological structure supporting the assurance doctrine, especially 5:13, and should not be flattened to a single undifferentiated Hungarian verb.
Abide
Approved rendering: marad(ni) / lakozik
Transliteration: menō
Doctrine: Fellowship with God and One Another; Overcoming the World
Original: μένω
Category: Church
Structural Johannine relational-indwelling term (2:6, 10, 14, 17, 19, 24, 27-28; 3:6, 9, 14-17, 24; 4:12-16). Must be rendered consistently across the whole epistle, not varied stylistically, given its doctrinal load.
Light Darkness
Approved rendering: világosság / sötétség
Transliteration: phōs / skotia, skotos
Doctrine: Light and Darkness as Ethical Categories
Rejected alternatives: kozmológiai, manicheus jellegű dualizmusként értve, két egyidejű örök hatalom formájában
Original: φῶς / σκοτία, σκότος
Category: God
Ethical-relational categories (holiness/truth versus sin/falsehood), not cosmological dualism; must be taught explicitly, since neither Hungarian tradition’s everyday catechesis sharply distinguishes this by default.
Devil Evil One
Approved rendering: ördög / gonosz
Transliteration: diabolos / ponēros
Doctrine: The Devil and Spiritual Warfare
Original: διάβολος / πονηρός
Category: Sin
The personal, malicious spiritual adversary (3:8, 10, 12; 5:18-19). Two distinct Greek terms; ensure they are not flattened into a single undifferentiated Hungarian word.
Seed Of God
Approved rendering: Isten magva
Transliteration: sperma autou
Doctrine: Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth
Original: σπέρμα αὐτοῦ
Category: Salvation
God’s abiding, transforming presence within the believer (3:9), producing a settled inability to make sin one’s habitual practice, not sinless perfection. Unusual image for modern readers; requires an explanatory teaching note.
Lay Down Life
Approved rendering: életét adja / áldozza
Transliteration: tithenai tēn psychēn
Doctrine: Love for the Brethren as Evidence of New Birth
Original: τιθέναι τὴν ψυχήν
Category: Love
To set down one’s soul-life for another (3:16), modeled on, but categorically distinct from, Christ’s unique atoning sacrifice; must not blur that distinction.
True Genuine
Approved rendering: igaz (valódi)
Transliteration: alēthinos
Doctrine: The Incarnation and Antichrist; Assurance of Salvation and Eternal Life
Original: ἀληθινός
Category: God
Genuine/real, as opposed to false or counterfeit (5:20) — distinct from alētheia (‘truth_lie_liar’); the point is God’s genuineness in contrast to the idols named in the very next clause (5:21), not a propositional-truth claim per se.
Fear
Approved rendering: félelem
Transliteration: phobos
Doctrine: God is Light and God is Love
Original: φόβος
Category: Love
Servile dread of punishment/judgment, cast out by perfected love (4:18); distinct from the positive, reverential ‘fear of the Lord’ sense found elsewhere in Scripture — must be distinguished in teaching notes.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Referenced only incidentally as authorial background in 1 János.
Idols
Approved rendering: bálványok
Transliteration: eidōla
Doctrine: Idols and Guarding the Heart
Original: εἴδωλα
Category: World
Physical objects of false worship (5:21); by extension, anything functionally displacing the true God. Literal idol worship is not a live contemporary Hungarian practice; requires a figurative-extension teaching note without diluting the concrete referent.