Semantic Analysis

English → Hungarian | 2 Timothy 1–4 | Original Koine Greek Term Study

Source language: English (from Koine Greek) Destination language: Hungarian Curriculum: 2 Timothy 1–4 Core passage: 2 Timóteus 3:14–4:5 Baseline dependency: Romans Language Package for Hungarian (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json). Every term already recorded in the baseline translation memory is reused here with its exact Hungarian rendering and risk tier; it is marked [REUSE — Romans TM]. New terms introduced by 2 Timothy are assigned risk tiers using the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and are marked [NEW].

Note on Method

2 Timothy is Paul’s final letter, a personal charge to Timothy to guard the gospel deposit, endure suffering, and publicly preach the word in the face of coming apostasy. Its load-bearing vocabulary clusters tightly around seven doctrines: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture, Perseverance under Suffering, Guarding Sound Doctrine, Faithful Transmission of the Gospel, The Charge to Preach the Word, Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days, Assurance of Reward. Several of these doctrines intersect directly with the Catholic–Reformed fault lines already documented in the Romans baseline (grace, election, assurance, sainthood) and introduce new fault lines specific to this letter — above all the “deposit” (παρακαταθήκη) and “entrusting” (παρατίθημι) language, which collides with the Catholic depositum fidei / magisterial transmission framework versus the Reformed sola scriptura / plain transmission-through-teaching framework.

PART 1 — CORE PASSAGE VERSE-BY-VERSE: 2 TIMÓTEUS 3:14–4:5

2 Timóteus 3:14

“De te maradj meg azokban, amiket tanultál és amikről megbizonyosodtál, tudván, kitől tanultad.”

μένε (menē) — from μένω

Literal meaning: remain, stay, abide, continue
Semantic range: physical remaining; persisting in a state, teaching, or relationship
English variants: “continue,” “abide,” “remain”
Contextual theological meaning: A durative imperative — Timothy is charged with ongoing, lifelong fidelity to what he received, not a one-time assent. Foundational to Faithful Transmission of the Gospel.
Hungarian rendering: “maradj meg” — Medium risk. Standard Hungarian rendering; risk is in ensuring the durative/continuous force is not flattened into a single past-tense “believed.”

ἔμαθες (emathes) — from μανθάνω

Literal meaning: you learned
Semantic range: to learn by instruction, observation, or experience
English variants: “learned,” “were taught”
Contextual theological meaning: Points to Timothy’s concrete, traceable human teachers (his mother Eunice, grandmother Lois, and Paul himself, 1:5; 3:10) — doctrine is transmitted through real persons, not abstract revelation alone.
Hungarian rendering: “tanultál” — Low risk.

ἐπιστώθης (epistōthēs) — from πιστόω

Literal meaning: you were assured, convinced, given firm confidence
Semantic range: to be made certain/confirmed; passive voice implies confidence given from outside oneself
English variants: “were assured of,” “became convinced of,” “were firmly persuaded of”
Contextual theological meaning: Not merely intellectual learning but settled conviction — ties directly to faith (hit) as trust, not bare information.
Hungarian rendering: “megbizonyosodtál” — Medium risk. Care must be taken not to render this as subjective feeling (“felt sure”) when the text describes an objectively grounded conviction produced by the reliability of the source (Paul, Scripture).

2 Timóteus 3:15

“és hogy gyermekségedtől fogva ismered a szent iratokat, amelyek bölccsé tehetnek téged az üdvösségre a Krisztus Jézusban való hit által.”

ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata)

Literal meaning: sacred writings, holy letters/documents
Semantic range: the Old Testament scriptures as a body of authoritative sacred texts (a common Hellenistic-Jewish designation, distinct from the more technical γραφή used in v.16)
English variants: “holy Scriptures,” “sacred writings,” “the sacred texts”
Contextual theological meaning: Timothy’s childhood formation in the Old Testament scriptures is the foundation on which his gospel understanding now stands — a key term for Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture.
Hungarian rendering: “szent iratok” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Scripture. Must not be flattened into a generic “religious writings”; must be read as the specific, authoritative Hebrew canon, continuous with what v.16 calls πᾶσα γραφή. Both Catholic and Reformed Hungarian traditions affirm the Old Testament’s canonical authority, so risk here is primarily one of imprecision, not internal division — but see “canon boundary” note at v.16.

σοφίσαι (sophisai) — from σοφίζω

Literal meaning: to make wise
Semantic range: to impart wisdom/skill sufficient for a purpose (here, salvation)
English variants: “make wise,” “give wisdom leading to”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture’s purpose is not abstract erudition but wisdom that leads specifically to salvation through faith in Christ — Scripture is Christ-centered in its design.
Hungarian rendering: “bölccsé tehetnek” — Medium risk. Should not be rendered with a term implying merely intellectual cleverness (Hungarian “okos” would be too weak/secular); “bölcs” preserves the moral-spiritual register.

σωτηρίαν (sōtērian) [REUSE — Romans TM: “salvation” → üdvösség, Critical]

Contextual theological meaning here: Scripture’s saving wisdom is “διὰ πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ” (through faith in Christ Jesus) — reinforcing the Romans-established Critical risk around assurance (Reformed settled assurance vs. Catholic ongoing uncertainty pending final perseverance).

πίστεως (pisteōs) [REUSE — Romans TM: “faith” → hit, High]

2 Timóteus 3:16

“A teljes Írás Istentől ihletett, és hasznos a tanításra, a feddésre, a megjobbításra, az igazságban való nevelésre,”

πᾶσα γραφὴ (pasa graphē)

Literal meaning: all scripture / every scripture
Semantic range: could mean “every individual passage of scripture” or “scripture as a whole/all of it collectively” — both readings affirm full inspiration, but the scope nuance matters for canon discussions
English variants: “all Scripture,” “every Scripture”
Contextual theological meaning: The foundational text for Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture. Establishes the divine origin and comprehensive reliability of the (Old Testament, and by canonical extension apostolic) Scriptures.
Hungarian rendering: “a teljes Írás” — Critical risk [NEW]. Category: Scripture. This is the single most theologically load-bearing phrase in 2 Timothy. Reformed Hungarian tradition reads this verse as grounding sola scriptura — Scripture alone as sufficient, supreme authority; Catholic tradition affirms Scripture’s full inspiration while holding it jointly authoritative alongside Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium (cf. baseline “inspiration_of_scripture,” Medium in Romans — here elevated to Critical because it is a named core doctrine of this curriculum, not a peripheral reference). Translate Paul’s own claim about Scripture’s divine origin and profitability; do not append or imply either tradition’s fuller doctrine of authority/sufficiency scope.

θεόπνευστος (theopneustos)

Literal meaning: God-breathed (θεός + πνέω, “breathed”)
Semantic range: a term coined by Paul (only NT occurrence); denotes direct divine origin/authorship, not merely divinely inspired human insight
English variants: “God-breathed,” “inspired by God,” “given by inspiration of God”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture’s very words originate in the breath/Spirit of God — the strongest possible claim of divine authorship while retaining human authorship (cf. 2 Peter 1:21, “men spoke from God”).
Hungarian rendering: “Istentől ihletett” — Critical risk [NEW]. Must not be softened to “Istenről szóló” (about God) or “isteni eredetű elvek” (divine principles) — the term requires a personal, active divine breathing-forth, not a static quality. Reformed and Catholic Hungarian traditions both affirm verbal inspiration; the risk is theological precision, not internal division.

ὠφέλιμος (ōphelimos)

Literal meaning: profitable, useful, beneficial
Semantic range: practical usefulness/benefit
English variants: “profitable,” “useful,” “beneficial”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture’s inspiration is not abstract; it is functionally profitable for the four purposes listed.
Hungarian rendering: “hasznos” — Low risk.

διδασκαλίαν (didaskalian)

Literal meaning: teaching, doctrine, instruction
Semantic range: the content taught or the act of teaching
English variants: “teaching,” “doctrine”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture positively instructs believers in truth — root of Guarding Sound Doctrine.
Hungarian rendering: “tanítás” — Medium risk [NEW]. Same root as ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία (4:3) and 1 Timothy’s “sound doctrine” vocabulary; consistency across all four uses in this letter is required.

ἔλεγχον (elenchon)

Literal meaning: reproof, conviction, exposing of error
Semantic range: to expose, convict, or refute
English variants: “reproof,” “rebuke,” “conviction”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture actively exposes sin and error, not merely informs.
Hungarian rendering: “feddés” — Medium risk [NEW].

ἐπανόρθωσιν (epanorthōsin)

Literal meaning: correction, restoration, setting right again
Semantic range: a term used of restoring something to its proper condition (agricultural/architectural background — righting something bent or fallen)
English variants: “correction,” “setting things straight”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture does not merely expose error (ἔλεγχος) but actively restores the believer to right belief and conduct.
Hungarian rendering: “megjobbítás” — Medium risk [NEW].

παιδείαν τὴν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ (paideian tēn en dikaiosynē)

Literal meaning: training/discipline in righteousness
Semantic range: παιδεία = child-rearing, disciplined training/education (cf. Hebrews 12); δικαιοσύνη [REUSE — Romans TM: “righteousness” → igazság, Critical]
English variants: “training in righteousness,” “instruction in righteousness”
Contextual theological meaning: Scripture forms disciplined character, not merely correct belief — the practical, ongoing formational goal of inspired Scripture.
Hungarian rendering: “igazságban való nevelés” — High risk (compound: παιδεία [NEW], Medium, + igazság [REUSE], Critical). Must preserve “nevelés” (formative, disciplined training) rather than a weaker “tanítás” already used for διδασκαλία above — the four purposes must remain visibly distinct terms in Hungarian, not collapsed into synonyms.

2 Timóteus 3:17

“hogy az Isten embere tökéletes és minden jó cselekedetre felkészített legyen.”

ἄρτιος (artios)

Literal meaning: complete, fit, proficient, adequate for a task
Semantic range: fully qualified/equipped, lacking nothing needed
English variants: “complete,” “proficient,” “adequate,” “thoroughly equipped”
Contextual theological meaning: The direct purpose clause of v.16 — Scripture alone renders the “man of God” fully adequate. Central to Sufficiency of Scripture.
Hungarian rendering: “tökéletes” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Scripture. Hungarian “tökéletes” normally means “perfect,” which can overstate the sense (Paul means “fully adequate for the task,” not “flawless”); an alternative rendering “felkészített/alkalmas” should be considered in the footnote to avoid implying moral perfection is achieved rather than functional adequacy for ministry. Flag for theologian review given its direct load on the sufficiency-of-Scripture doctrine and the Catholic/Reformed sufficiency debate (Scripture alone sufficient vs. Scripture-plus-Tradition needed for full adequacy).

ἐξηρτισμένος (exērtismenos) — from ἐξαρτίζω

Literal meaning: equipped, furnished, outfitted completely
Semantic range: to fully equip/furnish for a task (nautical background: to outfit a ship)
English variants: “equipped,” “thoroughly furnished,” “outfitted”
Contextual theological meaning: Reinforces ἄρτιος — Scripture is the sufficient equipping instrument for every good work of ministry and life.
Hungarian rendering: “felkészített” — Medium risk [NEW].

πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν (pan ergon agathon)

Literal meaning: every good work
Semantic range: good deeds/works broadly, here specifically ministry-related works in context
English variants: “every good work,” “all good works”
Contextual theological meaning: The comprehensive scope of Scripture’s sufficiency — nothing further is needed for the man of God to be equipped for any faithful work.
Hungarian rendering: “minden jó cselekedet” — Medium risk. Care that “cselekedet” (works) not trigger reflexive grace-vs-works anxiety disconnected from this verse’s actual point (equipping for service, not earning merit).

2 Timóteus 4:1

“Kérlek azért az Isten és Krisztus Jézus színe előtt, aki ítélni fog élőket és holtakat, az ő eljövetelére és országára,”

διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai)

Literal meaning: I solemnly charge, I testify/witness before (a legal/covenantal term)
Semantic range: to charge solemnly as before witnesses, often with legal or covenantal force; stronger than a simple request
English variants: “I charge you,” “I solemnly testify,” “I command”
Contextual theological meaning: Introduces the letter’s climactic charge with the highest possible solemnity — invoking God and Christ, the coming Judge, as witnesses. Foundational to The Charge to Preach the Word.
Hungarian rendering: “kérlek… [ünnepélyesen] / komolyan kérlek” — High risk [NEW]. A simple “kérlek” (I ask/beg) under-translates the legal solemnity; established Hungarian Bible tradition (Károli, revised) renders this “Kérlek azért…” but the translator note should flag that the force is nearer to a solemn oath/charge than an appeal, and this should be reinforced by tone rather than lexical choice alone.

τοῦ μέλλοντος κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς (tou mellontos krinein zōntas kai nekrous)

Literal meaning: who is about to judge the living and the dead
Semantic range: the standard early Christian confessional formula for Christ’s eschatological judgment (cf. Acts 10:42; 1 Peter 4:5), later fixed in the Apostles’ Creed
English variants: “who will judge the living and the dead”
Contextual theological meaning: Christ’s return as universal Judge; grounds the seriousness of the charge to preach.
Hungarian rendering: “aki ítélni fog élőket és holtakat” — Critical risk [NEW]. Category: Eschatology/Christology. This phrase must match the wording of the Hungarian Apostles’ Creed (“onnan jön ítélni eleveneket és holtakat” / commonly rendered “ítélni élőket és holtakat”), a text shared verbatim by both Catholic and Reformed liturgical tradition. Consistency with the shared creedal wording is required so the phrase is recognized as the same confession, not an independent translation.

ἐπιφάνειαν (epiphaneian)

Literal meaning: appearing, manifestation
Semantic range: a visible, glorious manifestation; used in the NT both of Christ’s incarnation (2 Tim 1:10) and, as here, of his future return
English variants: “appearing,” “coming,” “manifestation”
Contextual theological meaning: 2 Timothy characteristically uses ἐπιφάνεια rather than παρουσία for Christ’s return (also 4:8; cf. 1:10 for the first appearing) — the same word links Christ’s first and second comings as one continuous divine self-disclosure.
Hungarian rendering: “eljövetel / megjelenés” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Eschatology. Established Hungarian Bible tradition typically renders this “eljövetele” (his coming) in 4:1/4:8 to align with common eschatological vocabulary, but this obscures the verbal link to 1:10’s “megjelenése” (his appearing, of the incarnation). Recommend “megjelenése” consistently in both places to preserve Paul’s own literary connection between the two appearings; flag for theologian review given the doctrinal weight of linking incarnation and return.

βασιλείαν (basileian) [REUSE — Romans TM: “kingdom_of_god” → Isten országa, Medium]

Contextual note: here “τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ” (his kingdom) — Christ’s kingdom, consummated at his return; render consistently with the established “ország” term while noting the specifically eschatological-consummation sense here (contrast with the present, advancing sense in Romans 14:17).

2 Timóteus 4:2

“Hirdesd az igét, állj elő vele alkalmas és alkalmatlan időben egyaránt, feddj, ints, buzdíts teljes hosszútűréssel és tanítással.”

κήρυξον (kēryxon) — from κηρύσσω

Literal meaning: proclaim as a herald, announce publicly with authority
Semantic range: the technical term for a herald’s authoritative public proclamation of a king’s decree — not private conversation or suggestion
English variants: “preach,” “proclaim,” “herald”
Contextual theological meaning: The letter’s central verb — Timothy’s charge is public, authoritative proclamation, not merely private teaching. Foundational to The Charge to Preach the Word; also echoes κῆρυξ (herald) as one of Paul’s own three offices in 1:11.
Hungarian rendering: “hirdesd” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Preaching/Proclamation. Established Hungarian rendering; risk is ensuring “hirdet” retains the sense of authoritative, public, herald-like announcement and is not softened toward a generic “beszélj/taníts” (speak/teach). Consistent with evangélium (gospel) proclamation language established in Romans.

τὸν λόγον (ton logon)

Literal meaning: the word
Semantic range: here, “the word [of God/of truth]” — shorthand for the whole apostolic gospel message, consistent with 2:9, 15
English variants: “the word,” “the message,” “the word of God”
Contextual theological meaning: The content of the charge is not Timothy’s own wisdom but the transmitted apostolic word — ties directly to Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture and Faithful Transmission of the Gospel.
Hungarian rendering: “az ige” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Scripture/Gospel. “Ige” is the established, weighty Hungarian Bible term for the divine Word (cf. János 1:1, “Kezdetben volt az Ige”); using it here (rather than a plain “szó,” word/speech) correctly signals that this is the authoritative, Scripture-rooted message, not general speech.

εὐκαίρως ἀκαίρως (eukairōs akairōs)

Literal meaning: in season, out of season (literally “well-timed, ill-timed”)
Semantic range: an idiomatic merism meaning “at every opportunity, convenient or not”
English variants: “in season and out of season,” “whether convenient or not,” “at all times”
Contextual theological meaning: The preaching charge admits no exception for personal convenience or cultural receptivity.
Hungarian rendering: “alkalmas és alkalmatlan időben egyaránt” — Low risk (idiom-handling note: translate the meaning of the merism plainly rather than forcing a literal but opaque Hungarian idiom).

ἔλεγξον, ἐπιτίμησον, παρακάλεσον (elenxon, epitimēson, parakaleson)

Literal meaning: reprove/expose error, rebuke/censure sharply, exhort/encourage
Semantic range: three escalating/complementary pastoral functions — ἔλεγχος (see 3:16 above), ἐπιτιμάω (a stronger, sharper rebuke, often used of Jesus rebuking demons/storms), παρακαλέω (to come alongside, encourage — established baseline term)
English variants: “reprove… rebuke… exhort,” “correct… warn… encourage”
Contextual theological meaning: Faithful preaching includes both confrontation of error and pastoral encouragement — sound doctrine is guarded through the full range of these functions.
Hungarian rendering: “feddj, ints, buzdíts” — Medium risk. παρακαλέω/buzdítani [REUSE — Romans TM, Low]; ἐλέγχω/feddj [NEW], Medium (same root as 3:16); ἐπιτιμάω/ints [NEW], Medium — “ints” (warn) may under-translate the sharper force of ἐπιτιμάω; consider “keményen megróni” in teaching notes.

ἐν πάσῃ μακροθυμίᾳ καὶ διδαχῇ (en pasē makrothymia kai didachē)

Literal meaning: with all patience/longsuffering and teaching
Semantic range: μακροθυμία = extended forbearance, slowness to anger; διδαχή = teaching/instruction (synonym of διδασκαλία)
English variants: “with great patience and careful instruction,” “with complete patience and teaching”
Contextual theological meaning: The manner of the charge — confrontation and correction must be exercised patiently, not harshly, and always paired with instructive teaching.
Hungarian rendering: “teljes hosszútűréssel és tanítással” — Medium risk [NEW]: μακροθυμία → “hosszútűrés” (Medium).

2 Timóteus 4:3

“Mert lesz idő, amikor az egészséges tanítást nem viselik el, hanem saját kívánságaik szerint gyűjtenek maguknak tanítókat, mert viszket a fülük,”

ἔσται καιρὸς (estai kairos)

Literal meaning: there will be a time/season
Semantic range: a fixed, appointed span of time (καιρός, qualitative time, not χρόνος, sequential duration)
English variants: “there will come a time,” “a time is coming”
Contextual theological meaning: An eschatologically loaded time-marker connecting this warning to the “last days” of 3:1 — central to Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days.
Hungarian rendering: “lesz idő” — Medium risk [NEW].

τῆς ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας (tēs hygiainousēs didaskalias)

Literal meaning: of the sound/healthy teaching
Semantic range: ὑγιαίνω, literally “to be healthy/in good health” (medical metaphor), applied metaphorically to doctrine that is spiritually life-giving and free of corrupting error; a distinctive Pauline pastoral-epistle idiom (also 1 Tim 1:10; 6:3; Titus 1:9, 2:1)
English variants: “sound doctrine,” “sound teaching,” “healthy teaching”
Contextual theological meaning: The named core doctrine of this curriculum, Guarding Sound Doctrine — teaching that is doctrinally whole and spiritually life-sustaining, contrasted with the “itching ear” teaching that follows desire rather than truth.
Hungarian rendering: “egészséges tanítás” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Doctrine/Church. Established rendering in modern Hungarian translations (Károli tradition uses “egészséges tudomány” in older editions). Must retain the medical-health metaphor (“egészséges,” healthy) rather than a flatter “helyes tanítás” (correct teaching), since the metaphor itself (doctrine as nourishing/health-giving) carries theological weight throughout the Pastoral Epistles. Flag for theologian review as a curriculum-defining term.

οὐκ ἀνέξονται (ouk anexontai) — from ἀνέχομαι

Literal meaning: they will not endure/put up with/tolerate
Semantic range: to bear with, tolerate, endure something unwelcome
English variants: “will not endure,” “will not put up with,” “will not tolerate”
Contextual theological meaning: A deliberate, culpable rejection of sound teaching, not mere confusion or ignorance.
Hungarian rendering: “nem viselik el” — Low risk.

κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας (kata tas idias epithymias)

Literal meaning: according to their own desires/passions
Semantic range: ἐπιθυμία = strong desire, often (though not always) with a negative connotation of illicit or self-serving craving (also used at 2:22, 3:6)
English variants: “to suit their own desires,” “according to their own passions”
Contextual theological meaning: False teaching is sought out to gratify desire, not to submit to truth — a recurring diagnostic marker of Apostasy and False Teachers.
Hungarian rendering: “saját kívánságaik szerint” — Medium risk [NEW]. ἐπιθυμία → “kívánság” (consistent rendering required across 2:22, 3:6, 4:3).

ἐπισωρεύσουσιν διδασκάλους (episōreusousin didaskalous)

Literal meaning: they will heap up/accumulate for themselves teachers
Semantic range: ἐπισωρεύω, to pile up in quantity (a vivid, almost consumerist image)
English variants: “will gather/accumulate teachers”
Contextual theological meaning: A picture of restless doctrinal consumerism — collecting teachers who confirm desire rather than submitting to one authoritative, sound teaching.
Hungarian rendering: “gyűjtenek maguknak tanítókat” — Low risk [NEW].

κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (knēthomenoi tēn akoēn)

Literal meaning: having itching ears (literally, “being tickled/scratched as to hearing”)
Semantic range: an idiom for craving novel, flattering, or entertaining teaching rather than the discomfort of truthful correction
English variants: “having itching ears,” “eager to hear something new/pleasing”
Contextual theological meaning: The internal appetite driving the rejection of sound doctrine.
Hungarian rendering: “viszket a fülük” — Low risk (idiom preserved literally; the image also functions idiomatically in Hungarian and is intelligible).

2 Timóteus 4:4

“és elfordítják fülüket az igazságtól, és a mesékhez térnek.”

ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας (apo tēs alētheias)

Literal meaning: away from the truth
Semantic range: ἀλήθεια = truth/reality as opposed to falsehood; in the Pastoral Epistles a near-technical term for the apostolic gospel content
English variants: “from the truth”
Contextual theological meaning: Turning from the truth (a definite body of revealed content), not merely from an abstract truthfulness.
Hungarian rendering: “az igazságtól” — Medium risk. Cf. baseline “igazság” (righteousness, Critical) — homonymic overlap in Hungarian between “igazság” (truth) and “igazság” (righteousness) already flagged in the Romans baseline; translator notes should disambiguate that here ἀλήθεια is “truth” in the epistemic/revelatory sense, not δικαιοσύνη’s forensic-righteousness sense, even though the same Hungarian word covers both.

ἀποστρέψουσιν (apostrepsousin) — from ἀποστρέφω

Literal meaning: they will turn away
Semantic range: to turn away from, reject, abandon
English variants: “will turn away,” “will turn aside from”
Contextual theological meaning: A decisive act of rejection — foundational vocabulary for Apostasy and False Teachers.
Hungarian rendering: “elfordítják” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Apostasy. Should be read alongside 2 Timóteus 2:12’s “ha megtagadjuk” (if we deny) and 1:15’s “elfordult tőlem” (turned away from me, of Phygelus and Hermogenes) as part of the letter’s apostasy vocabulary; must not be softened into a neutral “elfelejtik” (they forget).

ἐκτραπήσονται (ektrapēsontai) — from ἐκτρέπομαι

Literal meaning: they will be turned aside/diverted
Semantic range: to turn away from a path, be diverted or led astray (a route/journey metaphor)
English variants: “will turn aside,” “will be diverted to,” “will wander into”
Contextual theological meaning: Positive turning-toward myth mirrors the negative turning-from truth — a comprehensive reorientation away from the gospel.
Hungarian rendering: “térnek” — Medium risk [NEW].

τοὺς μύθους (tous mythous)

Literal meaning: myths, fables, invented stories
Semantic range: fabricated, non-historical religious or speculative narratives, contrasted with revealed truth (cf. 1 Tim 1:4; 4:7; Titus 1:14)
English variants: “myths,” “fables,” “made-up stories”
Contextual theological meaning: False teaching’s positive content — invented religious narrative replacing apostolic truth. Relevant to Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days.
Hungarian rendering: “mesék” — Medium risk [NEW]. “Mese” (folktale/fairy tale) is the natural Hungarian equivalent and carries an appropriately dismissive connotation; ensure it is not confused with “mítosz” in a way that suggests engagement with formal mythological systems rather than Paul’s dismissive sense of baseless fabrication.

2 Timóteus 4:5

“Te pedig légy józan mindenben, szenvedj el minden nehézséget, végezd az evangélista munkáját, töltsd be szolgálatodat.”

νῆφε (nēphe) — from νήφω

Literal meaning: be sober, be watchful/clear-headed (literally, not drunk)
Semantic range: sobriety as a metaphor for spiritual alertness and clear judgment, especially amid the confusion described in 4:3-4
English variants: “be sober,” “be watchful,” “keep a clear head”
Contextual theological meaning: The needed disposition for standing firm while others succumb to itching-ear teaching.
Hungarian rendering: “légy józan” — Medium risk [NEW]. Note the same root family (ὑγιαίνω/νήφω, health/soberness metaphors) recurs throughout this passage; keep the metaphorical register consistent.

κακοπάθησον (kakopathēson) — from κακοπαθέω

Literal meaning: suffer hardship, endure evil/suffering
Semantic range: to undergo affliction/hardship as a settled course of action (imperative here; also used at 1:8 and 2:3 of Timothy’s and the “good soldier’s” suffering)
English variants: “endure hardship,” “suffer hardship,” “be prepared to suffer”
Contextual theological meaning: The letter’s signature term for Perseverance under Suffering — occurring at the letter’s outset (1:8), midpoint (2:3), and here at the climax of the charge (4:5), forming a structural thread that ties the whole letter together.
Hungarian rendering: “szenvedj el minden nehézséget” — High risk [NEW]. Category: Perseverance under Suffering. This term must be rendered identically (or with visibly related vocabulary) at 1:8, 2:3, and 4:5 so the reader can trace the letter’s suffering-motif across chapters; do not vary the Hungarian rendering between occurrences.

ἔργον ποίησον εὐαγγελιστοῦ (ergon poiēson euangelistou)

Literal meaning: do the work of an evangelist
Semantic range: εὐαγγελιστής, one who proclaims the εὐαγγέλιον (gospel) — likely here a function/task rather than a fixed ecclesiastical office (cf. Ephesians 4:11, where it does appear alongside other named offices)
English variants: “do the work of an evangelist,” “carry out the ministry of one who preaches the gospel”
Contextual theological meaning: Ties Timothy’s charge directly to evangélium [REUSE — Romans TM, High] proclamation as a concrete task, not an abstract disposition.
Hungarian rendering: “végezd az evangélista munkáját” — Medium risk [NEW]: εὐαγγελιστής → “evangélista.” Low internal Hungarian denominational risk (both traditions recognize the term), but should be taught as a function of gospel-proclaiming ministry rather than a specific modern parachurch title.

τὴν διακονίαν σου πληροφόρησον (tēn diakonian sou plērophorēson)

Literal meaning: fulfill/fully carry out your ministry
Semantic range: διακονία = service/ministry (broad NT term for Christian service in general or specific ministry office); πληροφορέω = to fulfill completely, carry through to the end, bring to full measure
English variants: “fulfill your ministry,” “discharge all the duties of your ministry,” “carry out your ministry fully”
Contextual theological meaning: The letter’s final charge to Timothy personally — a call to complete, not merely begin, the ministry entrusted to him. Echoes Paul’s own testimony at 4:7 (“τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα,” I have finished the course).
Hungarian rendering: “töltsd be szolgálatodat” — Medium risk [NEW]: διακονία → “szolgálat” (Medium; standard, low-ambiguity term shared across traditions); πληροφορέω → “betölt” (Medium, “fill up/fulfill completely”).

PART 2 — CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER STUDY OF THE WHOLE BOOK

Chapter 1 (2 Timóteus 1:1–18)

Term (Greek)	Transliteration	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Hungarian rendering & risk
ἀπόστολος	apostolos	one sent with delegated authority	apostleship office	”apostle”	Paul’s authority as founder-teacher	apostol [REUSE — Romans TM, Low]
θέλημα Θεοῦ	thelēma Theou	will of God	God’s sovereign decree/purpose	”will of God”	Paul’s apostleship grounded in divine will, not self-appointment	Isten akarata — Low risk [NEW]
ἐπαγγελίαν ζωῆς (τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ)	epangelian zōēs	promise of life	a specific divine promise, covenantal category	”promise of life”	The gospel as fulfillment of God’s promise, anchoring Faithful Transmission of the Gospel	élet ígérete — Medium risk [NEW]. Category: Covenant/Promise. Ties to baseline “covenant” (Critical in Romans) without invoking the full Reformed federal-theology system; teach as Paul’s specific promise-fulfillment claim.
χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη	charis, eleos, eirēnē	grace, mercy, peace	standard Pauline greeting triad	”grace, mercy, peace”	χάρις [REUSE — kegyelem, Critical]; εἰρήνη [REUSE — béke, Medium]; ἔλεος new	ἔλεος → irgalom — Medium risk [NEW]. Distinguish from κεγyelem (unmerited favor generally) as God’s compassionate response to human misery/need specifically; both Catholic and Reformed traditions use “irgalom” without major divergence, but should not collapse into a synonym for kegyelem in translation.
εὐχαριστῶ	eucharistō	I give thanks	thanksgiving	”I thank”	Paul’s thanksgiving for Timothy	hálaadás/hálát adok [REUSE — Romans TM, Low]
ἀνυπόκριτος πίστις	anypokritos pistis	sincere, unfeigned faith	genuine, non-hypocritical faith	”sincere faith,” “unfeigned faith”	Timothy’s inherited, genuine faith through Lois and Eunice	πίστις [REUSE — hit, High]; ἀνυπόκριτος → színlelés nélküli/őszinte — Low risk [NEW]
χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ	charisma tou Theou	gift of God	a Spirit-given enablement, here specifically Timothy’s ordination gift via laying on of hands (1:6)	“gift of God,” “spiritual gift”	Distinct singular sense from the plural χαρίσματα of Romans 12; here tied to ordination/commissioning	kegyelmi ajándék — High risk [NEW, related to REUSE “spiritual_gifts”]. Category: Church/Ordination. Collision risk: Catholic sacramental theology of Holy Orders (episcopal laying-on-of-hands conferring an indelible sacramental character) versus Reformed non-sacramental ordination (recognition/commissioning without conferred grace-through-rite). Must render as a genuine Spirit-given enablement received through the historical act of the laying on of hands, without asserting or denying either tradition’s fuller sacramental theology. Flag for theologian review.
πνεῦμα δειλίας… δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ	pneuma deilias… dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou	spirit of fear/cowardice… of power, love, and self-discipline/sound mind	contrast of a timid disposition vs. Spirit-given courage, love, discipline	”spirit of fear… power, love, self-control”	The Holy Spirit’s gift equips for bold, disciplined gospel ministry, undergirding The Charge to Preach the Word	δειλία → félelem/gyávaság (Low, [NEW]); δύναμις [REUSE — cf. Isten ereje, Medium]; ἀγάπη → szeretet (Medium, [NEW]); σωφρονισμός → önuralom/józanság (Medium, [NEW] — same root family as ὑγιαίνω/νήφω in 4:3–5)
μαρτύριον	martyrion	testimony, witness	the gospel testimony about Christ, or testimony given for Christ	”testimony"	"Do not be ashamed of the testimony” — links to gospel proclamation	bizonyságtétel — Medium risk [NEW]
συγκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ	synkakopathēson tō euangeliō	share in suffering for the gospel	joint participation in hardship for gospel’s sake	”share in suffering for the gospel,” “join in suffering for the gospel”	First occurrence of the letter’s κακοπαθέω motif (see also 2:3; 4:5) — Perseverance under Suffering	κακοπαθέω → szenvedést vállalni — High risk [NEW]. Must be rendered consistently with 2:3 and 4:5 (see Part 1 note at 4:5). εὐαγγέλιον [REUSE — evangélium, High]
σῴσαντος… καλέσαντος κλήσει ἁγίᾳ	sōsantos… kalesantos klēsei hagia	having saved us and called us with a holy calling	God’s saving and calling act	”saved us and called us with a holy calling”	Direct link between salvation [REUSE — üdvösség, Critical] and calling [REUSE — elhívás, Critical] — same doctrinal fault line as Romans 8:28-30 (Reformed irresistible calling vs. Catholic synergism); flag identically
πρόθεσις	prothesis	purpose, plan, resolve	God’s determined purpose	”purpose,” “plan”	God’s eternal purpose behind grace and calling — ties to providence [REUSE — cf. Romans “gondviselés,” Medium]	elhatározás/szándék — Medium risk [NEW]
σωτήρ	sōtēr	Savior	title for God/Christ as deliverer	”Savior”	Christ named directly as Savior — core Christological/soteriological title	Üdvözítő — Critical risk [NEW]. Category: Christology/Salvation. Consistent with üdvösség root; must not be rendered “Megtartó” inconsistently across documents once established — recommend locking “Üdvözítő” for consistency with the salvation word-family.
ἐπιφάνεια (τοῦ σωτῆρος)	epiphaneia (tou sōtēros)	appearing (of the Savior)	here, of the incarnation (contrast 4:1, 8, of the second coming)	“appearing,” “manifestation”	Christ’s first appearing in the incarnation — see cross-reference note at 4:1 above regarding consistent rendering with the second-appearing use	megjelenés — High risk [NEW]. See Part 1, 2 Timóteus 4:1 note on consistency between first and second “appearing.”
καταργήσαντος τὸν θάνατον	katargēsantos ton thanaton	having abolished/nullified death	rendering death powerless	”abolished death,” “destroyed death”	Christ’s victory over death through his resurrection — connects to resurrection [REUSE — feltámadás, Critical]	legyőzte/megsemmisítette a halált — Medium risk [NEW]
ἀφθαρσία	aphtharsia	incorruption, imperishability, immortality	freedom from decay; resurrection-life quality	”immortality,” “incorruption”	The life Christ brought to light through the gospel — eschatological hope tied to bodily resurrection	romolhatatlanság — Medium risk [NEW]
κῆρυξ καὶ ἀπόστολος καὶ διδάσκαλος	kēryx kai apostolos kai didaskalos	herald, apostle, and teacher	Paul’s threefold self-description of his commissioned role	”preacher, apostle, and teacher”	κῆρυξ directly anticipates κήρυξον in 4:2 — the letter’s proclamation-vocabulary thread begins here	κῆρυξ → hírnök/hirdető — High risk [NEW], category Preaching, ties directly to The Charge to Preach the Word; διδάσκαλος → tanító (Medium, [NEW])
παρακαταθήκη	parakatathēkē	deposit, entrusted treasure	a valuable item placed in trust for safekeeping, to be returned intact (a technical term from Greco-Roman law of deposit)	“deposit,” “that which was entrusted,” “treasure entrusted”	THE defining term of Faithful Transmission of the Gospel and Guarding Sound Doctrine — the gospel/apostolic teaching as a trust to be preserved intact and passed on	rád bízott kincs (alt.: letétemény) — Critical risk [NEW]. Category: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel. CRITICAL COLLISION: Catholic theology speaks of the depositum fidei (“a hit letéteménye”) transmitted and authoritatively interpreted through Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium across apostolic succession; Reformed Hungarian theology holds the deposit is Scripture itself, guarded by faithful teaching and preaching without a magisterial interpretive authority. Render Paul’s own image — a treasure entrusted to Timothy personally to guard and pass on through faithful teaching (cf. 2:2) — without adopting either community’s fuller institutional doctrine of transmission. Flag every occurrence (1:12, 1:14, and conceptually 2:2) for theologian review.
φυλάξαι/φύλαξον	phylaxai/phylaxon	to guard, keep safe	protective custody of something entrusted	”guard,” “keep safe”	The active verb paired with παρακαταθήκη — guarding is Timothy’s (and every teacher’s) charge	őrizd meg — High risk [NEW], same doctrine and collision note as παρακαταθήκη above
ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων	hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn	pattern/standard of sound words	a model or outline to be followed exactly	”pattern of sound words,” “standard of sound teaching”	Same ὑγιαίνω root as 4:3’s “sound doctrine” — establishes the pattern-of-teaching concept early in the letter	ὑποτύπωσις → minta/példa (Medium, [NEW]); ὑγιαίνω word family → egészséges [see 4:3 above, High]
Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον τὸ ἐνοικοῦν	Pneuma Hagion to enoikoun	the Holy Spirit who dwells (in us)	the Spirit’s indwelling presence	”the Holy Spirit who lives in us”	The Spirit’s indwelling presence enables the guarding of the deposit	Szentlélek [REUSE — Romans TM, Critical]

Chapter 2 (2 Timóteus 2:1–26)

Term (Greek)	Transliteration	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Hungarian rendering & risk
ἐνδυναμοῦ ἐν τῇ χάριτι	endynamou en tē chariti	be strengthened in the grace	empowerment grounded in grace	”be strong in the grace”	χάρις [REUSE — kegyelem, Critical] as the sphere/source of Timothy’s strength for ministry	erősödj meg a kegyelemben — Critical risk (reuse)
παράθου πιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις	parathou pistois anthrōpois	entrust to faithful men	commit something valuable into others’ trustworthy keeping	”entrust to faithful men,” “commit to reliable people”	The multi-generational transmission chain: Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others (2:2) — the key verse for Faithful Transmission of the Gospel	παρατίθημι → rábízni/átadni — Critical risk [NEW]. Same collision as παρακαταθήκη (1:12,14): render as faithful teaching passed to reliable people who will themselves teach others, without asserting an unbroken sacramental chain of ordained authority (Catholic apostolic succession) nor reducing it to informal, individualistic transmission without any structure (an over-correction some Reformed readers might import). πιστός → hűséges (High, [NEW], recurring — cf. 2:11-13 below).
στρατιώτης / συστρατιώτης	stratiōtēs / systratiōtēs	soldier / fellow soldier	military metaphor for disciplined endurance	”soldier”	Introduces the soldier-athlete-farmer triad of metaphors for disciplined perseverance in ministry	katona — Low risk [NEW]
κακοπάθησον (2:3)	kakopathēson	suffer hardship	see 1:8, 4:5	”endure hardship,” “suffer”	Second occurrence of the letter’s suffering-motif — see Part 1 note	szenvedj el nehézséget — High risk (reuse of note at 1:8/4:5)
ἀθλέω/νομίμως ἀθλήσῃ	athleō/nomimōs athlēsē	compete/compete according to the rules	athletic contest imagery	”compete according to the rules”	Faithful ministry requires disciplined, rule-following endurance, like an athlete	küzd/versenyez a szabályok szerint — Low risk [NEW]
ἐγηγερμένον ἐκ νεκρῶν, ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ	egēgermenon ek nekrōn, ek spermatos Dauid	raised from the dead, of the seed of David	the two-part gospel summary Paul urges Timothy to “remember"	"raised from the dead, descended from David”	Direct citation of core apostolic gospel content — same pairing as Romans 1:3-4	ἐγείρω/resurrection [REUSE — feltámadás, Critical]; σπέρμα Δαυίδ [REUSE — Dávid leszármazottja, Medium]
ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται	ho logos tou Theou ou dedetai	the word of God is not bound/chained	God’s word cannot be imprisoned even when its messenger is	”the word of God is not chained,” “is not bound”	The unstoppable nature of the gospel word despite Paul’s imprisonment — ties Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture to The Charge to Preach the Word	λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ → Isten szava/igéje — High risk [NEW]. Ensure consistency with 4:2’s “az ige.”
διὰ τοὺς ἐκλεκτούς	dia tous eklektous	for the sake of the elect	those chosen by God	”for the sake of the elect”	Direct link to the Romans 9-11 election fault line	ἐκλεκτός [REUSE — cf. Romans “election”/kiválasztás, Critical]. Flag identically: do not force into either full Calvinist double-predestination or full Catholic synergistic systematics.
ὑπομένω	hypomenō	endure, remain under, bear up	patient, active endurance under pressure	”endure,” “bear with,” “persevere"	"I endure all things for the sake of the elect” and 2:12 “if we endure, we will also reign” — core term for Perseverance under Suffering and Assurance of Reward	állhatatosan kitart/elvisel — High risk [NEW]. Must be consistently distinguished from κακοπαθέω (suffering as such) as the disposition of persevering through suffering.
σωτηρίας… μετὰ δόξης αἰωνίου	sōtērias… meta doxēs aiōniou	salvation… with eternal glory	the full scope of the salvation Paul endures for others to obtain	”salvation with eternal glory”	σωτηρία [REUSE — üdvösség, Critical]; δόξα [REUSE — dicsőség, Medium]	reuse, Critical/Medium
πιστὸς ὁ λόγος	pistos ho logos	faithful/trustworthy is the saying	a formulaic marker (also 1 Tim 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; Titus 3:8) introducing a reliable creedal/hymnic statement	”this is a trustworthy saying”	Introduces the creedal couplets of 2:11-13 as authoritative, memorized apostolic teaching	igaz/megbízható ez a szó/mondás — Medium risk [NEW]
εἰ συναπεθάνομεν, καὶ συζήσομεν· εἰ ὑπομένομεν, καὶ συμβασιλεύσομεν· εἰ ἀρνούμεθα, κἀκεῖνος ἀρνήσεται ἡμᾶς· εἰ ἀπιστοῦμεν, ἐκεῖνος πιστὸς μένει	(creedal couplets)	if we died with him, we will also live with him; if we endure, we will also reign with him; if we deny him, he also will deny us; if we are faithless, he remains faithful	a chiastic creedal formula pairing believer’s response with Christ’s corresponding faithfulness/response	”if we died with him… if we deny him, he will deny us… if we are faithless, he remains faithful”	CRITICAL passage for Assurance of Reward and the perseverance/apostasy question — the same fault line as Romans 8’s assurance-of-salvation debate (Reformed perseverance of the saints reading “if we are faithless, he remains faithful” as God’s unbreakable covenant faithfulness sustaining the elect through failure vs. Catholic reading in which “if we deny him, he will deny us” warns of a real possibility of forfeiting salvation through unrepented apostasy/mortal sin)	ἀρνέομαι → megtagad (High, [NEW]); ἀπιστέω → hitetlen/hűtlen (High, [NEW]). CRITICAL risk overall — flag for mandatory theologian review; translate Paul’s own chiastic structure and both halves’ plain sense without resolving the tension toward either tradition’s systematic doctrine of perseverance/apostasy.
διαμαρτυρόμενος ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου, μὴ λογομαχεῖν	diamartyromenos enōpion tou Kyriou, mē logomachein	solemnly charging before the Lord, not to quarrel about words	see διαμαρτύρομαι at 4:1; λογομαχία, a fight over words/verbal disputes	”solemnly charge… not to wrangle about words”	Guarding sound doctrine includes avoiding destructive verbal disputes — practical outworking of Guarding Sound Doctrine	διαμαρτύρομαι [REUSE — cf. note at 4:1, High]; λογομαχία → szóharc/szavakon való vitatkozás (Medium, [NEW])
ὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας	orthotomounta ton logon tēs alētheias	rightly cutting/dividing the word of truth	a distinctive compound verb (only NT occurrence) evoking a craftsman cutting a straight, accurate line — precise, careful, correct handling	”rightly handling the word of truth,” “correctly teaching the word of truth”	THE defining term of Guarding Sound Doctrine — precise, faithful handling of the apostolic word, as opposed to careless or self-serving handling	helyesen fejtve ki / helyesen tanítva az igazság szavát — High risk [NEW]. Category: Guarding Sound Doctrine. A unique, image-rich term; must not be flattened to a generic “tanítja” (teaches). λόγος τῆς ἀληθείας ties to λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ (2:9) and τὸν λόγον (4:2) — keep the word-family visible in Hungarian.
βέβηλοι κενοφωνίαι	bebēloi kenophōniai	irreverent/profane empty chatter	worthless, godless talk	”irreverent, empty babble”	Contrasted with faithful handling of the word of truth — false teaching’s verbal character	szentségtelen, üres fecsegés — Low risk [NEW]
γάγγραινα	gangraina	gangrene	a medical metaphor for spreading, destructive corruption	”gangrene,” “cancer” (metaphor)	Vivid image of how false teaching spreads and destroys	üszkösödés/rákfene — Low risk [NEW]
τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι	tēn anastasin ēdē gegonenai	that the resurrection has already happened	Hymenaeus and Philetus’s heretical, over-spiritualized claim	”that the resurrection has already occurred”	A concrete example of Apostasy and False Teachers distorting resurrection doctrine [REUSE — feltámadás, Critical] — the same term now teaching heresy, requiring careful contextual framing	flagged use of feltámadás in a false-teaching context — Critical risk; ensure the translation clearly marks this as the false teachers’ claim, not Scripture’s own teaching
ὁ θεμέλιος τοῦ Θεοῦ ἕστηκεν… ἡ σφραγὶς	ho themelios tou Theou hestēken… hē sphragis	the foundation of God stands firm… the seal	God’s foundation/foundational truth, sealed with a mark of ownership/authentication	”God’s foundation stands firm… this seal”	God’s sovereign knowledge of his own (echoing election themes) as the ground of stability amid apostasy	θεμέλιος → alap (Medium, [NEW]); σφραγίς → pecsét (Medium, [NEW])
σκεῦος εἰς τιμὴν / εἰς ἀτιμίαν	skeuos eis timēn / eis atimian	vessel for honor / for dishonor	household-vessel metaphor for varying usefulness/purity of standing within the church	”vessels for honorable use… for dishonorable use”	Calls Timothy (and every believer) to purify himself for honorable service — ties to sanctification [REUSE — Romans TM, High]	eszköz/edény tisztességre… tisztességtelenségre — Medium risk [NEW]
φεῦγε τὰς νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας	pheuge tas neōterikas epithymias	flee youthful passions/desires	urgent avoidance of desires typical of youth	”flee youthful passions”	ἐπιθυμία word family recurring (see 3:6, 4:3)	menekülj a fiatalkori kívánságoktól — Medium risk (reuse of ἐπιθυμία note)
δίωκε δικαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην	diōke dikaiosynēn, pistin, agapēn, eirēnēn	pursue righteousness, faith, love, peace	a virtue list to actively chase after	”pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace”	δικαιοσύνη [REUSE — igazság, Critical]; πίστις [REUSE — hit, High]; εἰρήνη [REUSE — béke, Medium]; ἀγάπη [see 1:7 note — szeretet, Medium]	reuse/consistent
πραΰτης	prautēs	gentleness, meekness	a disposition of strength under control, especially toward opponents	”gentleness,” “meekness”	Correcting opponents with gentleness rather than harshness — a needed balance alongside sharp doctrinal correction	szelídség — Medium risk [NEW]
μετάνοια	metanoia	repentance, change of mind/heart	turning from sin toward God, a change of fundamental orientation	”repentance"	"God may perhaps grant them repentance leading to a knowledge of the truth” (2:25) — repentance as a gift God grants, not merely a human achievement	megtérés — High risk [NEW]. Category: Salvation/Repentance. COLLISION: Reformed Hungarian theology reads “grant them repentance” as consistent with monergistic grace — repentance itself is God’s gift, not a human-initiated condition God merely responds to; Catholic theology holds repentance/contrition as a necessary human disposition cooperating with grace, formally structured through the sacrament of Penance (confession, contrition, satisfaction). Translate Paul’s own claim — that repentance is something God grants/gives — without asserting or denying either tradition’s fuller system of how repentance relates to justification. Flag for theologian review.
ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας	epignōsis alētheias	knowledge of the truth	full, accurate knowledge (ἐπίγνωσις intensifies γνῶσις)	“knowledge of the truth,” “full knowledge of the truth”	The goal of repentance — the same phrase recurs at 3:7, contrasting false teachers’ followers who never reach it	az igazság megismerése — Medium risk [NEW]
διάβολος	diabolos	devil, slanderer	the personal, malevolent spiritual adversary	”devil”	False teaching is ultimately a “snare of the devil” — spiritual warfare framing for Apostasy and False Teachers	ördög — Low risk [NEW] (standard, unambiguous across Hungarian Christian traditions)

Chapter 3 (2 Timóteus 3:1–13) — [3:14–17 treated in Part 1 above]

Term (Greek)	Transliteration	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Hungarian rendering & risk
ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	en eschatais hēmerais	in the last days	the final eschatological period preceding Christ’s return	”in the last days,” “in the final days”	Opens the letter’s central description of Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days — sets the eschatological frame for the whole chapter	utolsó/végső napokban — High risk [NEW]. Category: Eschatology. Both Catholic and Reformed Hungarian traditions affirm a “last days” already inaugurated by Christ’s first coming and consummated at his return; risk lies in readers assuming a specific detailed end-times timetable (dispensational-style chart-reading) not asserted by the text itself. Teach as the entire present church age under this description, not a narrow future-only period.
καιροὶ χαλεποί	kairoi chalepoi	difficult/dangerous times	hard, perilous seasons	”times of difficulty,” “perilous times”	The character of the last days — moral and spiritual danger, not merely calamity	veszélyes idők — Medium risk [NEW]
φίλαυτοι, φιλάργυροι… φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ἢ φιλόθεοι	philautoi, philargyroi… philēdonoi mallon ē philotheoi	self-lovers, money-lovers… lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God	an eighteen-item vice catalogue built substantially on φιλ- (love-of) compounds, climaxing in the love-of-pleasure/love-of-God contrast	”lovers of self… lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God”	Diagnostic character list for recognizing the last-days apostasy, culminating in misdirected love as the root issue	önmagukat szeretők… inkább a gyönyört, mint Istent szeretők — Medium risk [NEW]. The φιλόθεος/φιλήδονος contrast is the list’s climax and should be given prominence in teaching notes as the summarizing diagnostic.
μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας… τὴν δύναμιν ἠρνημένοι	morphōsin eusebeias… tēn dynamin ērnēmenoi	a form of godliness… having denied its power	outward appearance/shape of godliness without its inner reality/power	”having a form of godliness but denying its power”	The false teachers’ religiosity is outwardly plausible but inwardly powerless — key diagnostic for Apostasy and False Teachers	μόρφωσις → forma/látszat (Medium, [NEW]); εὐσέβεια → kegyesség/istenfélelem (Medium, [NEW], recurs at 3:12); δύναμις [REUSE — cf. Isten ereje, Medium]
ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας (3:7)	epignōsis alētheias	knowledge of the truth	see 2:25 note	”knowledge of the truth”	Those deceived by false teachers “never arrive at” this knowledge — a warning of fruitless, endless seeking apart from submission to sound doctrine	reuse of 2:25 note — Medium risk
Ἰαννῆς καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς	Iannēs kai Iambrēs	Jannes and Jambres	traditional (extra-biblical Jewish) names for Pharaoh’s magicians who opposed Moses	”Jannes and Jambres”	A historical type for the false teachers’ opposition to the truth, paralleling Moses’ opponents	Jannész és Jámbrész — Low risk (proper names)
ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν	adokimoi peri tēn pistin	disqualified/failing concerning the faith	tested and found wanting	”rejected/disapproved concerning the faith”	The false teachers’ ultimate spiritual failure, despite outward religious activity	megbízhatatlanok a hit dolgában / a hit próbáját nem állják ki — Medium risk [NEW]; πίστις [REUSE — hit, High]
διωγμοί, παθήματα	diōgmoi, pathēmata	persecutions, sufferings	external hardships endured for the gospel	”persecutions, sufferings”	Paul’s own catalogue of endured suffering, modeling Perseverance under Suffering for Timothy	διωγμός → üldözés (Medium, [NEW]); πάθημα → szenvedés (Medium, [NEW])
ῥύομαι	rhyomai	to rescue, deliver	deliverance from danger/evil by a powerful rescuer	”rescued,” “delivered"	"The Lord rescued me from them all” — anticipates the same verb at 4:17-18	megszabadított/kiragadott — Medium risk [NEW]
πάντες οἱ θέλοντες εὐσεβῶς ζῇν… διωχθήσονται	pantes hoi thelontes eusebōs zēn… diōchthēsontai	all who desire to live godly… will be persecuted	a universal principle, not an exception	”all who desire to live a godly life… will be persecuted”	Universalizes Paul’s suffering as the expected pattern for every faithful believer — core to Perseverance under Suffering	εὐσεβῶς [see εὐσέβεια above] — Medium risk
πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι	planōntes kai planōmenoi	deceiving and being deceived	active deception paired with self-deception	”deceiving and being deceived”	The self-compounding nature of apostasy — deceivers are themselves already deceived	πλανάω → megtéveszt/eltévelyedik — Medium risk [NEW]

(2 Timóteus 3:14–17 continues the chapter but is treated verse-by-verse in Part 1 above as the opening of the core passage.)

Chapter 4 (2 Timóteus 4:6–22) — [4:1–5 treated in Part 1 above]

Term (Greek)	Transliteration	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Hungarian rendering & risk
ἐγὼ γὰρ ἤδη σπένδομαι	egō gar ēdē spendomai	for I am already being poured out as a libation	sacrificial drink-offering imagery applied to Paul’s approaching death	”I am already being poured out like a drink offering”	Paul frames his death as a sacrificial offering completing his ministry — the emotional climax preceding the Assurance-of-Reward statement	kiöntött italáldozatként — Medium risk [NEW]. Sacrificial cultic metaphor; ensure Hungarian retains the cultic/sacrificial sense rather than a generic “elfogy/vége” (running out).
ὁ καιρὸς τῆς ἀναλύσεώς μου	ho kairos tēs analyseōs mou	the time of my departure	ἀνάλυσις, a nautical/military term for “loosing” (a ship from its moorings, or a camp being struck) — a euphemism for death	”the time of my departure has come”	Death reframed as a dignified, purposeful “loosing” rather than mere ending	elköltözésem/távozásom ideje — Low risk [NEW]
τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα	ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai, ton dromon teteleka, tēn pistin tetērēka	I have fought the good fight, finished the race, kept the faith	the athletic-contest triad (echoing 2:5’s athlete imagery) applied to Paul’s completed ministry	”I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith”	Paul’s own testimony of Perseverance under Suffering brought to completion — the model Timothy is charged to follow	ἀγών → küzdelem/harc (Medium, [NEW], cf. 2:5 ἀθλέω); δρόμος → futás/pályafutás (Low, [NEW]); πίστις [REUSE — hit, High] — τηρέω (keep) → megtart (Low, [NEW])
ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος	ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos	the crown of righteousness	a victor’s wreath, here specifically tied to righteousness	”the crown of righteousness”	THE defining term of Assurance of Reward — a future reward the righteous Judge will give, not a self-earned achievement	στέφανος → korona — High risk [NEW]. Category: Assurance of Reward. COLLISION: Catholic theology reads this “crown” consistently within a framework of merit — grace-enabled good works genuinely meriting eschatological reward; Reformed theology reads the crown as a gracious reward consistent with sola fide, given to those already justified by faith alone, not a means of establishing standing before God. δικαιοσύνη [REUSE — igazság, Critical]. Translate Paul’s own confident expectation of reward from “the righteous Judge” without resolving the merit question either direction; flag for theologian review.
ὁ δίκαιος κριτής	ho dikaios kritēs	the righteous judge	God/Christ as the one who judges justly	”the righteous Judge”	Reinforces 4:1’s “judge of the living and the dead” — the reward is given by a just Judge, not earned independently of his judgment	κριτής → bíró — Medium risk [NEW]; δίκαιος [REUSE — cf. igazság root, Critical]
πᾶσι τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ	pasi tois ēgapēkosi tēn epiphaneian autou	to all who have loved his appearing	a settled, ongoing love for Christ’s return	”to all who have loved his appearing”	ἐπιφάνεια — see notes at 4:1 and 1:10; the crown is for all believers who long for Christ’s return, not for Paul uniquely	reuse of ἐπιφάνεια note — High risk
Δημᾶς με ἐγκατέλιπεν, ἀγαπήσας τὸν νῦν αἰῶνα	Dēmas me enkatelipen, agapēsas ton nyn aiōna	Demas deserted/abandoned me, having loved the present age	a concrete, named case of apostasy-by-desertion, driven by love for “this present age” rather than Christ’s appearing	”Demas has deserted me, having loved this present world”	A real, personal example of the letter’s warnings about apostasy realized in Paul’s own circle — direct counterpoint to “loving his appearing”	ἐγκαταλείπω → elhagy/elhagyott — Medium-High risk [NEW]. Category: Apostasy. αἰών → világ/korszak (Low, [NEW])
ῥύσεταί με ὁ Κύριος ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔργου πονηροῦ καὶ σώσει εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπουράνιον	rhysetai me ho Kyrios apo pantos ergou ponērou kai sōsei eis tēn basileian autou tēn epouranion	the Lord will rescue me from every evil work and save me into his heavenly kingdom	Paul’s confident expectation of final deliverance and entrance into the heavenly kingdom	”the Lord will rescue me from every evil attack and will bring me safely into his heavenly kingdom”	Final restatement of Assurance of Reward and settled confidence in final salvation	ῥύομαι [reuse of 3:11 note]; σώζω [REUSE — cf. üdvösség root, Critical]; βασιλεία [REUSE — Isten országa, Medium, here “ἐπουράνιος” heavenly-consummation sense]
ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	hō hē doxa eis tous aiōnas tōn aiōnōn	to whom be glory forever and ever	a closing doxology	”to whom be glory forever and ever”	δόξα [REUSE — dicsőség, Medium]	reuse
Κρήσκης, Τίτος, Δαλματία, Τυχικός, Μᾶρκος, Κάρπος, Τρωάς, Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ χαλκεύς, Πρίσκα, Ἀκύλας, Ἔραστος, Κόρινθος, Τρόφιμος, Μίλητος, Εὔβουλος, Πούδης, Λίνος, Κλαυδία	(proper names/places)	personal names and place names in Paul’s closing greetings and travel notes	historical, biographical detail	(established English forms)	Low doctrinal weight; important for historical/relational realism of the letter’s ending	Krészcensz, Titusz, Dalmácia, Tükhikosz, Márk, Kárpusz, Tróász, Alexander az érckovács, Priszka, Akvila, Erasztus, Korinthosz, Trófimusz, Milétosz, Eubulosz, Pudensz, Linusz, Klaudia — Low risk. Use established Hungarian Bible-tradition proper-name forms throughout; no doctrinal risk, consistency only.
ὁ Κύριος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματός σου	ho Kyrios meta tou pneumatos sou	the Lord be with your spirit	closing benediction	”the Lord be with your spirit”	Κύριος [REUSE — Úr, Critical]	reuse

Full-Book Coverage Confirmation

All four chapters of 2 Timothy have been analyzed: the core passage (3:14–4:5) verse-by-verse, and Chapters 1, 2, 3:1–13, and 4:6–22 chapter-by-chapter. No chapter was silently skipped. Every chapter introduced new load-bearing vocabulary beyond the Romans baseline reuse set; none required a “no new vocabulary” notice.

See 08_core_glossary.md for the consolidated glossary table of every term identified above, with final risk-tier assignments for Phase 2 translation memory integration.

Library content is free and openly licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — share and adapt it for non-commercial use, with attribution to tri-bible.ai.