Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Galatians (English/Greek → Hungarian)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Galatians chapters 1–6 in full. Terms already fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused and carry forward the baseline’s exact Hungarian rendering and risk tier without alteration. Terms new to this curriculum are marked New and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the Critical/High risk tiers indicated (per the Pre-flight Checklist’s new-term procedure in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md).
Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — mistranslation alters or destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion or syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — mistranslation causes minor misunderstanding; automated review sufficient.
| # | Term (English gloss) | Greek | Transliteration | First occurrence | Hungarian rendering | Risk | Status | Doctrine | Rationale / collision note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apostle / apostleship | ἀπόστολος | apostolos | 1:1 | apostol | High (elevated in Gal.; Low in baseline) | Reused, contextual note | Paul’s Apostleship | Gal 1:1’s “not from men” clause defends direct divine commissioning; weakening this undercuts Paul’s authority to oppose the false gospel. |
| 2 | Grace | χάρις | charis | 1:3 | kegyelem | Critical | Reused | Law and Grace | Reformed monergistic vs. Catholic merit-cooperated grace fault line applies identically to Galatians’ grace-vs-law argument. |
| 3 | Peace | εἰρήνη | eirēnē | 1:3 | béke | Medium | Reused | — | Standard greeting formula. |
| 4 | Gave himself (atoning self-surrender) | παραδίδωμι + ὑπέρ | paradidōmi / hyper | 1:4; 2:20 | önmagát adta (bűneinkért / értem) | High | New | Crucified with Christ | Substitutionary force must be retained; do not weaken to exemplary self-giving. |
| 5 | This present evil age | αἰών | aiōn | 1:4 | jelenkor / e jelenvaló gonosz világ | Medium | New | — | Avoid implying material creation is evil; names a moral-temporal epoch. |
| 6 | Another/different gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | heteron euangelion | 1:6 | más evangélium | High | New | True Gospel vs False Gospels | ἕτερος ≠ ἄλλος: Paul denies an equivalent alternative gospel exists at all; flatten this distinction only with a translator note. |
| 7 | Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | euangelion | 1:6 | evangélium | High | Reused | True Gospel vs False Gospels | Standard, shared across traditions. |
| 8 | Pervert/distort (the gospel) | μεταστρέφω | metastrephō | 1:7 | elferdíteni | Medium | New | True Gospel vs False Gospels | — |
| 9 | Accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | 1:8-9 | átokverte legyen | High | New | True Gospel vs False Gospels | Must not read as ecclesiastical excommunication procedure or mere disapproval; a divine judgment formula. |
| 10 | Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός | Ioudaismos | 1:13-14 | zsidó hitgyakorlat | Medium | New | — | Descriptive; avoid pejorative coloring. |
| 11 | Tradition(s) of the fathers | παράδοσις | paradosis | 1:14 | atyai hagyomány / ősi hagyományok | High | New | — | Collision risk with Catholic “Szenthagyomány” (Sacred Tradition); clarify referent is Paul’s own prior Jewish custom. |
| 12 | Set apart (from the womb) | ἀφορίζω | aphorizō | 1:15 | elkülönített | Medium | New (baseline-adjacent) | Separation unto God’s Service | Connects to baseline doctrine of the same name. |
| 13 | Called (by grace) | καλέω | kaleō | 1:15 | elhívott / elhívás | Critical | Reused | Divine Calling | Same Reformed “irresistible calling” vs. Catholic synergism fault line as Romans 8:28-30. |
| 4a | Persecute | διώκω | diōkō | 1:13,23 | üldöz | Low | New | — | — |
| 15 | Zealous | ζηλωτής | zēlōtēs | 1:14 | buzgó / féltő buzgóság | Low-Medium | New | — | Descriptive, not the political “Zealot” sense. |
| 16 | Glory / glorify | δόξα / δοξάζω | doxa / doxazō | 1:24 | dicsőség | Medium | Reused | — | Standard. |
| 17 | Truth of the gospel | ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | alētheia tou euangeliou | 2:5,14 | az evangélium igazsága | High | New | True Gospel vs False Gospels | Technical, contested-content phrase; do not generalize to “the true message.” |
| 18 | Circumcision | περιτομή | peritomē | 2:3 | körülmetélés | High | New | Circumcision and the New Creation | Paradigmatic works-based badge of standing; the letter’s central flashpoint issue. |
| 19 | Freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | 2:4; 5:1,13 | szabadság | High | New | Freedom in Christ | Must be bounded by 5:13’s warning against license; avoid both libertine and merely rule-governed misreadings. |
| 20 | Bondage / enslave | δουλεία / καταδουλόω | douleia / katadoulōsōsin | 2:4 | szolgaság / rabszolgává tesz | High | New | Freedom in Christ | Root must remain consistent with 4:1-7 and 5:1 occurrences. |
| 21 | Fellowship | κοινωνία | koinōnia | 2:9 | közösség | Low | Reused | — | Standard. |
| 22 | Hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | hypokrisis | 2:13 | képmutatás | Low-Medium | New | — | Render descriptively; sensitive due to Peter’s identity in Catholic tradition, but no lexical risk. |
| 23 | Judaize | ἰουδαΐζω | ioudaizō | 2:14 | zsidó módra élni | Medium | New | — | — |
| 24 | Justification / justify | δικαιοσύνη / δικαιόω / δικαίωσις | dikaiosynē / dikaioō / dikaiōsis | 2:16 (thesis verse) | igazság / megigazul / megigazulás | Critical | Reused | Justification by Faith | Central thesis of core passage; forensic declaration, not gradual infused transformation. |
| 25 | Works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | erga nomou | 2:16 | a törvény cselekedetei | Critical | New | Justification by Faith / Law and Grace | Torah-observance-as-covenant-badge, not “good works” generally; keep distinct from post-justification obedience (5:6, 6:2). |
| 26 | Faith of/in Jesus Christ (genitive) | πίστις Χριστοῦ | pistis Christou | 2:16,20; 3:22 | hit Jézus Krisztusban | Critical | New | Justification by Faith | Genuine subjective/objective genitive ambiguity; objective reading retained but must be flagged at every occurrence. |
| 27 | Faith | πίστις | pistis | 2:16 | hit | High | Reused | Justification by Faith | Standard. |
| 28 | Flesh (all senses) | σάρξ | sarx | 2:16,20; 3:3; 4:23,29; 5:13-24 | test | High | New | Flesh versus Spirit | Three distinct senses (neutral-bodily / ethnic-lineage / sin-prone nature) collapse into one Hungarian word; disambiguation note required per occurrence. |
| 29 | Transgressor | παραβάτης | parabatēs | 2:18 | törvényszegő / áthágó | Medium | New | Law and Grace | Keep tied conceptually to törvény, distinct from generic bűnös. |
| 30 | Crucified with (Christ) | συσταυρόω | synestaurōmai | 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14 | Krisztussal együtt megfeszíttettem | Critical | New | Crucified with Christ | Completed, judicial, once-for-all reality; must not read as ongoing ascetic self-mortification. |
| 31 | In Christ | ἐν Χριστῷ | en Christō | 2:17 | Krisztusban | High | Reused | Christian Identity in Christ | Union with Christ, not denominational identity. |
| 32 | Son of God | υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ | huios tou theou | 2:20; 4:4 | Isten Fia | Critical | Reused | Adoption and Sonship / Incarnation | Full phrase required; unique eternal Sonship, distinct from believers’ adoptive sonship. |
| 33 | Loved / love (agapē) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | 2:20; 5:6,13-14,22 | szeretet | Medium-High | New | Faith Working through Love | Anticipates and grounds the 5:6/5:14 love doctrine. |
| 34 | Gave himself for me (substitution) | παραδίδωμι + ὑπέρ | paradidōmi / hyper | 2:20 | önmagát adta értem/helyettem | High | New | Crucified with Christ | Substitutionary, not merely exemplary. |
| 35 | Nullify/set aside (grace) | ἀθετέω | atheteō | 2:21 | nem vetem el / nem teszem érvénytelenné | High | New | Law and Grace | Strong legal-nullification force; must attach clearly to kegyelem. |
| 36 | Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | dikaiosynē | 2:21; 3:6; 5:5 | igazság | Critical | Reused | Justification by Faith | Forensic standing, not moral performance. |
| 37 | In vain / for nothing | δωρεάν | dōrean | 2:21 | hiába | Medium-High | New | Justification by Faith | Distinguish from the same word’s positive “freely given” sense elsewhere; context-dependent. |
| 38 | Bewitched | βασκαίνω | baskainō | 3:1 | megigézett / megbűvölt | Medium | New | — | Rhetorical accusation of deception; avoid activating Hungarian folk evil-eye associations literally. |
| 39 | Imputed righteousness (Abraham believed…) | ἐλογίσθη…εἰς δικαιοσύνην | elogisthē eis dikaiosynēn | 3:6 | beszámított igazság | Critical | Reused (exact citation match to Romans 4:3) | Justification by Faith | Mandatory consistency with Romans baseline rendering. |
| 40 | Blessing (of Abraham) | εὐλογία | eulogia | 3:8-9,14 | áldás | Medium | New | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Covenant inclusion of the nations, not prosperity-gospel reading. |
| 41 | Curse of the law | κατάρα | katara | 3:10,13 | átok | High | New | Law’s Purpose | Law’s own sanctions, not the law’s intrinsic evil; avoid Marcionite-adjacent misreading. |
| 42 | Redeem / redemption | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | 3:13; 4:5 | megvált / megváltás | Critical | New | Law and Grace / Crucified with Christ | Core atonement/price-paying vocabulary; parallel weight to Romans 3:25 propitiation flag. |
| 43 | Hung on a tree | ξύλον | xylon | 3:13 | fán függő | Medium | New | Law’s Purpose | Retain OT citation force (Deut 21:23); euphemism for the cross. |
| 44 | Promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | 3:14-29 passim; 4:23,28 | ígéret | High | New | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Must stay structurally distinct from szövetség and törvény; Paul’s argument depends on this distinction. |
| 45 | Covenant | διαθήκη | diathēkē | 3:15,17 | szövetség | Critical | Reused | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Legal-testament nuance (3:15) alongside covenant sense; note both. |
| 46 | Seed (of Abraham) | σπέρμα | sperma | 3:16,29 | mag / utód(ok) | Medium | New | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | Singular (Christ) to corporate (believers) move must stay consistent. |
| 47 | Mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | 3:19-20 | közvetítő | High | New | Law’s Purpose | Deliberately distinct from közbenjárás (intercession) to avoid Marian/saints-mediation collision; document departure from common közbenjáró rendering. |
| 48 | Guardian / tutor (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | 3:24-25 | nevelő / gyámunk | High | New | Law’s Purpose | Temporary custodial role, not source of instruction; overlaps Reformed “threefold use of the law” without assuming that framework. |
| 49 | Baptized into Christ | βαπτίζω | baptizō | 3:27 | megkeresztelkedtetek Krisztusba | High | New | — | Not addressed in Romans baseline; Catholic sacramental-efficacy vs. Reformed covenant-sign readings must not be adjudicated by the rendering. |
| 50 | Unity (Jew/Greek, slave/free, male/female) | — | — | 3:28 | nincs zsidó és görög… | Medium-High | Reused (baseline doctrine) | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Threefold parallel must carry equal force in each pair. |
| 51 | Heir | κληρονόμος | klēronomos | 3:29; 4:1,7 | örökös | Medium | New | Abrahamic Covenant / Adoption | Ties promise and adoption vocabulary together. |
| 52 | Elements of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | 4:3,9 | a világ elemei | Medium | New | Law’s Purpose | Avoid both occult-power over-reading and bland “worldly principles” under-reading. |
| 53 | Fullness of time | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | plērōma tou chronou | 4:4 | az idő teljessége | Medium | New | Providence (baseline-adjacent) | Sovereign historical timing. |
| 54 | Adoption | υἱοθεσία | huiothesia | 4:5 | örökbefogadás | Medium | Reused | Adoption and Sonship | Full son-status, complete inheritance rights. |
| 55 | Abba, Father | Ἀββά ὁ πατήρ | Abba ho patēr | 4:6 | Abba (paired with Atya) | Medium | Reused (exact) | Adoption and Sonship | Identical to Romans 8:15; mandatory consistency. |
| 56 | Slave vs. son | δοῦλος / υἱός | doulos / huios | 4:7 | szolga / fiú | Medium-High | New | Adoption and Sonship | Sharp status contrast must be retained, not softened. |
| 57 | Allegory (interpretive method) | ἀλληγορέω | allēgoreō | 4:24 | jelképes/allegorikus jelentésű | Medium | New | — | Paul names his own method; neither tradition’s default hermeneutic should be assumed. |
| 58 | Jerusalem above | ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ | hē anō Ierousalēm | 4:26 | a fenti/mennyei Jeruzsálem | Medium | New | — | Eschatological register; no contemporary geopolitical implication. |
| 59 | Yoke of slavery | ζυγὸς δουλείας | zygos douleias | 5:1 | szolgaság igája | High | New | Freedom in Christ | Same root as 2:4/4:1-7 δοῦλος family; maintain consistency. |
| 60 | Faith working through love | πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | 5:6 | a szeretet által munkálkodó hit | Critical | New | Faith Working through Love | Direct collision with Catholic fides caritate formata (love as constitutive of justifying faith) vs. Reformed love-as-fruit-not-cause reading; preserve Paul’s own grammar (love as outworking, not contributing cause). |
| 61 | Love fulfills the law | ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου / νόμος πεπλήρωται | agapēseis… / nomos peplērōtai | 5:14 | Szeresd felebarátodat… / a törvény betelik | High | New | Law’s Purpose | Must not reintroduce works-of-the-law as a justification-ground; this is the law’s moral substance fulfilled by Spirit-produced love. |
| 62 | Walk by/in the Spirit | πνεύματι περιπατέω | pneumati peripateō | 5:16,25 | a Lélek szerint járni / élni | High | Reused (contextual) | Flesh versus Spirit | Lélek = Szentlélek referent; consistent capitalization required throughout 5:16-25. |
| 63 | Works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | erga tēs sarkos | 5:19 | a test cselekedetei | High | New | Flesh versus Spirit | Sin-prone-nature sense of sarx, dominant and unambiguous here. |
| 64 | Factions/dissensions (NOT “heresies”) | αἵρεσις | hairesis | 5:20 | szakadás / párttusa / megosztottság | High | New | Flesh versus Spirit | Must NOT render as eretnekség (“heresy”); first-century “sect/faction” sense, not post-Reformation doctrinal-controversy sense — candidate forbidden substitution. |
| 65 | Witchcraft/sorcery | φαρμακεία | pharmakeia | 5:20 | varázslás / boszorkányság | Medium | New | Flesh versus Spirit | Historical sensitivity (Hungarian witch-trial history); render plainly. |
| 66 | Fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | karpos tou pneumatos | 5:22-23 | a Lélek gyümölcse | Medium | New | Fruit of the Spirit | Keep grammatically singular (“gyümölcse,” not “gyümölcsei”) to preserve organic unity against the works-of-flesh list. |
| 67 | Crucified the flesh (ongoing) | σάρξ + σταυρόω | sarx / stauroō | 5:24 | megfeszítették a testet | High | New | Crucified with Christ / Flesh versus Spirit | Outworking of 2:20’s once-for-all co-crucifixion, not a separate ascetic act. |
| 68 | Bear one another’s burdens | βαστάζω τὰ βάρη | bastazō ta barē | 6:2 | hordozzátok egymás terheit | Low-Medium | New | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — |
| 69 | Law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | nomos tou Christou | 6:2 | Krisztus törvénye | Medium-High | New | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Law’s Purpose | Spirit-produced, love-shaped pattern, not a reintroduced external legal code. |
| 70 | Sow and reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | 6:7-8 | vet / arat | Medium | New | — | Describes God’s personal moral governance, not impersonal karma; cross-reference baseline “providence” caution. |
| 71 | New creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | 6:15 | új teremtés | High | New | Circumcision and the New Creation | Cosmic/eschatological scope, not merely individual moral renewal. |
| 72 | Israel of God | Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | Israēl tou theou | 6:16 | Izrael Istene / Isten Izraelje | High | New (proper-name compound) | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | Supersessionism-adjacent exegetical question must not be resolved by the translation itself; cross-reference baseline Israel sensitivity note. |
| 73 | Marks of Jesus | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | stigmata tou Iēsou | 6:17 | Jézus jelei / bélyegei | Critical | New | — | MUST NOT use loanword “stigmák” — collides with Catholic devotional stigmata phenomenon (Padre Pio, etc.); Paul means ordinary persecution scars, slave-branding metaphor. Candidate forbidden substitution. |
| 74 | Israel (proper name) | Ἰσραήλ | Israēl | 6:16 | Izrael | Low (baseline) / High (in 6:16 compound, see #72) | Reused | — | Baseline notes contemporary political sensitivity. |
| 75 | Grace (closing) | χάρις | charis | 6:18 | kegyelem | Critical | Reused | Law and Grace | Consistency with opening greeting (1:3). |
Terms Recommended for New Translation Memory Entries
The following New terms carry Critical or High risk and are recommended for formal addition to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before Phase 2 translation begins, following the same schema as the baseline Romans entries:
Critical: works of the law (a törvény cselekedetei), faith of/in Jesus Christ — genitive (hit Jézus Krisztusban, flagged ambiguity), crucified with Christ (Krisztussal együtt megfeszíttettem), redeem/redemption (megvált/megváltás), faith working through love (a szeretet által munkálkodó hit), marks of Jesus (Jézus jelei — forbidden substitution: stigmák).
High: another/different gospel (más evangélium), anathema (átokverte legyen), tradition of the fathers (atyai hagyomány), circumcision (körülmetélés), freedom/liberty (szabadság), bondage/yoke of slavery (szolgaság/szolgaság igája), flesh — all senses (test, with mandatory sense-disambiguation notes), mediator (közvetítő, forbidden substitution note re: közbenjáró), guardian/tutor — paidagōgos (nevelő), baptized into Christ (megkeresztelkedtetek Krisztusba), promise (ígéret), curse of the law (a törvény átka), walk by the Spirit (a Lélek szerint járni), works of the flesh (a test cselekedetei), factions/dissensions — NOT heresies (szakadás/párttusa, forbidden substitution: eretnekség), new creation (új teremtés), Israel of God — compound (Isten Izraelje).
End of core glossary. See analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter argumentation supporting each entry.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: kegyelem
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kegyelem mint érdemek által gyarapítható, szentségek közvetítette adomány (tridenti értelmezés)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: the Reformed monergistic-irresistible grace vs. Catholic Tridentine infused-merit-cooperated grace fault line. Galatians context: 2:21’s ‘I do not nullify the grace of God’ and 5:4’s ‘fallen from grace’ are Galatians’ sharpest grace-versus-law statements; do not resolve the underlying tension in either direction.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: igazság
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: right standing before God through faith, not achieved by Torah-observance. Galatians context: 2:21, 3:6, 5:5; must not collapse into dutiful conduct or law-performance.
Justification
Approved rendering: megigazulás
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: fokozatos belső megszentelődés kizárólag, jogi kijelentés nélkül (tridenti értelmezés)
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: forensic, once-for-all declaration received by faith (Reformed reading) vs. infused, merit-cooperated transformation (Tridentine reading). Galatians context: 2:16 is the letter’s thesis verse and the core passage’s theological hinge; highest-density review zone in the entire book.
Salvation
Approved rendering: üdvösség
Doctrine: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: standard term across traditions; assurance differs sharply between Reformed perseverance doctrine and Catholic ongoing uncertainty. Galatians context: background doctrine underlying the whole justification argument, though not a frequently repeated lexeme in this letter.
Called
Approved rendering: elhívott
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive summons language. Galatians context: 1:6, 1:15 (Paul’s own apostolic calling ‘through his grace’), 5:8, 5:13.
Calling
Approved rendering: elhívás
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ellenállhatatlan elhívás mint kizárólagos érvényes olvasat, katolikus szinergizmus kizárásával
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: the Reformed ‘ellenállhatatlan elhívás’ (irresistible calling) vs. Catholic synergistic-calling fault line. Galatians context: 1:15’s ‘called me through his grace’ places this exact tension at the letter’s outset, applied to Paul’s own commissioning.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: feltámadás
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: bodily, historical, once-for-all resurrection. Galatians context: 1:1’s ‘who raised him from the dead’; standard and unambiguous, flag alongside Christological material for consistency.
Lord
Approved rendering: Úr
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: exclusive, supreme lordship. Galatians context: 6:14, 6:18 and passim in ‘our Lord Jesus Christ’ formulae; never rendered as ‘a lord’ among other lords.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Isten Fia
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isten fia általános értelemben, minden hívőre alkalmazva
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: full phrase required; unique, eternal, co-equal divine Sonship. Galatians context: 2:20, 4:4, 4:6; must be kept sharply distinct from the adoptive ‘fiú/gyermek’ status Galatians 4 applies to believers in the very same passage.
Covenant
Approved rendering: szövetség
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: szövetség kizárólag jogi vagy politikai szerződésként
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL for the Reformed-reading half of the audience: full federal/covenant theology (szövetségi teológia) is a Reformed-only systematic category. Galatians context: 3:15, 3:17; also carries the ordinary Greek legal-testament sense (‘a man’s will/covenant’) Hungarian ‘szövetség’ does not capture — mandatory translator note at 3:15.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jézus
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Standard across all Hungarian Bible traditions; no variant-form risk. Galatians context: passim; must never be replaced by a form associated with a different religious tradition’s account of this figure.
God
Approved rendering: Isten
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous. Galatians context: passim, including the Trinitarian material of 4:4-6.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Szentlélek
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous personal third Person of the Trinity. Galatians context: received by faith (3:2-5), agent of adoption (4:6) and sanctification (5:16-25); rendered contextually as capitalized ‘Lélek’ in 5:16-25 per established Hungarian convention — never a generic human spirit.
Father
Approved rendering: Atya
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. God as personal Father. Galatians context: 1:1, 1:3-4, 4:6’s Abba pairing.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: beszámított igazság
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: befogadott/beoltott igazság mint kizárólag belső átalakulás (tridenti értelmezés)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: righteousness credited by faith, not achieved. Galatians context: 3:6, quoting Genesis 15:6 — the IDENTICAL Old Testament citation used at Romans 4:3. Mandatory consistency with the Romans baseline rendering is required.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: a törvény cselekedetei
Transliteration: erga nomou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: jó cselekedetek (általános értelemben)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 2:16, the core passage’s thesis clause). Torah-observance-as-covenant-badge (circumcision, dietary law, festival calendar), NOT ‘good works’ generally. Must remain distinct from the affirmed post-justification obedience of 5:6 and 6:2. Forbidden substitution: never abbreviate or paraphrase toward ‘jó cselekedetek.‘
Faith Of Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: hit Jézus Krisztusban
Transliteration: pistis Christou / pistis Iēsou Christou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: Krisztus hite/hűsége mint kizárólagos főszöveg (szubjektív genitívusz elsődlegesként)
Original: πίστις Χριστοῦ / πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Faith
New term (Gal 2:16, 2:20; 3:22). Genuine subjective/objective genitive ambiguity in Greek (our faith in Christ vs. Christ’s own faithfulness). Objective reading retained as primary text per established Hungarian tradition, but Hungarian grammar silently forecloses the ambiguity; mandatory translator note at every occurrence.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: Krisztussal együtt megfeszíttettem
Transliteration: synestaurōmai
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: folyamatos, jelen idejű önfeszítés (aszketikus önsanyargatás félreolvasása)
Original: συσταυρόω
Category: Christology
New term (Gal 2:19-20; cf. 5:24, 6:14). Perfect passive: a completed, once-for-all judicial reality received by faith, not ongoing self-effort. Forbidden substitution: any present-tense or iterative-aspect rendering suggesting continual ascetic self-mortification. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Redemption
Approved rendering: megvált / megváltás
Transliteration: exagorazō
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 3:13; 4:5). Core atonement/price-paying vocabulary parallel in weight to the baseline’s flagged Romans 3:25 propitiation material; must retain the substitutionary, price-paying sense. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: a szeretet által munkálkodó hit
Transliteration: pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: a hit szeretet által működik (aktív/okozati hangzású fordítás, amely a hitet a szeretet eszközének sugallja)
Original: πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 5:6). CRITICAL: direct collision with the Catholic fides caritate formata doctrine (love constitutive of justifying faith, per Trent) vs. the Reformed reading of love as faith’s necessary fruit and evidence, never a co-contributing justifying cause. Preserve Paul’s own passive/middle grammar (love as observable outworking). Mandatory theologian review, same rigor as ‘grace’ and ‘election.‘
Stigmata Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: Jézus jelei / Jézus bélyegei
Transliteration: stigmata tou Iēsou
Doctrine: Suffering for the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: stigmák / stigmatizáció (a katolikus áhítati hagyomány specifikus, csodás sebek-jelenségére utaló, félrevezető kölcsönszó)
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Christology
New term (Gal 6:17). Ordinary persecution scars, a Greco-Roman slave-branding metaphor — NOT a claim of supernatural wound-replication. Forbidden substitution: the loanword ‘stigmák/stigmatizáció’ would cause Catholic-background readers to hear a miraculous stigmata claim (cf. Padre Pio devotion) Paul never makes. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangélium
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term shared by Catholic and Reformed Hungarian Bibles; the specific proclamation of salvation through Christ crucified and risen. Galatians context: the fixed, non-negotiable content Paul defends against distortion (1:6-9) and whose ‘truth’ (2:5, 2:14) is the letter’s polemical center.
Faith
Approved rendering: hit
Doctrine: Faith
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in Christ; carries different theological weight depending on Reformed sola fide or Catholic faith-plus-cooperating-works formation. Galatians context: the sole means of receiving justification stated at 2:16, the core passage’s thesis verse.
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package; RISK ELEVATED from baseline Low to High specifically for Galatians. Gal 1:1’s emphatic ‘not from men, nor through man’ defends Paul’s direct, divine commissioning as the foundation of his authority to oppose the Judaizing false gospel; a rendering implying human mediation would undercut the letter’s founding argument.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: megtestesülés
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Standard, unambiguous term shared across traditions. Galatians context: 4:4 (‘born of a woman, born under the law’) is the letter’s clearest Incarnation text; cross-reference with the Romans baseline Incarnation doctrine for absolute consistency.
Law
Approved rendering: törvény
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package. The Mosaic Law/Torah. Galatians context: the Reformed ‘threefold use of the law’ (törvény hármas haszna) and the paidagōgos/curse-of-the-law material intersect more densely here than in Romans (chs. 3-4); translate Paul’s own argument without assuming either community’s full systematic framework as background.
Intercession
Approved rendering: közbenjárás
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag szentek és Mária közbenjárása mint szükséges (katolikus olvasat)
Inherited from Romans package. Catholic Hungarian piety includes saints’/Marian intercession; Reformed tradition rejects this in favor of direct access through Christ. Galatians context: retained here specifically as the term Galatians’ ‘mediator’ (μεσίτης, 3:19-20) must be kept visually and conceptually distinct from — see ‘mediator’ entry below; do not let μεσίτης drift toward ‘közbenjáró.‘
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: más evangélium
Transliteration: heteron euangelion
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: másféle evangélium (neologizmus, csak lábjegyzetben megengedett)
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 1:6-7). Greek distinguishes ἕτερος (‘a different kind, not the same at all’) from ἄλλος (‘another of the same kind’); Paul denies there is even an equivalent alternative gospel. Standard Hungarian ‘más’ does not carry this distinction alone. Mandatory translator note preserving the ἕτερος/ἄλλος distinction at every occurrence.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: az evangélium igazsága
Transliteration: alētheia tou euangeliou
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: az igazi hír (túl általános, elveszíti a technikai jelentést)
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 2:5, 2:14). The fixed, non-negotiable doctrinal content Paul defends at Antioch and Jerusalem. Must not be flattened to a generic ‘true message.‘
Anathema
Approved rendering: átokverte legyen
Transliteration: anathema
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: nem helyes (túl gyenge, elveszíti a jogi/isteni ítélet súlyát), anatéma (idegen, klinikus hangzású átírás)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 1:8-9). Solemn, God-directed pronouncement of judgment, not mere disapproval. Must not be read through the lens of later formal ecclesiastical excommunication procedure, and must not license mutual condemnation outside this specific gospel-purity context.
Tradition Of The Fathers
Approved rendering: atyai hagyomány / ősi hagyományok
Transliteration: patrikai paradoseis
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: hagyomány (önmagában, a Szenthagyomány kategóriájával összemosódó rövidítés)
Original: πατρικαὶ παραδόσεις
Category: History
New term (Gal 1:14). Paul’s own prior Jewish ancestral custom, NOT the technical Catholic ‘Szenthagyomány’ (Sacred Tradition) category flagged in the baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture doctrine. Never abbreviate to bare ‘hagyomány’ in this passage without the ‘atyai’ qualifier and a clarifying translator note.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: körülmetélés
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Church
New term (Gal 2:3-9; 5:2-6, 5:11; 6:12-15). No literal-rite collision risk in Hungary (neither tradition practices it); risk is conceptual — paradigmatic of any works-based badge of righteousness. Pair with a translator note connecting it to ‘works_of_the_law’ at every occurrence.
Freedom
Approved rendering: szabadság
Transliteration: eleutheria
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
New term (Gal 2:4; 3:28; 5:1, 5:13). Freedom from the law’s condemning power, not from moral responsibility. Must be immediately paired with 5:13’s boundary against ‘an opportunity for the flesh.’ Crowded by Hungary’s strong secular-political ‘szabadság’ resonance (1848, 1956, 1989); this resonance must not overwrite Paul’s Spirit-governed sense.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: szolgaság igája
Transliteration: zygos douleias
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
New term (Gal 5:1). Shares its δοῦλος root with 2:4 (‘katadoulōsōsin’) and 4:1-7; must use the same ‘szolgaság/szolga’ root consistently across all three loci so Hungarian readers can trace one sustained metaphor.
Flesh
Approved rendering: test
Transliteration: sarx
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
New term. Three distinct senses collapsed into one Hungarian word: (1) neutral physical existence (2:16 ‘no flesh’, 2:20a); (2) ethnic/lineage descent (4:23, 29); (3) sin-prone nature opposed to the Spirit (5:13-24). Mandatory per-occurrence sense-disambiguation translator note; must not import sense (3) into the core passage’s occurrences of sense (1).
In Christ
Approved rendering: Krisztusban
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Christian Identity in Christ
Original: ἐν Χριστῷ
Category: Christology
New term (Gal 2:17; 3:26-28). Union with Christ as the locus of identity, not Catholic/Reformed confessional-denominational belonging.
Gave Himself For
Approved rendering: önmagát adta (bűneinkért / értem / helyettem)
Transliteration: paradidōmi / hyper
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: önmagát adta mint puszta példa (helyettesítő erő nélkül)
Original: παραδίδωμι + ὑπέρ
Category: Christology
New term (Gal 1:4; 2:20). Christ’s atoning self-surrender on behalf of/in place of sinners. ὑπέρ carries substitutionary force; must not be weakened to a merely exemplary reading.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: nem vetem el / nem teszem érvénytelenné
Transliteration: atheteō
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: nem szomorítom meg (túl gyenge, elveszíti a jogi érvénytelenítés súlyát)
New term (Gal 2:21). Strong legal-nullification force; must clearly attach to ‘kegyelem.’ To build righteousness on law-works is, in effect, to declare God’s grace null.
In Vain
Approved rendering: hiába
Transliteration: dōrean
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 2:21, ‘Christ died in vain’). Same Greek lexeme (δωρεάν) elsewhere means ‘freely, as an unearned gift’ (e.g., Rom 3:24); here it carries the opposite sense ‘to no purpose.’ Mandatory translator note flagging the lexical identity to preempt back-translation flags of apparent inconsistency.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: a törvény átka
Transliteration: katara tou nomou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: a törvény mint önmagában rossz/gonosz (marcionita-jellegű félreolvasás)
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Law
New term (Gal 3:10, 3:13). The law’s own sanctions against covenant-breakers, from which Christ redeems believers; must not suggest the Mosaic law is intrinsically evil.
Promise
Approved rendering: ígéret
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
New term (Gal 3:14-29 passim; 4:23, 28). Must be kept structurally distinct from ‘szövetség’ (covenant) and ‘törvény’ (law) — Paul’s argument depends on promise and law being perceived as two different modes of divine dealing (3:17-18); never treat as a mere synonym for ‘szövetség.‘
Mediator
Approved rendering: közvetítő
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: közbenjáró (a közbenjárás/intercession szóval azonos gyök, Mária/szentek-közvetítés kollíziós kockázat)
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Law
New term (Gal 3:19-20). Moses as legal/covenantal go-between at Sinai. Deliberately rendered ‘közvetítő’ rather than the more common Hungarian Bible rendering ‘közbenjáró’ to avoid activating the baseline’s flagged Marian/saints-intercession fault line for Catholic readers. Document this departure; mandatory theologian review.
Paidagogos Guardian
Approved rendering: nevelő / gyámunk
Transliteration: paidagōgos
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: pedagógus (modern kognát, tanítói/oktatói szerepet sugall, ami Pál pontjának ellentéte)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
New term (Gal 3:24-25). A temporary custodial guide with disciplinary authority, NOT a source of instruction. Overlaps the Reformed ‘threefold use of the law’ without assuming that framework as settled background. Forbidden substitution: never transliterate as ‘pedagógus.‘
Baptized Into Christ
Approved rendering: megkeresztelkedtetek Krisztusba
Transliteration: baptizō
Doctrine: Baptismal Union with Christ
Original: βαπτίζω
Category: Church
New term (Gal 3:27). Baptism is unaddressed in the Romans baseline; a genuinely new doctrinal category. Catholic sacramental-efficacy vs. Reformed covenant-sign readings must not be adjudicated by the rendering — translate Paul’s own claim (identification with, ‘clothing oneself in,’ Christ) only. Mandatory theologian review.
Unity Jew Gentile
Approved rendering: nincs zsidó és görög, nincs szolga és szabad, nincs férfi és nő
Transliteration: ouk eni Ioudaios oude Hellēn…
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην… οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος… οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
New term (Gal 3:28). Threefold parallel (ethnic, social, gender) rendered irrelevant to standing before God. Ensure equal grammatical force across all three pairs; no pair should read as weaker than the others.
Slave Vs Son
Approved rendering: szolga / fiú
Transliteration: doulos / huios
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: munkás vs. családtag (túl gyenge kontraszt)
Original: δοῦλος / υἱός
Category: Freedom
New term (Gal 4:7). Sharp status contrast at the emotional and doctrinal center of Adoption and Sonship; must retain the sharp contrast, always as a paired antithetical unit, never split across separate clauses that dilute it.
Love Fulfills The Law
Approved rendering: a törvény betelik… Szeresd felebarátodat, mint magadat
Transliteration: ho nomos peplērōtai… agapēseis ton plēsion sou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: ὁ…νόμος πεπλήρωται…ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου
Category: Law
New term (Gal 5:14, citing Lev 19:18). The law’s moral substance fulfilled by Spirit-produced love; must not be read as reintroducing ‘works_of_the_law’ as a justification-ground through the back door.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: a Lélek szerint járni / élni
Transliteration: pneumati peripateō
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε
Category: Sanctification
New term (Gal 5:16, 5:25). ‘Lélek’ here always refers to the baseline Szentlélek, never a generic human spirit or disposition; consistent capitalization required across all of 5:16-25.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: a test cselekedetei
Transliteration: erga tēs sarkos
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sin
New term (Gal 5:19). Sin-prone-nature sense of sarx, dominant and unambiguous here; ensure no confusion with the neutral bodily sense of 2:20a.
Factions
Approved rendering: szakadás / párttusa / megosztottság
Transliteration: hairesis
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: eretnekség (poszt-reformáció korabeli hitvitákat idéző, súlyosan félrevezető fordítás)
Original: αἵρεσις
Category: Church
New term (Gal 5:20, within the vice-list). First-century ‘faction/party’ sense, NOT the post-Nicene technical ‘heresy’ sense. Forbidden substitution: ‘eretnekség’ carries centuries of Hungarian Catholic-Protestant mutual-condemnation freight and would reactivate a live intra-Hungarian-Christian sore point.
Crucified The Flesh
Approved rendering: megfeszítették a testet (annak vágyaival és kívánságaival együtt)
Transliteration: sarx / stauroō
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὴν σάρκα ἐσταύρωσαν
Category: Christology
New term (Gal 5:24). The ongoing moral outworking of the once-for-all co-crucifixion of 2:20, applied to the believer’s continuing life; must not be read as a separate, repeatable act of ascetic self-punishment.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: Krisztus törvénye
Transliteration: ho nomos tou Christou
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
New term (Gal 6:2). Spirit-produced, love-shaped pattern of mutual burden-bearing continuous with 5:14; must not be read as reintroducing ‘works_of_the_law’ as a justification-ground through the back door.
New Creation
Approved rendering: új teremtés
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: megújult ember (individualista szűkítés, elveszíti a kozmikus hatókört)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Eschatology
New term (Gal 6:15). The letter’s climactic summary category; must carry cosmic/eschatological force, not an individualistic ‘renewed person’ reading.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: Isten Izraelje
Transliteration: Israēl tou theou
Doctrine: Israel and the Church
Original: Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
New compound term (Gal 6:16). Debated, supersessionism-adjacent referent (the church, believing ethnic Israel within the church, or ethnic Israel as such); translate plainly without resolving the exegetical debate in the translation itself. Carries contemporary political sensitivity independent of the theological question, per Hungary’s own twentieth-century history.
Medium Risk Terms
Adoption
Approved rendering: örökbefogadás
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Full son-status with complete inheritance rights. Galatians context: 4:4-7, alongside Romans 8:15 the other major NT adoption text; the Abba/Atya pairing must be applied identically. Doctrine-level risk is elevated to High in the Galatians doctrine registry because this term sits directly adjacent to the Critical Sonship-of-Christ boundary in the same passage.
Peace
Approved rendering: béke
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. Relational peace with God through justification. Galatians context: 1:3 greeting formula, paired with kegyelem; consistency with the closing benediction (6:18) required.
Sin
Approved rendering: bűn
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Moral transgression before a personal God. Galatians context: 2:15, 2:17 (hamartōloi/hamartia); standard, well understood.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: pogányok
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Literal ‘pagans,’ stronger charge than English ‘Gentiles’; use ‘nemzetek’ where a neutral sense is intended. Galatians context: 2:15’s Jew/Gentile contrast is specifically religious-covenantal, so ‘pogányok’ is correct there.
Glory
Approved rendering: dicsőség
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα / δοξάζω
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God’s radiant honor. Galatians context: 1:24, ‘they glorified God’ concerning Paul’s transformation.
Providence
Approved rendering: gondviselés
Doctrine: Providence
Inherited from Romans package. God’s personal, purposive governance. Galatians context: extended to 4:4’s ‘fullness of time’ and 6:7-9’s sowing/reaping; must not read as impersonal fate or karma.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Aramaic term of intimacy preserved untranslated, paired with ‘Atya.’ Galatians context: 4:6, identical construction to Romans 8:15; mandatory cross-curriculum consistency.
Pervert Gospel
Approved rendering: elferdíteni (az evangéliumot)
Transliteration: metastrephō
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: μεταστρέφω
Category: Salvation
New term (Gal 1:7). To turn/twist the gospel into something contrary to itself. Standard verb; low ambiguity once ‘evangélium’ is correctly anchored.
This Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: jelenkor / e jelenvaló gonosz világ
Transliteration: ho aiōn ho enestōs ho ponēros
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: gonosz világ (kizárólag ‘világ’ szóval, ami a teremtés anyagi jóságát vonhatja kétségbe)
Original: ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς ὁ πονηρός
Category: Eschatology
New term (Gal 1:4). A bounded temporal-moral epoch under sin’s dominion, not a claim that material creation itself is evil (avoid Gnostic-adjacent misreading).
Judaism
Approved rendering: zsidó hitgyakorlat
Transliteration: Ioudaismos
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: judaizmus (modern összehasonlító-religiós regiszter, elveszíti Pál saját korabeli utalását)
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: History
New term (Gal 1:13-14). Paul’s former manner of life as a zealous Torah-observant Jew; descriptive, avoid pejorative coloring and avoid the transliterated cognate ‘judaizmus.‘
Set Apart
Approved rendering: elkülönített
Transliteration: aphorizō
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀφορίζω
Category: Sanctification
New term (Gal 1:15). God’s setting Paul apart from the womb for apostolic service; connects to the baseline’s ‘Separation unto God’s Service’ doctrine, applied here to Paul’s specific commissioning.
Judaize
Approved rendering: zsidó módra élni
Transliteration: ioudaizein
Doctrine: Table Fellowship and Gospel Unity
Original: ἰουδαΐζω
Category: Church
New term (Gal 2:14). To live/compel others to live according to Jewish observance; no natural Hungarian verb exists, descriptive paraphrase required.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: törvényszegő / áthágó
Transliteration: parabatēs
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
New term (Gal 2:18). One who oversteps a known standard. Keep tied conceptually to ‘törvény,’ distinct from generic ‘bűnös.‘
Love
Approved rendering: szeretet
Transliteration: agapē / agapaō
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Faith
New term (Gal 2:20; 5:6, 5:13-14, 5:22). Self-giving, covenantal love. Must be tracked consistently across all four loci since it anticipates and grounds the 5:6/5:14 doctrine.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: megigézett / megbűvölt
Transliteration: ebaskanen (baskainō)
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἐβάσκανεν
Category: Faith
New term (Gal 3:1). Rhetorical accusation of deception, drawing on the ancient ‘evil eye’ idiom. Hungarian folk culture retains residual ‘szemmel verés’ superstition; avoid vocabulary that would activate literal occult-causation associations.
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: Ábrahám áldása
Transliteration: eulogia tou Abraam
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: áldás mint világi jólét/prosperitás (Hit Gyülekezete-típusú olvasat)
Original: εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
New term (Gal 3:8-9, 3:14). Covenant inclusion of the nations, not a this-worldly prosperity concept. Explicit caution against Hungarian Word-of-Faith teaching traditions that read ‘áldás’ as guaranteed material blessing.
Hung On A Tree
Approved rendering: fán függő / fára akasztott
Transliteration: kremamenos epi xylou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου
Category: Law
New term (Gal 3:13, citing Deut 21:23). Euphemism for the cross; retain the Old Testament citation’s force without over-literalizing.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: mag / utód(ok)
Transliteration: sperma
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
New term (Gal 3:16, 3:29). The singular-to-corporate move (Christ, then all who are ‘in Christ’) must not be flattened by inconsistent rendering across occurrences.
Heir
Approved rendering: örökös
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Covenant
New term (Gal 3:29; 4:1, 4:7). Ties promise and adoption vocabulary together.
Elements Of The World
Approved rendering: a világ elemei
Transliteration: stoicheia tou kosmou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: szellemi erők (okkult félreolvasás), alapelvek (túl elvont, elveszíti a paidagōgos-kapcsolatot)
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
New term (Gal 4:3, 4:9). Debated phrase; avoid both a literal occult-power reading and a bland ‘worldly principles’ flattening. Flag for native speaker review with both interpretive options documented.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: az idő teljessége
Transliteration: plērōma tou chronou
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Timing
Original: πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: God
New term (Gal 4:4). God’s sovereign historical timing in sending his Son; connects to the baseline Providence doctrine.
Allegory
Approved rendering: ezek jelképes / allegorikus jelentésűek
Transliteration: allēgoreō
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
New term (Gal 4:24). Paul’s own stated interpretive method for reading Hagar/Sarah typologically; neither tradition’s default hermeneutic (Catholic fourfold sense vs. Reformed grammatical-historical caution) should be assumed as the text’s authorization for a general allegorical method.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: a fenti / mennyei Jeruzsálem
Transliteration: hē anō Ierousalēm
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Eschatology
New term (Gal 4:26). Eschatological register; not a claim about the earthly city’s contemporary political status.
Witchcraft
Approved rendering: varázslás / boszorkányság
Transliteration: pharmakeia
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
New term (Gal 5:20). Historical sensitivity given Hungary’s own witch-trial history; render plainly as the text’s condemnation of occult practice without embellishing rhetoric.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: a Lélek gyümölcse
Transliteration: karpos tou pneumatos
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: a Lélek gyümölcsei (többes szám, amely megbontja az organikus egységet)
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
New term (Gal 5:22-23). Grammatical singular must be preserved (never ‘gyümölcsei’) to retain the unity of one organic Spirit-produced fruit, structurally contrasted with the itemized ‘works of the flesh’ list.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: hordozzátok egymás terheit
Transliteration: allēlōn ta barē bastazete
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
New term (Gal 6:2). Low lexical risk on its own; read together with ‘law_of_christ’ for its full doctrinal weight.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: amit vet az ember, azt fogja aratni is
Transliteration: ho gar ean speirē anthrōpos, touto kai therisei
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: egyetemes, személytelen okság törvénye (karma-jellegű félreolvasás)
Original: ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: God
New term (Gal 6:7-9). Describes God’s own personal moral governance of consequences, not an impersonal cause-and-effect principle; cross-reference the baseline’s providence caution against karma-like renderings.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: közösség
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Shared participation in Christ. Galatians context: 2:9, ‘the right hand of fellowship’ extended to Paul by the Jerusalem apostles.
Israel
Approved rendering: Izrael
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Standard proper name; baseline notes contemporary political sensitivity. Galatians context: risk elevates to High specifically in the compound phrase ‘the Israel of God’ (6:16) — see ‘israel_of_god’ entry.
Zealous
Approved rendering: buzgó / féltő buzgóság
Transliteration: zēlōtēs
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ζηλωτής
Category: History
New term (Gal 1:14). Descriptive, not the technical political ‘Zealot’ party sense.
Persecute
Approved rendering: üldöz
Transliteration: diōkō
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: διώκω
Category: History
New term (Gal 1:13, 1:23). Standard rendering.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: képmutatás
Transliteration: hypokrisis
Doctrine: Table Fellowship and Gospel Unity
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
New term (Gal 2:13). Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship under pressure. No lexical risk; render descriptively without added editorial framing given Peter’s veneration in Catholic tradition as first pope.
Abraham
Approved rendering: Ábrahám
Transliteration: Abraam
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
New proper name entry (Gal 3-4 passim). Standard established Hungarian Bible-translation form.
Referenced passages