Core Glossary
Core Glossary — James (Jakab levele), English → Hungarian
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by chapter for full-book traceability, followed by a consolidated Critical/High risk summary. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [TM REUSE] and carry forward their baseline Hungarian rendering and risk tier unchanged, per the governing mandate. New terms proposed for addition to translation memory are marked [NEW].
Risk tier definitions (identical to baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json):
- Critical — mistranslation destroys or alters essential doctrine; mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk; mandatory theologian review.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision; automated review sufficient.
Chapter 1
| # | English Term | Greek | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | servant | δοῦλος | szolga | Low | (self-identification) | NEW | Standard, non-divisive. |
| 2 | dispersion | διασπορά | szórvány / diaszpóra | Low-Medium | (background) | NEW | Needs OT-diaspora cultural footnote. |
| 3 | trial / temptation | πειρασμός | megpróbáltatás (trial) / kísértés (temptation) | Critical | Trials and Testing of Faith | NEW | One Greek root split into two Hungarian words; must flag the underlying wordplay for readers. God is never the source of the negative sense (1:13). |
| 4 | testing / proven genuine | δοκίμιον / δόκιμος | próba / kipróbált | High | Trials and Testing of Faith | NEW | Metallurgical refining metaphor; keep conceptually linked to but lexically distinct from πειρασμός. |
| 5 | endurance | ὑπομονή | állhatatosság | High | Trials and Testing of Faith; Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Reserve for endurance-under-trial; distinguish from μακροθυμία (5:7-10, “türelem”). |
| 6 | perfect / complete | τέλειος / ὁλόκληρος | tökéletes / teljes | Medium-High | Trials and Testing of Faith | NEW | Maturity/wholeness, not sinless perfection — clarify in teaching notes. |
| 7 | wisdom | σοφία | bölcsesség | High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Anchor term; fully developed in ch.3. |
| 8 | double-minded | δίψυχος | kétlelkű / ingatag szívű | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above; Worldliness | NEW | Rare Jamesian coinage (1:8; 4:8); no exact Hungarian equivalent, render consistently at both occurrences. |
| 9 | rich / humble circumstance | πλούσιος / ταπείνωσις | gazdag / alacsony sorban levő | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Introduces the reversal theme developed fully in 2:1-13; 5:1-6. |
| 10 | blessed | μακάριος | boldog | Medium | Trials and Testing of Faith | NEW | ”Boldog” leans toward subjective happiness in modern usage; deeper sense needs teaching-note reinforcement. |
| 11 | God cannot be tempted by evil | ἀπείραστος κακῶν | nem kísérthető meg gonosszal | High | Trials and Testing of Faith | NEW | Theodicy statement; keep distinct from the “trial” sense of πειρασμός. |
| 12 | desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία | kívánság / testi kívánság | Medium-High | Trials and Testing of Faith | NEW | Part of the desire→sin→death generative-metaphor chain (1:14-15); preserve imagery. |
| 13 | Father of lights | πατὴρ τῶν φώτων | a világosság Atyja | Medium | (Deity) | NEW (uses TM “Atya” [Critical]) | Standard, non-divisive divine title. |
| 14 | firstfruits | ἀπαρχή | zsenge / első termés | Medium | (background) | NEW | Needs OT sacrificial/harvest background note. |
| 15 | implanted word | ἔμφυτος λόγος | belénk oltott ige | High | Faith and Works (seed) | NEW | Specific cross-reference risk: must not be conflated with the baseline’s explicitly rejected “beoltott igazság” (infused righteousness, Tridentine alternative). Keep vocabulary domains separate. |
| 16 | save (souls) | σῴζω | lelketek megmentésére | Critical | Salvation | [TM REUSE root] — üdvösség | Eternal-salvation sense; contrast with the healing sense in 5:15. |
| 17 | doer of the word / hearer only | ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής | az ige megtartója/cselekvője / csak hallgatója | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Direct thematic seed of the core passage (2:14-26); use “cselekedet”-family vocabulary for consistency. |
| 18 | perfect law of liberty | νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας | a szabadság tökéletes törvénye | High | Faith and Works | NEW (uses TM “törvény” [High]) | Cross-reference baseline law entry; do not import either tradition’s full systematic law-framework. |
| 19 | religion | θρησκεία | kegyesség | Medium-High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Prefer “kegyesség” (personal piety) over “vallás” (institutional religion) to avoid pre-loading toward either confessional reading. |
| 20 | unstained (from the world) | ἄσπιλος | szennyezetlenül megtartani | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| 21 | orphan / widow | ὀρφανός / χήρα | árva / özvegy | Low-Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | |
| 22 | world | κόσμος | világ | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Dual neutral/hostile-system sense; track disambiguation across whole book, especially ch.4. |
Chapter 2 (Favoritism 2:1-13; Faith and Works 2:14-26 — core passage, full treatment in 07)
| # | English Term | Greek | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | favoritism / partiality | προσωπολημψία | személyválogatás | High | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Doctrine anchor; do not soften to generic “megkülönböztetés.” |
| 24 | poor / rich | πτωχός / πλούσιος | szegény / gazdag | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Low lexical, high pastoral-sensitivity risk. |
| 25 | royal law | νόμος βασιλικός | királyi törvény | Medium-High | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW (uses TM “törvény”) | |
| 26 | love your neighbor | ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον | szeressed felebarátodat, mint magadat | Low-Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Established phrasing across Hungarian traditions. |
| 27 | mercy | ἔλεος | irgalom / irgalmasság | Medium-High | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | Must be kept lexically distinct from “kegyelem” (χάρις, TM Critical) to preserve the mercy/grace distinction. |
| 28 | works | ἔργα | cselekedetek | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | The single most doctrinally loaded noun in the book; identical rendering at every occurrence mandatory. |
| 29 | save | σῴζω (2:14) | megment / üdvözít | Critical | Faith and Works / Salvation | [TM REUSE root] — üdvösség | |
| 30 | dead (of faith) | νεκρά | holt | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Categorical, not comparative; consistency required 2:17 & 2:26 (inclusio). |
| 31 | by itself / alone | καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν | önmagában | Medium | Faith and Works | NEW | |
| 32 | show / demonstrate | δείκνυμι | mutasd meg | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Evidentiary sense preferred over “bizonyít” to avoid over-committing to either systematic reading. |
| 33 | apart from works / by works | χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων / ἐκ τῶν ἔργων | cselekedetek nélkül / cselekedetek által | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | Governs the whole disputed unit; consistent rendering mandatory. |
| 34 | believe (bare assent) | πιστεύω | hiszed | High | Faith and Works | [TM REUSE root] — hit | Bare propositional assent critiqued as insufficient; must be distinguished from saving trust. |
| 35 | demons | δαιμόνια | ördögök | Medium-High | Faith and Works | NEW | Standard Károli-register term. |
| 36 | justified | δικαιόω (ἐδικαιώθη, δικαιοῦται) | megigazul | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW (built on TM “megigazulás” root) | The single highest-stakes term in the whole curriculum. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence (2:21, 24, 25). |
| 37 | altar | θυσιαστήριον | oltár | Medium | Faith and Works (illustrative) | NEW | OT sacrificial background (Gen 22). |
| 38 | worked together with | συνεργέω | együtt munkálkodott | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | Literal Greek root of “synergism”; genuinely double-edged between Reformed and Catholic readings. |
| 39 | perfected / completed | τελειόω | teljessé lett | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Completion/maturation, not moral-perfectionism. |
| 40 | imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην | beszámított igazság | Critical | Faith and Works | [TM REUSE — mandatory exact reuse] | Identical Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3; must use the baseline formula unchanged. |
| 41 | friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ | Isten barátja | Medium-High | Faith and Works | NEW | Deliberately echoed/inverted in 4:4; keep “barát” root consistent across both passages. |
| 42 | called (named) | καλέω (ἐκλήθη) | neveztetett | Medium | Faith and Works | NEW | Must NOT use “elhívatott” (reserved for TM’s technical “elhívás/elhívott,” Critical) — different sense (naming, not divine summons). |
| 43 | not by faith alone | οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον | nem hit által egyedül | Critical | Faith and Works | NEW | Highest-priority Critical clause in the entire book; μόνον must be retained, never hedged. |
| 44 | Rahab the prostitute | Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη | Ráháb, a parázna nő | Medium | Faith and Works (illustrative) | NEW | Retain the blunt designation; rhetorical point depends on it. |
| 45 | received the messengers | ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους | befogadta a küldötteket/kémeket | Medium | Faith and Works (illustrative) | NEW | ἄγγελος = human spies/messengers here, NOT heavenly angels — must not render “angyalok.” |
| 46 | spirit (breath, non-Trinitarian) | πνεῦμα (2:26) | lélek (életlehelet) | High | Faith and Works | NEW | Must not be capitalized/read as “Szentlélek” (TM Critical) — ordinary life-breath sense only. |
| 47 | judgment without mercy | κρίσις ἀνέλεος | irgalom nélküli ítélet | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW |
Chapter 3
| # | English Term | Greek | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 | tongue | γλῶσσα | nyelv | Medium | Taming the Tongue | NEW | Doctrine anchor. |
| 49 | bridle / bit | χαλιναγωγέω / χαλινός | megzabolázik / zabla | Low-Medium | Taming the Tongue | NEW | |
| 50 | rudder / ship | πηδάλιον / ναῦς | kormánylapát / hajó | Low | Taming the Tongue | NEW | |
| 51 | wheel of existence | τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως | az élet egész folyamata | High | Taming the Tongue | NEW | Genuinely obscure Greek idiom; flag underlying interpretive difficulty, not just lexical choice. |
| 52 | Gehenna / hell | γέεννα | gyehenna | High | Taming the Tongue | NEW | Shared final-judgment doctrine across traditions; register/comprehension risk more than doctrinal division. |
| 53 | image/likeness of God | κατ᾿ εἰκόνα/ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ | Isten hasonlatosságára teremtve | Medium-High | Taming the Tongue (background) | NEW | Foundational imago Dei background, not one of the nine named doctrines but load-bearing for the argument. |
| 54 | wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν | felülről való bölcsesség | High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Doctrine anchor. |
| 55 | earthly, soulish, demonic (false wisdom) | ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης | földi, testi (ösztönös), ördögi | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Middle term hardest to render precisely; gloss recommended. |
| 56 | seven marks of heavenly wisdom | ἁγνή, εἰρηνική, εὐπειθής, εὔσπλαγχνος, μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀδιάκριτος, ἀνυπόκριτος | tiszta, békeszerető, engedelmes, könyörületes, irgalommal és jó gyümölcsökkel teli, részrehajlás nélküli, képmutatás nélküli | High | Wisdom from Above | NEW | Render each distinctly; align “irgalom” with 2:13’s ἔλεος. |
| 57 | fruit of righteousness | καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης | az igazság gyümölcse | Medium-High | Wisdom from Above | NEW (uses TM “igazság” [Critical]) | Ethical-practical sense, not forensic. |
Chapter 4
| # | English Term | Greek | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58 | wars and fights | πόλεμοι καὶ μάχαι | háborúskodások és viszályok | Low-Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| 59 | you ask wrongly | κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε | rosszul kéritek | Medium | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Ties to broader prayer theology completed in 5:13-18. |
| 60 | friendship with the world | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου | a világ barátsága | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Deliberate inversion of 2:23’s “Isten barátja” — keep “barát” root consistent. |
| 61 | adulteresses (spiritual) | μοιχαλίδες | parázna nép / hűtlenek | Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Metaphorical covenant-unfaithfulness, not a literal accusation. |
| 62 | the Spirit/spirit yearns jealously | Γραφή…πρὸς φθόνον ἐπιποθεῖ τὸ πνεῦμα | (rendering pending exegetical decision — see 07 note) | High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Genuinely ambiguous clause; flag for theologian review before fixing a Hungarian rendering. |
| 63 | gives grace to the humble | ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν | az alázatosaknak kegyelmet ad | Critical (general) / Low (this citation specifically) | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | [TM REUSE] — kegyelem | Both Hungarian traditions read this citation identically; general Critical caution on “kegyelem” still applies elsewhere. |
| 64 | resist the devil | ἀνθίστημι τῷ διαβόλῳ | álljatok ellene az ördögnek | Low-Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| 65 | draw near to God | ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ | közeledjetek Istenhez | Low-Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | |
| 66 | purify hearts | ἁγνίσατε καρδίας | tisztítsátok meg szíveteket | Medium-High | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW | Distinct from ἁγιάζω/“megszentelődés” (TM High) — do not conflate. |
| 67 | humble yourselves before the Lord | ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον κυρίου | alázzátok meg magatokat az Úr előtt | Low-Medium | Worldliness versus Friendship with God | NEW (uses TM “Úr”) | |
| 68 | speak against / judge the brother | καταλαλεῖτε ἀλλήλων / κρίνει τὸν ἀδελφόν | egymást rágalmazzátok / megítéli atyafiát | Medium | Taming the Tongue | NEW | |
| 69 | lawgiver and judge | νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής | törvényadó és bíró | Medium | (background) | NEW | |
| 70 | if the Lord wills | εἰ ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ | ha az Úr akarja | Low-Medium | (Providence, cross-ref) | NEW (uses TM “Úr”) | Cross-reference baseline Providence doctrine (“gondviselés”). |
| 71 | sin of omission | εἰδότι τὸ καλὸν ποιεῖν καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία | aki tudja a jót és nem teszi, annak bűn az | Medium | (Sin, cross-ref) | NEW (uses TM “bűn”) |
Chapter 5
| # | English Term | Greek | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 72 | lived in self-indulgent luxury | ἐσπαταλήσατε / ἐτρυφήσατε | jólétben és bujaságban éltetek | Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW | |
| 73 | Lord of hosts | κύριος Σαβαώθ | a Seregek Ura | Low-Medium | Favoritism and the Poor | NEW (uses TM “Úr”) | Established OT title. |
| 74 | patience (toward people/delay) | μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω | türelem | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Distinguish from ὑπομονή (“állhatatosság”); consistency across 5:7-10. |
| 75 | the coming of the Lord | παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου | az Úr eljövetele | High | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW (uses TM “Úr”) | Major eschatological doctrine; minimal internal Hungarian confessional division on the fact itself. |
| 76 | early and late rain | πρόϊμος καὶ ὄψιμος (ὑετός) | korai és kései eső | Low-Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Cultural-agricultural footnote recommended. |
| 77 | the patience/endurance of Job | ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ | Jób állhatatossága | Medium | Patience and the Lord’s Return | NEW | Requires OT Job background. |
| 78 | do not swear; yes/no | ὀμνύω / ναὶ…οὔ | ne esküdjetek…legyen az igenetek igen, a nemetek nem | Low-Medium | Taming the Tongue | NEW | |
| 79 | suffering / cheerful | κακοπαθεῖ / εὐθυμεῖ | szenved / jókedvű | Low | Prayer and Healing | NEW | |
| 80 | sick | ἀσθενέω / κάμνω | beteg | High | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Illness itself uncontested; the community’s response is the doctrinal flashpoint. |
| 81 | elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | a gyülekezet vénei | Critical | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Deliberately neutral term; avoid both “presbiterek” (Reformed polity-loaded) and “papok” (Catholic sacerdotal-loaded). |
| 82 | anoint with oil | ἀλείφω [ἐλαίῳ] | megkenik olajjal | Critical | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Direct textual basis for Catholic Anointing of the Sick sacrament vs. Reformed non-sacramental reading; render the action plainly, leave doctrinal status to teaching notes. |
| 83 | in the name of the Lord | ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ κυρίου | az Úr nevében | Medium-High | Prayer and Healing | NEW (uses TM “Úr”) | Corrective against a magical/mechanical reading of the oil. |
| 84 | the prayer of faith will save/heal | ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα | meggyógyítja a beteget | Critical | Prayer and Healing | NEW | σῴζω’s heal/save ambiguity; avoid both prosperity-gospel-style guarantee and confusion with eternal salvation vocabulary. |
| 85 | the Lord will raise him up | ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος | felsegíti / talpra állítja | High | Prayer and Healing | NEW | Must NOT use “feltámasztja” (reserved for TM’s “feltámadás,” Critical resurrection term). |
| 86 | confess your sins to one another | ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας | valljátok meg egymásnak bűneiteket | Critical | Confession and Restoration | NEW (uses TM “bűn”) | Reciprocal “egymásnak” must be preserved; do not narrow toward a priestly-confessor reading not present in the Greek grammar. |
| 87 | prayer of a righteous person, at work | δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη | az igaz ember buzgó könyörgése nagy hatalommal bír | Medium-High | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Echo “igazság” root without importing forensic-justification apparatus. |
| 88 | turn back from wandering | ἐπιστρέψῃ ἐκ τῆς πλάνης | visszatér/visszavezeti az igazsághoz | High | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Restoration of a straying believer, not initial conversion — avoid unqualified “megtér.” |
| 89 | save a soul from death | ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου σώσει | megmenti lelkét a haláltól | High | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Physical/spiritual death ambiguity, parallel to 5:15. |
| 90 | cover a multitude of sins | καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | bűnök sokaságát fedezi el/takarja el | Critical | Confession and Restoration | NEW | Wisdom idiom describing forgiveness’s relational effect; must not imply the restorer’s act merits/atones for another’s sin. |
Consolidated Critical and High Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count | Terms |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | trial/temptation (πειρασμός); works (ἔργα); apart from/by works; justified (δικαιόω); worked together with (συνεργέω); imputed righteousness (reuse); not by faith alone; save/souls (σῴζω, eternal sense, reuse root); elders of the church; anoint with oil; prayer of faith will save/heal (σῴζω, healing sense); confess your sins to one another; cover a multitude of sins; gives grace to the humble (general “kegyelem” caution, reuse); [implanted word — flagged High but cross-referenced against a Critical rejected alternative] |
| High | 22 | testing/δοκίμιον; endurance/ὑπομονή; wisdom/σοφία; world/κόσμος; implanted word/ἔμφυτος λόγος; doer vs. hearer; perfect law of liberty; believe (bare assent); dead (of faith); show/demonstrate; perfected/τελειόω; friend of God; spirit (breath, 2:26); wheel of existence; wisdom from above; seven marks of wisdom; friendship with the world; the Spirit/spirit yearns jealously (4:5); patience/μακροθυμία; the coming of the Lord; sick/ἀσθενέω; the Lord will raise him up; turn back from wandering; save a soul from death |
| Medium | 34 | (see chapter tables above) |
| Low | 19 | (see chapter tables above) |
Total load-bearing terms surveyed across James 1-5: 90.
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 processing of any James segment. All 15 Critical and 22 High risk terms above require mandatory theologian review routing per the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions, to be formalized in this curriculum’s own doctrine risk registry in a subsequent step.
End of 08_core_glossary.md
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: kegyelem
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kegyelem mint érdemek által gyarapítható, szentségek közvetítette adomány (tridenti értelmezés)
Original: χάρις
Category: Grace
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 4:6 citing Proverbs 3:34 (“God gives grace to the humble”); both Hungarian traditions read this specific citation identically, but the general Critical caution against one-sided Tridentine-infused or strict-Calvinist-monergistic framing still governs the word wherever it recurs.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: igazság
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 1:20; 2:23 (Genesis 15:6 citation); 3:18; 3:18’s ‘fruit of righteousness’ is ethical-practical, not forensic — must not collapse into dutiful-conduct vocabulary in either usage.
Justification
Approved rendering: megigazulás
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: fokozatos belső megszentelődés kizárólag, jogi kijelentés nélkül (tridenti értelmezés)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The noun root underlying James’s verb ‘megigazul’ (2:21,24,25). James 2:24’s ‘not by faith alone’ is historically the verse most cited against sola fide; the tension with Romans 3-5 must be preserved, not resolved, in the base translation.
Salvation
Approved rendering: üdvösség
Doctrine: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root sense behind James’s σῴζω vocabulary in its eternal sense (1:21; 2:14). Must be kept distinct from the physical-healing sense of the same Greek verb at 5:15 and the deliberately ambiguous 5:20.
Lord
Approved rendering: Úr
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout James (1:1; 4:10,15; 5:4,7-8,10-11,14-15), including the OT title ‘Lord of hosts’ (5:4) and ‘coming of the Lord’ (5:7-8). Never substitute or footnote toward a divine-name form (see cult/sect renderings section of the landscape analysis).
God
Approved rendering: Isten
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs throughout James.
Father
Approved rendering: Atya
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 1:17 (‘Father of lights’), 1:27, 3:9.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Szentlélek
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Never applied to James 2:26’s ordinary human breath/life-force sense of πνεῦμα (render lowercase ‘lélek’ there) nor prematurely applied to James 4:5’s exegetically disputed clause without theologian sign-off (see spirit_yearns_jealously).
Calling
Approved rendering: elhívás
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ellenállhatatlan elhívás mint kizárólagos érvényes olvasat, katolikus szinergizmus kizárásával
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Included here to fence off James 2:23’s naming sense of καλέω from the technical, effectual-calling sense; ‘elhívás/elhívatott’ must never be used for James 2:23.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: beszámított igazság
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: befogadott/beoltott igazság mint kizárólag belső átalakulás (tridenti értelmezés)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged; MANDATORY exact reuse. James 2:23 quotes the identical Genesis 15:6 clause anchored in Romans 4:3; the Hungarian formula must be identical so readers recognize the same imputation, not a distinct concept, even though James’s rhetorical purpose (vindication of a living faith) differs from Paul’s (initial justifying faith).
Trial Temptation
Approved rendering: megpróbáltatás / kísértés
Doctrine: Trials and Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: egyetlen szó használata mindkét értelemre (elhomályosítaná a szójátékot)
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:2-4 (trial/testing sense, ‘megpróbáltatás’) and 1:13-14 (temptation-to-sin sense, ‘kísértés’) deliberately reuse a single Greek root, πειρασμός. Hungarian, like English, needs two words, but the underlying wordplay and James’s theodicy point (God tests but never tempts to sin, 1:13) must be flagged in a standing teaching note. Mandatory theologian review.
Works
Approved rendering: cselekedetek
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: ἔργα
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:14-26 (repeatedly); also 2:12; 3:13 (ἔργα). The single most doctrinally loaded noun in the book; not a standing lexical entry in the Romans baseline. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence in James. Mandatory theologian review.
Apart From By Works
Approved rendering: cselekedetek nélkül / cselekedetek által
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων / ἐκ τῶν ἔργων
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:18,20,24,26 (χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων / ἐκ τῶν ἔργων). Governs the entire disputed unit; must be rendered consistently across every occurrence. Mandatory theologian review.
Justified
Approved rendering: megigazul
Doctrine: Justification by Works (“not by faith alone”)
Rejected alternatives: igazzá lett (paraphrase, elveszti a Rómaiakhoz fűződő terminológiai kapcsolatot), helyesnek bizonyult (paraphrase, elveszti a terminológiai kapcsolatot)
Original: δικαιόω (ἐδικαιώθη, δικαιοῦται)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:21,24,25 (δικαιόω). The single highest-stakes term in the entire curriculum, built on the baseline’s ‘megigazulás’ root. Reformed exegesis reads this as vindication before others of an already-received justification; Catholic exegesis reads it as a real, unfolding act congruent with cooperative justification. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Worked Together With
Approved rendering: együtt munkálkodott
Doctrine: Abraham’s Justification Example
Rejected alternatives: szinergizált (technikai terminus, túlzottan elköteleződne a szinergizmus-vita mellett)
Original: συνήργει (συνεργέω)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:22 (συνήργει). The literal Greek root of ‘synergism,’ the exact category the Romans baseline flags as a rejected forced reading of ‘kegyelem’/‘kiválasztás.’ Render as a plain descriptive verb, not a technical-sounding term. Mandatory theologian review.
Not By Faith Alone
Approved rendering: nem hit által egyedül
Doctrine: Justification by Works (“not by faith alone”)
Rejected alternatives: nem hit által, amely egyedül munkálkodik (burkolt, félrevezető enyhítés)
Original: οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:24 (οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον). Highest-priority Critical clause in the entire book; μόνον must be retained and never dropped, hedged, or footnoted away. All Hungarian mainstream translations render this bluntly; this curriculum must not soften it. Mandatory theologian review.
Elders Of The Church
Approved rendering: a gyülekezet vénei
Doctrine: Elders and the Anointing with Oil
Rejected alternatives: presbiterek (a Református egyházkormányzati tisztség technikai terminusa, itt tilos), papok (katolikus szentségi/papi kategóriát importálna, amelyet a görög πρεσβύτεροι nem specifikál)
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας). Genuine Hungarian confessional collision comparable to the baseline’s grace/election entries. Deliberately neutral rendering, matching every mainstream Hungarian translation surveyed. Mandatory theologian review.
Anoint With Oil
Approved rendering: megkenik olajjal
Doctrine: Elders and the Anointing with Oil
Rejected alternatives: szentségi hatékonyságot kifejező ige (pl. ‘kiszolgáltatja a szentséget’), kizárólag orvosi/szimbolikus jelentést hangsúlyozó minősítő szó hozzáadása
Original: ἀλείφω [ἐλαίῳ]
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (ἀλείφω [ἐλαίῳ]). Direct textual basis for the Catholic sacrament of Anointing of the Sick (Betegek szentsége); the Hungarian Reformed tradition rejects sacramental efficacy here. Render the physical action plainly; the sacramental-status question belongs entirely in teaching commentary. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Save Heal
Approved rendering: meggyógyítja a beteget
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: megmenti/üdvözíti (fenntartva a kizárólag örök üdvösség értelmére)
Original: ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα). σῴζω’s heal/save ambiguity intersects contemporary faith-healing/prosperity-gospel sensitivities. Reserve ‘megmenti/üdvözíti’ for clearly eternal-salvation contexts (1:21; 2:14). Mandatory theologian review.
Confess Sins To One Another
Approved rendering: valljátok meg egymásnak bűneiteket
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: valljátok meg az elöljáróknak/papoknak bűneiteket (szűkítené a viszonossági görög nyelvtant egy papi gyóntatóra)
Original: ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16 (ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας). Genuine Hungarian confessional collision: reciprocal ‘ἀλλήλοις’ grammatically supports mutual, non-priestly confession, directly across from the Catholic sacrament of Confession/Reconciliation. ‘Egymásnak’ must be retained precisely. Mandatory theologian review.
Cover A Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: bűnök sokaságát fedezi el/takarja el
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: a helyreállító cselekedete engesztelést szerez (túl sokat állítana, ütközne az őrzött kegyelmi/megigazulási terminológiával)
Original: καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20 (καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν). Wisdom-tradition idiom describing forgiveness’s relational effect; must not imply the restorer’s own act merits or atones for another’s sin, which would collide with the baseline’s carefully guarded grace/justification vocabulary. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Faith
Approved rendering: hit
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In James (1:3,6; 2:1,5,14-26 repeatedly; 5:15) the same word must carry both genuine saving trust and, at 2:14, a merely claimed/verbal faith the text itself questions. Render the claim-structure explicitly (“aki azt mondja, hogy hite van”) rather than conceding the faith is genuine.
Law
Approved rendering: törvény
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11. James’s positive framing (‘perfect law of liberty,’ ‘royal law’) intersects the baseline’s flagged Reformed ‘third use of the law’ category, absent from Catholic Hungarian tradition; translate James’s own argument without assuming either system as background.
Saints
Approved rendering: szentek
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: szentek mint kizárólagosan kanonizált, közbenjárásra kért személyek (katolikus olvasat)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. James does not use this term directly, but the same asymmetric Catholic/Reformed corporate-holiness risk documented in the baseline governs any teaching material connecting James’s ‘brothers and sisters’ address to the wider doctrine of universal sainthood.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: megszentelődés
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Included to fence off James 4:8’s ‘purify your hearts’ (ἁγνίσατε, moral-spiritual cleansing of divided loyalty) from this distinct, ongoing Spirit-driven sanctification vocabulary; do not render 4:8 with ‘szenteljétek meg.‘
Intercession
Approved rendering: közbenjárás
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag szentek és Mária közbenjárása mint szükséges (katolikus olvasat)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Contextually relevant background for James 5:14-16’s prayer instructions; the Reformed direct-access reading aligns closely with James’s own emphasis on the elders’ and the righteous person’s direct prayer, without priestly or saintly mediation, which functions as a corrective for Catholic readers accustomed to saints’/Marian intercession.
Testing Proven Genuine
Approved rendering: próba / kipróbált
Doctrine: Trials and Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον / δόκιμος
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:3,12. Metallurgical refining metaphor (δοκίμιον/δόκιμος); must be conceptually linked to but lexically distinct from πειρασμός so the trial→proving→endurance logical chain remains visible.
Endurance
Approved rendering: állhatatosság
Doctrine: Trials and Testing of Faith / Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: türelem (reserved exclusively for μακροθυμία)
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:3-4,12; 5:11 (ὑπομονή). Must be reserved for endurance-under-trial and kept distinct from μακροθυμία (‘türelem,’ patience toward people/delayed outcomes, 5:7-10) — a distinction the Greek maintains that English and casual Hungarian both blur.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: bölcsesség
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 1:5 (introduced, freely given by God to any who ask in faith); fully developed in 3:13-18. Doctrine anchor term.
Double Minded
Approved rendering: kétlelkű / ingatag szívű
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above / Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 1:8 (the doubter) and 4:8 (the worldly-compromised believer). Rare, distinctively Jamesian coinage (δίψυχος); no exact Hungarian equivalent exists — render identically at both occurrences so the structural link is visible.
God Cannot Be Tempted
Approved rendering: nem kísérthető meg gonosszal
Doctrine: Trials and Testing of Faith (theodicy)
Original: ἀπείραστος κακῶν
Category: God
James 1:13 (ἀπείραστος κακῶν). Direct theodicy statement: God is never the source or agent of temptation to sin. Must be kept sharply distinct from the neutral ‘trial’ sense of the same root word family.
Desire Lust
Approved rendering: kívánság / testi kívánság
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Sin)
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Sin
James 1:14-15 (ἐπιθυμία). Part of the desire→sin→death generative-metaphor chain; preserve the birth-imagery (‘conceives,’ ‘gives birth’) with consistent Hungarian generative verbs.
Implanted Word
Approved rendering: belénk oltott ige
Doctrine: Faith and Works (Hearing and Doing the Word)
Rejected alternatives: beoltott igazság (a Róma-alapkészlet által elutasított tridenti kifejezés, itt tilos)
Original: ἔμφυτος λόγος
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:21 (ἔμφυτος λόγος). CROSS-REFERENCE RISK: must not share vocabulary with the baseline’s explicitly rejected Tridentine ‘beoltott igazság’ (infused righteousness). This verse describes a genuinely different, regeneration/sanctification-adjacent concept, not justification. Keep ‘beszámított igazság’ and ‘belénk oltott ige’ terminologically separate at all times.
Doer Of The Word Hearer
Approved rendering: az ige megtartója/cselekvője / csak hallgatója
Doctrine: Faith and Works (Hearing and Doing the Word)
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής
Category: Faith and Works
James 1:22-25 (ποιητὴς λόγου / ἀκροατής). States the book’s programmatic thesis, directly anticipating the core passage (2:14-26); use ‘cselekedet’-family vocabulary for consistency with chapter 2’s ‘cselekedetek.‘
Law Of Liberty
Approved rendering: a szabadság tökéletes törvénye / királyi törvény
Doctrine: Faith and Works / Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας / νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Covenant
James 1:25 and 2:8 (νόμος τέλειος τῆς ἐλευθερίας / νόμος βασιλικός). Intersects the baseline’s flagged Reformed ‘third use of the law’ category, absent from Catholic Hungarian framework; translate James’s own positive, liberating framing without assuming either system as background.
Religion Piety
Approved rendering: kegyesség
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: vallás / vallásosság (túlzottan intézményesnek hangzik)
Original: θρησκεία
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 1:26-27 (θρησκεία). ‘Kegyesség’ (personal piety/devotion) is preferred over ‘vallás’ (institutional religion) to avoid pre-loading toward either the Catholic-institutional or narrowly private-Protestant reading of true religion.
World Kosmos
Approved rendering: világ
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: κόσμος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 1:27 and throughout chapter 4 (κόσμος). Hungarian ‘világ’ carries the identical neutral/hostile-system double meaning as Greek and English; requires context-sensitive disambiguation at every occurrence, sharpest in chapter 4 where the hostile-system sense is unambiguous.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: személyválogatás
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: megkülönböztetés (túl általános, elveszti a bűn-jelleget)
Original: προσωπολημψία
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:1,9 (προσωπολημψία). Doctrine anchor; must not soften to generic ‘megkülönböztetés,’ which loses the specifically sinful, status-driven sense James condemns.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: királyi törvény
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:8 (νόμος βασιλικός). Ties ‘törvény’ to the Leviticus 19:18 love command as its summary; see also law_of_liberty entry.
Mercy
Approved rendering: irgalom / irgalmasság
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor / Mercy and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: kegyelem (ez a szó a khárisz/‘grace’ számára van fenntartva)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13; 3:17 (ἔλεος). Must be kept lexically distinct from ‘kegyelem’ (χάρις, baseline Critical) — English casually conflates mercy and grace, but Hungarian theological vocabulary must not blur the baseline’s carefully guarded grace terminology.
Dead Faith Term
Approved rendering: holt
Doctrine: Faith and Works (Dead Faith)
Rejected alternatives: gyenge (weak — softens the categorical claim), hiányos (deficient — softens the categorical claim)
Original: νεκρά (πίστις)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:17,26 (νεκρά, inclusio). Categorical, not comparative; consistency between 2:17 and 2:26 is mandatory for the inclusio to be visible in Hungarian. Note textual variant at 2:20 (ἀργή in modern critical texts vs. νεκρά in Textus Receptus); recommend following the Károli-line ‘holt’ at all three verses to preserve the inclusio, flagging the variant in a teaching note.
Show Demonstrate
Approved rendering: mutasd meg
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: bizonyítsd (túlzottan elköteleződne az ‘evidenciát létrehozó’ olvasat mellett)
Original: δεῖξόν (δείκνυμι)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:18 (δεῖξόν). ‘Mutasd meg’ preserves the evidentiary sense without over-committing to either the Reformed or Catholic systematic reading of works’ relationship to faith.
Believe Bare Assent
Approved rendering: hiszed
Doctrine: Faith and Works / Faith
Original: πιστεύω (v.19)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:19 (πιστεύω). Shows the insufficiency of bare propositional belief (even demons hold correct monotheism); must be distinguished in teaching notes from saving trust, though the Hungarian verb root is identical.
Perfected Completed
Approved rendering: teljessé lett
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: tökéletessé vált (hallható ‘bűntelenné vált’ értelemben)
Original: ἐτελειώθη (τελειόω)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:22 (ἐτελειώθη). Completion/maturation, not moral perfection from imperfection.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: Isten barátja
Doctrine: Faith and Works / Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:23 (φίλος θεοῦ). Deliberately echoed/inverted at 4:4 (‘friendship with the world’); the ‘barát’ root must be used identically at both occurrences to preserve the structural contrast.
Spirit Breath
Approved rendering: lélek (életlehelet)
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: Lélek / Szentlélek (nagybetűs, téves teológiai konnotációt keltene)
Original: πνεῦμα (2:26)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:26 (πνεῦμα). Ordinary human life-breath/animating principle, NOT the Holy Spirit. Must not be capitalized or otherwise formatted to suggest ‘Szentlélek.‘
Wheel Of Existence
Approved rendering: az élet egész folyamata
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:6 (τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως). One of the most exegetically disputed phrases in the NT; existing mainstream Hungarian translations disagree with each other. Flag the underlying interpretive difficulty in a teaching note rather than presenting the Hungarian phrase as settled.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: gyehenna
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γέεννα
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:6 (γέεννα). Shared final-judgment doctrine across traditions (not purgatory); primary risk is register/comprehension, not internal confessional division. A brief gloss aids less-catechized readers.
Image Likeness Of God
Approved rendering: Isten hasonlatosságára teremtve
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue (imago Dei background)
Original: κατ᾿ εἰκόνα/ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:9 (κατ᾿ εἰκόνα/ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ). Foundational imago Dei background for the argument’s climax — cursing a person made in God’s image is a grave offense; shared identically across traditions.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: felülről való bölcsesség
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15,17 (σοφία ἄνωθεν). Doctrine anchor; fully developed counterpart to 1:5, contrasted with earthly/demonic wisdom.
False Wisdom Earthly Soulish Demonic
Approved rendering: földi, testi (ösztönös), ördögi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:15 (ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης). The middle term (ψυχική, ‘merely natural, unaided by the Spirit,’ not crude physicality) is hardest to render precisely; the parenthetical gloss ‘(ösztönös)’ must be retained at every occurrence, not just first use, to avoid conflation with σαρκικός (‘fleshly’).
Seven Marks Of Heavenly Wisdom
Approved rendering: tiszta, békeszerető, engedelmes, könyörületes, irgalommal és jó gyümölcsökkel teli, részrehajlás nélküli, képmutatás nélküli
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἁγνή, εἰρηνική, εὐπειθής, εὔσπλαγχνος, μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀδιάκριτος, ἀνυπόκριτος
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:17 (seven-fold adjective list). Each adjective must be rendered distinctly, not flattened into generic synonyms for ‘good’; ‘irgalom’ must match the 2:13 rendering of ἔλεος.
Fruit Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: az igazság gyümölcse
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης
Category: Wisdom from Above
James 3:18 (καρπὸς δικαιοσύνης). Uses the baseline’s Critical ‘igazság’ root in an ethical-practical, not forensic-justificatory, sense.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: a világ barátsága / Isten ellensége
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ). Deliberately echoes/inverts 2:23’s ‘Isten barátja’; render with the same ‘barát’ root. ‘World’ here is unambiguously the hostile-system sense of κόσμος.
Spirit Yearns Jealously
Approved rendering: [rendering pending exegetical decision; provisional: a lélek, amelyet belénk helyezett, féltőn szeret/kíván]
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: Szentlélek féltőn kíván (nagybetűs, exegetikailag bizonytalan Szentlélek-állítást tenne)
Original: πρὸς φθόνον ἐπιποθεῖ τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:5 (πρὸς φθόνον ἐπιποθεῖ τὸ πνεῦμα). One of the most textually/grammatically ambiguous clauses in the NT (Holy Spirit or human spirit; envies or is envied). Provisional lowercase ‘lélek’ rendering matches the non-Trinitarian sense at 2:26; must not be capitalized to ‘Szentlélek’ without explicit theologian sign-off recorded in the segment cache. Mandatory theologian review before any Phase 2 segment finalizes this verse.
Purify Hearts
Approved rendering: tisztítsátok meg szíveteket
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: szenteljétek meg (a megszentelődés-terminológiát importálná ide)
Original: ἁγνίσατε καρδίας
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:8 (ἁγνίσατε καρδίας). Distinct from ἁγιάζω/‘megszentelődés’ (baseline High); denotes purification of divided loyalty, addressed to the ‘double-souled’ of 1:8.
Patience Makrothymia
Approved rendering: türelem
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: állhatatosság (fenntartva a hüpomoné számára)
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8,10 (μακροθυμία). Doctrine anchor; must stay consistently distinct from ὑπομονή (‘állhatatosság’). See endurance entry.
Coming Of The Lord
Approved rendering: az Úr eljövetele
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7-8 (παρουσία τοῦ κυρίου). Major eschatological doctrine; minimal internal Hungarian confessional division on the fact of Christ’s return itself, unlike election or justification.
Sick
Approved rendering: beteg
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἀσθενέω / κάμνω
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14-15 (ἀσθενέω / κάμνω). The illness itself is not doctrinally contested; the community’s sacramental/non-sacramental response to it is the flashpoint (see elders_of_the_church, anoint_with_oil).
In The Name Of The Lord
Approved rendering: az Úr nevében
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ κυρίου
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:14 (ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ κυρίου). Grounds the anointing/prayer in Christ’s authority, not the elders’ or the oil’s own power; an important corrective against a magical/mechanical reading.
Lord Will Raise Him Up
Approved rendering: felsegíti / talpra állítja
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: feltámasztja (fenntartva a feltámadás kritikus terminusa számára, itt tilos)
Original: ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:15 (ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος). Restoration to health/strength, NOT resurrection. Must NOT be rendered with ‘feltámasztja,’ which would create false doctrinal overlap with Christ’s own bodily resurrection.
Prayer Of A Righteous Person
Approved rendering: az igaz ember buzgó könyörgése nagy hatalommal bír
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:16 (δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη). Should echo the baseline’s ‘igazság’ root for δίκαιος as a simple ethical descriptor, without importing the forensic-justification apparatus.
Turn Back From Wandering
Approved rendering: visszatér/visszavezeti az igazsághoz
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: megtér (fenntartva a kezdeti evangelizációs megtérés értelmére, itt megzavarná a pásztori helyzetet)
Original: ἐπιστρέψῃ…ἐκ τῆς πλάνης
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:19-20 (ἐπιστρέψῃ ἐκ τῆς πλάνης). Restoration of a believer who has strayed, distinct from initial evangelistic conversion; avoid the unqualified ordinary evangelistic term ‘megtér’ here.
Save A Soul From Death
Approved rendering: megmenti lelkét a haláltól
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration / Salvation
Original: ψυχὴν [αὐτοῦ] ἐκ θανάτου [σώσει]
Category: Confession and Restoration
James 5:20 (ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου σώσει). σῴζω reappears with the same physical/spiritual ambiguity as 5:15; teaching notes should note this without forcing a single resolution the Greek itself may not require.
Medium Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: bűn
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15,16,20. The doctrinal weight in James clusters around what is done about sin (5:15-16, 20), not around the word itself.
Church
Approved rendering: egyház
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 5:14 (‘elders of the church’). Distinguish from a building or hierarchical/sacramental institution; James’s own sense is the local gathered congregation.
Glory
Approved rendering: dicsőség
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 2:1 (‘our glorious Lord Jesus Christ’).
Peace
Approved rendering: béke
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 2:16 (ironic, hollow send-off formula — preserve the ironic tone, do not let it read as a sincere blessing) and 3:18 (genuine peacemaking fruit).
Called
Approved rendering: elhívott
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Included here specifically to fence off James 2:23’s ἐκλήθη (‘was called/named,’ a naming/reputation sense) — that verse must use ‘neveztetett,’ never ‘elhívott/elhívatott.‘
Providence
Approved rendering: gondviselés
Doctrine: Providence
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Cross-referenced by James 4:15’s ‘if the Lord wills’ (εἰ ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ), which corrects presumptuous planning by appeal to divine providence.
Perfect Complete
Approved rendering: tökéletes / teljes
Doctrine: Trials and Testing of Faith
Rejected alternatives: tökéletessé vált (kockázatosan bűntelenség-értelemben hallható)
Original: τέλειος / ὁλόκληρος
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:4 (τέλειος/ὁλόκληρος). Maturity/wholeness, not sinless moral perfection; ‘érett és teljes jellem’ is a safer expanded gloss where clarity is needed.
Rich Humble Circumstance
Approved rendering: gazdag / alacsony sorban levő
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος / ταπείνωσις
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:9-11 (πλούσιος/ταπείνωσις). Sets up the reversal theme fully developed in 2:1-13 and 5:1-6. Given Hungary’s own economic history, avoid teaching-note framing endorsing either uncritical suspicion of wealth or indifference to poverty.
Blessed
Approved rendering: boldog
Doctrine: Trials and Testing of Faith
Original: μακάριος
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
James 1:12,25; 5:11 (μακάριος). ‘Boldog’ leans toward subjective happiness in contemporary usage; retain for continuity with the Beatitudes tradition (‘Boldogok…’), but teaching notes must clarify the deeper sense of divine flourishing/favor.
Father Of Lights
Approved rendering: a világosság Atyja
Doctrine: Deity of God (background)
Original: πατὴρ τῶν φώτων
Category: God
James 1:17 (πατὴρ τῶν φώτων). Standard divine title built on the baseline’s ‘Atya’; no internal Hungarian doctrinal division.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: zsenge / első termés
Doctrine: Salvation (background)
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Salvation
James 1:18 (ἀπαρχή). Believers called ‘a kind of firstfruits’ of God’s new creation; requires a brief OT sacrificial-harvest background note.
Unstained From World
Approved rendering: szennyezetlenül megtartani magát
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἄσπιλος (ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου)
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 1:27 (ἄσπιλος ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου). Anticipates the fully developed doctrine of chapter 4.
Poor Rich
Approved rendering: szegény / gazdag
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πτωχός / πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:2-6 (πτωχός / πλούσιος). Low lexical ambiguity, high pastoral sensitivity given Hungary’s own economic history.
Love Your Neighbor
Approved rendering: szeressed felebarátodat, mint magadat
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:8. Established, standard Hungarian Bible phrasing shared identically across Catholic and Reformed traditions.
By Itself Alone
Approved rendering: önmagában
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:17 (καθ᾿ ἑαυτήν). Sets up the ‘faith alone’ debate of v.24; must be retained precisely for the logical argument to hold.
Demons
Approved rendering: ördögök
Doctrine: Faith and Works (illustrative)
Original: δαιμόνια
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:19 (δαιμόνια). ‘Ördögök’ is the Károli-tradition standard; no internal Hungarian Catholic-Reformed doctrinal division on the existence/nature of demons — risk here is register consistency, not doctrine.
Altar
Approved rendering: oltár
Doctrine: Faith and Works (illustrative)
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:21 (θυσιαστήριον). Standard term; readers unfamiliar with Genesis 22 may need a cross-reference note.
Called Named
Approved rendering: neveztetett
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: elhívatott (a technikai, hatékony elhívás terminusa, itt tilos)
Original: ἐκλήθη (καλέω)
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:23 (ἐκλήθη). A naming/reputation sense, NOT the technical soteriological ‘calling.’ Must NOT be rendered ‘elhívatott.‘
Rahab The Prostitute
Approved rendering: Ráháb, a parázna nő
Doctrine: Faith and Works (illustrative)
Original: Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:25 (Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη). Retain the blunt designation; James’s rhetorical point depends on pairing the honored patriarch with a disreputable outsider.
Received The Messengers
Approved rendering: befogadta a küldötteket/kémeket
Doctrine: Faith and Works (illustrative)
Rejected alternatives: angyalok (téves, mennyei konnotációt kelt)
Original: ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους
Category: Faith and Works
James 2:25 (ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους). ἄγγελος here = the human spies of Joshua 2, NOT heavenly angels; ‘angyalok’ would mislead readers toward celestial beings.
Judgment Without Mercy
Approved rendering: irgalom nélküli ítélet
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor / Mercy and Judgment
Original: κρίσις ἀνέλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 2:13 (κρίσις ἀνέλεος). Warns that a merciless life invites merciless judgment.
Tongue
Approved rendering: nyelv
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 1:26; 3:1-12 (γλῶσσα). Doctrine anchor; low lexical ambiguity, high rhetorical weight.
Ask Wrongly
Approved rendering: rosszul kéritek
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 4:3 (κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε). Ties to the broader prayer theology completed in 5:13-18: motive matters; prayer is not a mechanism for self-gratification.
Adulteresses Spiritual
Approved rendering: parázna nép / hűtlenek
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: μοιχαλίδες
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:4 (μοιχαλίδες). Metaphorical covenant-unfaithfulness using OT marriage imagery, not a literal marital accusation; teaching notes should clarify this.
Speak Against Judge Brother
Approved rendering: egymást rágalmazzátok / megítéli atyafiát
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: καταλαλεῖτε ἀλλήλων / κρίνει τὸν ἀδελφόν
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 4:11 (καταλαλεῖτε ἀλλήλων / κρίνει τὸν ἀδελφόν). Connects the tongue’s sins (ch.3) to a specific community failure: judging fellow believers usurps God’s unique role.
Lawgiver And Judge
Approved rendering: törvényadó és bíró
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue (background)
Original: νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 4:12 (νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής). Grounds the prohibition on judging others in God’s sole authority.
Sin Of Omission
Approved rendering: aki tudja a jót, és nem teszi, annak bűn az
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (Sin)
Original: εἰδότι τὸ καλὸν ποιεῖν καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία αὐτῷ ἐστιν
Category: Sin
James 4:17. Closes chapter 4 with an ethical maxim on sins of omission, reusing the baseline’s ‘bűn.‘
Lived In Luxury
Approved rendering: jólétben és bujaságban éltetek
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ἐσπαταλήσατε / ἐτρυφήσατε
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 5:5 (ἐσπαταλήσατε / ἐτρυφήσατε). Continues the Favoritism/Poor doctrine as a warning to the exploitative rich, echoing 1:9-11’s reversal theme.
Endurance Of Job
Approved rendering: Jób állhatatossága
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:11 (ὑπομονὴ Ἰώβ). Reuses ὑπομονή; requires readers to have or be given Job’s OT background.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: próféta
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Occurs in James 5:10 (the prophets as an example of patient endurance).
Servant Doulos
Approved rendering: szolga
Doctrine: Apostleship (self-identification)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
James 1:1 self-designation. Standard, non-divisive across Hungarian Christian traditions.
Dispersion
Approved rendering: szórvány
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations (background)
Rejected alternatives: diaszpóra (Greek loanword)
Original: διασπορά
Category: Church
James 1:1. ‘Szórvány’ is native Hungarian vocabulary already used of scattered minority populations, giving immediate intuitive resonance the loanword ‘diaszpóra’ lacks. Needs a brief OT/Second Temple background note.
Orphan Widow
Approved rendering: árva / özvegy
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: ὀρφανός / χήρα
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
James 1:27 (ὀρφανός / χήρα). Concrete content of ‘pure religion,’ tying practical care for the vulnerable to the Favoritism/Poor doctrine.
Bridle Bit
Approved rendering: megzabolázik / zabla
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: χαλιναγωγέω / χαλινός
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 1:26; 3:2-3 (χαλιναγωγέω / χαλινός). Standard equestrian metaphor, culturally transparent in Hungary’s own equestrian tradition.
Rudder Ship
Approved rendering: kormánylapát / hajó
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: πηδάλιον / ναῦς
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 3:4 (πηδάλιον / ναῦς). Illustrates how something small governs something disproportionately large.
Wars And Fights
Approved rendering: háborúskodások és viszályok
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: πόλεμοι καὶ μάχαι
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:1 (πόλεμοι καὶ μάχαι). Continues the sin-genesis chain of 1:14-15.
Resist The Devil
Approved rendering: álljatok ellene az ördögnek
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἀνθίστημι τῷ διαβόλῳ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:7 (ἀνθίστημι τῷ διαβόλῳ). Personal, non-sacramental spiritual-warfare instruction shared broadly across Hungarian traditions.
Draw Near To God
Approved rendering: közeledjetek Istenhez
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:8 (ἐγγίσατε τῷ θεῷ). Reciprocal promise: draw near and he will draw near.
Humble Yourselves
Approved rendering: alázzátok meg magatokat az Úr előtt
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον κυρίου
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
James 4:10 (ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον κυρίου). Echoes 4:6’s principle; reciprocal exaltation promised.
If The Lord Wills
Approved rendering: ha az Úr akarja
Doctrine: Providence and Human Planning
Original: εἰ ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ
Category: God
James 4:15 (εἰ ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ). Cross-references the baseline’s ‘gondviselés’ (Providence) doctrine; teaches dependence on providence over presumptuous planning.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: a Seregek Ura
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κύριος Σαβαώθ
Category: God
James 5:4 (κύριος Σαβαώθ). Established Hungarian OT-tradition title built on the baseline’s ‘Úr’; invokes God’s role as vindicator of the oppressed.
Early And Late Rain
Approved rendering: korai és kései eső
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: πρόϊμος καὶ ὄψιμος (ὑετός)
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
James 5:7 (πρόϊμος καὶ ὄψιμος ὑετός). Hungary’s climate/agricultural calendar differs from Palestine’s; a brief cultural gloss aids comprehension.
Do Not Swear
Approved rendering: ne esküdjetek…legyen az igenetek igen, a nemetek nem
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue (Oaths and Truthful Speech)
Original: ὀμνύω / ναὶ…οὔ
Category: Taming the Tongue
James 5:12 (ὀμνύω / ναὶ…οὔ). Standard, non-divisive instruction paralleling Matthew 5:33-37.
Suffering Cheerful
Approved rendering: szenved / jókedvű
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: κακοπαθεῖ / εὐθυμεῖ
Category: Prayer and Healing
James 5:13 (κακοπαθεῖ / εὐθυμεῖ). Transitions into the Prayer and Healing unit.
Referenced passages