Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Hungarian)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md for the Mark curriculum, citing terms from every chapter (1–16) plus the core passage (Mark 10:35–45). It is organized in two parts:
- Part A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Romans Language Package. These renderings and risk tiers are fixed by the baseline and MUST NOT be altered.
- Part B — New Terms Introduced by the Mark Curriculum. These are proposed additions requiring incorporation into an updated
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.jsonbefore Phase 2 translation begins, following the version-increment procedure specified in the baseline12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions:
- Critical — mistranslation destroys essential doctrine; human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — mistranslation creates significant theological confusion/syncretism risk; human theologian review required.
- Medium — mistranslation reduces clarity but preserves essential meaning; native speaker review recommended.
- Low — minor imprecision risk; automated review sufficient.
Part A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans Language Package) Appearing in Mark
| English Term | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine (baseline) | Key Mark Passages | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | evangélium | High | Gospel | 1:1, 1:14–15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Reuse exactly; anchors the whole book’s opening and closing frame. |
| faith | hit | High | Faith | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23–24, 10:52, 11:22–24 | Reuse exactly; central to Faith and Discipleship amid Fear doctrine. |
| son of God | Isten Fia | Critical | Sonship of Christ | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 15:39 | Reuse exactly; must never merge with “Emberfia” (Son of Man, Part B). |
| kingdom of God | Isten országa | Medium | Kingdom Mission | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26–32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14–15, 10:23–25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43 | Reuse exactly; central to Kingdom of God Breaking In doctrine. |
| holy spirit | Szentlélek | Critical | Sanctification / Deity | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Reuse exactly. |
| covenant | szövetség | Critical | Davidic Covenant / New Covenant | 14:24 | Reuse exactly; new Eucharistic application, see Part B (test/vér). |
| election | kiválasztás (root); választottak (adj. form) | Critical | Effectual Calling | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Reuse root exactly; same fault line as Romans 9–11 and Mark 10:40, 10:45 (“for many”). |
| messiah / Christ | Messiás | Critical | Messianic Promise | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21, 14:61, 15:32 | Reuse exactly; central to Peter’s confession and the Messianic Secret doctrine. |
| resurrection | feltámadás (noun); feltámadt (verb) | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 8:31, 9:9–10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18–27, 14:28, 16:6 | Reuse exactly; must be distinguished from healing-restoration language (5:41–42, “ἔγειρε” — see Part B note). |
| lord | Úr | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3, 2:28, 5:19, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9–10, 12:36–37, 13:35 | Reuse exactly; note the deliberate negative-irony use of the κατακυριεύω root at 10:42 (Part B). |
| apostle | apostol | Low | Apostleship | 3:14, 6:30 | Reuse exactly. |
| sin | bűn | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 1:4–5, 2:5–10, 3:28–29 | Reuse exactly. |
| gentiles / nations | pogányok / nemzetek (context rule) | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 7:26, 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 | Reuse baseline’s context rule exactly: political/neutral sense (“nations”) at 10:42 = nemzetek; note passages implying religious contrast may favor pogányok — flag each occurrence for review per baseline convention. |
| glory | dicsőség | Medium/High | Deity of Christ | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | Reuse exactly. |
| david | Dávid | Low | Davidic Covenant | 2:25, 10:47–48, 11:10, 12:35–37 | Reuse exactly. |
| jesus | Jézus | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Reuse exactly. |
| god | Isten | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | Reuse exactly. |
| father | Atya | Critical | Adoption / Deity | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | Reuse exactly. |
| abba | Abba | Medium | Adoption into God’s Family | 14:36 | Reuse exactly, paired with “Atya” per baseline precedent. |
| salvation / save | üdvösség / megment, megtart | Critical | Salvation | 3:4, 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 8:35, 10:26, 10:52, 13:13, 13:20, 15:30–31 | Reuse root exactly; note the dual heal/save sense of σῴζω requires context-sensitive rendering (megtart/meggyógyul/megment) — flag ambiguous instances for native speaker review. |
| prophet | próféta | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 | Reuse exactly. |
| church (ecclesial community, applied sense) | egyház | Medium | Church as God’s People | (implicit — Mark uses no ekklēsia occurrence directly, but the doctrine applies to 3:31–35, 10:29–30 community-of-disciples language) | Reuse exactly where teaching materials draw out ecclesial application beyond the base text. |
Part B — New Terms Introduced by the Mark Curriculum
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Hungarian Rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key Mark Passages | Risk Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | Emberfia | Critical | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | Holds together Daniel 7’s exalted-authority sense and Mark’s unique suffering sense; must never be merged with “Isten Fia” (Part A). Every occurrence requires theologian review. |
| authority | ἐξουσία | hatalom | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28–33, 13:34 | Must convey real, effective, divine-source authority, not mere political power or “permission”; the negative-irony compound forms (κατακυριεύω, κατεξουσιάζω, 10:42) must remain visibly distinct. |
| demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | démon / tisztátalan lélek | High | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23–27, 32–34, 39; 3:22–30; 5:1–20; 6:13; 7:24–30; 9:14–29 | Risk of collision with Hungarian folk-magic/occult vocabulary; must read as a real, personal, malevolent being under Christ’s sovereign authority. |
| baptism (rite and metaphor) | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | keresztség / megkeresztel | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; Necessity of the Cross | 1:4–11; 10:38–39 | Catholic (regenerative sacrament) vs. Reformed (covenant sign/seal) sacramental-effect divergence for the rite sense; the suffering-metaphor sense (10:38–39) must never be read as a sacramental reference. |
| repentance | μετάνοια / μετανοέω | megtérés / megtér | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 1:4, 1:15, 6:12 | Standard across traditions. |
| forgiveness (of sins, by Christ directly) | ἀφίημι (τὰς ἁμαρτίας) | megbocsát(ja a bűnöket) | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 2:5–10 | Connects to the baseline’s intercession fault line: Catholic sacramental confession/absolution vs. Reformed direct forgiveness through Christ alone; Mark depicts direct, unmediated forgiveness. |
| cross | σταυρός / σταυρόω | kereszt / megfeszít | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34; 10:21; 15:13, 20–37 | Must retain full weight as an instrument of shameful execution and real death, not softened into general “hardship” language. |
| deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | megtagadja önmagát | High | The Necessity of the Cross; Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 8:34 | Must convey total self-renunciation, not mere asceticism. |
| life / soul | ψυχή | élet / lélek (context-dependent) | Critical | The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross | 8:35–37; 10:45; 14:34 | The élet/lélek choice is doctrinally consequential per context; must never be rendered so as to reduce Christ’s giving of his ψυχή to a merely inward/spiritual act. |
| ransom | λύτρον | váltságdíj | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 (echoed 14:24) | Must retain substitutionary, atoning, price-paying force; not a mere commercial transaction nor a moral example only. Directly parallels the baseline’s imputed_righteousness/grace Critical cluster. |
| for many (substitutionary scope) | ἀντὶ πολλῶν | sokakért | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45; 14:24 | Same fault line as the baseline’s election: Reformed particular-redemption reading (“the many” = the elect) vs. Catholic universal-atonement reading. Preserve Mark’s own unelaborated “many” without resolving the scope question in the base text. |
| servant (diakonos) | διάκονος | szolga | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9:35; 10:43; 10:45 | Must remain lexically distinct from δοῦλος (below) to preserve Mark’s rhetorical escalation. |
| slave/bondservant (doulos) | δοῦλος | rabszolga | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | Escalated term beyond διάκονος; a flattened rendering (reusing “szolga”) would erase Mark’s intended shock of total self-abasement. |
| lording it over / domineering authority (negative) | κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω | uralkodnak rajtuk / hatalmaskodnak rajtuk | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Deliberate ironic counter-term to κύριος/Úr and ἐξουσία/hatalom; must be visibly distinguishable from Christ’s true Lordship and authority. |
| the Messianic Secret (doctrinal name for a literary-theological pattern) | ἐπιτιμάω … μηδενὶ λέγειν / διαστέλλομαι | a messiási titok (doctrinal name, not a single lexical rendering) | High | The Messianic Secret | 1:34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9 | Must be taught as a deliberate narrative strategy tied to the cross and resurrection, not evidence of doubt or an esoteric/gnostic secret-knowledge pattern. |
| mystery of the kingdom | μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας | Isten országának titka | High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret | 4:11 | Must avoid esoteric/gnostic overtones; a salvation-historical disclosure, not restricted mystical knowledge. |
| parable | παραβολή | példabeszéd | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 3:23; 4:2–34; 12:1–12; 13:28 | Standard term; both reveals and conceals per 4:11–12. |
| transfiguration | μεταμορφόω | színében elváltozott | Critical | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:2–8 | Real, if temporary, unveiling of Christ’s inherent divine glory; not a subjective vision only. |
| unbelief | ἀπιστία | hitetlenség | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 9:24 | Pastoral significance: faith coexisting with doubt/fear. |
| cause to stumble | σκανδαλίζω | megbotránkoztat / elbotránkozik | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:17; 6:3; 9:42–47; 14:27, 29 | Must retain full weight of endangering another’s faith, not merely “offend.” |
| Gehenna / hell | γέεννα | gyehenna | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross (final accountability) | 9:43, 45, 47 | Catholic purgatory doctrine vs. Reformed direct-binary afterlife view; render as Mark’s own final-judgment warning, not through either system’s afterlife map. |
| divorce / adultery | ἀπολύω (γυναῖκα) / μοιχεία | elbocsát / házasságtörés | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness (applied ethics) | 10:2–12 | Catholic indissolubility/annulment doctrine vs. Reformed divorce-for-cause-with-remarriage pastoral practice; translate Mark’s own teaching without resolving the pastoral-canonical divergence. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | örök élet | High | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 10:17, 30 | Distinguish from, while relating to, üdvösség (salvation); avoid a merely quantitative “life that lasts forever” reading. |
| love (the Great Commandment) | ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη | szeret / szeretet | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 12:28–34 | Covenantal, willed devotion; summary of the Law. |
| tribulation | θλῖψις | nyomorúság | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In (already/not yet tension) | 13:19, 24 | Standard term. |
| false christs / false prophets | ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται | hamis krisztusok / hamis próféták | High | The Messianic Secret | 13:22 | Pastoral discernment risk; must be clearly counterfeit, not alternate valid figures. |
| watchfulness | γρηγορέω | legyetek ébren / vigyázzatok | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 13:33–37; 14:34, 37–38 | Eschatological and Gethsemane vigilance under pressure. |
| body / blood (of the covenant) | τὸ σῶμα / τὸ αἷμα (τῆς διαθήκης) | test / vér (a szövetség vérem) | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 14:22–24 | Catholic transubstantiation vs. Reformed spiritual-presence/memorialist sacramental theology; translate the institution narrative in Mark’s own terms without adjudicating the mode of Christ’s presence. Cross-reference with 10:38’s metaphorical “cup” to keep the two senses distinct. |
| hand over / betray | παραδίδωμι | elárul (human sense) / kiszolgáltat, átadja (divine-purpose sense) | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 9:31; 10:33; 14:10–11, 18, 21, 41–44 | Two senses (Judas’s culpable treachery vs. God’s own redemptive purpose) must remain distinguishable; neither should be used to explain away the other. |
| King of the Jews | ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | a zsidók királya | Critical | Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; Lordship of Christ | 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26, 32 | Ironic double edge (mockery/truth) must be preserved without over-explaining within the base text. |
| cry of dereliction | Ελωΐ Ελωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί | Elói, Elói, lamá sabaktáni? (retained, glossed: “Én Istenem, én Istenem, miért hagytál el engem?”) | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | Retain Aramaic per baseline’s abba precedent; the Hungarian gloss must not soften “forsaken.” |
| temple curtain torn | τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη | a templom kárpitja kettéhasadt | High | The Necessity of the Cross | 15:38 | Connects to the baseline’s intercession fault line — direct access to God through Christ vs. Catholic saintly/Marian intercessory piety. |
| temple / house of prayer | ναός / οἶκος προσευχῆς | templom / imádság háza | Medium | The Kingdom of God Breaking In | 11:11, 15–17 | Resonates differently across Catholic (sacred space) and Reformed (Word-centered worship) sensibilities. |
| tradition (of the elders) | παράδοσις | hagyomány | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy / Law (applied) | 7:3–13 | Sensitive alongside the Catholic Scripture-and-Tradition vs. Reformed sola scriptura divergence documented in the baseline; Mark’s critique targets a specific human oral tradition, not the broader Tradition-authority question. |
| clean / unclean (ceremonial) | καθαρός / κοινός (ἀκάθαρτος) | tiszta / tisztátalan | Medium/High | Fulfillment of Prophecy / Law (applied) | 7:14–23 | Relocates defilement from ritual to the heart. |
| resurrection-restoration (distinct from ἀνάστασις) | ἔγειρε (healing command) | kelj fel! | Medium | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 5:41–42 | Must not be equated with the Critical resurrection/feltámadás doctrine; a temporary sign, not the resurrection proper. |
| textual note: the longer ending of Mark | Mark 16:9–20 | — | High (editorial/textual-critical, not lexical) | (affects Resurrection of Christ, Kingdom Mission, Mission to the Nations presentation) | 16:9–20 | Absent from earliest manuscripts; Language Package must specify a consistent typographic convention (bracketing/footnoting) across all Mark curriculum documents; flag for theologian and editorial review. |
Risk Summary for Part B (New Terms)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 10 | Human theologian review (every occurrence) |
| High | 13 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 9 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 0 | — |
Critical terms requiring immediate translation-memory incorporation before Phase 2: Emberfia (Son of Man), váltságdíj (ransom), sokakért (“for many”/ransom scope), kereszt (cross), gyehenna (Gehenna), örök élet (eternal life — High, borderline Critical given its doctrinal density), test/vér as Eucharistic terms (body/blood of the covenant), a zsidók királya (King of the Jews), Elói/lamá sabaktáni (cry of dereliction), színében elváltozott (transfiguration).
This glossary must be merged into an updated translation_memory.json (version increment required per baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions) and a corresponding bible_term_registry.json entry set before any Phase 2 Mark segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: kegyelem
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: kegyelem mint érdemek által gyarapítható, szentségek közvetítette adomány (tridenti értelmezés)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a dominant lexical item in Mark itself, but load-bearing for teaching notes accompanying the Ransom for Many and Authority to Forgive Sins doctrines, where Christ’s saving action is a gift, not a merit earned by its beneficiaries.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: igazság
Transliteration: dikaiosynē
Doctrine: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Not a dominant lexical item in Mark’s own narrative, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency in teaching notes connecting Mark’s ransom/atonement language to Romans’ forensic-standing vocabulary.
Justification
Approved rendering: megigazulás
Transliteration: dikaiōsis
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: fokozatos belső megszentelődés kizárólag, jogi kijelentés nélkül (tridenti értelmezés)
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not a Markan lexical occurrence but relevant to teaching notes linking the Ransom for Many (10:45) to the forensic dimension of salvation.
Salvation
Approved rendering: üdvösség / megtart, megment, meggyógyul (context-dependent)
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτηρία (cf. σῴζω, Mark’s dominant verb form)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, extended for Mark’s dominant verb form σῴζω. Mark uses the verb at 3:4, 5:23, 28, 34, 8:35, 10:26, 52, 13:13, 20, 15:30-31. The formula ‘ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε’ (5:34; 10:52) must be rendered ‘hited megtartott téged,’ preserving both the physical-healing and spiritual-salvation senses at once; do not collapse into only a medical-healing or only a purely spiritual reading.
Calling
Approved rendering: elhívás
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ellenállhatatlan elhívás mint kizárólagos érvényes olvasat, katolikus szinergizmus kizárásával
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to teaching notes on the calling of the Twelve and Jesus’ sovereign initiative in choosing disciples (3:13-19); must not be forced into the technical Reformed ‘irresistible calling’ category as the text’s own settled position.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: feltámadás (noun) / feltámadt (verb)
Transliteration: anastasis / egeirō
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27 (Sadducees’ question), 14:28, 16:6 (narrative climax). Must be kept distinct from the temporary healing-restoration command ‘ἔγειρε’ at 5:41-42 (see resurrection_restoration, Section B).
Lord
Approved rendering: Úr
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Jehova’ behelyettesítés az Úr szó helyén ÓSZ-idézetekben (Jehova Tanúi Új Világ Fordítás gyakorlata) — ABSZOLÚT TILALOM
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs of Christ at Mark 1:3, 2:28, 5:19, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37, 13:35. Mark 10:42 deliberately uses the negative compound κατακυριεύω (built on this same root) for oppressive worldly domination — see lording_it_over (Section B); the Hungarian rendering of that compound must remain visibly distinct from ‘Úr.‘
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Isten Fia
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Isten fia általános értelemben, minden hívőre alkalmazva, kisbetűs, határozatlan ‘isten fia’ Márk 15:39-ben, a pogány százados szájából mint puszta udvariassági formula
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 1:1, 1:11 (baptismal voice), 3:11 (demons’ confession), 5:7, 9:7 (Transfiguration voice), 15:39 (centurion’s climactic confession). Must never be merged with ‘Emberfia’ (Son of Man, Section B), which carries the suffering sense this title does not. Mark 15:39 requires the full, definite, capitalized ‘Isten Fia,’ not a lower-case indefinite paraphrase.
Messiah
Approved rendering: Messiás
Transliteration: Christos / Messias
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / Μεσσίας
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Central at Peter’s confession (8:29, ‘Te vagy a Messiás’), the trial before the Sanhedrin (14:61), and the mockery at the cross (15:32). The confession at 8:29 is the narrative and theological hinge of the whole book.
Covenant
Approved rendering: szövetség
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: szövetség kizárólag jogi vagy politikai szerződésként
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant,’ the Last Supper institution, echoing Exodus 24:8 and Jeremiah 31:31’s new covenant. See body_and_blood_of_covenant (Section B) for the Eucharistic-application entry.
Election
Approved rendering: kiválasztás
Transliteration: eklogē
Doctrine: Election and the Elect Amid Tribulation
Rejected alternatives: kiválasztás, mely emberi együttműködés nélkül értelmezhetetlen (szinergista olvasat kényszerítése), kiválasztás mint szabad akarat nélküli, vak végzet (fatalista félreolvasás)
Inherited from Romans package. Root vocabulary underlying ‘választottak’ (elect, Section B) at Mark 13:20, 22, 27, and relevant to Mark 10:40’s divine passive ‘ἡτοίμασται’ (see prepared_for_them, Section B). Same sharp Hungarian Catholic-Reformed fault line as Romans 9-11.
Jesus
Approved rendering: Jézus
Transliteration: Iēsous / Yeshua
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark; standard, unambiguous across all Hungarian Bible traditions.
God
Approved rendering: Isten
Transliteration: theos / Elohim / YHWH
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: Jehova’ bevezetése bármely helyen a szöveg vagy magyarázat szintjén
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Standard and unambiguous. Absolute prohibition on introducing ‘Jehova’ as a substitute anywhere in the Mark curriculum (see doctrine registry note on Jehovah’s Witnesses’ New World Translation).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Szentlélek
Transliteration: pneuma hagion
Doctrine: Baptism of Jesus and the Spirit’s Descent
Rejected alternatives: szent szellem’ (személytelen erőként bemutatva, Jehova Tanúi terminológia)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11. Must never be rendered with an impersonal-force phrasing; the Holy Spirit is the personal, divine third Person of the Trinity.
Father
Approved rendering: Atya
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Baptism of Jesus and the Spirit’s Descent
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 (Gethsemane, paired with ‘Abba’).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: beszámított igazság
Transliteration: elogisthē autō eis dikaiosynēn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: befogadott/beoltott igazság mint kizárólag belső átalakulás (tridenti értelmezés)
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; relevant to teaching notes connecting the Ransom for Many (Mark 10:45) to the baseline’s forensic, credited-not-earned framework for salvation.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Emberfia
Transliteration: ho huios tou anthrōpou
Doctrine: Son of Man Identity
Rejected alternatives: Isten Fia szinonimájaként kezelt fordítás, kizárólag emberi, nem isteni hatalmi jelentésre szűkítve, kisbetűs ‘ember fia’, generikus emberre utalva
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62. Holds together Daniel 7’s exalted end-time authority and Mark’s uniquely developed suffering-and-death sense in a single title. Must never be merged with ‘Isten Fia.’ Every occurrence requires theologian review.
Cross
Approved rendering: kereszt / megfeszít
Transliteration: stauros / stauroō
Doctrine: Denying Self and Taking Up the Cross
Rejected alternatives: kínzócölöp’ (Jehova Tanúi Új Világ Fordítás terminusa) — ABSZOLÚT TILALOM, általános ‘teher’ vagy ‘megpróbáltatás’ metafora a kivégzőeszköz jelentés nélkül, a magyar köznyelvi ‘mindenkinek megvan a maga keresztje’ idióma súlyának átvétele
Original: σταυρός / σταυρόω
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark curriculum. First occurs metaphorically at 8:34 (‘take up his cross’), then literally in the crucifixion narrative (15:20-37). Must retain its full weight as a real instrument of shameful execution and death, never softened into general ‘hardship’ language or the domesticated Hungarian everyday-burden idiom. Theologian review required for every occurrence (8:34; 10:21; 15:13, 20-37). NEVER render as ‘kínzócölöp.‘
Life Soul
Approved rendering: élet / lélek (context-dependent)
Transliteration: psychē
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: egységesen ‘lélek’-kel fordítva minden előfordulásnál, elveszítve a fizikai, valós halál jelentését 10:45-nél, egységesen ‘élet’-tel fordítva minden előfordulásnál, elveszítve a belső én hangsúlyát 8:36-37-nél és 14:34-nél
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. Central at 10:45 (favor ‘élet,’ emphasizing a real, willing death), 8:35-37 (favor ‘lélek’ at vv.36-37, explicit contrast with worldly gain), 14:34 (Gethsemane, ‘lelkem szomorú,’ clearly inner-self sense). The élet/lélek choice is doctrinally consequential and decided per occurrence by context, never by fixed default; flag every occurrence for theologian review.
Ransom
Approved rendering: váltságdíj
Transliteration: lytron
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: puszta kereskedelmi/jogi tranzakcióként fordítva, engesztelő súly nélkül, erkölcsi példaként metaforizálva, helyettesítő jelleg nélkül
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. The lexical anchor of The Ransom for Many doctrine (10:45, echoed 14:24). Must not be flattened to a merely commercial ‘price paid’ devoid of atoning weight, nor moralized into a metaphor for Jesus’ self-giving example only. Parallels the baseline’s Critical grace/imputed_righteousness cluster.
For Many
Approved rendering: sokakért
Transliteration: anti pollōn
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: mindenkiért’ (egyetemes engesztelés kifejezett állítása), a kiválasztottakért’ (korlátozott engesztelés kifejezett állítása), helyettük’ (túl erősen eldöntve a hatókör kérdését), javukra’ (túl gyengén, elveszítve a helyettesítő erőt)
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:45 and its parallel echo 14:24. Same fault line as the baseline’s ‘election’: Hungarian Reformed particular-redemption reading (‘the many’ = the effectually redeemed elect) vs. Catholic universal-atonement reading. Preserve Mark’s own unelaborated ‘sokakért’ without resolving the scope question; flag every occurrence for theologian review exactly as for Romans 9-11.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: színében elváltozott
Transliteration: metemorphōthē
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Divine Glory
Rejected alternatives: metamorfózis’ (szekuláris/biológiai konnotációval), kizárólag szubjektív látomásként vagy hallucinációként bemutatva
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 9:2-8, directly after the first passion prediction. Must be rendered so as to convey a real, if temporary, unveiling of Christ’s own inherent divine glory, not a subjective vision experienced only by the disciples.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: gyehenna
Transliteration: geenna
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Gehenna
Rejected alternatives: purgatórium’-fogalommal összemosott fordítás, generikus ‘pokol’ szóval helyettesítve, elveszítve a Hinnom-völgyi sajátos utalást, a kárhozat helye’ (túl systematikus, a szöveg saját kijelentésén túlmutató)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 9:43, 45, 47. Catholic purgatory doctrine vs. Reformed direct final-judgment binary; render as Mark’s own plain final-judgment warning, importing neither system’s afterlife map.
Elect
Approved rendering: választottak
Transliteration: hoi eklektoi
Doctrine: Election and the Elect Amid Tribulation
Rejected alternatives: kiválasztás, mely emberi együttműködés nélkül értelmezhetetlen (szinergista olvasat kényszerítése), kiválasztás mint szabad akarat nélküli, vak végzet (fatalista félreolvasás)
Original: οἱ ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Mark curriculum, elevated to Critical beyond the baseline’s ‘election’ entry because Mark 13:20, 22, 27 ties the term directly to end-time preservation, standing on the same sharp Hungarian Catholic-Reformed fault line as Romans 9-11 and Mark 10:40’s ‘ἡτοίμασται’ and 10:45’s ‘sokakért.‘
Cup Of Suffering
Approved rendering: pohár / kehely
Transliteration: potērion
Doctrine: Denying Self and Taking Up the Cross
Rejected alternatives: szentségi/eucharisztikus pohár jelentésként fordítva 10:38-39-nél és 14:36-nál
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Sacraments
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:38-39 and 14:36. Same word recurs at the Last Supper (14:23-24); the suffering-metaphor sense here must not be collapsed into, or confused with, the Last Supper’s Eucharistic cup sense (see body_and_blood_of_covenant).
Body And Blood Of Covenant
Approved rendering: test / vér (a szövetség vérem)
Transliteration: to sōma mou / to haima mou tēs diathēkēs
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: a jelenlét módjának (transzszubsztanciáció vagy szellemi/memorialista jelenlét) eldöntése a bázisszövegben
Original: τὸ σῶμά μου / τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Sacraments
NEW for Mark curriculum. The sharpest sacramental fault line in this Language Package: Catholic transubstantiation vs. Hungarian Reformed spiritual/memorial sacramental theology. Translate the institution narrative (14:22-24) in Mark’s own terms without adjudicating the mode of Christ’s presence. Cross-reference with cup_of_suffering to keep the two cup-senses distinct.
Prepared For Them
Approved rendering: el van készítve / azoknak van elkészítve
Transliteration: hētoimastai
Doctrine: Election and the Elect Amid Tribulation
Rejected alternatives: Jézus önkényes, saját döntésű ígéreteként fordítva, elveszítve az Atya elsőbbségét, kizárólag emberi érdemek szerint elosztott helyekként bemutatva
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:40 (divine passive, ‘it has been prepared’). Touches the same sovereignty fault line as the baseline’s Critical ‘election’ entry and Mark 13’s ‘választottak.’ Translate to Mark’s own claim — the Father’s prerogative — without importing either community’s fully developed election systematics.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: a zsidók királya
Transliteration: ho basileus tōn Ioudaiōn
Doctrine: Crucifixion and Death of Christ
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag gúnyos jelentésre szűkítve, Márk saját iróniája nélkül, túlmagyarázott, a szöveg által nem kifejezetten állított irónia-feloldás
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26, 32, repeated ironically by Pilate, the soldiers, and the inscription. The ironic double edge (mockery on enemies’ lips, truth in Mark’s narrative framing) must be preserved without flattening or over-explaining.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: Elói, Elói, lamá sabaktáni? (glossed: Én Istenem, én Istenem, miért hagytál el engem?)
Transliteration: Elōi Elōi, lema sabachthani
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction
Rejected alternatives: elhagytál egy kicsit’ vagy más gyengített fordítás, az arám szöveg elhagyása, csak a magyar fordítás megadása
Original: Ελωΐ Ελωΐ, λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1. The Aramaic must be retained per the baseline’s ‘Abba’ precedent; the accompanying gloss must not soften ‘forsaken’ into a weaker term.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: evangélium
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Gospel Proclamation
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term shared by Catholic and Reformed Hungarian Bibles alike. Mark 1:1 opens the entire book with this word as its own title/genre marker; recurs 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: hit
Transliteration: pistis
Doctrine: Faith Amid Fear and Doubt
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Central at Mark 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22-24. Must not collapse into generic positive-thinking language; 9:24’s ‘hitetlenség’ pairing shows faith and doubt genuinely coexisting.
Saints
Approved rendering: szentek
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: szentek mint kizárólagosan kanonizált, közbenjárásra kért személyek (katolikus olvasat)
Inherited from Romans package. Not a Markan lexical occurrence; retained for cross-curriculum consistency with the Romans package’s corporate, all-believers teaching note.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: megszentelődés
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to teaching notes on discipleship formation across Mark; not an independent Markan lexical occurrence.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: megtestesülés
Transliteration: ho logos sarx egeneto
Doctrine: Incarnation
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant as background doctrine for Mark’s whole narrative of the eternal Son’s genuine human life, though not tied to a single Markan lexical occurrence.
Law
Approved rendering: törvény
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean: Relocating Defilement to the Heart
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark 7:1-23 and 10:2-12’s Mosaic-law teaching and 12:28-34’s Great Commandment as the Law’s summary.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: hitből fakadó engedelmesség
Transliteration: hypakoē pisteōs
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: törvény szerinti engedelmesség, hit nélkül
Inherited from Romans package. Not a distinct Markan lexical occurrence; retained for teaching notes on discipleship (Mark 1:16-20; 8:34-38) as obedience flowing from faith rather than mere rule-compliance.
Intercession
Approved rendering: közbenjárás
Transliteration: hyperentynchanei / enteuxis
Doctrine: The Torn Temple Curtain and Direct Access to God
Rejected alternatives: kizárólag szentek és Mária közbenjárása mint szükséges (katolikus olvasat)
Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Mark 2:1-12 (direct, unmediated forgiveness) and Mark 15:38 (temple curtain torn, signaling direct access to God secured through Christ’s death).
Authority
Approved rendering: hatalom
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
Rejected alternatives: politikai/kormányzati hatalom vagy puszta engedély jelentésre szűkítve
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28-33, 13:34. Must convey real, effective, divine-source authority, never diminished to mere political power or ‘permission.’ Must remain visibly distinct from the negative compounds κατακυριεύω/κατεξουσιάζω (see lording_it_over) so Christ’s true authority is never associated with the domineering counterfeit he condemns.
Demon Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: démon / tisztátalan lélek
Transliteration: daimonion / pneuma akatharton
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
Rejected alternatives: magyar népi mágikus/okkult terminológiával (rontás, ördöngösség, boszorkányság) összemosott fordítás, kizárólag pszichológiai vagy neurológiai tünetként bemutatva
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 1:23-27, 32-34, 39; 3:22-30; 5:1-20 (‘Legion’); 6:13; 7:24-30; 9:14-29. Must read as a real, personal, malevolent being decisively subject to Christ’s sovereign authority, avoiding collision with Hungarian folk-magic vocabulary and secular psychologizing alike.
Baptism
Approved rendering: keresztség / megkeresztel
Transliteration: baptisma / baptizō
Doctrine: Baptism and Its Sacramental Effect
Rejected alternatives: 10:38-39 metaforikus jelentésének szentségi/liturgikus vízrítusi utalásként fordítása
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Sacraments
NEW for Mark curriculum. Rite sense at 1:4-11; suffering-metaphor sense at 10:38-39. Catholic ex opere operato vs. Reformed covenant-sign doctrine must not be adjudicated within the base text. The metaphorical sense at 10:38-39 must never be read as a reference to the water rite; retain the single Hungarian rite-word and carry the figurative force through context.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: megbocsátja a bűnöket
Transliteration: aphiēmi (tas hamartias)
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority to Forgive Sins
Original: ἀφίημι (τὰς ἁμαρτίας)
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 2:1-12, ‘Who can forgive sins but God alone?’ Connects to the baseline’s intercession fault line: Catholic sacramental confession/absolution mediated through a priest vs. Reformed direct forgiveness through Christ alone. Mark depicts direct, unmediated forgiveness; preserve without adjudicating either tradition’s later sacramental development.
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: megtagadja önmagát
Transliteration: aparnēsasthō heauton
Doctrine: Denying Self and Taking Up the Cross
Rejected alternatives: aszketikus önfegyelemre vagy kisebb élvezetek elhagyására szűkített fordítás
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 8:34, paired with ‘take up his cross.’ Must not be softened into mere asceticism or self-discipline; retains the sense of total self-renunciation for Christ’s sake.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: szolga
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: a későbbi egyházi ‘diakónus’ hivatali cím visszaprojektálása a szövegre
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Core to the Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness doctrine (9:35; 10:43; 10:45). Must be kept lexically distinct from δοῦλος (slave_doulos) so Mark’s rhetorical intensification (servant → slave) is not flattened.
Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: rabszolga
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: szolga’ ismételt használata, elveszítve Márk retorikai fokozását 10:43-44 között
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:44, intensifying v.43’s servant language into the deliberate shock of total self-abasement Jesus commends. A weakened rendering reusing ‘szolga’ would erase this escalation; existing Hungarian Bible printings sometimes flatten this distinction and must not be followed here.
Lording It Over
Approved rendering: uralkodnak rajtuk / hatalmaskodnak rajtuk
Transliteration: katakyrieuō / katexousiazō
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Rejected alternatives: Úr’ vagy ‘hatalom’ szóval azonos vagy túlságosan hasonló fordítás, elmosva Márk szándékos iróniáját
Original: κατακυριεύω / κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:42. Deliberate ironic compounds built on the κύριος (Úr) and ἐξουσία (hatalom) roots. Must be rendered so as to be clearly distinguishable from, and never confused with, Christ’s own true ‘Úr’ and ‘hatalom’ terminology; a standing translator note must clarify the deliberate contrast before Jesus redefines greatness as servanthood in vv.43-45.
Messianic Secret
Approved rendering: a messiási titok
Transliteration: epitimaō … mēdeni legein / diastellomai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: ezoterikus/gnosztikus rejtett tudásként bemutatva, Jézus bizonytalanságának vagy zavarának bizonyítékaként tanítva
Original: ἐπιτιμάω … μηδενὶ λέγειν / διαστέλλομαι
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Doctrinal name for a recurring Markan narrative pattern (1:34, 44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:30; 9:9), not a single lexical rendering — parallel to how the baseline treats ‘incarnation’ and ‘providence.’ ‘Titok’ carries strong Hungarian folk-occult connotations; must always be taught as a deliberate cross-and-resurrection-oriented narrative strategy.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: Isten országának titka
Transliteration: to mystērion tēs basileias tou theou
Doctrine: Mystery of the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: ezoterikus, spirituális elit számára fenntartott tudásként bemutatva
Original: τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 4:11. Serves both the Kingdom of God Breaking In and Messianic Secret doctrines. Must not be rendered with esoteric/gnostic overtones; a salvation-historical disclosure, not restricted mystical knowledge.
Cause To Stumble
Approved rendering: megbotránkoztat / elbotránkozik
Transliteration: skandalizō
Doctrine: Causing Others to Stumble
Rejected alternatives: puszta társadalmi ‘megsértés’ jelentésre szűkítve
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 4:17, 6:3, 9:42-47 (severe warnings with hyperbolic amputation language), 14:27, 29. Must retain full weight as endangering another’s faith/salvation, not softened to merely ‘offend.‘
Divorce Adultery
Approved rendering: elbocsát / házasságtörés
Transliteration: apolyō (gynaika) / moicheia
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce Ethics
Original: ἀπολύω (γυναῖκα) / μοιχεία
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:2-12. Genuine pastoral fault line: Catholic sacramental-marriage indissolubility (annulment, not divorce-remarriage) vs. Hungarian Reformed divorce-for-cause-with-remarriage practice. Translate Mark’s own teaching without resolving this pastoral-canonical difference in the base text.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: örök élet
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Already and Not Yet
Rejected alternatives: puszta mennyiségi ‘örökké tartó élet’ jelentésre szűkítve, a kapcsolati/királysági tartalom nélkül
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:17, 30 (the rich man’s question). Must be distinguished from, while related to, ‘üdvösség’ (salvation).
False Christs False Prophets
Approved rendering: hamis krisztusok / hamis próféták
Transliteration: pseudochristoi / pseudoprophētai
Doctrine: False Christs and Spiritual Discernment
Rejected alternatives: alternatív érvényes vallási vezetőkként bemutatva, nem hamis prófétaként
Original: ψευδόχριστοι / ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 13:22, tied to the flip side of the Messianic Secret doctrine: true messianic identity is authenticated by the cross and resurrection, not by signs and wonders alone.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: tiszta / tisztátalan
Transliteration: katharos / koinos (akathartos)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean: Relocating Defilement to the Heart
Original: καθαρός / κοινός (ἀκάθαρτος)
Category: Sin
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 7:14-23. Teach carefully so this is not read as abolishing all ethical distinction, nor as endorsing either tradition’s later ceremonial or dietary practice debates.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: a Szentlélek elleni káromlás
Transliteration: blasphēmia eis to Pneuma to Hagion
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: God
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 3:28-29, a solemn warning requiring careful, non-alarmist teaching given pastoral sensitivity; risk of causing undue fear or false assurance if mistaught.
Temple Curtain Torn
Approved rendering: a templom kárpitja kettéhasadt
Transliteration: to katapetasma tou naou eschisthē
Doctrine: The Torn Temple Curtain and Direct Access to God
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 15:38, signaling new and direct access to God secured through Christ’s death. Connects to the baseline’s intercession fault line: Reformed direct-access emphasis vs. Catholic saints’/Marian intercessory piety.
Hand Over Betray
Approved rendering: elárul (human sense) / kiszolgáltat, átadja (divine-purpose sense)
Transliteration: paradidōmi
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross: Passion Predictions
Rejected alternatives: a két jelentés (Júdás emberi árulása és Isten üdvtervi ‘átadása’) összemosva egyetlen szóval
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 9:31; 10:33; 14:10-11, 18, 21, 41-44. The two senses must remain lexically distinguishable so Judas’s culpability is never confused with, nor used to explain away, Mark 10:45’s ransom claim.
Medium Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: elhívott
Transliteration: klētos
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package. Not a dominant lexical occurrence in Mark; retained for cross-curriculum consistency and for teaching notes connecting the calling of the first disciples (1:16-20) and the Twelve (3:13-19) to the broader biblical calling vocabulary.
Holy
Approved rendering: szent
Transliteration: hagios
Doctrine: Separation unto God’s Service
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background vocabulary for ‘Szentlélek’ (Holy Spirit) and for teaching notes on sanctified discipleship; not independently a major Mark lexical item.
Adoption
Approved rendering: örökbefogadás
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency with Mark 14:36’s ‘Abba, Atya’ filial-intimacy language, though Mark does not use this specific Greek term.
Peace
Approved rendering: béke
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Peace with God
Inherited from Romans package. Not a dominant Markan lexical occurrence; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: lelki ajándékok
Transliteration: charismata
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for the delegated authority given to the Twelve (Mark 3:15; 6:7), though Mark does not use this specific Greek term.
Church
Approved rendering: egyház
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Inherited from Romans package. Mark uses no ekklēsia occurrence directly; the doctrine applies to 3:31-35 and 10:29-30’s community-of-disciples language when drawn out in teaching materials.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: Isten országa
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Already and Not Yet
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:15’s programmatic ‘ἤγγικεν’ (has drawn near, perfect tense) is the lexical anchor; recurs 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43. The already/not-yet tension must not be flattened into a purely future ‘will come’ nor an already-fully-arrived ‘has come’; require the verb ‘elközelített’ at 1:15, not a purely future ‘eljön.‘
Sin
Approved rendering: bűn
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: pogányok / nemzetek (context rule)
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, including its context rule: use ‘nemzetek’ for the neutral political sense (e.g., Mark 10:42, ‘the rulers of the nations’) and ‘pogányok’ where a religiously charged contrast is intended (e.g., 7:26, 10:33, 11:17, 13:10). Flag each Mark occurrence individually per the baseline convention.
Glory
Approved rendering: dicsőség
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Divine Glory
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 8:38, 10:37 (James and John’s premature request for a share in Christ’s glory before the cross), 13:26. Elevated attention required given its role in the Transfiguration (9:2-8) and the core passage (10:37).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: Isten ereje
Transliteration: dynamis theou
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Nature
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark’s authority/miracle narratives generally; distinct from, but related to, the Markan ‘ἐξουσία’/‘hatalom’ term (Section B).
Providence
Approved rendering: gondviselés
Transliteration: pronoia
Doctrine: Election and the Elect Amid Tribulation
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark 13’s eschatological preservation of the elect and Mark 10:40’s divine-passive ‘prepared.‘
Mission
Approved rendering: misszió (kiküldi / elküld, verbal forms)
Transliteration: apostolē / pempō / apostellō
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission, the Great Commission, and the Longer Ending
Original: ἀποστέλλω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 6:7 (Jesus sending the Twelve two by two with delegated ἐξουσία over unclean spirits) and underlies the Great Commission language of 16:15, 20.
Abba
Approved rendering: Abba
Transliteration: Abba (Aramaic)
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 14:36, Jesus’ own Gethsemane prayer, retained untranslated and paired with ‘Atya’ per baseline precedent. Same retained-Aramaic transliteration model applied to the Cry of Dereliction (15:34, see Section B).
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: Dávid leszármazottja
Transliteration: sperma Dauid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background for Mark 10:47-48, 12:35-37’s ‘Son of David’ vocabulary (see son_of_david, Section B).
Repentance
Approved rendering: megtérés / megtér
Transliteration: metanoia / metanoeō
Doctrine: Faith Amid Fear and Doubt
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 1:4, 1:15 (John’s and Jesus’ shared opening proclamation), 6:12 (the Twelve’s preaching). Standard vocabulary across Hungarian traditions.
Parable
Approved rendering: példabeszéd
Transliteration: parabolē
Doctrine: Parables as Revealing and Concealing
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark curriculum. Mark’s dominant teaching form (3:23; 4:2-34; 12:1-12; 13:28); ties to the Messianic Secret doctrine — parables both reveal and conceal (4:11-12).
Unbelief
Approved rendering: hitetlenség
Transliteration: apistia
Doctrine: Faith Amid Fear and Doubt
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 9:24, ‘I believe; help my unbelief!’ Pastorally significant: faith and doubt coexisting, and Jesus acting on imperfect faith.
Love Command
Approved rendering: szeret / szeretet
Transliteration: agapaō / agapē
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 12:28-34, the Great Commandment, identified by Jesus as summarizing the whole Law.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: nyomorúság
Transliteration: thlipsis
Doctrine: Election and the Elect Amid Tribulation
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 13:19, 24, part of the Olivet Discourse’s already/not-yet eschatological tension.
Watchfulness
Approved rendering: legyetek ébren / vigyázzatok
Transliteration: grēgoreō
Doctrine: Eschatological Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 13:33-37 (climax of the Olivet Discourse) and echoed at 14:34, 37-38 (Gethsemane).
Shame
Approved rendering: szégyenkezik
Transliteration: aischynomai
Doctrine: The Cost of Discipleship
Original: αἰσχύνομαι
Category: Faith
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 8:38, ‘whoever is ashamed of me and my words…’ Hungarian culture retains meaningful honor/shame dynamics; native speaker review recommended for natural idiomatic force while preserving the warning’s seriousness.
Heart
Approved rendering: szív
Transliteration: kardia
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean: Relocating Defilement to the Heart
Original: καρδία
Category: Sin
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 7:19, 21, ‘out of the heart come evil thoughts…’ Jesus relocates defilement from external/ritual categories to the heart.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: hagyomány
Transliteration: paradosis
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean: Relocating Defilement to the Heart
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 7:3-13. Sensitive alongside the Catholic Scripture-and-Tradition vs. Reformed sola scriptura divergence (baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture entry); Mark’s critique targets a specific human oral tradition, not the broader Tradition-authority question.
Resurrection Restoration
Approved rendering: kelj fel!
Transliteration: egeire
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
Rejected alternatives: feltámadás’ (feltámad) igeként fordítva, összemosva a Krisztus-feltámadás tanításával
Original: ἔγειρε
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 5:41-42 (Jairus’s daughter). A translator note must clarify this temporary restoration to earthly life is not equated with the Critical ‘resurrection’/feltámadás doctrine.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: Dávid Fia
Transliteration: huios Dabid
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: υἱὸς Δαβίδ
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:47-48 (Bartimaeus’s cry) and 12:35-37 (Jesus’ own argument that the Messiah is David’s Lord as well as his son).
Syrophoenician Dogs
Approved rendering: Szíroföníciai asszony / kutyácskák
Transliteration: Syrophoinikissa / kynarion
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: az idióma tompítva, a ‘kutyák’ kifejezés élét elvéve
Original: Συροφοινίκισσα / κυνάριον
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 7:24-30, an early, pointed episode of Gentile inclusion. Render the ‘dogs’ language with its established idiomatic force intact rather than softened, while a teaching note clarifies the exchange’s rhetorical purpose (testing/revealing faith, not demeaning Gentiles as a class).
Temple House Of Prayer
Approved rendering: templom / imádság háza
Transliteration: naos / oikos proseuchēs
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Already and Not Yet
Original: ναός / οἶκος προσευχῆς
Category: Church
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 11:11, 15-17 (the cleansing of the temple, quoting Isaiah 56:7 and Jeremiah 7:11). Resonates differently for Catholic (sacred space) and Reformed (Word-and-prayer-centered worship) sensibilities.
Bread Breaking
Approved rendering: kenyér … megáldotta … megtörte
Transliteration: artos … eulogeō … kateklasen
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Nature
Original: ἄρτος … εὐλογέω … κατέκλασεν
Category: Sacraments
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 6:41, the feeding of the five thousand, functioning as an authority-over-nature/provision sign; track consistently against the ch.14 Eucharistic institution terms without collapsing the feeding miracle into a sacramental event.
Rich Man Needle
Approved rendering: gazdag / a tű foka
Transliteration: plousios / dia trēmatos rhaphidos
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God: Already and Not Yet
Rejected alternatives: az idióma háziasítva, egyszerűen ‘nehéz, de megoldható feladatként’ bemutatva
Original: πλούσιος / διὰ τρήματος ῥαφίδος
Category: Salvation
NEW for Mark curriculum. Occurs at 10:23-27; ‘with man this is impossible, but not with God’ ties this wealth-teaching directly to the Grace doctrine. Preserve the hyperbolic force of the idiom.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: apostol
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Apostleship and the Appointment of the Twelve
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Established, unambiguous term. Occurs at Mark 3:14, 6:30.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: hálaadás
Transliteration: eucharistia
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term. No significant risk; relevant to the blessing language at the feeding miracle (6:41) and Last Supper (14:22-23).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: közösség
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 3:31-35’s redefinition of true family as those who do God’s will.
Prophet
Approved rendering: próféta
Transliteration: prophētēs
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy in Mark
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: prófécia
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy in Mark
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Mark 1:2-3’s opening Isaiah/Malachi citation.
David
Approved rendering: Dávid
Transliteration: Dawid / Dabid
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαβίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at Mark 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37.
Israel
Approved rendering: Izrael
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package. Not a dominant Markan lexical occurrence; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Exhort
Approved rendering: buzdítani
Transliteration: parakaleō
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Not a dominant Markan lexical occurrence; retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: Hozsánna
Transliteration: hōsanna
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Established Hungarian Bible transliteration; occurs at 11:9-10, a messianic acclamation drawn from Psalm 118.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: Belzebub
Transliteration: Beelzeboul
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Demons
Rejected alternatives: leíró körülírással helyettesítve a tulajdonnév helyett (‘a démonok fejedelme’)
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Christology
NEW for Mark curriculum. Proper name; use established Hungarian Bible transliteration. Occurs at 3:22-27.
Referenced passages